Movement & Progression of AnimalsHere’s the updated HTML table with the chapter numbers and text content linked: ```html

Animal Movement and Celestial Motion

Chapter 1-1 We've studied animal movement, examining types, differences, and reasons. Every motion must originate from something that itself remains unmoved. This prime mover, inherently immovable, underpins all other movement. To understand this, we observe actual examples, aligning theory with sensory experiences. In animals, movement requires a stationary point. Joints act as centers, enabling parts to move while others stay still. Thus, animals must have internal stationary points to support and initiate movement. The immovable element within is crucial for understanding overall movement and stability.

Chapter 1-2 An immovable point inside an animal is ineffective without external stability. This notion extends to the cosmos, suggesting an external immovable foundation for celestial movement. Movement requires external resistance; otherwise, progress is impossible. For instance, pushing a boat while inside it doesn’t work as expected due to lack of external support. A person must push from outside to move the boat. Hence, for effective movement, external immobility is necessary, affirming that the mover must be distinct from what is moved.

Chapter 1-3 To move the heavens, the mover must be immovable and separate from the heavens. If a mover touches the heavens, it should remain immovable itself. The myth of Atlas reflects this idea, suggesting an immovable force supporting celestial movement. However, if the earth's stability is due to equal forces, the mover must exert a proportional force to maintain balance. Thus, celestial movement implies an external, immovable force, indicating that internal forces within the heavens are insufficient for celestial motion.

Chapter 1-4 The challenge of moving celestial parts involves the concept of immobility and force. If a force could overcome the earth’s immobility, it would move away from the center. Since the earth's weight and force are finite, it's impossible to generate a superior force to displace it. Therefore, the heavens must be inherently indestructible unless a greater force could dissolve them. This consideration suggests the necessity of an external, immovable foundation for celestial stability, aligning with the idea of a prime mover.

Chapter 1-5 Inanimate things, like fire or earth, must also have external support for movement. All things are moved by external forces, but the origin of their motion is debated. Animals move themselves, relying on external support. Non-living entities are also moved by external factors, indicating that they must be set in motion by something beyond themselves. This concept raises questions about the need for an immovable external source in all forms of motion, including growth and qualitative changes.

Chapter 1-6 The soul's movement and its origin are explored within previous discussions. Living creatures, as causes of movement, have their motions directed by intellect, imagination, and desire. These faculties initiate action based on perceived or conceptual ends. The movement in living creatures has a defined purpose, differing from eternal motion. The prime mover, being unmoved, contrasts with desire and intellect, which drive actions and changes in living beings. This distinction clarifies how internal and external forces contribute to motion and purpose.

Chapter 1-7 Action often follows thought, but sometimes thought does not lead to action. This is similar to speculative reasoning where conclusions are drawn from premises. Actions result from the combination of premises about the good and possible. Quick decisions arise when minor premises are obvious or self-evident. Desire drives immediate action, with appetite guiding behavior based on perceived needs. This illustrates how living beings act upon desires and intentions, akin to automatic responses in puppets or toy wagons activated by external stimuli.

Chapter 1-8 Movement in animals starts with a conception or imagination, which changes body temperature. Painful or pleasing stimuli cause temperature changes, affecting bodily functions. For example, blind courage or erotic desires lead to specific temperature changes. These shifts occur in various body parts, driven by internal responses and desires. Imagination, based on perceptions, initiates these changes. The body's organs react in synchrony, influenced by these internal processes. Action and reaction are simultaneous unless obstructed. Understanding involves recognizing how imagination and perception guide physical responses and movements, with internal and external factors playing roles.

Chapter 1-9 Symmetry in the left and right sides of animals suggests that movement originates centrally, not from either side. The central region of the body, often the spine or head, coordinates simultaneous movements. The original seat of movement is located centrally, affecting limbs symmetrically. The body's central part influences both upper and lower regions, facilitating coordinated motion. The middle of the body controls the movement of limbs, requiring both active and passive states. Thus, central coordination ensures balanced and synchronized movements throughout the body.

Chapter 1-10 In animals, desire drives movement, but physical components must also be capable of initiating motion. The body contains a spirit that enables movement, similar to how joints function with one point moving while the other remains still. This spirit allows expansion and contraction, crucial for physical actions. The spirit relates to the soul's center, located in the heart or a similar region. This spirit, maintaining its role and power, supports movement and response to external forces, contributing to the body's ability to perform actions.

Chapter 1-11 Animal bodies exhibit both voluntary and involuntary movements. Involuntary movements occur without reason, like heartbeats or genital responses. Non-voluntary movements include sleep, waking, and respiration, driven by natural bodily changes. These changes affect the body's temperature and trigger movements. The heart and generative organs display these involuntary motions more obviously, as they contain vital moisture. Movements arise from central changes, influencing peripheral parts. Variations in material quality and quantity affect the consistency of these involuntary movements. Finally, understanding animal movement encompasses both voluntary actions and involuntary responses.

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Animal Movement and Celestial Motion

Chapter 1-1 Movement in animals requires a stationary point for initiation and stability.

Chapter 1-2 Movement needs external support; pushing a boat from inside fails.

Chapter 1-3 Heavenly movement requires an immovable mover, as shown in myths.

Chapter 1-4 Celestial stability needs an external, immovable force, as internal forces fail.

Chapter 1-5 Inanimate objects, like animals, need external forces for movement.

Chapter 1-6 Living beings move by intellect, imagination, and desire, differing from eternal motion.

Chapter 1-7 Actions follow thought but not always; desire drives immediate behavior.

Chapter 1-8 Movement starts with conception, changing body temperature with pleasure or pain.

Chapter 1-9 Central region coordinates movement, not left or right sides.

Chapter 1-10 Desire moves body; spirit enables expansion and contraction for movement.

Chapter 1-11 Voluntary and involuntary movements occur; vital organs show clear actions.

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Animal Movement and Celestial Motion

Chapter 2-1 We must consider how animal parts aid movement: why they exist, and their differences across species. We first ask: what are the minimum motion points for progression? Why do sanguineous animals have four, while bloodless animals have more? Why are some animals footless, bipeds, quadrupeds, or polypods? Why do all animals with feet have an even number? Why do man and birds have opposite leg curvatures, while viviparous quadrupeds differ from oviparous ones? Why do quadrupeds move their legs criss-cross? Understanding these differences is crucial for examining the reasons behind them.

Chapter 2-2 To investigate, we must accept universal principles: Nature creates purposefully, always optimally for each creature’s constitution. Principles include that Nature always selects the best way if alternatives exist. We assume dimensions: superior/inferior, before/behind, right/left. Movement starts with thrusts and pulls. Essential place-movements involve two parts: one active, one passive. For instance, athletes jump farther with weights, as movement uses both pushing and resisting. Thus, movement involves parts, with one part carrying weight while the other strains against it. Movement requires parts distinguishing between active and passive roles.

Chapter 2-3 Animals change position by moving their whole body or parts. Jumping animals move all at once; walking animals move sequentially. Movement involves pressing against something below; if this support fails, movement is impossible. Athletes jump farther with weights due to leaning against their own upper parts and the ground. Runners move faster by swinging arms, leveraging the extended arms as supports. All movement involves parts: one pushes, another resists. Movement cannot occur without distinguishing active and passive parts, explaining why parts are essential for effective movement.

Chapter 2-4 Living beings have six natural boundaries: superior/inferior, before/behind, right/left. All beings have these distinctions functionally, not just positionally. The superior part distributes nourishment and growth; the inferior part receives and completes the process. In plants, the roots are superior, distributing nutrients, similar to an animal's mouth. Animals have front/back distinctions based on sensory functions, and those with movement capabilities also have left/right distinctions. Right initiates movement, while left supports. Movement beginning on the right is consistent across species, with right-handedness seen in various animals.

Chapter 2-5 Bipedal animals like men and birds have distinct superior and front parts, using two points of motion: wings or arms. Four-footed, many-footed, or limbless animals have superior and front parts aligned. "Foot" refers to limbs used for movement, named after their contact with the ground. Some animals, like Cephalopods and spiral Testaceans, have front and back parts aligned. Bipedal animals’ superior parts align with the universe’s superior part; quadrupeds and others with intermediate. Plants align with the inferior part. Starting points are considered honorable, as they influence movement and function.

Chapter 2-6 Movement arises from parts on the right; a common part connects moving parts. Opposite pairs (right/left, superior/inferior, before/behind) share a juncture that determines their movement. Nature does not have a backward movement; thus, animals move by right/left and superior/inferior distinctions. Animals with distinct members utilize these distinctions. Movement originates from a common point equidistant from all members.

Chapter 2-7 Locomotion is typical of animals with two or four points. Sanguineous animals, which have up to four points, exhibit this trait. Bloodless animals, like centipedes, can survive and move when divided because their structure resembles many living beings. Limbless Sanguineous animals, such as snakes, move with flexions, showing similar movement principles to limbed creatures.

Chapter 2-8 Snakes lack limbs because an animal with a length proportionately larger than its other dimensions can't have more than four limbs. Limbed animals have an even number of limbs, crucial for walking. Polypods like centipedes can progress with an odd number of limbs but perform better with an even number. Movement is efficient with paired limbs for balance.

Chapter 2-9 All animals have an even number of feet for balanced movement. Flexion and straightening, crucial for walking, involve changes relative to a fixed point. Without flexion, locomotion would be impossible. Flexing involves bending at points, necessary for maintaining balance and movement. Limbless animals, like earthworms, use undulations or telescopic actions to move.

Chapter 2-10 Birds and flying insects move at not more than four points. They need wings or tails for proper movement. Flight or walking involves flexion at points like wings or body joints. Some birds use legs as tails for steering, while insects with inadequate tails struggle to control flight. Flying efficiency is influenced by wing structure and body balance.

Chapter 2-11 An erect animal must be a biped with lighter upper parts. Only this setup allows easy support. Humans, being unique bipeds, have longer, sturdier legs compared to their upper bodies. Children struggle with erect walking due to proportion issues; as they grow, their legs lengthen relative to their torso. Birds are bipeds with a unique hip structure resembling a thigh, aiding balance and movement. Unlike humans, birds cannot be erect in the same way. Their wings, if erect, would be useless. Nature avoids such contradictions, ensuring functional design.

Chapter 2-12 Flexion in limbs is crucial for movement. Bipedal humans and birds bend their legs oppositely; humans forward and backward, while quadrupeds bend differently. This flexion allows for proper movement and weight distribution. For instance, humans’ arms bend backward, aiding hand tasks, while legs bend forward for walking. Quadrupeds bend their forelegs forward and hind legs backward, supporting their movement and lifting capabilities. Proper leg flexion also aids in functions like suckling. Without this, animals would struggle with motion and stability. Nature designs flexions to ensure efficient and effective locomotion.

Chapter 2-13 Flexion patterns vary: fore and hind limbs can bend similarly or oppositely. Quadrupeds typically bend forelegs and hind legs in opposite directions. Humans, bending arms concavely and legs convexly, differ from quadrupeds. Human limbs flex oppositely: elbows back, wrists forward. Quadrupeds and some bipeds, like elephants, follow similar patterns. These flexions facilitate coordinated movement and stability. Proper bending ensures efficient motion without unnecessary conflict in limb movements. For example, bending patterns prevent interference, allowing smooth and balanced locomotion, essential for both quadrupeds and bipeds.

Chapter 2-14 Limbs move criss-cross: forelegs and hind limbs alternate for smooth progression. This prevents stumbling and maintains balance. Moving legs together would cause instability and disrupt continuous motion. Criss-cross movement prevents these issues, making it ideal for animals with multiple legs. Crabs, despite having more limbs, also move obliquely due to their structure and ground-based lifestyle. Polypods, like crabs, follow similar criss-cross patterns to avoid leg interference. This design helps maintain stability and effective locomotion across various terrains and movement types.

Chapter 2-15 Birds’ leg movement mirrors quadrupeds: wings substitute for forelegs, bending similarly. They cannot stand or move without wings. Despite being bipeds, birds are not erect; their body structure and leg placement support balance. Legs set back for efficient swimming and flight. Similar arrangements are found in fish and insects, with oblique attachments aiding movement in their respective mediums. For instance, web-footed birds and aquatic creatures have adaptations suited to their environments, optimizing locomotion in water or air.

Chapter 2-16 Polypods like crabs have obliquely attached limbs for effective movement. Intermediate legs lead and follow, requiring different flexions. Oblique flexion prevents interference and aids progression, especially in creatures living in holes. Crabs are unique with multiple leading limbs, using their hard, shell-like limbs for movement. They move obliquely due to their structural adaptations, differing from other polypods and quadrupeds. Their limbs’ flexibility supports efficient movement and stability, necessary for their ground-based lifestyle.

Chapter 2-17 Soft-skinned polypods like crayfish have differently structured limbs compared to crabs. Crayfish swim, so their limbs are not bandy. Crabs, with hard shells, move obliquely but lack bandy limbs due to their ground-based lifestyle. Their disk-like shape supports multiple leading limbs for efficient movement. Fish and web-footed birds also have adapted limbs for their environments, with shapes and structures supporting swimming or flying. These adaptations ensure functional movement in water and air, respectively.

Chapter 2-18 Winged creatures need feet for land mobility, unlike fish which live in water and use fins. Feet are unnecessary for fish, which thrive with fins. Birds and fish share similarities: wings and pectoral fins are for movement; legs or fins are positioned near their bodies. Birds have tails; fish have tail-fins. This design facilitates movement in their respective environments, ensuring effective locomotion in air or water.

Chapter 2-19 Molluscs, lacking distinct left and right, move differently from limbed animals. They are compared to limbless creatures or misshapen quadrupeds like seals and bats. Crabs, though having poorly defined sides, show some distinction in claws. Animal movement structures, particularly in progression, reflect their design for effective locomotion. The study of life and death follows from understanding these structural and functional adaptations.

Here's the updated HTML table with the chapter numbers and text content linked as requested: ```html

Animal Movement and Celestial Motion

Chapter 2-1 Consider animal parts for movement: their purpose and differences.

Chapter 2-2 Nature creates purposefully; movement involves thrusts and pulls.

Chapter 2-3 Movement involves pressing against support; athletes use added weight.

Chapter 2-4 Beings have boundaries: superior/inferior, before/behind, right/left, for function.

Chapter 2-5 Bipeds and quadrupeds differ in motion and body part alignment.

Chapter 2-6 Movement originates from the right; animals use four-point connections.

Chapter 2-7 Locomotion involves two or four points; bloodless animals adapt differently.

Chapter 2-8 Snakes lack limbs due to their proportion; even limbs essential.

Chapter 2-9 Even feet are crucial for balanced movement; flexion enables locomotion.

Chapter 2-10 Birds and insects need wings or tails for effective movement.

Chapter 2-11 Man’s upright stance requires heavier lower body for balance.

Chapter 2-12 Flexion in legs essential for movement; humans and animals differ.

Chapter 2-13 Different flexion modes: humans and quadrupeds exhibit distinct limb movements.

Chapter 2-14 Limbs move criss-cross to avoid stumbling; applies to all quadrupeds.

Chapter 2-15 Birds and quadrupeds have similar limb flexion; wings are crucial.

Chapter 2-16 Polypods have oblique limbs to avoid interference; crabs unique.

Chapter 2-17 Crabs and crayfish differ in limb structure; crabs use multiple limbs.

Chapter 2-18 Birds need feet for land; fish need fins for swimming.

Chapter 2-19 Molluscs move differently; crabs show some distinction between sides.

``` ### Summary of Changes: 1. **Chapter Numbers**: Each chapter number is wrapped in an `` tag with the class `A-Numbered_5`, and the `href` attribute points to the corresponding `id`. 2. **Text Content**: The text content in each cell is linked using an `` tag with the class `Metaphysics`, and the `href` points to the same `id` as the chapter number. This ensures that both the chapter numbers and the text are clickable and correctly linked to their respective sections.