Rhetorical Invention

1

Chapter 1-1:
Fluency in language: beneficial or harmful to societies and states?
Chapter 1-2:
Early humans were united and civilized through wisdom and eloquence.
Chapter 1-3:
Eloquence without wisdom led to public disasters and chaos.
Chapter 1-4:
Virtuous leaders used eloquence to protect the republic from evil.
Chapter 1-5:
Political science includes rhetoric, a crucial part of public affairs.
Chapter 1-6:
Rhetoric covers demonstrative, deliberative, and judicial subjects effectively.
Chapter 1-7:
Hermagoras wrongly combined rhetoric with philosophical subjects.
Chapter 1-8:
Statements involve disputes over facts, names, types, and actions.
Chapter 1-9:
Disputes about names require precise definitions and descriptions.
Chapter 1-10:
Deliberation and demonstration are separate kinds of arguments, not divisions.
Chapter 1-11:
Judicial cases involve right, wrong, and principles of punishment.
Chapter 1-12:
Different cases require distinct argument approaches for clarity.
Chapter 1-13:
Types of disputes arise from conflicting interpretations of writings.
Chapter 1-14:
Examine defenses and use testimonies for strong case reasoning.
Chapter 1-15:
Exordium aims to prepare the audience for the speech.
Chapter 1-16:
Gain goodwill, attention, and willingness in the exordium.
Chapter 1-17:
Adapt approach if the audience is hostile, neutral, or weary.
Chapter 1-18:
Avoid common exordium faults: vulgarity, length, and irrelevance.
Chapter 1-19:
Narration explains acts and includes relevant historical examples.
Chapter 1-20:
Narration should be brief, clear, and logically ordered.
Chapter 1-21:
Narration must be probable, fitting events, people, and audience perceptions.
Chapter 1-22:
Arrangement makes arguments clear, focusing on agreements and disputes.
Chapter 1-23:
Proper arrangement avoids mixing general classes with specific divisions.
Chapter 1-24:
Confirmation adds belief, authority, and corroboration to the cause.
Chapter 1-25:
Character analysis includes upbringing, associations, occupation, and habitual behavior.
Chapter 1-26:
Consider place, time, manner, and opportunity in action analysis.
Chapter 1-27:
Occasion is a specific time suitable for certain actions.
Chapter 1-28:
Evaluate circumstances: greater, less, similar, opposite, and ultimate results.
Chapter 1-29:
Argumentation must be probable or irrefutable to be effective.
Chapter 1-30:
Probable arguments are based on resemblance, opposition, or established comparisons.
Chapter 1-31:
Argumentation through induction involves undeniable facts leading to conclusions.
Chapter 1-32:
Inductive arguments must be undeniable and relevant to the conclusion.
Chapter 1-33:
Provide clear examples from civil cases to explain argumentation.
Chapter 1-34:
Ratiocination extracts probable conclusions from discussed facts.
Chapter 1-35:
Some argue argumentation has five parts; others, only three.
Chapter 1-36:
Proof can be separate from proposition or assumption in argumentation.
Chapter 1-37:
Argumentation sometimes requires no additional proof for propositions, assumptions.
Chapter 1-38:
Five-part argumentation: proposition, proof, assumption, proof, summation.
Chapter 1-39:
Four-part argumentation: proposition , assumption, without proof.
Chapter 1-40:
Two-part argumentation: sometimes just proposition and assumption suffice.
Chapter 1-41:
Variety in speech avoids monotony and engages the audience.
Chapter 1-42:
Reprehension invalidates the opposition's proof through argumentation techniques.
Chapter 1-43:
Invalidating credibility: opposing credible, implausible, or exaggerated comparisons.
Chapter 1-44:
Reprehension targets alleged comparisons by emphasizing their differences.
Chapter 1-45:
Attack argumentation errors: conversion, invalidation, faulty enumeration.
Chapter 1-46:
Reprehension highlights invalid assumptions and misleading conclusions.
Chapter 1-47:
Invalid conclusions arise from incorrect or manipulated assumptions.
Chapter 1-48:
Erroneous conclusions often appear legitimate; careful examination required.
Chapter 1-49:
Avoid remote or irrelevant definitions and false reasoning.
Chapter 1-50:
Contradictory arguments undermine overall persuasive effectiveness.
Chapter 1-51:
Counterarguments challenge strong opposing arguments effectively.
Chapter 1-52:
Conclusion: enumeration, indignation, and complaint summarize arguments.
Chapter 1-53:
Indignation arouses strong emotions using authority, examples, exaggeration.
Chapter 1-54:
Comparing misdeeds incites greater indignation effectively.
Chapter 1-55:
Complaint seeks pity by highlighting human vulnerability and misfortune.
 
 

 

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2

 

Chapter 2-1:
Zeuxis hired by Crotona to paint Helen using local virgins.
Chapter 2-2:
Writing on rhetoric, collecting wisdom from various sources for excellence.
Chapter 2-3:
Integrating philosophy and eloquence, blending ancient and personal insights.
Chapter 2-4:
Judicial, demonstrative, deliberative discussions seek justice, honor, expediency.
Chapter 2-5:
Conjectures derive from causes, persons, and cases' circumstances.
Chapter 2-6:
Deliberate reasoning or impulse can influence actions significantly.
Chapter 2-7:
Results may differ from intentions, affecting judgments on actions.
Chapter 2-8:
Defenders minimize motives, emphasize favorable interpretations of actions.
Chapter 2-9:
Suspicion arises from names, nature, life, fortune, and study.
Chapter 2-10:
Accusers must discredit the defendant's character and past behavior.
Chapter 2-11:
Defenders highlight the accused's honorable past and good deeds.
Chapter 2-12:
Suspicions arise from examining all parts of the affair thoroughly.
Chapter 2-13:
Suspicion also considers combined circumstances of persons and actions.
Chapter 2-14:
Consider all angles, intentions, and inconsistencies for effective argumentation.
Chapter 2-15:
Common topics amplify arguments, appealing to general principles.
Chapter 2-16:
Common topics include trusting suspicions, believing witnesses, and evidence.
Chapter 2-17:
Definitive statements resolve disputes by defining terms clearly.
Chapter 2-18:
Multiple definitions may require addressing in complex cases.
Chapter 2-19:
Transferable statements address improper procedures or misapplied laws.
Chapter 2-20:
Translation in causes considers whether proper legal actions apply.
Chapter 2-21:
Dispute about inheritance involves minor, reversionary heirs, and conflicting claims.
Chapter 2-22:
Natural law, customs, and written laws impact legal decision making.
Chapter 2-23:
Juridical inquiries examine justice, involving absolute and accessory questions.
Chapter 2-24:
Assumptive inquiries use external arguments to defend actions.
Chapter 2-25:
Comparison defends questionable actions by highlighting greater threats.
Chapter 2-26:
Accuser disproves defense by showing more honorable alternatives exist.
Chapter 2-27:
Retorting charges involves justifying actions based on others' misconduct.
Chapter 2-28:
Defender weakens accusations by highlighting provocations and necessary responses.
Chapter 2-29:
Transferring blame involves redirecting accusations to other parties or circumstances.
Chapter 2-30:
Denial of fault asserts actions were beyond accused's control or duty.
Chapter 2-31:
Accused admits fact but seeks pardon through purgation or deprecation.
Chapter 2-32:
Necessity defense: actions done under compulsion may be excused.
Chapter 2-33:
Defense: highlight good intentions, unavoidable circumstances, and human limitations.
Chapter 2-34:
Deprecation: plead for pardon, emphasizing past services and character.
Chapter 2-35:
Use services, nobility, and promises to strengthen plea for pardon.
Chapter 2-36:
Adversary exaggerates offenses, questions intentions, and stresses punishment necessity.
Chapter 2-37:
Reward demands: assess services, claimant's character, and appropriateness.
Chapter 2-38:
Evaluate services based on merits, timing, intention, and effort.
Chapter 2-39:
Compare rewards, historical precedents, and necessity for recognition.
Chapter 2-40:
Letter of law disputes: interpret ambiguous phrases considering context.
Chapter 2-41:
Show advantageous, honorable intentions absent in adversary's interpretation of document.
Chapter 2-42:
Interpretation vs. letter: prove framer's consistent intentions and relevant context.
Chapter 2-43:
Defend law's letter: emphasize plain language, compare action, judge's duty.
Chapter 2-44:
Argue framer's intention: emphasize clear expression, necessity of strict adherence.
Chapter 2-45:
Prove law comprehensiveness: compare explicit exceptions in other laws.
Chapter 2-46:
Prove importance: argue necessity, careful drafting, and severe penalties.
Chapter 2-47:
Defend excuse: emphasize equity, intentions, and framer's probable approval.
Chapter 2-48:
Highlight expediency and honor: argue for practical and moral necessity.
Chapter 2-49:
Contradictory laws: argue for maintaining the most important, current, mandatory law.
Chapter 2-50:
Ratiocination: infer unwritten rules from written laws and similar situations.
Chapter 2-51:
Definition determines exact meaning of a disputed word in law.
Chapter 2-52:
Matters to be aimed at: virtue, advantage, or their combination.
Chapter 2-53:
Virtue: prudence, justice, fortitude, temperance, knowledge, science, truth.
Chapter 2-54:
Conventional law arises from nature, habit, custom, covenants, equity.
Chapter 2-55:
Combine honor and advantage: glory, dignity, influence, and friendship.
Chapter 2-56:
Advantages are personal or extraneous: safety, power, and convenience.
Chapter 2-57:
Necessity: irresistible force, examples show its power and nature.
Chapter 2-58:
Consult safety, honor, convenience: prioritize according to circumstances.
Chapter 2-59:
Praise and blame: intention, personal virtues, and extraneous circumstances.