Invention

1

 

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Chapter 1-1:
Fluency of language has both harmed and benefited human societies.
Chapter 1-2:
Eloquence and wisdom transformed early humans into civilized communities.
Chapter 1-3:
Audacity in speech led to eloquence being misused for harm.
Chapter 1-4:
Eloquence should be pursued to protect society from wicked individuals.
Chapter 1-5:
Rhetoric is a vital part of political science, aiding persuasion.
Chapter 1-6:
Hermagoras erroneously divides rhetoric into cause and examination categories.
Chapter 1-7:
Rhetoric includes invention, arrangement, elocution, memory, and delivery divisions.
Chapter 1-8:
Controversy arises from questions of fact, name, class, or action.
Chapter 1-9:
Disputes about kind involve assessing the character of actions.
Chapter 1-10:
Deliberation and demonstration are kinds of arguments, not case statements.
Chapter 1-11:
General cases have judicial and factual divisions concerning right and wrong.
Chapter 1-12:
Understand if the argument is simple or complex for clarity.
Chapter 1-13:
Determine whether dispute is on reasoning or written documents' interpretation.
Chapter 1-14:
Examine defences using evidence to support or invalidate arguments.
Chapter 1-15:
An exordium makes hearers favorable, attentive, and willing to understand.
Chapter 1-16:
Use exordium to render hearers inclined to receive information.
Chapter 1-17:
Handle causes cautiously, especially when they provoke hostility or fatigue.
Chapter 1-18:
Exordiums should be dignified, avoiding vulgarity, commonness, or disconnection.
Chapter 1-19:
Narration explains events and should be brief, clear, and probable.
Chapter 1-20:
Narration must avoid unnecessary details, maintain order, and use clear language.
Chapter 1-21:
Narration must appear truthful, respect dignity, and be suitably timed.
Chapter 1-22:
Arrangement clarifies argument, highlighting agreements and disputed matters briefly.
Chapter 1-23:
Avoid mixing general classes and subordinate divisions in arrangement.
Chapter 1-24:
Confirmation adds belief and authority using person- and circumstance-based arguments.
Chapter 1-25:
Consider upbringing, friends, occupation, and wealth to understand a person's character.
Chapter 1-26:
Action-related arguments include cause, preceding events, execution, and consequences.
Chapter 1-27:
Occasion considers public, common, and private events influencing action outcomes.
Chapter 1-28:
Compare cases by examining similarities, differences, and resulting outcomes.
Chapter 1-29:
Argumentation must be probable or unavoidable, using proof and credible statements.
Chapter 1-30:
Use representation, collation, and example to confirm or invalidate arguments effectively.
Chapter 1-31:
Argumentation relies on induction or ratiocination to persuade effectively.
Chapter 1-32:
Ensure similes are undeniable and parallels to doubtful points convincing.
Chapter 1-33:
Argumentation includes similes, followed by a conclusion or new induction.
Chapter 1-34:
Ratiocination derives probable conclusions from self-evident or explained facts.
Chapter 1-35:
Ratiocination has five divisions; proposition, proof, assumption, proof, summing up.
Chapter 1-36:
Proof is distinct from proposition and assumption, reinforcing their arguments.
Chapter 1-37:
Argumentation includes five parts: proposition, proof, assumption, proof, summing up.
Chapter 1-38:
Example: argue legal interpretations prioritize public benefit over strict wording.
Chapter 1-39:
Argumentation has four parts if proposition or assumption lacks proof.
Chapter 1-40:
Argumentation has two parts if conclusion is obvious and self-evident.
Chapter 1-41:
Remove obstacles with varied introductions and diverse argumentative structures.
Chapter 1-42:
Reprehension invalidates opposing arguments using similar invention sources as confirmation.
Chapter 1-43:
Invalidate credibility by demonstrating falseness, inconsistency, or implausibility effectively.
Chapter 1-44:
Deny comparisons by highlighting differences in nature, context, or classification.
Chapter 1-45:
Challenge incorrect conclusions by conversion or invalidating contradictory statements.
Chapter 1-46:
Reprehend arguments showing non-necessary connections between premises and conclusions.
Chapter 1-47:
Identify false conclusions by scrutinizing premises and logical coherence rigorously.
Chapter 1-48:
Ensure conclusions logically follow from premises, avoiding misleading inferences.
Chapter 1-49:
Avoid remote, common, or trifling definitions that dilute argumentative strength.
Chapter 1-50:
Highlight contradictory or adverse arguments, undermining opponent's logical consistency.
Chapter 1-51:
Oppose solid arguments with equally or more convincing counter-arguments.
Chapter 1-52:
Conclude effectively with enumeration, indignation, and strategic complaint techniques.
Chapter 1-53:
Indignation arises from authority, significant impact, and unique offenses.
Chapter 1-54:
Highlight unique, brutal, or dishonorable acts to provoke indignation effectively.
Chapter 1-55:
Elicit pity by contrasting past prosperity with present misfortune sympathetically.
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Chapter 2-1:
Crotona hired Zeuxis to paint Helen for Juno's temple.
Chapter 2-2:
Collected precepts from various authors to create a comprehensive treatise.
Chapter 2-3:
Combined philosophy and rhetoric to enhance eloquence and teaching.
Chapter 2-4:
Different types of discussions require unique methods and precepts.
Chapter 2-5:
Conjecture arises from cause, person, or case specifics.
Chapter 2-6:
Accuser emphasizes impulse or reasoning behind the alleged action.
Chapter 2-7:
Results deceive when expectations differ; intention, not consequence, matters.
Chapter 2-8:
Defense weakens suspicions by minimizing motive, advantage, or reasoning.
Chapter 2-9:
Person's attributes (name, nature, life, fortune) generate conjectures.
Chapter 2-10:
Accuser discredits defendant's character using past actions or suspicions.
Chapter 2-11:
Defense shows accused's honorable life, services, and absence of greed.
Chapter 2-12:
Suspicion arises from circumstances of the affair, examined in detail.
Chapter 2-13:
Suspicions derive from combined circumstances of persons and things.
Chapter 2-14:
Consider each action's intention, design, and resulting suspicions carefully.
Chapter 2-15:
Common topics emphasize guilt, innocence, or amplify statements effectively.
Chapter 2-16:
Common topics in conjectural cases include trust, witnesses, and motives.
Chapter 2-17:
Definitive statements clarify terms, like defining "attacking the people's majesty."
Chapter 2-18:
Multiple definitions complicate cases, requiring consistent principles and examples.
Chapter 2-19:
Transferable statements arise when procedural or jurisdictional issues exist.
Chapter 2-20:
Example: injury leads to procedural debate on demurrer necessity.
Chapter 2-21:
Fact and name agreed, inquire into effect, nature, and character.
Chapter 2-22:
Consider rights derived from nature, practice, and confirmed by laws.
Chapter 2-23:
Juridical inquiry examines justice, reward, punishment; two divisions.
Chapter 2-24:
Assumptive inquiry: defend fact using extraneous circumstances, four divisions.
Chapter 2-25:
Accuser invalidates defense by showing dishonor, lack of necessity.
Chapter 2-26:
Defense refutes prosecution by proving necessity, honor, and right.
Chapter 2-27:
Transference of accusation: shift blame to others or circumstances.
Chapter 2-28:
Defense emphasizes mitigating factors, showing necessity and justification.
Chapter 2-29:
Transference examples: blame others for failure to complete duties.
Chapter 2-30:
Removing guilt: show action was neither duty nor responsibility.
Chapter 2-31:
Accused admits fact but seeks pardon through purgation or deprecation.
Chapter 2-32:
Necessity as a defense when actions were compelled by circumstances.
Chapter 2-33:
Defense argues intention and unavoidable circumstances; prosecution emphasizes deliberate action.
Chapter 2-34:
Deprecation pleads for pardon without defending the actual offense.
Chapter 2-35:
Defendant emphasizes past services, promises reform, seeks pardon.
Chapter 2-36:
Prosecution highlights severity of offense, opposes pardon for deliberate actions.
Chapter 2-37:
Rewards examined by service quality, person's character, reward type, distribution method.
Chapter 2-38:
Consider service merits, timing, actor's intentions, and relevant circumstances.
Chapter 2-39:
Assess appropriate reward magnitude, historical precedents, and scarcity concerns.
Chapter 2-40:
Legal ambiguities resolved by examining context, intent, and practicality.
Chapter 2-41:
Consider advantage, honour, necessity omitted by opposite interpretation in legal documents.
Chapter 2-42:
Controversy from document's wording versus intent; framer's consistent intention crucial.
Chapter 2-43:
Defending law's language includes praising framer, emphasizing judge's duty.
Chapter 2-44:
Show framer's intent clear; rebut contrary reasons and interpretations rigorously.
Chapter 2-45:
Defend law's wording, stress framer's capability; avoid excuse for violating.
Chapter 2-46:
Prove some laws must be strictly followed; exceptions rare.
Chapter 2-47:
Equity-based defense emphasizes framer's intent, practical necessity, judge's discretion.
Chapter 2-48:
Highlight dishonour, impracticality of strict adherence; emphasize law's spirit.
Chapter 2-49:
Resolve conflicts by prioritizing laws based on importance, recency, specificity.
Chapter 2-50:
Ratiocination infers unstated rules from established laws; proves logical consistency.
Chapter 2-51:
Definition involves clarifying ambiguous terms in a written legal document.
Chapter 2-52:
Matters to aim at: virtue, science, truth, advantage, utility, dignity.
Chapter 2-53:
Virtue's divisions: prudence, justice, fortitude, temperance define honourable actions.
Chapter 2-54:
Conventional law combines nature, habit, equity, covenants, authoritative decisions.
Chapter 2-55:
Honour and advantage blend in glory, dignity, influence, friendship.
Chapter 2-56:
Advantages include personal safety, power, resources; states require both.
Chapter 2-57:
Necessity resists all power, force; examples clarify its impact.
Chapter 2-58:
Greatest necessity from honour, next safety, least from convenience.
Chapter 2-59:
Praise, blame from intentions, person's virtues, external circumstances considered.
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