Laws

1

 

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1-1:
This is the grove and oak of Arpinum from Marius.
1-2:
Yes, my brother's oak tree still exists, flourishing due to poetry.
1-3:
How can poets bestow immortality on trees, my Quintus?
1-4:
As long as Latin is spoken, Marius's oak endures.
1-5:
Does the tree's celebrity come from the verses or history?
1-6:
Tell me your thoughts on the traditions about Romulus and Orithya.
1-7:
For what purpose do you ask such questions as these?
1-8:
I aim to show we shouldn't scrutinize traditional stories too critically.
1-9:
Some will question the accuracy of your statements in Marius.
1-10:
It's unreasonable to expect factual accuracy in a poetic work.
1-11:
The historian must maintain closer adherence to fact than poets.
1-12:
History has its laws, and poetry its privileges, for delight.
1-13:
Stop there; I shall urge my suit without hesitation.
1-14:
What suit, Atticus?
1-15:
We implore you to write a History of Rome.
1-16:
I have nothing against it; we discussed this subject before.
1-17:
How so?
1-18:
We differed on the history's starting point and narrative.
1-19:
I agree with him; recent events are more interesting.
1-20:
I lack free time; extensive works need freedom from anxieties.
1-21:
How did you find leisure to compose so many books?
1-22:
Spare times occur to every man, I was unwilling to lose.
1-23:
You require prolonged vacation and full allowance of holidays.
1-24:
I deserve vacations as I advance in life gracefully.
1-25:
Few will accept your retirement; you'll speak in public.
1-26:
Citizens would grant you secession if advising legal matters.
1-27:
Your advice is excellent, but it might increase my labours.
1-28:
We have spare time now, enlighten us on state laws.
1-29:
I won't hesitate unless Quintus prefers another subject.
1-30:
I shall listen with great pleasure; it's a profitable discussion.
1-31:
Let's go to our accustomed promenade with benches for resting.
1-32:
Let's begin our investigation walking along the river's bank.
1-33:
My opinion? I hesitate; many great men expound law.
1-34:
You can't refuse us a treatise on Laws consistently.
1-35:
Should we emulate Plato's conversation with Clinias and Megillus?
1-36:
I am delighted with your proposal.
1-37:
But what says my brother Quintus?
1-38:
I can imagine nothing more agreeable.
1-39:
We'll investigate nature's facilities and human mind's noble capacity.
1-40: < br/> True jurisprudence source lies in philosophy, not magistrate's edict.
1-41
Marcus: You ask me not to explain legal practice formalities today.
1-42
Quintus: Your noble view goes to the fountainhead of moral truth.
1-43:
Marcus: Science of law produces litigation due to its ignorance.
1-44:
Atticus: Let's establish principles of justice on eternal, universal law.
1-45:
Quintus: Ascending to first principles makes our discourse more methodical.
1-46:
Marcus: Seek justice in its native source for precise civil laws.
1-47:
Quintus: That is the course I would advise.
1-48:
Atticus: I also subscribe to your brother’s opinion.
1-49:
Marcus: Describe Laws for the Commonwealth, treating general principles of morals.
1-50:
Quintus: Principles of justice come from nature, our discussion's object.
1-51:
Atticus: When nature guides, we are unlikely to err.
1-52:
Marcus: The universe is governed by God, reason, energy, mind.
1-53:
Atticus: Respecting God's existence, I grant you all you desire.
1-54:
Marcus: Even the best men occasionally fall into a passion.
1-55:
Atticus: Proceed; I'm waiting to know your argument's advantage.
1-56:
Marcus: God created man superior, with reason and thought.
1-57:
Atticus: Deduce principles of justice; I'll listen patiently.
1-58:
Marcus: Man is born for justice, law and equity.
1-59:
Atticus: We see nothing to object to, I may reply.
1-60:
Marcus: Nature gave us reason and justice for mutual benefit.
1-61:
Quintus: Arguments already proved nature as the fountain of justice.
1-62:
Atticus: Gods enrich us to administer gifts justly, binding all.
1-63:
Marcus: Nature is just, and justice is natural, philosophers argue.
1-64:
Atticus: You resemble a schoolman, following authority over individual sentiments.
1-65:
Marcus: Avoid inconsiderate statements, strengthen Commonwealth, establish its forces.
1-66:
Atticus: Views on justice of punishment for broken laws?
1-67:
Marcus: Guilty must pay penalties, conscience retributions over court judgments.
1-68:
Quintus: Where do your arguments lead, brother? I'll follow.
1-69:
Marcus: Arguments aim for moral actions' end, a controversial subject.
1-70:
Atticus: Gellius' absence affects publishing your controversial opinions.
1-71:
Quintus: Why does Gellius' absence matter?
1-72:
Atticus: Gellius advocated conciliating disputes, aiding philosophical harmony.
1-73:
Marcus: Harmonizing views of Academy and Stoics isn't difficult.
1-74:
Atticus: How do you form such an opinion?
1-75:
Marcus: They differ on one point, agree on rest.
1-76:
Atticus: Only one point of debate causes contention?
1-77:
Marcus: Yes, ancient Academicians and Stoics have one issue.
1-78:
Atticus: Insignificant controversy for their general opposition.
1-79:
Marcus: The thing itself caused the disagreement, not terms.
1-80:
Atticus: Antiochus nearly persuaded me to join the Academy.
1-81:
Marcus: Antiochus was wise and clever, highly accomplished in his way.
1-82:
Atticus: Why do you prosecute this enquiry, Marcus?
1-83:
Marcus: If only good is honourable, Zeno departs from Plato.
1-84:
Quintus: What then shall be our decision, Marcus?
1-85:
Marcus: We should seek Socrates' boundaries and abide by them.
1-86:
Quintus: Let us proceed to civil justice and laws, Marcus.
1-87:
Atticus: I shall most willingly proceed to that part, Quintus.
1-88:
Quintus: Let us defer moral ends, proceed to practical laws.
1-89:
Marcus: Preliminary doctrines illuminate jurisprudence more than imagined, Quintus.
1-90:
Quintus: Describe laws for nations and conduct rules for individuals.
1-91:
Marcus: Law, advocating virtue, must stem from philosophical wisdom, Quintus.
1-92:
Atticus: You made a sublime eulogium on self-knowledge, Marcus.
1-93:
Marcus: Principles developed lead to grand, practical, and beautiful consequences.
1-94:
Atticus: I commend your dedication to praising these discussed topics.
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Chapter 2-1:
Atticus: Shall we vary our situation and sit down while discussing?
Chapter 2-2:
Marcus: I like your proposal; that spot is my meditation place.
Chapter 2-3:
Atticus: This retreat makes me almost despise villas and marble pavements.
Chapter 2-4:
Marcus: I usually come here for scenery's beauty and air's salubrity.
Chapter 2-5:
Atticus: Prithee, what reason is that, Marcus?
Chapter 2-6:
Marcus: It's my native place, where my brother and I originated.
Chapter 2-7:
Atticus: I feel my love for this house and neighbourhood increasing.
Chapter 2-8:
Marcus: I'm glad I brought you here and shown you my cradle.
Chapter 2-9:
Atticus: What were you going to say about calling Arpinum home?
Chapter 2-10:
Marcus: Citizens like Cato have two countries: one of birth, another choice.
Chapter 2-11:
Atticus: Here we are, arrived in your favourite island, how beautiful!
Chapter 2-12:
Marcus: Quintus tells me your river Thyamis in Epirus is beautiful.
Chapter 2-13:
Quintus: Nothing on earth equals Atticus's Amaltheum and its plane trees.
Chapter 2-14:
Marcus: You have a wonderful knack of interrogation, my Quintus!
Chapter 2-15:
Quintus: Pray begin, then; for all this day is devoted.
Chapter 2-16:
Marcus: "Let us begin, then, with great Jupiter," as I translated.
Chapter 2-17:
Atticus: Wherefore this exordium, Marcus?
Chapter 2-18:
Marcus: We cannot do better than commence by invoking Him.
Chapter 2-19:
Quintus: There can be no objection to this; it is proper.
Chapter 2-20:
Marcus: Let's examine law's essence and obligation before descending to particulars.
Chapter 2-21:
Quintus: This is necessary caution and proper method for seeking truth.
Chapter 2-22:
Marcus: Law is an eternal principle governing the universe, commanding right.
Chapter 2-23:
Quintus: Explain divine law's force to avoid misunderstanding civil laws.
Chapter 2-24:
Marcus: Law is older than civil institutions, coeval with God.
Chapter 2-25:
Quintus: The just is always true law, beyond written enactments.
Chapter 2-26:
Marcus: Divine reason is supreme law, existing in the sage.
Chapter 2-27:
Quintus: A very great good.
Chapter 2-28:
Marcus: A state without law is no state at all.
Chapter 2-29:
Quintus: We must needs say so.
Chapter 2-30:
Marcus: We must therefore reckon law among the very best things.
Chapter 2-31:
Quintus: I entirely agree with you.
Chapter 2-32:
Marcus: Laws must be just, conformable to nature, protecting the innocent.
Chapter 2-33:
Quintus: Only just laws should be proclaimed and enforced as law.
Chapter 2-34:
Marcus: Unjust laws like Titius' and Apuleius' are null and void.
Chapter 2-35:
Quintus: You may say the same of the laws of Livius.
Chapter 2-36:
Marcus: Senate can abrogate unjust laws, but justice remains powerful.
Chapter 2-37:
Quintus: You seek enduring justice laws over frequently altered enactments.
Chapter 2-38:
Marcus: Following Plato, I praise law before discussing its regulations.
Chapter 2-39:
Quintus: You cite Galencus, but Timæus denies his existence entirely.
Chapter 2-40:
Marcus: Theophrastus supports Galencus' existence; tradition suffices for argument.
Chapter 2-41:
Quintus: You correct mistakes of philosophers while imitating their style exactly.
Chapter 2-42:
Marcus: Imitation of style is possible, but thought should be original.
Chapter 2-43:
Quintus: Your discourse should be original; please expound Laws of Religion.
Chapter 2-44:
Marcus: I will explain the laws as well as possible.
Chapter 2-45:
Quintus: What laws be they?
Chapter 2-46:
Marcus: Certain legal maxims are ancient and possess great authority.
Chapter 2-47:
Quintus: This method is desirable; let’s hear the Maxims of Laws.
Chapter 2-48:
Marcus: Approach gods with purity, devotion; avoid riches in temples.
Chapter 2-49:
Atticus: You include much law; they resemble Numa’s national regulations.
Chapter 2-50:
Marcus: True, as Scipio argues Roman constitution is the best.
Chapter 2-51:
Atticus: Certainly not.
Chapter 2-52:
Marcus: First-rate constitution laws reflect ancient customs and traditions.
Chapter 2-53:
Atticus: Proceed, propose these laws; I’ll ratify them.
Chapter 2-54:
Marcus: Perhaps you’ll say something different after hearing them.
Chapter 2-55:
Atticus: I’ll likely agree with greater laws; minor ones conceded.
Chapter 2-56:
Marcus: Let us lose no time then.
Chapter 2-57:
Atticus: Go on, propose such laws as you think advisable.
Chapter 2-58:
Marcus: Purity of mind is crucial; bodily purity is secondary.
Chapter 2-59:
Atticus: Authority of augurs is great; dispute between Marcellus, Appius.
Chapter 2-60:
Marcus: I believe in divination art; historical examples confirm truth.
Chapter 2-61:
Atticus: Well, it might be so, and most probably was so.
Chapter 2-62:
Marcus: I will, as concisely as possible. Next, rights of peace.
Chapter 2-63:
Atticus: I think so too, since that branch relates exclusively.
Chapter 2-64:
Marcus: As to what follows, I scarcely know proper terms.
Chapter 2-65:
Atticus: What is it?
Chapter 2-66:
Marcus: The law respecting the nocturnal sacrifices of women.
Chapter 2-67:
Atticus: I assent to their suppression except those solemn sacrifices permitted.
Chapter 2-68:
Marcus: But suppressing nocturnal sacrifices affects the august mysteries of Iacchus.
Chapter 2-69:
Atticus: I think it courteous to except these mysteries, especially initiated.
Chapter 2-70:
Marcus: With all my heart, let us except them. Among admirables, nothing better.
Chapter 2-71:
Atticus: Propose this law for Rome; don't rob Greeks' customs.
Chapter 2-72:
Marcus: Let daylight safeguard female virtue; mysteries of Ceres only.
Chapter 2-73:
Quintus: Yes, you described events accurately; virtue sometimes appears unrewarded.
Chapter 2-74:
Marcus: We judge divine justice poorly; carried by public opinion.
Chapter 2-75:
Atticus: I understand you; speak on perpetual sacrifices, rights of Manes.
Chapter 2-76:
Marcus: What a wonderful memory you possess, my Atticus. I forgot.
Chapter 2-77:
Atticus: I recollect legal maxims better, associated with pontifical and civil law.
Chapter 2-78:
Marcus: Statutes and decisions are clear; I treat civil jurisprudence simply.
Chapter 2-79:
Atticus: I am aware of pontifical statutes; what about civil laws?
Chapter 2-80:
Marcus: Civil laws address burial, not religious ceremonials, for fire safety.
Chapter 2-81:
Atticus: How were so many great men buried in the city?
Chapter 2-82:
Marcus: Privilege granted to heroic worthies before the law was made.
Chapter 2-83:
Quintus: I am delighted our laws conform to nature, ancestors' wisdom.
Chapter 2-84:
Marcus: Further limitations needed for funeral pomps and ceremonials extravagances.
Chapter 2-85:
Quintus: Formerly less ambition for extravagance; examples of frugality exist.
Chapter 2-86:
Marcus: Interpreters say law forbids excessive ceremonials, superfluous sepulchre magnificence.
Chapter 2-87:
Quintus: You have explained religious laws copiously; proceed to the next.
Chapter 2-88:
Marcus: Will bring our argument to conclusion; next, magisterial laws.
Chapter 2-89:
Atticus: Proceed in the same order, illustrating civil regulations methodically.
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Chapter 3-1:
Marcus: I shall emulate that divine man who inspired my admiration.
Chapter 3-2:
Atticus: You mean Plato.
Chapter 3-3:
Marcus: The very man, my Atticus.
Chapter 3-4:
Atticus: Indeed you do not exaggerate compliments nor bestow them frequently.
Chapter 3-5:
Marcus: They do well to grant you this indulgence for Plato's writings.
Chapter 3-6:
Atticus: I am glad I interrupted you, giving splendid testimonial of esteem.
Chapter 3-7:
Marcus: Let us begin, then, praising our civil laws appropriately deserved commendations.
Chapter 3-8:
Atticus: It is fair, since you paid preliminary compliments to ecclesiastical jurisprudence.
Chapter 3-9:
Marcus: Magistrates superintend and prescribe just and useful regulations of law.
Chapter 3-10:
Atticus: There cannot be a better arrangement of your topics.
Chapter 3-11:
Marcus: Authorities must be just, people must obey without hesitation, restrain disobedience.
Chapter 3-12:
Quintus: Concise delineation of magistrates' duties; similar to our Roman constitution.
Chapter 3-13:
Marcus: Our system, praised by Scipio, maintains true discipline of state.
Chapter 3-14:
Atticus: Explain reasons for preferring stated magisterial and civil law maxims.
Chapter 3-15:
Marcus: I will explain, citing Greek philosophers' disputations and jurisprudential investigations.
Chapter 3-16:
Atticus: I am impatient to hear your dissertation.
Chapter 3-17:
Marcus: Already stated doctrines in books on Commonwealth's best state.
Chapter 3-18:
Atticus: A Stoic, say you; were such questions ever discussed by Stoics?
Chapter 3-19:
Marcus: Ancient Stoics discussed politics theoretically; Plato's school illuminated politics practically.
Chapter 3-20:
Atticus: I think I could show such a man among us three.
Chapter 3-21:
Marcus: Monarchical system agreeable to our ancestors, even after Tarquins' expulsion.
Chapter 3-22:
Quintus: The tribunes' office has weakened nobles' authority and strengthened mob rule.
Chapter 3-23:
Marcus: Consular power, now limited, ensures law and justice for citizens.
Chapter 3-24:
Atticus: Such a proposition would appear remarkably disagreeable to many gentlemen.
Chapter 3-25:
Marcus: Nameless gentlemen would prefer Rome if obeying just laws.
Chapter 3-26:
Quintus: Tribunes' power is extremely mischievous, causing endless seditions.
Chapter 3-27:
Marcus: Tribunes' authority too great, but people’s power harsher, crueler.
Chapter 3-28:
Atticus: Exactly so.
Chapter 3-29:
Quintus: I can’t agree with you respecting Pompey; continue legal maxims.
Chapter 3-30:
Marcus: Then you still persist in your former opinion?
Chapter 3-31:
Quintus: I do.
Chapter 3-32:
Atticus: We must agree to differ; continue expositions of law maxims.
Chapter 3-33:
Marcus: Senate composed of magistrates; their decrees have force of laws.
Chapter 3-34:
Quintus: Senatorial order must be free from corruption, a virtuous example.
Chapter 3-35:
Atticus: Senatorial order devoted to your interests, Marcus, grateful always.
Chapter 3-36:
Marcus: Leave question for now; focus on legal maxims for future.
Chapter 3-37:
Atticus: Better occasion now; elaborate on education and discipline.
Chapter 3-38:
Marcus: Senator as virtuous example; their virtue reforms entire city.
Chapter 3-39:
Atticus: Don't fully understand maxim about suffrages and votes' transparency.
Chapter 3-40:
Marcus: Discuss whether votes should be given openly or secretly.
Chapter 3-41:
Quintus: Is it indeed a doubtful question? We might again differ.
Chapter 3-42:
Marcus: I hold that open declaration in suffrages is best.
Chapter 3-43:
Quintus: Distinction between propriety and practicability of measures can be harmful.
Chapter 3-44:
Atticus: I never admired anything that pleases the mob.
Chapter 3-45:
Marcus: Right of voting conceded to people under noble's authority.
Chapter 3-46:
Atticus: Subject itself would admonish what you ought to say.
Chapter 3-47:
Marcus: Since I treated judges, next should be judgments.
Chapter 3-48:
Atticus: You proposed to investigate the rights of Romans.
Chapter 3-49:
Marcus: What would you have me say on this topic?
Chapter 3-50:
Atticus: Treat regulations that all living in Commonwealth should understand.
Chapter 3-51:
Marcus: We'll consider Roman civil rights from traditions and records.
Chapter 3-52:
Atticus: Right method, I shall listen with pleasure to topics.
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