Chapter 3-1:
Man's mind possesses a divine spark of genius and intellect. |
Chapter 3-2:
Intelligence created speech, writing, numbers, and astronomical observations. |
Chapter 3-3:
Sages of philosophy teach principles of living, embodying divine virtue. |
Chapter 3-4:
Rome produced great men practicing both philosophy and governance. |
Chapter 3-5:
Philus agrees to argue against justice for debate's sake. |
Chapter 3-6:
Carneades argued for and against justice, challenging philosophical consistency. |
Chapter 3-7:
Justice aims to benefit others and preserve equity universally. |
Chapter 3-8:
Philosophers elevate justice but fail to make it natural. |
Chapter 3-9:
Justice's meaning varies greatly among different cultures and nations. |
Chapter 3-10:
Laws and customs change over time, justice isn't universal. |
Chapter 3-11:
Justice isn't natural law; varies, based on fear, punishment. |
Chapter 3-12:
Alexander's conquests show wisdom, but justice demands mercy for all. |
Chapter 3-13:
Rome's conquests show justice conflicts with utility in governance. |
Chapter 3-14:
Justice is seen as human weakness, favoring mixed government. |
Chapter 3-15:
Carneades argued laws change, justice impractical, benefits selfish interests. |
Chapter 3-16:
Virtuous life free from fear, injustice brings constant remorse. |
Chapter 3-17:
False perceptions of good, bad men challenge justice's value. |
Chapter 3-18:
Nations prefer unjust dominion over just subordination, reflecting individuals. |
Chapter 3-19:
Honesty in sales seems foolish, deception seen as shrewd. |
Chapter 3-20:
Justice means not committing murder, robbery, even at risk. |
Chapter 3-21:
Scipio urges Lælius to refute Carneades' pernicious arguments against justice. |
Chapter 3-22:
True law: universal, eternal, unchangeable, right reason, authored by God. |
Chapter 3-23:
Cicero: Just wars are for faith, safety, restitution only. |
Chapter 3-24:
Justice: Slavery benefits wicked by limiting their potential for harm. |
Chapter 3-25:
Tully: Superior beings govern inferiors; mind over body, reason over passion. |
Chapter 3-26:
Carneades: Ignoring danger for gain isn't punished but still wrong. |
Chapter 3-27:
Natural affection for children proves society's existence; Carneades disagrees. |
Chapter 3-28:
Lælius: Virtue seeks honor, remains unbitter despite ingratitude and envy. |
Chapter 3-29:
True virtue is universal, respects allies' rights, ensures Republic's longevity. |
Chapter 3-30:
Scipio praises Lælius' eloquent defense of justice, surpassing Attic orators. |
Chapter 3-31:
Justice is foundation of lawful government; tyranny lacks true commonwealth. |
Chapter 3-32:
Democracy ruled by mob is worse than aristocracy or monarchy. |
Chapter 3-33:
Democracy: mob rule, possessions seized, punishments inflicted, lacks true commonwealth. |
Chapter 3-34:
Aristocracy, if wise and virtuous, approaches the nature of a kingdom. |
Chapter 3-35:
Scipio: Aristocracy preferable to democracy; wisdom governs better than multitude. |
Chapter 3-36:
Phoenicians' commerce introduced avarice, luxury, insatiable desires to Greece. |
Chapter 3-
37:
Cicero argues Roman State never was a true commonwealth. |
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4
Chapter 4-1:
Cicero: Body and mind theory lightly touched in Commonwealth. |
Chapter 4-2:
Political prosperity depends on just, regular subordination and harmonious succession. |
Chapter 4-3:
National education neglected; Greeks' efforts in vain, Polybius criticizes. |
Chapter 4-4:
Greek gymnasia promote immodesty; Romans trace modesty principles back. |
Chapter 4-5:
Cicero: Reproach for young men without lovers, unlike Spartans. |
Chapter 4-6:
Censor's judgment inflicts only shame; Greek prefect for women. |
Chapter 4-7:
Faith derived from actions; frugality, continency, fidelity praised in Republic. |
Chapter 4-8:
Disputes between neighbors considered less severe than quarrels. |
Chapter 4-9:
Cicero criticizes poets for causing darkness, alarms, and desires. |
Chapter 4-10:
Scipio: Histrionic art discreditable, actors deprived of franchise. |
Chapter 4-11:
Cicero: Comedy mirrors life, customs, truth; tragic actors ambassadors. |
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5
Chapter 5-1:
Rome's greatness from men and customs, now neglected and lost. |
Chapter 5-2:
Royal justice interprets laws, ensuring welfare, Numa exemplifies ancient custom. |
Chapter 5-3:
Practical knowledge in politics parallels steward's agricultural and scientific expertise. |
Chapter 5-4:
Public opinion, education, and honor prevent vice more effectively. |
Chapter 5-5:
Laws on marriage, property ensure citizens' happiness, just government. |
Chapter 5-6:
Governor's goal: citizens' happiness, stability, resources, reputation, and virtue. |
Chapter 5-7:
Governor's goal: citizens' happiness, stability, resources, reputation, and virtue. |
Chapter 5-8:
Marcellus fierce, Maximus cautious; nations suffer from leaders' ferocity. |
Chapter 5-9:
Cicero: corrupting judges with eloquence worse than with money. |
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6
Chapter 6-1:
Prepare always for disturbances; civil dissension arises from divided citizens. |
Chapter 6-2:
Gracchus mitigated Claudius' unpopularity; ancestors wanted firm, god-pleasing marriages. |
Chapter 6-3:
Cicero imitates Plato's Er; relates Africanus' warning about treachery. |
Chapter 6-4:
Plato's correct opinions resemble resurrection beliefs; Cicero's jest on truth. |
Chapter 6-5:
Cicero mimics Plato; Scipio's dream reveals souls' condition, stars' spheres. |
Chapter 6-6:
Cicero places souls, heavenly secrets atop completed work. |
Chapter 6-7:
Cicero defends philosophers' dreams against Epicureans' accusations of falsehood. |
Chapter 6-8:
Scipio introduces his dream, foreseeing rewards for good governors. |
Chapter 6-9:
Scipio visits Masinissa in Africa; receives affectionate, grateful welcome. |
Chapter 6-10:
Scipio dreams of Africanus, who comforts and instructs him. |
Chapter 6-11:
Africanus predicts Scipio's future, including Carthage's destruction and consulship. |
Chapter 6-12:
Africanus foresees challenges and urges Scipio to save Rome. |
Chapter 6-13:
Africanus reveals heavenly reward for preserving, defending one's country. |
Chapter 6-14:
Scipio inquires about deceased loved ones; Africanus explains true life. |
Chapter 6-15:
Scipio's father explains life's purpose; urges justice, piety, patriotism. |
Chapter 6-16:
Scipio views universe; earth appears small, stars' magnitude amazing. |
Chapter 6-17:
Africanus explains universe's spheres, their harmonious celestial motions. |
Chapter 6-18:
Scipio hears the "music of the spheres," celestial harmony
. |
Chapter 6-19:
Africanus: Earthly glory is insignificant compared to heavenly splendor. |
Chapter 6-20:
Earth's zones limit fame; few places are inhabited. |
Chapter 6-21:
Future deluges, combustions prevent lasting glory or remembrance. |
Chapter 6-22:
True year measures all stars' return; human memory limited. |
Chapter 6-23:
Earthly glory is fleeting; virtue leads to eternal rewards. |
Chapter 6-24:
Scipio vows to follow ancestors' steps; Africanus advises wisdom. |
Chapter 6-25:
Self-moving entities are eternal; motion's source is immortal mind. |
Chapter 6-26:
Mind's self-motion proves its eternity; pursue country's good always. |
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Chapter 1:
Divination has ancient roots and involves foreknowledge of future events. |
Chapter 2:
Divination types include soothsaying, augury, and interpreting dreams, omens. |
Chapter 3:
Philosophers debated divination; most supported it except Xenophanes, Epicurus. |
Chapter 4:
Rashness in belief or rejection of divination must be avoided. |
Chapter 5:
Cicero and brother Quintus discuss divination's validity and implications together. |
Chapter 6:
Divination's connection to belief in gods and its ancient acceptance. |
Chapter 7:
Observing signs over time solidifies belief in their significance. |
Chapter 8:
Weather signs are reliable despite unclear underlying principles. |
Chapter 9:
Animals, plants display natural signs predicting future events accurately. |
Chapter 10:
Certain plants' effects are known; underlying causes remain mysterious. |
Chapter 11:
Jove's divine fire illuminates the world, guiding human souls. |
Chapter 12:
Year brings ominous signs; old Etruscan prophecies come true. |
Chapter 13:
Ancient virtues, wisdom, and philosophy revered by Roman ancestors. |
Chapter 14:
Divination's accuracy compared to medical, navigational uncertainties. |
Chapter 15:
King Deiotarus trusted auspices, valued honor over material possessions. |
Chapter 16:
Neglecting auspices led to disastrous outcomes in Roman history. |
Chapter 17:
Romulus used augury; Tarquinius tested augur with impossible task. |
Chapter 18:
Divination from frenzy, dreams, oracles accepted; Etruscan knowledge revered. |
Chapter 19:
Histories confirm oracles' truths; Delphi oracle renowned for accuracy. |
Chapter 20:
Dreams, like Dionysius' mother's, hold significant prophetic meanings. |
Chapter 21:
Hecuba's dream warned Priam of Troy's burning fate. |
Chapter 22:
Tarquin's dream predicted revolution, interpreted by diviners. |
Chapter 23:
Phalaris's mother's dream predicted his future cruelty. |
Chapter 24:
Hannibal's dreams warned against removing golden column. |
Chapter 25:
Socrates predicted his death through a prophetic dream. |
Chapter 26:
Roman rustic's dream led to repeated votive games. |
Chapter 27:
Simonides' dream warned of impending shipwreck. |
Chapter 28:
Your dream predicted distress and joy accurately. |
Chapter 29:
Many false dreams exist; Socrates explained true ones. |
Chapter 30:
Plato explained dreams arise from a clear mind. |
Chapter 31:
Divination's frenzy predicts true events through inspiration. |
Chapter 32:
Rhodian sailor's accurate prophecy during Dyrrhachium siege. |
Chapter 33:
Artificial divination includes haruspices, augurs, interpreters' predictions. |
Chapter 34:
Leuctra battle signs included sweating statues and crowing cocks. |
Chapter 35:
Flaminius' disregard for omens led to disaster. |
Chapter 36:
Midas and Plato's childhood omens predicted their future. |
Chapter 37:
Poetic frenzy and divine inspiration produce true predictions. |
Chapter 38:
Stoics argue divination's necessity and divine nature. |
Chapter 39:
Chrysippus' argument supports divination's existence through evidence. |
Chapter 40:
Ancient kings, augurs, and prophets revered divination's accuracy. |
Chapter 41:
Druids, magi, Etrurians, and others practiced divination in ancient times. |
Chapter 42:
Divination methods were influenced by local geography and practices. |
Chapter 43:
States valued auspices and divination for war and peace decisions. |
Chapter 44:
Senate consulted Sibylline books and diviners for omens' interpretations. |
Chapter 45:
Voices and signs warned of impending dangers to Rome. |
Chapter 46:
Auguries, auspicious names, and omens influenced Roman decisions significantly. |
Chapter 47:
Publius Claudius' augury warned of domestic and civil war. |
Chapter 48:
Romulus and Remus used augury to decide Rome's ruler. |
Chapter 49:
Long observation established accurate divination through various signs. |
Chapter 50:
Natural philosophers predicted events through natural signs and phenomena. |
Chapter 51:
Dreams provide divination by freeing the mind from senses. |
Chapter 52:
Stoics believe divine energy directs auspices, signs, and omens. |
Chapter 53:
Gods manipulate signs like bird flights for divination purposes. |
Chapter 54:
Socrates claimed a guiding demon advised him against danger. |
Chapter 55:
True divination exists despite occasional errors in interpretations. |
Chapter 56:
Fate's order allows accurate predictions by observing signs. |
Chapter 57:
Nature provides divination through signs; impostors deceive for profit. |
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