Topics

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Reasoning: argument where new conclusions come from given premises.
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Three purposes: intellectual training, casual encounters, philosophical sciences.
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Understanding enables effective argumentation, similar to rhetoric and medicine.
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Arguments start from propositions, problems: genus, property, accident, definition.
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Definition, property, genus, accident explained, and their roles distinguished.
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Criticism of property, genus, accident applicable to definitions.
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'Sameness' defined: numerically, specifically, generically.
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Argument elements: definition, property, genus, accident confirmed through reasoning.
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Categories of predicates: essence, quantity, quality, relation, place, time.
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Dialectical propositions, problems: generally accepted views or their contradictions.
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Dialectical problems contribute to choices, truth, knowledge, and solving conflicts.
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Two species of dialectical arguments: induction and reasoning, clearly distinct.
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Four means: propositions, sense distinctions, differences, and likeness investigation.
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Select propositions from accepted opinions, contradictions, and notable authorities.
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Define multiple meanings of terms, examine definitions, consider usage context.
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Examine differences within same genera and across related genera.
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Study likeness in different genera, using formulaic comparisons for clarity.
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Understand term meanings for clear reasoning, avoiding misunderstandings, false reasoning.
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Universal problems affect everything, particular problems affect some things only.
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Commonplace rule: look for misattributed accidents within genera differences.
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Distinguish multiple senses of terms before demolishing or establishing statements.
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Alter terms to more familiar ones for easier argument attack.
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Sophistic argument draws opponent into statements easier to attack.
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In subjects with one predicate, equip for both arguments.
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Understand contraries' conjunctions to demolish or establish a viewpoint.
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Opposition modes help argument via contradictories and contraries' relationships.
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Use co-ordinates and inflected forms in demolishing or establishing arguments.
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Compare similar cases for consistency in argument strength.
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Argue from greater, lesser, or equal degrees of predicates.
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Examine desirability: lasting, secure, prudent, good, experts, absolute standard.
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Consider consequences: greater good, lesser evil, prior or later.
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Compare species' virtues, inflexions, uses, actions, works, greater degrees.
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Compare things: precious, useful, good by nature, desirable.
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General rules: comparative degrees, impart qualities, excess, subtraction.
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Universal rules for particular cases: opposites, coordinates, inflexions, degrees.
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Examine genus and property: genus predication, accidents, substance, quality.
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Check for another genus, genus subordination, and predication discrepancies.
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Evaluate genus contraries, species relation, and species-genus consistency.
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Consider similar relations, generation, destruction, and inflexion parallels.
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Avoid placing states within activities, capacities, or attendant features.
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Check genus validity: wider denotation, synonymous, specific differences, contraries.
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Essential, relative, permanent, temporary properties: genus, species, and comparison.
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Correctness of property stated, intelligibility, and term repetition.
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Avoid using subject or species in rendering properties correctly.
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Determine if property is accurate by checking subjects' true properties.
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Render property appropriately, considering natural belonging, and specific contexts.
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Evaluate properties by comparing contraries, correlatives, states, and privations.
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Analyze properties by relations, inflexions, and potentiality to exist.
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Use greater and lesser degrees to confirm or refute properties.
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Definitions must be true, accurate, specific, and correctly stated.
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Avoid ambiguous, metaphorical, or unclear language in definitions.
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Eliminate redundant or unnecessary terms in definitions.
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Use terms that are prior and more intelligible in definitions.
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Place the object in the appropriate genus for clarity.
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Differentiae must be relevant, appropriate, and specific to the genus.
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Check for discrepancies and ensure the definition matches the term.
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Definitions must include all relevant aspects, avoiding incomplete descriptions.
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Check for consistency in relative terms and their species.
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Ensure definitions apply universally, including abstract and specific cases.
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Definitions of compound terms must accurately reflect each component.
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Define reality accurately, avoiding non-existent elements in definitions.
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Avoid defining terms as a combination without specifying their relationship.
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Clearly state the type of composition in compound definitions.
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Examine sameness through inflections, opposites, and relational aspects.
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Rules for sameness apply to questions of definition, too.
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Definitions are harder to establish than to demolish logically.
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Mastering co-ordinates and inflections is crucial for arguments.
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Destroying definitions easier; establishing requires more proof and precision.
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Use syllogism against dialecticians; induction effective with general audiences.
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Define terms, identify premises; clarity essential for effective argumentation.
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Answerers deflect responsibility for paradoxes, blaming their positions.
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Rules for learning, competition, inquiry vary; answerer strategies differ.
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Answer according to relevance and acceptance; avoid appearing simple.
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Clarify terms with multiple meanings; distinguish ambiguous questions immediately.
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Negative instances show ill-temper; induction needs true, generally held propositions.
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Answerers should test their theses; avoid generally rejected hypotheses.
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Demolish points where fallacies depend; solve arguments by identifying falsehood.
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Distinguish between criticizing arguments and the speaker; avoid abuse.
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Clear arguments need compelling conclusions; avoid fallacies in reasoning.
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Begging questions occurs in several ways; avoid circular reasoning.
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Train in arguments; know definitions and principles; avoid unnecessary universalizing.