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1 219-167. Introduction. importance & magnitude of subject.
2 405-394. Immensity of Roman Empire shown by comparison with Persia, Sparta, Macedonia. Persia. 2. Sparta. 3. Macedonia.
3 220-217. History starts from 140th Olympiad, when tendency towards unity 1st shows itself. sketch of their previous history necessary to explain success of Romans.
4 Need of a comprehensive view of history as well as a close study of an epoch.
5 264-261. I begin my preliminary account in 129th Olympiad, & with circumstances which took Romans to Sicily.
6 387-386. Rise of Roman dominion may be traced from retirement of Gauls from city. From that time one nation after another in Italy fell into their hands. Latini. Etruscans, Gauls, & Samnites. Pyrrhus,   280. Southern Italy. Pyrrhus finally quits Italy,   274.
7 289. Story of Mamertines at Messene, & Roman garrison at Rhegium, Dio. Cassius fr. Messene. Agathocles died,  2. Rhegium, Livy Ep. 12. Pyrrhus in Sicily,   278-275. 27C. Quintus Claudius, L. Genucius Clepsina, Coss.
8 275-274. Effect of fall of rebellious garrison of Rhegium on Mamertines. rise of Hiero. He is elected General by army, 
9    268. Secures support of Leptines by marrying his daughter. His device for getting rid of mutinous mercenaries. Fiume Salso. Hiero next attacks Mamertines & defeats them near Mylae,
10 Some of conquered Mamertines appeal to Rome for help. motives of Romans in acceding to this prayer,—jealousy of growing power of Carthage.
11 264. Senate shirk responsibility of decision. people vote for helping Mamertines. Appius Claudius Caudex. M. Fulvius Flaccus, Coss. Hiero joins Carthage in laying siege to Mamertines in Messene. Appius comes to relief of besieged,  After vain attempts at negotiation, Appius determines to attack Hiero. Hiero is defeated, & returns to Syracuse.
12 Encouraged by this success, he attacks & drives off Carthaginians. Such preliminary sketches are necessary for clearness, & my readers must not be surprised if I follow same system in case of other towns.
13 Subjects of two 1st books of Histories.
264-241. War in Sicily or 1st Punic War, 
2. 240-237. Mercenary or “inexpiable” war, 
3. 241-218. Carthaginian movements in Spain, 
4. 229-228. Illyrian war, 
5. 225-221. Gallic war, 
6. 227-221. Cleomenic war,  1st Punic war deserves more detailed treatment, as furnishing a better basis for comparing Rome & Carthage than subsequent wars.
14 This is rendered more necessary by partisan misrepresentations of Philinus & Fabius Pictor.
15 Philinus’s misrepresentations.
16 264. (Continuing from chap. xii.),   263, Manius Valerius Maximus, Manius Otacilius Crassus, Coss. Consuls with four legions are sent to Sicily. A general move of Sicilian cities to join them. Hiero submits.
17 262. Carthaginians alarmed at Hiero’s defection make great efforts to increase their army in Sicily. They select Agrigentum as their headquarters. new Consuls, Lucius Postumius Megellus & Quintus Mamilius Vitulus, determined to lay siege to Agrigentum. Carthaginians make an unsuccessful sally.
18 Romans form two strongly-entrenched camps. A relief comes from Carthage to Agrigentum. Hanno seizes Herbesus. Romans faithfully supported by Hiero.
19 Hanno tempts Roman cavalry out & defeats them. After two months, Hanno is forced to try to relieve Agrigentum, Hannibal escapes by night; & Romans enter & plunder Agrigentum.
20 26This success inspires Senate with idea of expelling Carthaginians from Sicily. Romans boldly determine to build ships & meet Carthaginians at sea. A Carthaginian ship used as a model.
21 260. Cn. Cornelius Scipio Asina, C. Duilius, Coss. Cornelius captured with loss of his ships. rest of Roman fleet arrive & nearly capture Hannibal.
22 “corvi” or #8220;crows” for boarding.
23 260. Victory of Duilius at Mylae, 
24 259 - 8. Further operations in Sicily. Segesta & Macella. Hamilcar. Hannibal in Sardinia. Coss. A. Atilius Calatinus, G. Sulpicius, Paterculus. Hippana & Myttistratum. Camarina.
25 257 - 6. Coss. C. Atilius Regulus, Cn. Cornelius, Blasio 2.  Fighting off Tyndaris. Coss. L. Manlius, Vulso Longus, M. Atilius Regulus 2. (Suff.)
26 Preparations for Battle of Ecnomus. Roman forces. 330 ships, with average of 420 men (300 rowers + 120 marines) = 138,600 men. Carthaginian numbers, 150,000 men. Roman order at Ecnomus.
27 Disposition of Carthaginian fleet. battle.
28 Three separate battles. 1st with Hamilcar’s squadron. 2nd squadron under Regulus. 3rd squadron relieved by Regulus & Manlius. General result.
29 256-255. Siege of Aspis. (Clupea.) Aspis taken. M. Atilius Regulus remains in Africa.
30 256-255. operations of Regulus in Libya. Defeat of Carthaginians near Adys. Tunes.
31 Distress at Carthage, which is heightened by an inroad of Numidians. terms rejected.
32 Arrival of Spartan Xanthippus in Carthage.
33 New strategy of Carthaginians. dispositions for battle.
34 Battle. Romans are beaten & annihilated. Regulus made prisoner.
35 Eurip. fr. One wise man’s skill is worth a world in arms.
36 255. Xanthippus quits Carthage. Romans prepare a fleet to relieve their beaten army. Coss. Ser. Fulvius Paetinus Nobilior, M. Aemilius Paullus.
37 Fleet is lost in a storm.
38 254. Carthaginians renew operations in Sicily. Coss. Gn. Cornelius Scipio Asina 2., Aulus Atilius, Calatinus 2.
39 253. Coss. Gn. Servilius Caepio, G. Sempronius Blaesus. 252 - Coss. Lucius Caecilius Metellus, G. Furius Pacilus. 252- 50.
40 251. Skirmishing at Panormus.
41 250. C. Caecilius Regulus 2., L. Manlius Vulso 2.
42 250. Siege of Lilybaeum, 
43 Attempted treason in Lilybaeum.
44 Hannibal relieves Lilybaeum.
45 A sally from Lilybaeum. It fails.
46 Hannibal Rhodian offers to run blockade.
47 His example is followed by others. Rhodian is at length captured.
48 A storm having damaged siege-works, Lilybaeans succeed in burning them.
49 249. Roman army is reinforced. Coss. P. Claudius Pulcher, L. Junius Pullus. Claudius sails to attack Drepana.
50 Unexpected resistance of Adherbal. Roman fleet checked.
51 battle. Romans beaten.
52 Romans not discouraged send Consul L. Junius with a large supply of provisions in 800 transports, convoyed by 60 ships of war to Lilybaeum.
53 Carthalo tries to intercept transports.
54 Roman fleet is wrecked.
55 248. Romans abandon sea. Lucius Junius perseveres in siege.  Eryx.
56 247-244. Occupation of Hercte by Hamilcar.
57 Boxer Analogy
58 243-242. Siege of Eryx, obstinate persistence of Romans & Carthaginians.
59 242. Romans once more fit out a fleet. Coss. C. Lutatius Catulus, A. Postumius Albinus.
60 Carthaginians send Hanno with a fleet. 10th March   24A strong breeze is blowing. Lutatius however decides to fight.
61 Battle of Aegusa. Victory of Romans.
62 242. Barcas makes terms. treaty, 
63 Greatness of war.
64 Why see travel is difficult.
65 24War between Rome & Falerii. mercenary war, 
66 Evacuation of Sicily. mercenaries sent to Sicca.
67 24Beginning of outbreak, 
68 mercenaries at Tunes. Attempts to pacify them. demands of mercenaries.The dispute referred to arbitration of Gesco.
69 Spendius. Mathōs. Spendius & Mathōs cause an outbreak.
70 240. Gesco & his staff seized & thrown into chains.
71 Despair at Carthage.
72 Revolt of country people.
73 Hanno’s management of war.
74 Fails to relieve Utica. Hanno’s continued ill success.
75 Hamilcar Barcas takes command. He gets his men across Macaras.
76 & defeats Spendius.
77 Mathōs harasses Hamilcar’s march.
78 Hamilcar is joined by Numidian Narávas. Again defeats Spendius.
79 239. Mutiny in Sardinia. Plan of Spendius for doing away with good impression made by leniency of Barcas.
80 Murder of Gesco.
81 Carthiginians response.
82 Quarrels of Hanno & Hamilcar. Revolt of Hippo Zarytus & Utica.
83 Hiero of Syracuse. Friendly disposition of Rome.
84 238. Hamilcar, with assistance from Sicily, surrounds Mathōs & Spendius.
85 Spendius & Autaritus fall into hands of Hamilcar.
86 Siege of Mathōs in Tunes. Defeat & death of Hannibal.
87 By a final effort Carthaginians raise a reinforcement for Hamilcar. Mathōs beaten & captured.
88 241-238. Reduction of Hippo & Utica. Romans interfere in Sardinia.
1 238, Recapitulation of subjects treated in Book I. 238-229. Hamilcar & his son Hannibal sent to Spain.
2 233-232. Illyricum. Siege of Medion in Acarnania.
3 Illyrians relieve Medion.
4 23Death of Agron, who is succeeded by his wife Teuta,
5    230. Teuta’s piratical fleet, Takes Phoenice in Epirus.
6 Aetolian & Achaean leagues send a force to relief of Epirotes. A truce is made. Illyrians depart.
7 Career of a body of Gallic mercenaries, at Agrigentum, at Eryx. Disarmed by Romans.
8 230. Illyrian pirates. Romans interfere, Queen Teuta’s reception of Roman legates. Roman legate assassinated.
9 229. Another piratical fleet sent out by Teuta. Their treacherous attack on Epidamnus, which is repulsed. Attack on Corcyra. Corcyreans appeal to Aetolian & Achaean leagues.
10 Defeat of Achaean ships. Corcyra submits.
11 229. Roman Consuls, with fleet & army, start to punish Illyrians. Corcyra becomes a “friend of Rome.” Aulus Postumius. Roman settlement of Illyricum.
12 228. Teuta submits.
13 228. Hasdrubal in Spain. founding of New Carthage, Dread of Gauls. Treaty with Hasdrubal.
14 Geography of Italy. Col di Tenda.
15 Gallia Cis-Alpina.
16 Alps. Apennines. Po. 15th July.
17 Gauls expel Etruscans from valley of Po. Their character.
18    390. Battle of Allia, Latin war,   349-340. 360. 348. 334.
19 299. 297. 283. Sena Gallica.
20 282.
21 236. 232.
22 231.
23  225. Coss. L. Aemilius Papus. C. Atilius Regulus.
24 Roman resources.
25 Gauls enter Etruria. Praetor’s army defeated at Clusium.
26 On arrival of Aemilius Gauls retire.
27 Atilius landing at Pisa intercepts march of Gauls.
28 Battle of horse. Atilius falls.
29 3 Army Battle
30 Infantry engage.
31 224. Aemilius returns home.
32 223.
33 Battle with Insubres.
34 222. Attack on Insubres.
35 480. 279.
36 22Death of Hasdrubal in Spain,  Succession of Hannibal to command in Spain. His hostility to Rome.
37 220-217. Social war,  progress of Achaean league.
38 origin of name as embracing all Peloponnese.
39 405-367. 371.
40 Union of Peloponnese.
41    284-280. 124th Olympiad, 37323-284. 1st Achaean league. 284-280, 2nd Achaean league.
42 2nd league
43 255-254. Margos. 251-250. Aratus. 243-242. Victory of Lutatius off insulae Aegates,   24Antigonus Gonatas,   283-239.
44 239-229. Demetrius, 
45 229-220. Aetolians & Antigonus Doson, 
46 229-227. Aetolians intrigue with Cleomenes, King of Sparta, 
47    227-22Cleomenes, Aratus applies to Antigonus Doson.
48 338. Philip 2. in Peloponnese, 
49 message to Antigonus Doson.
50 Aratus wishes to do without king if possible.
51 Euergetes jealous of Macedonian policy of Aratus, helps Cleomenes.
52 224. Achaeans offer to surrender Acrocorinthus to Antigonus. Cleomenes prepares to resist. Antigonus comes to Isthmus, 
53 Achaeans seize Argos.
54 223. Antigonus receives Acrocorinthus. Recovery of Tegea. Skirmish with Cleomenes. Capture of Orchomenus & Mantinea. & Heraea & Telphusa.
55 Messenian exiles at Megalopolis
56 Digression on misstatements of Phylarchus. Mantinea.
57 227.
58 Aetolians & Lacedaemonians
59 Aristomachus
60 Death of Demetrius.
61 Megalopolis.
62 378. Its wealth.
63 Ptolemy Euergetes & Cleomenes.
64 222. Cleomenes invades Argos.
65 Summer campaign. army of Antigonus. position of Cleomenes at Sellasia.
66 Antigonus
67 Battle of Sellasia. Philopoemen’s presence of mind.
68 Defeat of Eucleidas.
69 Defeat of Cleomenes.
70 220. Death of Antigonus Doson, 
71 284-280.   224-220.
1 220 to 168. 220-216. Summary of work.
2 cause & course of Hannibalian war.
2. 216. Macedonian treaty with Carthage, 
3. 218. Syrian war, 
4. 220. Byzantine war, 1st digression on Roman Constitution. 2nd on Hiero of Syracuse.
5. 204. attempted partition of dominions of Ptolemy Epiphanes,
3 6. 201-197. War with Philip, 
7. 192-191. Asiatic war,
8. Gallic wars of Eumenes & Prusias.
9. 188-168. Union of Peloponnese. Antiochus Epiphanes in Egypt. Fall of Macedonian monarchy,
4 168-146. plan extended to embrace period from
5 155-150; A new departure; breaking-up of arrangement made after fall of Macedonia. Wars of Carthage against Massinissa; & of Rome against Celtiberians, & against Carthage (3d Punic war,   149-146).
6 334, 192, 401-400, 396-394, origin of 2d Punic war;
7 War with Antiochus.
8 Credibility of Fabius Pictor.
9 Hannibalian or 2nd Punic war. 1st cause.
10 238. 2nd cause. 3rd cause.
11 195. 238. Hannibal’s oath.
12 Hamilcar & Hasdrubal
13 229. Death of Hamilcar,  22Death of Hasdrubal, 
14 220. Hannibal attacks Vaccaei.
15 220-219. Saguntum appeals to Rome. Hannibal’s defiance.
16 219. Illyrian war, Coss. M. Livius Salinator L. Aemilius Paullus.
17 Hannibal besieges Saguntum. Fall of Saguntum.
18 219. Illyrian war, 
19 Capture of Pharos.
20 Indignation at Rome at fall of Saguntum. Envoys sent to Carthage to demand surrender of Hannibal.
21 Sicilian war.
22 509-508. Treaties between Rome & Carthage. 1st treaty, 
23 “Fair Promontory”
24 3062nd treaty, 
25 279. 3rd treaty, 
26 Misstatement of Philinus.
27 244th treaty, 5th treaty,   238. 6th treaty,   228.
28 No excuse for Roman claim on Sardinia.
29 Roman Case.
30 Mutual provocation.
31 Status quo.
32 Italy, Sicily, & Libya
33 219-218  Answer of Fabius.  Hannibal’s arrangements for coming campaign. inscription recording these facts.
34 Libya & Iberia,
35 218. Hannibal breaks up his winter quarters & starts for Italy.
36 Geography of Hannibal’s march.
37 General view of geography of world.
38 extreme north & south unknown.
39 length of march from Carthagena to Po, 1,125 Roman miles.
40 218. Coss. P. Cornelius Scipio & Tib. Sempronius Longus. Consuls are sent, one to Spain, & other to Africa. Placentia & Cremona. Outrage by Boii & Insubres.
41 Tiberius Sempronius prepares to attack Carthage. Publius Scipio lands near Marseilles.
42 Hannibal reaches Rhone. A detachment crosses higher up river.
43 Crossing begun.
44 Completed. Message from friendly Gauls.
45 Skirmish between reconnoitring parties.
46 passage of elephants.
47 Passage of Alps, 
48 Deus ex machina.
49 Scipio finds that Hannibal has escaped him. Hannibal’s march to foot of Alps.
50 ascent.
51 Gauls harass army.
52 Treachery of Gauls.
53 Severe losses. Arrives at summit.
54 9th November.. descent.
55 A break in road.
56 He reaches plains.
57 Digression on limits of history.
58 Correcting their mistakes.
59 Asiatic districts.
60 Rest & recovery. Taking of Turin.
61 Approach of Scipio. Tiberius Sempronius recalled.
62 Gallic prisoners.
63 Hannibal’s speech.
64 Scipio crosses Ticinus.
65    219. Skirmish of cavalry near Ticinus, Nov.
66 Scipio retires to Placentia on right bank of Po. Hannibal crosses Po higher up & follows Scipio to Placentia.
67 Treachery of Gauls serving in army of Scipio. Scipio changes his position at Placentia to one on Trebia.
68 Hannibal follows him. Scipio’s position on slopes of Apennines, near source of Trebia. Tiberius Sempronius joins Scipio.
69 Fall of Clastidium. Hannibal’s policy towards Italians. A skirmish favourable to Romans.
70 Sempronius resolves to give battle.
71 Hannibal prepares an ambuscade.
72 218. Battle of Trebia, December Hannibal’s forces. Roman forces.
73 Roman cavalry retreat.
74 Both Roman wings defeated. Roman centre fights its way to Placentia.
75 118-117. Great exertions at Rome to meet danger.
76 Gnaeus Scipio in Spain.
77 217. Hannibal conciliates Italians.
78 Winter quarters
79 217. Hannibal starts for Etruria. Spring of 
80 Hannibal in valley of Arno.
81 Hannibal correctly judges character of Flaminius.
82 Flaminius is drawn out of camp.
83 ambuscade at Lake Thrasymene.
84 battle, 22d June.
85 Hannibal’s treatment of prisoners. Dismay at Rome.
86 Servilius’s advanced guard cut to pieces. Hannibal’s advance after battle.
87 Q. Fabius Maximus Dictator.
88 Fabius takes command.
89 Cunctator.
90 Minucius discontented. Hannibal in Samnium & Apulia.
91 Sinuessa, Cumae, Puteoli, Naples, & Nuceria;
92 Hannibal descends into Falernian plain. Fabius lies in wait.
93 Hannibal eludes him.
94 217. Hannibal gets through pass. Autumn,  Fabius goes to Rome, leaving command to M. Minucius.
95 217. Spain, 
96 Roman success at sea.
97 217. Publius Scipio, whose imperium is prolonged after his Consulship of previous year, with Spain assigned as his province, is sent to join his brother there with 20 ships:
98 Treason of Abilyx.
99 Abilyx.
100 Hannibal takes Geronium.
101 217. Minucius obtains a slight success. Autumn
102 Carthaginian foragers cut off.
103 Minucius invested with co-equal powers with Fabius.
104 Hannibal draws on Minucius.
105 Fabius comes to rescue.
106 216. Coss. G. Terentius Varro & L. Aemilius Paulus.
107 216. Senate order a battle.
108 Consuls Aemilius Paulus, & Terentius Varro go to seat of war. Speech of Aemilius.
109 Consuls
110 Roman army approaches Cannae. Terentius Varro orders an advance. Romans are successful.
111 Hannibal harangues his troops.
112 Hannibal irritates enemy. Anxiety at Rome.
113 Dispositions for battle of Cannae.
114 Libyans was Roman,
115 216. Battle, 2nd August, Romans outflanked by cavalry.
116 Fall of Aemilius Paulus.
117 Losses of Romans.
118 216. Results of battle. Defection of allies. Fall of Lucius Postumius in Gaul.
1 220-216. Recapitulation of Achaean history, before 220, contained in Book 2, 41-71. Ending with deaths of Antigonus Doson, Seleucus Ceraunus, & Ptolemy Euergetes, before 140th Olympiad,   220-216.
2 224-220. Reasons for starting from this point. (1.) fact that history of Aratus ends at that point. (2.) possibility of getting good evidence. (3.) changes in various governments in 139th Olympiad.
3 222. Aetolians. raids of Dorimachus in Messenia.
4 Dorimachus leaves Messene.
5 22Dorimachus becomes practically Strategus of Aetolia, He induces Scopas to go to war with Messenia, Epirus, Achaia, Acarnania, & Macedonia.
6 220. Acts of hostility against Macedonia, Epirus, & Acarnania. Before midsummer.  Invasion of Messenia by Dorimachus & Scopas.
7 222-22Achaean league decide to assist Messenians. 220 Aratus becomes Strategus of Achaean league.
8 Character of Aratus.
9 armed levy of Achaeans summoned. Dorimachus ordered to quit Messenia without passing through Achaia. Scopas & Dorimachus prepare to obey.
10 Aratus dismisses Achaean levy, with exception of 3000 foot & 300 horse. Dorimachus turns upon Aratus.
11 220. Battle of Caphyae, 
12 Achaeans defeated.
13 Aetolians retire at their leisure.
14 220. Midsummer, Attacked at Achaean Congress, Aratus successfully defends himself.
15 224-220. 139th Olympiad, ; 220-216. 140th Olympiad, Achaean league determine upon war with Aetolians, & send round to their allies for assistance.
16 Treachery of Spartans. Invasion of Achaia by Aetolians & Illyrians.
17 previous history of Cynaetha.
18 Polemarchs,
19 Measures taken by Aratus. Aetolians at temple of Artemis. They fail at Cleitor. They burn Cynaetha & return home. Demetrius of Pharos. Treason of Spartans. Inactivity of Aratus.
20 Reasons of barbarity of Cynaethans. Their neglect of refining influences of music, which is carefully encouraged in rest of Arcadia.
21 object of musical training of Arcadians.
22 220. Philip V. comes to Corinth. Advances toward Sparta. Adeimantus assassinated.
23 Philip summons Spartan deputies to Tegea.
24 king decides not to chastise Sparta.
25 congress of allies at Corinth declare war against Aetolians.
26 220. Autumn
27 382. Scopas elected Aetolian Strategus.
28 118.
29 Philip secures support of Scerdilaidas.
30 220. Acarnanians, Duplicity of Epirotes. Ptolemy Philopator.
31 480-479. Timidity of Messenians.
32 Arcadians & Lacedaemonians,
33 362.
34 220. Division of opinion in Sparta, 
35    220. Murder of Ephors, 242. Agesipolis appointed king, & Lycurgas.
36 Spartans attack Argos, & proclaim war with Achaeans.
37 219. Aratus succeeded by his son as Strategus of Achaeans,
38 220-219  Rhodian & Byzantium war, Advantages of situation of Byzantium.
39 Pontus.
40 “offering,”
41 Breasts.
42 Filling up Pontus.
43 512. Site of Byzantium.
44 410.
45 Disadvantages of Byzantium.
46 279. Gauls, 
47    220. Byzantines levy a toll. Rhodians declare war,
48 226. Achaeus.
49 Prusias.
50    220. Hostilities commence,
51 Rhodians secure friendship of Achaeus.
52 220. Gallic king, Cavarus, negotiates a peace, 
53 War between Rhodes & Crete.
54 destruction of Lyttos.
55 Appeal to Achaeans & Philip.
56 Mithridates IV., king of Pontus, declares war against Sinope.
57 219. History of Social war. Philip starts for Aetolia, Night surprise of Aegira.
58 Alexander killed.
59 Euripidas.
60 Inactivity of Aratus. Dyme, Pharae, & Tritaea separate from league.
61 219. Philip V. at Ambracia, 
62 Scopas tries to effect a diversion by invading Macedonia. On his return he destroys Dium.
63 Ambracus taken. Philip enters Aetolia; takes Phoeteiae.
64 Metropolis & Conope. Skirmish on Achelous. Ithoria.
65 Paeanium. Fortifies Oeniadae.
66    219. Philip recalled to Macedonia by threatened invasion of Dardani. Events in Spain & Italy.
67    217. Dorimachus Aetolian Strategus, 219. Destroys Dodona. Philip starts again.
68 218, Jan.-Feb. Destruction of a marauding army of Eleans under Euripidas.
69 Eleans come across Macedonians at junction of two roads above Stymphalus.
70 Philip advances to Psophis. A description of Psophis.
71 Capture of Psophis.
72 Surrender of citadel of Psophis.
73 Lasion & Stratus. Philip at Olympia. Prosperity of Elis.
74 ancient privileges of Elis lost.
75 Capture of Thalamae.
76 Oppressive conduct of Apelles to Achaeans.
77 218. Character of Philip V. Philip continues his campaign. Arrival of Aetolian troops under Phillidas, Triphylia.
78 Capture of Alipheira.
79 Typanae & Phigalia surrender to Philip.
80 Lepreum. Samicum, & other towns.
81 218. Chilon tries to seize crown of Sparta,   236-222. Decline of Sparta.
82 218. Apelles opposes Aratus, Jan.-May,  Election of Eperatus as Achaean Strategus.
83 Capture of Wall, & expedition into Elis.
84 Intrigue of Apelles.
85 King investigates charge against Aratus.
86 Aratus is cleared.
87 Apelles.
1 218. Recognition of Philip’s services by assembly of Achaean league.
2 218. King prepares to carry on war by sea. Fresh intrigue of Apelles. Philip starts on his naval expedition, 
3 Siege of Palus.
4 Arrival of allies at Palus. walls are undermined & a breach made. Leontius plays traitor.
5 Ambassadors from Acarnania urge Philip to invade Aetolia; others from Messenia beg him to come there. Philip decides on invasion of Aetolia.
6 Philip is joined by Acarnanians, & marches to Achelous.
7 Leontius tries to hinder march. king crosses Achelous & advances against Thermus.
8 plundering of Thermus.
9 Sacrilege committed at Thermus. Was it justifiable?
10 338 - 5. subsequent decline in Philip’s character.
11 Error of such sacrilege as a matter of policy.
12 Blame chiefly belongs to Demetrius of Pharos.
13 Return of Philip from Thermus. Matape. Acrae. Stratus.
14 Philip victorious in a skirmish with garrison of Stratus. Arrival at Limnaea.
15 Megaleas & Leontius betray their chagrin at king’s success. They assault Aratus. Megaleas & Crinon held to bail.
16 Arrival at Leucas. Megaleas fined twenty talents.
17 Lycurgus of Sparta attacks Tegea. Elis. Dorimachus recalled from Thessaly by Philip’s invasion of Aetolia. Philip arrives at Corinth.
18 Tegea. Amyclae & Sparta. Dismay at Sparta.
19 Carnium. Gythium. Helos.
20 Abortive attempt of Messenians to join Philip. Lycurgus resolves to intercept Philip on his return at pass opposite Sparta.
21 Value of local knowledge.
22 position of Sparta & neighbouring heights. dispositions of Lycurgus. Philip succeeds in baffling Lycurgus.
23 Lacedaemonians.
24 222. Philip’s strong position. Sellasia, Philip proceeds to Tegea, where he is visited by ambassadors from Rhodes & Chios seeking to end Aetolian war.
25 Treason of Megaleas & Ptolemy.
26 Apelles sent for by Leontius. Apelles rebuffed by king. Courtiers.
27 Flight of Megaleas. Leontius put to death.
28 30 days’ truce offered by Aetolians through Rhodian & Chian ambassadors. Treason of Megaleas detected. His arrest & suicide. Death of Appelles.
29 218. Failure of negotiations with Aetolians. Review of events of year in Italy, Asia, Sparta.
30 218-217. Disorder in Achaia owing to incompetence of Strategus Eperatus. Aratus elder elected Strategus. 140th Olympiad, Asia.
31 Coele-Syria.
32 “Well begun is half done,”
33 388 Iberia, Libya, Sicily, & Italy.
34 222. Death of Ptolemy Euergetes,
35 Cleomenes endeavours to get assistance from Egyptian court.
36 reason of opposition of Sosibius.
37 intrigue of Sosibius against Cleomenes.
38 Cleomenes put under arrest.
39    220. Bold attempt of Cleomenes to recover his liberty. His failure & death,
40 220-219. origin of war in Coele-Syria.
41 Revolt of Molon. Intrigues of Hermeias.
42 Hermeias,
43 Marriage of Antiochus III. Molon.
44 Description of Media.
45 22Molon takes up arms. Xenoetas sent against Molon, King Antiochus in Coele-Syria.
46 Xenoetas at 1st successful.
47 Xenoetas,
48 22Molon returns to his camp. Molon’s successful campaign. 
49 Epigenes put to death by intrigues of Hermeias.
50 Hermeias.
51 221-220. Antiochus advances through Mesopotamia.
52 Antiochus crosses Tigris. Molon also crosses Tigris. Abortive attempt of Molon to make a night attack on king.
53 Disposition of king’s army. Molon’s disposition.
54 Death of Molon & his fellow-conspirators.
55 Extension of expedition. treasonable designs of Hermeias. Artabazanes.
56 220. Fall & death of Hermeias, 
57 Attempted treason of Achaeus.
58    219. War with Ptolemy,Apollophanes advises that they begin by taking Seleucia.
59 Description of Seleucia.
60 Capture of Seleucia.
61 Theodotus turns against Ptolemy.
62 Antiochus invades Coele-Syria.
63 Active measures of Agathocles & Sosibius.
64 Reorganisation of army.
65 Eurylochus of Magnesia.
66 219-218. Negotiations at Memphis, 
67 323-285. Antiochus’s case. Ptolemy, son of Lagus, Ptolemy’s case.
68 Renewal of hostilities,   218. Antiochus marches to Beirût.
69 pass at Porphyrion. carried by Antiochus.
70 advance of Antiochus continued. Philoteria. Scythopolis. Atabyrium. Defections from Ptolemy. Pella, Camus, Gephrus.
71 218-217. Abila. Gadara. Rabbatamana. Fall of Rabbatamana. Samaria. Antiochus goes into winter quarters,
72 218. Asia Minor, Relief of Pednelissus.
73 Pednelissus.
74 Panic at Selge. Logbasis turns traitor.
75 Failure of treason of Logbasis.
76 Cesbedium.
77 expedition of Attalus to recover cities which had joined Achaeus.
78 Mutiny of Gauls.
79 217. Antiochus & Ptolemy recommence hostilities in spring.
Ptolemy’s army: 70,000 infantry, 5000 cavalry, 73 elephants. army of Antiochus: 62,000 infantry, 6000 cavalry, 102 elephants.
80 Ptolemy enters Palestine. Antiochus goes to meet him.
81 Daring attempt of Theodotus to assassinate Ptolemy.
82 Disposition of two armies for battle of Rhaphia.
83 Addresses to two armies before battle of Rhaphia.
84 battle of Rhaphia. Fighting elephants. Antiochus’s right wing successful.
85 Ptolemy’s right wing also successful. centre coming into action. Ptolemy is victorious. Final retreat of Antiochus.
86 losses on either side. effect of battle of Rhaphia.
87 217. Peace between Ptolemy & Antiochus for a year, 
88 224. Earthquake at Rhodes. Royal liberality,  Hiero & Gelo.
89 Ptolemy. Antigonus.
90 Other princes.
91 217. Greece. Return of Lycurgus to Sparta. He projects an invasion of Messenia. preparations of Aratus.
92 ill-success of Lycurgus.
93 Condition of Megalopolis.
94 Another raid of Aetolians from Elis. Achaean fleet retaliates on Aetolia.
95 Scerdilaidas Illyrian plunders coast. More raids.
96 Acarnania. Phanoteus in Phocis. biter bit.
97 Philip’s campaign in Upper Macedonia & Thessaly. Meliteia.
98 Continued...
99 217. Thebae Phthiotides, 
100 Thebes is taken, its inhabitants enslaved, & its name changed to Philippopolis.
101 217. Nemean festival. Philip hears of Battle of Thrasymene,
102 A peace congress summoned. Zacynthus visited by Philip.
103 Philip goes to Naupactus.
104 Speech of Agelaus of Naupactus foreshadowing Roman conquest.
105 217. Peace ratified. Olympiad 140, Eastern & Western politics become involved with each other.
106 216. Timoxenus Achaean Strategus, May  Isolation of Athens.
107 217-216  Revolt in Egypt. Discontent of Aetolians with peace.
108 217-216. Philip’s war against Scerdilaidas of Illyria, Coss. Caius Terentius Varro & Lucius Aemilius Paulus 2.
109 216. Philip’s preparation for an invasion of Italy.
110 Panic-stricken at reported approach of a Roman squadron, Philip retreats to Cephallenia.
111 220-216. Prusias & Gauls.
1 Preface.
2 Continued.
3 Classification of polities.
4 Six forms of polity, & their natural cycle.
5 origin of social compact.
6 Origin of morality, which transmutes despotism into kingship,
7 which in its turn degenerates into tyranny.
8 Tyranny is then displaced by aristocracy, which degenerates into oligarchy,
9 which is replaced by democracy, which degenerates into rule of corruption & violence, only to be stopped by a return to despotism.
10  Lycurgus recognized these truths, & legislated accordingly. 
11 216. Roman constitution at epoch of Cannae,Triple element in Roman Constitution.
12 Consuls.
13 Senate.
14 people.
15 mutual relation of three. Consul dependent on Senate, & on people.
16 Senate controlled by people.
17 people dependent on Senate & Consul.
18 Continued.
19 levy. 
20 Continued.
21 Fourfold division of Legionaries.
22 Arms of the Velites.
23 2. Arms of the Hastati, Principes, and Triarii.
24 Election of Centurions.
25 Officers & arms of equites.
26 Assembly of legions. Socii.
27 Castrorum metatio.
28 principia. quarters.
29 viae.
30 Via Quintana.
31 space between Principia & agger.
32 Provision for extra numbers. 
33 Guard duty.
34 Construction of fossa & agger.
35 Night watches.
36 Visiting rounds.
37 Military punishments: fustuarium.
38 Decimatio.
39 Military decorations.
40 Continued.
41 Encampment on march.
42 Continued.
43 Theban constitution may be put aside.
44 As also Athenian.
45 Spartan polity unlike that of Crete.
46 Continued.
47 Tests of a good polity.
48 aims of Lycurgus.
49 745-724 & 685-668. 1st & 2nd Messenian wars, 
50 Sparta fails where Rome succeeds.
51 Rome fresher than Carthage.
52 & its citizen levies superior to Carthaginian mercenaries.
53 Laudations at funerals.
54 Devotion of citizens.
55 Horatius Cocles.
56 Purity of election.
57 RECAPITULATION & CONCLUSION
58 216. Hannibal offers to put prisoners at Cannae to ransom.
1 Capua & Petelia, contrast of their fortunes.
2 216. Hieronymus succeeded his grandfather Hiero 2. Under influence of his uncles, Zoippus & Andranodorus, members of Council of established by Hiero, Hieronymus opens communications with Hannibal.
3 Roman praetor sends to remonstrate. A scene with king.
4 treaty with Carthage.
5 Romans again remonstrate. Another scene at Council.
6 Description of Leontini, where Hieronymus was murdered. 
7 214. Fall of Hieronymus, 
8 269 - 215. Character of Hiero 2., King of Syracuse,
9 TREATY BETWEEN HANNIBAL & KING PHILIP V. OF MACEDON.
10 Political state of Messene.
11 215. Philip V. of Macedon at Messene,
12 Deterioration in character of Philip V. 
13 215. Recapitulation of substance of book 7, viz. treacherous dealings of Philip with Messenians,
14 Continued.
15 2- 5. Siege of Sardis
16 Continued.
17 Town of Sardis entered & sacked.
18 Continued.
1 2& 213 Fall of Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus as he was advancing from Lucania to Capua, 212. Treachery of Lucanian Flavius, 
2 Betrayal of Achaeus by Bolis. 
3 2- 4. Sardinia reduced by T. Manlius Torquatus,  Marcellus took Leontini, 
4 Continued.
5 215-214. Siege of Syracuse, 
6  Sambucae or Harps.
7 engines invented by Archimedes.
8 Continued.
9 assault by land repulsed.
10 214. Philip’s 2nd devastation of Messene, 
11 extravagance of Theopompus’s account of Philip 2. 
12 vigorous characters of Diadochi.
13 41Thucydides breaks off    371. Battle of Leuctra
14    213. Death of Aratus,
15 385. Lissus founded by Dionysius of Syracuse, 
16 Acrolissus taken by a feint, & Lissus afterwards.
17 214. Sosibius secures help of Bolis to rescue Achaeus.
18 Bolis turns traitor.
19 intended treason against Achaeus communicated to Antiochus.
20 Continued.
21 Achaeus takes vain precautions.
22 Achaeus made prisoner.
23 citadel of Sardis surrendered.
24 Cauarus, king of Gauls, settled on Hellespont.
25 212-205. In course of his campaigns for recovering of eastern provinces, Antiochus makes a demonstration before city of Armosata, in Armenia, to recover arrears of tribute owed by late king, 
26 212. Hannibal marched south   to renew his attempt upon Tarentum, on which he had wasted much of previous summer. severity of punishment of Tarentine hostages who tried to escape from Rome caused a conspiracy of Tarentines to betray town to Hannibal. 
27 Bargain made with Hannibal.
28 Hannibal prepares to act.
29 Gaius Livius thrown off scent.
30 Why Tarentines bury within walls.
31 Philemenus also gets in. 
32 Escape of Livius into Citadel.
33 Roman houses sacked, Tarentines spared.
34 Fortifications raised to preserve town from attack from citadel.
35 Further works of security.
36 Hannibal’s arrangements for storming citadel frustrated.
37 Method taken by a Roman to estimate height of wall of Syracuse.
38 Continued.
1  212-208. 142nd Olympiad,
2 Continued.
3 211. Coss. Gnaeus Fulvius Centumalus, P. Sulpicius Galba. Romans were still engaged in siege of Capua. Q. Fulvius & Appius Claudius, Consuls of previous year, were continued in command there, with orders not to leave place till it fell. Hannibal tries to raise siege.
4 Carthaginian difficulties. Hannibal determines on creating a diversion by threatening Rome.
5 Hannibal informs Capuans of his purpose. Excitement & activity at Rome. Hannibal starts.
6 Terror at Rome. Consular levies fortunately being at Rome enable Romans to make a counter-demonstration. Hannibal devastates Campagna.
7 Hannibal starts on his return. passage of Anio. Hannibal turns upon his pursuers.
8 362. Rapid march of Epaminondas to Sparta, & back again to Mantinea. A Cretan warns Agesilaus.
9 211. Carthaginian fleet invited from Sicily to relieve Tarentum does more harm than good, & departs to joy of people, 
 212. Syracuse was taken in autumn, “The ornaments of city, statues & pictures were taken to Rome.” 
11 212. 2 Scipios fall in 
12 Continued.
13 Points of inherent importance in conduct of a campaign,—time, place, secrecy, code of signals, agents, & method. Things necessary. Silence. 2. Knowledge of capabilities of force in moving. 3. Care in concerting signals. 4. Care in selecting men.
14 5. Knowledge of localities.  6. Accurate knowledge of natural phenomena enabling a general to make accurate calculation of time.
15 divisions of day;  of night.
16 example of Ulysses. 
17 Aratus fails at Cynaetha.
18 Cleomenes. May 12. Philip’s attack on Meliteia.
19 413. Nicias, Method of judging of length necessary for scaling ladders.
20 Continued.
21 Sparta & Megalopolis.
22 Bias, in Aristot. Eth. 5, 1.
23 Examples to contrary. Agathocles.
24 Hannibal mastered by circumstances. His cruelty.
25 His avarice.
26 21Effect of fall of Capua, 
27 210, Agrigentum taken by Marcus Valerius Laevinus, late in year. Treatment of refugees & desperadoes who had collected at Agathyrna in Sicily.
28 2Speech of Chlaeneas, Aetolian, at Sparta. In autumn of  Consul-designate, M. Valerius Laevinus, induced Aetolians, Scopas being their Strategus, to form an alliance with them against Philip. treaty, as588 finally concluded, embraced also Eleans, Lacedaemonians, King Attalus of Pergamum, Thracian King Pleuratus, & Illyrian Scerdilaidas. A mission was sent from Aetolia to persuade Lacedaemonians to join. \
29 322 Battle of Crannon, ending Lamian war,
30 Philip V. 
31 Continued.
32 Speech of Lyciscus, envoy from Acarnania, which country was to fall to Aetolians by proposed new treaty.
33 357-346. Sacred war,   352. Onomarchus killed near gulf of Pagasae, 
34 Alexander’s services to Greece.
35 279.
36 Continued.
37 Continued.
38 492.
39 Herod. 7, 132.
40 Continued.
41 209 - 6. In campaigns of Philip, during time that Publius Sulpicius Galba as Proconsul commanded a Roman fleet in Greek waters,
42 209. Spring
43 July 26. transport of army of Antiochus in his eastern campaigns. 
44 M. Atilius & Manius Glabrio sent to Alexandria with presents to Ptolemy Philopator & Queen Cleopatra. 
1 209, Coss. Q. Fabius Maximus V. Q. Fulvius Flaccus 4.
2 A common mistake as to Scipio’s character.
3  218. Scipio’s 1st exploit,
4 217. Elected aedile,
5 Continued.
6 210. Speech of Publius Scipio to soldiers in Spain,
7 Scipio’s careful inquiries as to state of things in Spain.
8 He determines to attempt New Carthage.
9 209. Gaius Laelius proceeds to New Carthage with fleet,
Scipio by land. 
10 Description of New Carthage.
11 Scipio discloses his intention of assaulting New Carthage.
12 assault. A sally of defenders. repulsed.
13 Difficulties of escalade.
14 Towards evening Scipio renews assault on gate, to distract attention from his attack by way of lagoon. Scipio crosses lagoon & gets his men upon wall.
15 city entered & given up to sword. Mago surrenders citadel. Sack of city.
16 Roman customs in distribution of booty.
17 Scipio’s treatment of prisoners. citizens are dismissed to their homes. skilled slaves are promised their freedom at end of war. Some are drafted into navy.
18 Mago is entrusted to Lachus. hostages. women.
209. money. Scipio’s continence. Laelius sent to Rome with news.
20 Preparations for an advance.
21 210-209. Euryleon Achaean Strategus, 
22 252. Birth, parentage, & education of Philopoemen, 222. battle of Sallasia, 
23 210-209. Cavalry tactics of Philopoemen, 
24 Continued.
25 21Alliance between Aetolians & Rome against Philip, negotiated by Scopas & Dorimachus, 
26 208. King Philip’s conduct at Argos after presiding at Nemean games,
27 Description of Media, & of palace at Ecbatana.
28 nature of desert between Media & Parthia. Antiochus prepares to cross it: Arsaces orders wells to be choked.
29 Antiochus determines to follow Arsaces into Hyrcania.
30 ascent of Mount Labus.
31 battle on summit of Mount Labus.
32 208. Coss. M. Claudius Marcellus, T. Quinctius Crispinus. two Consuls were encamped within three miles of each other, between Venusia & Bantia, Hannibal had been at Lacinium in Bruttii, but had advanced into Apulia.
33 An incident in attempt of Hannibal to enter Salapia, under cover of a letter sealed by ring of dead Consul Marcus. 
34 209-208. Adhesion of Edeco, prince of Edetani. 
35    209-8. Edeco is followed by other tribes. Andobales & Mandonius abandon Hasdrubal.
36 Continued.
37 208, Scipio moves southward to attack Hasdrubal in valley of Baetis.
38 Andobales joins Scipio. Hasdrubal changes his position to one of superior strength. Scipio arrives.  
39 Scipio successfully assaults Hasdrubal’s position. Hasdrubal retreats, & makes Pyrenees.
40 208-207. Scipio’s self-restraint. Scipio occupies position evacuated by Carthaginians.  
41 208. King Philip undertakes to aid Achaean league, & other Greek states, against a threatened attack of Aetolians in alliance with Rome, 
42 Continued.
43 Fire signals.
44 improvement introduced by Aeneas Tacticus.
45 drawbacks to this method. improved method of Cleoxenus & Democlitus.
46 Continued.
47 Continued.
48 entrance of Nomad Scythians into Hyrcania.
49 Battle on river Arius between Antiochus & Bactrians. 
207 - 205 34
1 207. Battle of Metaurus,  Coss. C. Claudius Nero, M. Livius Salinator 2.
2 Hasdrubal falls in battle.
3 Continued.
4 207 Speech of legate from Rhodes before assembly of Aetolians at Heraclea at end of summer campaign.
5 Continued.
6 Continued.
7    207. Attalus eludes Philip. Philip at Thermus. 
8 Defects of Achaean officers.
9 Speech of Philopoemen urging reform.
10 208-207. Philipoemen’s own example. War against Machanidas, tyrant of Sparta. 
11 207. Battle of Mantinea,  road to Tegea.
12 Attack of Machanidas.
13 Defeat of Achaean right wing.
14 Machanidas pursues fugitives, & thus allows Achaean hoplites to get between him & his quarters.
15 fight at dyke.
16 Continued.
17 Machanidas, returning from pursuit, is killed while trying to recross dyke.
18 Death of Machanidas & capture of Tegea. Achaeans in Laconia.
19 2- 202. 
20 206. Hasdrubal son of Gesco encamps near Ilipa (or Silpia) in Baetica, Scipio advances into Baetica,
21 Futile attack by Mago.
22 Scipio resolves on a general engagement, & alters his disposition so as to make battle depend upon Italians rather than Spaniards.
23 Continued.
24 elephants. Romans in mining district of Spain. Scipio’s idea of transferring war to Africa.
25 206. Scipio appeases a mutiny in Roman camp, at Sucro.
26 Continued.
27 Mutiny suppressed & ringleaders executed at New Carthage. Scipio’s speech to mutineers.
28 Continued.
29 Continued.
30 Execution of ringleaders. 
31 Scipio’s address to his soldiers.
32 Scipio marches to Ebro, crosses it, & in fourteen days is in presence of enemy. A skirmish.
33 206. Decisive victory of Scipio. Scipio returns to Rome in autumn of 
34 212-205. The answer of Euthydemus (a Magnesian), king of Bactria, to Teleas, envoy of Antiochus.   212-205 Antiochus continues his march into interior of Asia.
1 Criticism of Timaeus.
2 lotus.
3 Misstatements of Timaeus about Libya & Corsica.
4 Reason of his mistake. Swine-keeping in Italy. False criticisms of Timaeus on Theopompus & Ephorus. His false account of October horse. reason of his mistakes a want of care in making inquiries. Nor is he to be trusted even in matters that fell under his own observation. Arethusa.
5 Traditions of colonisation of Locri Epizephyrii agree with account in Aristotle, rather than with that of Timaeus. 
6 trick of Locrians. Locri Epizephyrii colonised by certain slaves who had obtained their freedom, & by some free born women. reason of women of Locris (in Greece) leaving their homes with slaves.
7 Timaeus & Aristotle. 
8 vulgar abuse of Timaeus. 333.
9 Timaeus’s account of his investigations in history of colony of Locri.
10 Criticism of above statement of Timaeus.
11 Timaeus & Olympic registers.
12 Timaeus condemned out of his own mouth. Timaeus’s attitude towards art of divination. Callisthenes. 
13 Demochares.
14 Continued.
15 Agathocles defended against aspersions of Timaeus.
16 laws of Zaleucus, & an incident in their working at Locri (for which he legislated.
17 333. Callisthenes & battle of Issus,
18 Continued.
19 Continued.
20 Continued.
21 Continued.
22 Timaeus’s over-estimate of Timoleon.
23 Timaeus’s over-estimate of Timoleon.
24 incapacity of Timaeus for forming a judgment.
25 413. The brazen bull of Phalaris. Ephorus was fairly acquainted with naval, but not with military tactics. Timaeus’s want of practical knowledge.    405. Timaeus on Sicilian history.
26 344. Timoleon’s victory over Carthaginians,  481. Gelo.
27 Herod. 8. Hor. A. P. 180.
28 Historians must be practical men. Timaeus on Ephorus. 
1 204. Straitened finances in Aetolia cause a revolution, 
2 Scopas goes to Egypt.
3 204 PHILIP’S TREACHEROUS CONDUCT,
4 Philip employs Heracleides of Tarentum.
5 Magna est veritas.
6 207-192. NABIS, TYRANT OF SPARTA, Character of Nabis’s tyranny.
7 Nabis’s wife.
8 Beginning of war between Nabis & Achaeans.
9 205-204 ANTIOCHUS IN ARABIA,
203 12
1 203. Cn. Servilius Caepio, C. Servilius Geminus Coss. Livy, 30, proposal of Syphax.
2 203. Spring
3 Scipio discloses his project.
4 Destruction of camp of Syphax by C. Laelius & Massanissa, & of Hasdrubal.
5 Continued.
6 Hasdrubal at Anda, Dismay at Carthage. Senate continues resistance.
7 Syphax is persuaded by Sophanisba to stand by Carthaginians still. 
8 203. Battle on Great Plains. Roman wings are both victorious. Syphax & Hasdrubal escape.
9 A panic at Carthage.
10 Scipio recalled to Utica by fear of an attack upon his fleet.
11 222-205. PTOLEMY PHILOPATOR, extraordinary influence of women of low character at Alexandria.
12 Feeble character of Ptolemy Philopator.
1   203. Some transports under Cn. Octavius wrecked in Bay of Carthage, & taken possession of by Carthaginians in spite of truce. Autumn of
2 Treacherous attempt on lives of Roman envoys.
3 Renewal of hostilities.  Hannibal’s cavalry reinforced by Tychaeus.
4 202. Scipio traverses Carthaginian territory, & summons Massanissa to his aid.  Scipio orders Carthaginian envoys to be released.
5 Hannibal moves to Zama. Arrival of Massanissa.
6 Meeting of Scipio & Hannibal. Hannibal’s speech.
7 Continued.
8 Scipio’s reply.
9 202. Momentous issues depending on battle of Zama, Scipio’s order of battle. 
10 Scipio’s speech to his men.
11 Hannibal’s order of battle. Hannibal’s speech to “army of Italy.”
12 stampede of elephants. Flight of Carthaginian cavalry.
13 Fight of heavy infantry.
14 Final struggle between Hannibal’s reserves, his “army of Italy,” & whole Roman infantry. battle is decided by return of Roman & Numidian cavalry. 
15 Hannibal escapes to Adrumetum.
16 Continued.
17 Scipio’s answer to envoys from Carthage after Zama, who made extravagant displays of sorrow.
18 202-201. Terms imposed on Carthage after battle of Zama,
19 A scene in Carthaginian assembly. Hannibal persuades them to accept treaty.
20 Shameless ambition of Philip & Antiochus.
21 intrigues & tyranny of Molpagorus at Cius, in Bithynia.
22 202. Capture of Cius by Philip V. 
23 anger of Rhodians at fall of Cius. It causes a breach with Aetolians.
24 202-201. Philip engaged in one act of treachery after another,Philip at Thasos, 
25 205. previous career of Sosibius. death of Ptolemy Philopator announced, & Epiphanes crowned. Agathocles propitiates army & gets rid of rivals. debauchery of Agathocles. Tlepolemus, governor of Pelusium, determines to depose Agathocles,   205-204. Agathocles will anticipate him.
26 202. A fragment from earlier history of Agathocles. Agathocles pretends a plot of Tlepolemus against king,  Anger of populace & soldiers against Agathocles.  
27 Terror of Agathocles. Arrest of Moeragenes.
28 Moeragenes rouses soldiers.
29 Agathocles despairs. Oenanthe in temple of Demeter. 
30 A mob assembles.
31 Cries for king. Aristomenes. guards insist on surrender of king.
32 King conducted to stadium.
33 Death of Agathocles, his sister, & Oenanthe.
34 contemptible character of Agathocles.
35 See 12, 15.
36 Continued.
37 ANTIOCHUS.
1 201. PHILIP V. WAGES WAR WITH ATTALUS, KING OF PERGAMUM, & RHODIANS. Philip’s impious conduct in Asia, 
2 20GREAT SEA-FIGHT OFF CHIOS BETWEEN PHILIP & ALLIED FLEETS OF ATTALUS & RHODES, Philip failing to take Chios sails off to Samos. Attalus & Theophiliscus follow him.
3 Incidents in battle. Loss of Philip’s flagship & admiral. Deinocrates. Dionysodorus.
4 skill of Rhodian sailors.
5 Further incidents in fight on left wing. Rhodian admiral Theophiliscus mortally wounded. 
6 Attalus intercepted by Philip, & forced to abandon his ship.
7 20losses in battle.
8 Philip vainly pretends that he won battle.
9 Death of Theophiliscus.
10 INDECISIVE BATTLE OF CHIOS WAS FOLLOWED BY ANOTHER OFF LADE, IN WHICH PHILIP WAS PARTLY SUCCESSFUL.
11 PHILIP’S OPERATIONS IN CARIA, 20stratagem by which Philip took Prinassus.
12 Legends of Iassus & Bargylia.
13 202-201. AFFAIRS IN GREECE. tyranny of Nabis.
14 DIGRESSION ON MERITS OF HISTORIANS ZENO & ANTISTHENES OF RHODES. necessity of discussing histories of Zeno & Antisthenes. Their description of battle of Lade. 
15 Continued.
16 Zeno’s account of attack of Nabis upon Messene. 
17 Continued.
18 20Zeno’s account of battle of Panium between Antiochus Great & Scopas, 
19 Continued.
20 Polybius wrote to Zeno on his geographical mistakes.
21 Egypt. Character & extravagance of Tlepolemus.
22 Tlepolemus suppresses a court intrigue against himself.
23 ITALY. Scipio’s return to Rome & triumph,   201,
24 WAR BETWEEN ROME & PHILIP V. Winter of   201-200. Coss. P. Sulpicius Galba Maximus 2., C. Aurelius Cotta (for   200). & starving state of his army. 
25 200. visit of Attalus to Athens, 
26 Athenians vote for war against Philip.
27 Romans warn Philip to abstain from attacking Greece, & to do justice to Attalus, on pain of war. 
28 firmness & vigour of Philip in meeting danger.
29    200. Dardanelles compared with Straits of Gibraltar.
30 Siege of Abydos.
31 Desperate resolution of people of Abydos.
32 Comparison of this resolution of Abydenians with similar ones of Phocians & Acarnanians.
33 How city was surrendered & women & children saved after all.
34 A Roman envoy arrives to warn Philip to desist.
35 Rhodians resolve to side with Rome.
36 200. PELOPONNESE—WAR WITH NABIS.  Philopoemen’s device for collecting all Achaean levies at Tegea simultaneously, 
37 A raid upon Laconia.
38 Continued.
39 200. COELE-SYRIA. Antiochus conquers Coele-Syria & Jews after beating Scopas at Panium.
0
1 Missing.
1 WAR WITH PHILIP. Congress at Nicaea in Locris, winter of   198-197. Coss. Titus Quinctius Flamininus, Sext. Aelius Paetus Catus. Cycliadas expelled for favouring Philip. Roman demand. Peace of Epirus   205. 
2 Demands of Attalus, of Rhodians, of Achaeans,
3  Speech of Alexander Isius.
4 rejoinder of Philip.
5 Philip explains peculiar law of Aetolians.
6 Philip’s answer to Rhodians & Attalus, & Achaeans.
7 A retort of Flamininus.
8 2nd day’s conference, Philip comes late. Philip’s final offers.
9 Dissatisfaction of Congress. 3rd day’s conference. A reference to Senate agreed on.
10 Embassies to Rome.
11 Speeches of Greek envoys in Senate.
12 197 Coss. G. Cornelius Cethegus, Q. Minucius Rufus.
13 Was Aristaenus a traitor or a wise Opportunist?
14 Comparison of policy of Achaeans & other Peloponnesians towards Philip V. with that recommended by Demosthenes towards Philip 2.
15 True traitor is man who acts with personal objects or from party spirit.
16 Attalus in Sicyon,   198.
17 Cruelty of Apega, wife of Nabis. 197. King Attalus before assembled Boeotians.
18 197, END OF 1ST MACEDONIAN WAR. at beginning of spring. methods of forming palisades among Greeks & Romans.
19 Flamininus marches to Pherae in Thessaly. Thebae Pthiotides. advanced guards of two armies meet.
20 Autumn of   197. Both Philip & Flamininus advance towards Scotusa, on opposite sides of a range of hills.
21 Another skirmish between detached parties.
22 Philip sends supports. Valour of Aetolian cavalry. Cynoscephalae. Flamininus offers battle, which Philip, against his better judgment, accepts.
23 Flamininus addresses his men, & advances to attack. advanced guard are encouraged.
24 Philip also advances & occupies hills. Philip’s advanced guard defeated.
25  The battle. Philip’s right wing repulse Roman left. Successful advance of Roman right.
26 Macedonian phalanx outflanked. king quits field & flies.
27 Philip retreats to Tempe. Romans soon abandon pursuit & devote themselves to plunder. losses on both sides.
28  The Roman defeats in Punic wars were not from inferior tactics, but owing genius of Hannibal.
29 Continued.
30 Roman more open order compared with phalanx. 
31 Why phalanx fails.
32 Flexibility of Roman order.
33 Prudent conduct of Philip.
34 Estrangement of Aetolians. Flamininus grants fifteen days’ truce to Philip.
35 disinterestedness of Romans generally as to money. Lucius Aemilius Paulus. Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus Minor.
36 197. Congress of Tempe, Speech of King Amynandros. Alexander Aetolian.
37 Reply of Flamininus.
38 On 3rd day of conference Philip appears. Aetolians checkmated by Flamininus.
39    197. Terms of peace settled. Winter of
40 Foolish credulity, 
41 197. ASIA.  Death of King Attalus, who had fallen ill at Thebes, before battle of Cynoscephalae, & had been brought home to die at Pergamum, autumn, 
42 ITALY: 196. Coss. L. Furius Purpureo, M. Claudius Marcellus. treaty with Philip is confirmed.
43 GREECE:    196. Philip allows his Boeotian followers to return home. Zeuxippus & Peisistratus, heads of Romanising party, determine to get rid of Brachylles, Zeuxippus condemned by his own conscience. 
44 Senatus Consultum.
45 Objections of Aetolians. commissioners sit at Corinth, & declare all Greek cities free, except Acrocorinthus, Demetrias, & Chalcis.
46  196. Isthmian games, July An exciting scene.
47 Answer of commissioners to King Antiochus. Final arrangements.
48 Commissioners separate & go to various parts of Greece.
49 ASIA
50 Antiochus in Chersonesus & Thrace,   196. Speech of Lucius Cornelius.
51 281. Reply of Antiochus. Lysimachus conquered by Seleucus Nicanor, 
52 Antiochus refuses to acknowledge Romans as arbitrators.
53 EGYPT: 196. Death of Scopas.
54 Scopas before council. Death of Dicaearchus.
55 176. Enormous wealth collected by Scopas. anacleteria of Ptolemy Epiphanes, 
1 195. Lucius Valerius Flaccus,
2 194. Publius Cornelius Scipio 2.
3 193. L. Cornelius Merula, 
4 192. L. Quintius Flamininus,
5 191. P. Cornelius Scipio Nasica. 
1 GREECE:  192. Antiochus Great at a meeting of Aetolians at Lamia, autumn of
2 Continued.
3 192-191 Antiochus passes winter of at Chalcis. Visit of envoys from Epirus & Elis.
4 371-36245.  Decline of Boeotia  
5 222. Demetrius 2.   239-229. rise of house of Neon.
6 239. Disorganised state of Boeotia. Antigonus Gonatas, ob.   227-221. Cleomenic war 
7 192. Antiochus received in Thebes, 
8 192-19Antiochus wintering in Chalcis,
9 19Heracleia Trachinia taken by Acilius after battle of Thermopylae,
10 Aetolian embassy to Acilius. Roman terms. Aetolians fail to ratify peace. 
11 Fate of Nicander.
12 Spartans wish to offer Philopoemen palace of Nabis as a reward, & as an inducement to defend their liberty. 
21 190 - 188 48
1 190. Embassy from Sparta, & answer of Roman Senate.
2 Continued.
3 Supplicatio for victory off Phocaea. Answer to Aetolian Envoys sent, on intercession of Flamininus, when Acilius was about to take Naupactus. 
4 Spring of   190. Coss. L. Cornelius Scipio, C. Laelius. Aetolian envoys visit consuls.
5 A six months’ truce with Aetolians.
6    190. A party at Phocaea wish to join Antiochus, 
7 Rhodian firing apparatus. Pausistratus beaten by Polyxenidas, admiral of king. 
8 Aetolian truce announced to Eumenes & Antiochus.
9 Achaean contingent sent to war. 
10 Antiochus proposes peace with Rome, Eumenes, & Rhodes. Eumenes opposes peace, on grounds of honour & prudence.
11 Prusias, King of Bithynia. Letter of Scipios to Prusias. On its voyage from Samos to Teos Roman fleet sight some pirate vessels.
12 Battle between fleets of Rome & Antiochus.
13 Antiochus despairs of resistance, & sends an envoy to Scipios to treat of peace. laws relating to Salii or priests of Mars.
14 Speech of Heracleides.
15 Secret offers of Antiochus to Publius Scipio. Scipio’s reply.
16 190. Antiochus sent Scipio’s son back. decisive battle took place in neighbourhood of Thyatira, & proved a decisive victory for Romans. This was in late autumn of 
17 Roman terms imposed on Antiochus. terms are accepted, & missions sent to Rome. 
18 189. Coss. Cn. Manlius Vulso, M. Fulvius Nobilior. Reception of king Eumenes & ambassadors at Rome.
19 Speech of Eumenes.
20 Continued.
21 Continued.
22 Legates from Smyrna. Speech of Rhodians.
23 Continued.
24 189. Treaty with Antiochus confirmed. Settlement of Asia, Soli in Cilicia.
25 Summer of 190. Late autumn of   190. Spring of   189.
26 M. Fulvius Nobilior at Apollonia.
27 Siege of Ambracia, & gallant resistance of Aetolians.
28 Romans begin mining operations. Counter-mines by besieged. Romans smoked out. 
29 Intercession of Athens, Rhodes, & king Amynandrus.
30 Terms granted to Aetolians. 
31 Speech of Damis.
32 189. Treaty with Aetolia,   192.
33 WAR WITH GAULS OF ASIA
34 189; Coss. Cn. Manlius Vulso, M. Fulvius Nobilior,  Moagĕtes reduced to submission.
35 Pacification of Pamphylia.
36 Conquest of Pisidia.
37 Cnaeus Manlius in Galatia.
38 Vengeance of Chiomara, wife of Gallic chief Ortiago.
39 Gauls try to take Cnaeus Manlius by a stratagem, but are foiled. 
40 CEPHALLENIA. Citadel of Same in Cephallenia taken by a night surprise.
41 Philopoemen’s policy towards Sparta. 
42 Missing.
43 189-188  Cnaeus Manlius spends winter at Ephesus, last year of 147th Olympiad, & arranges settlement of Asia.
44 188. Faithful officer at Perga. Summer, Roman commissioners arrive in Asia. 
45 Text of treaty between Antiochus & Rome.
46 Burning of Antiochus’s ships at Patara in Lycia.
47 Ariarathes V. King of Cappadocia.
48  188. Final settlement of affairs of Asia Minor by commissioners. 
1 188-184. 148th Olympiad.
2 Missing.
3 187. An appeal to Rome against Philopoemen.  Coss. M. Aemilius Lepidus, C. Flamininus. Renewal of treaty between Achaean league & Ptolemy. accomplishments of Ptolemy Epiphanes. 
4 Effect of collapse of Antiochus upon Boeotia. Resistance to recall of Zeuxippus.
5 Rhodes & Lycians.
6 338 EGYPT UNDER PTOLEMY EPIPHANES AFTER DEATH OF ARISTOMENES.  Contrast of conduct of Philip 2. of Macedon to Athens  with that of Ptolemy.
7 186-185. Suppression of revolt in Lower Egypt,  Lycopolis in Thebaid.
8 186. Origin of last Macedonian war. Abrupolis, a Thracian prince & friend of Romans. Death of Philip V.  179. 
9  185. Complaints lodged against Philip at Rome,  A commission of investigation appointed.
10 MEETING OF ACHAEAN LEAGUE PARLIAMENT. Philopoemen Achaean Strategus for two years running, from May   189 to May   187. Aristaenus. May,   187 to May,   186. Seleucus Philopator succeeded his father Antiochus Great,   187. Business of Achaean assembly. Letter from Senate on subject of Philopoemen’s actions at Sparta. offer of Eumenes.
11 Answer of Apollonidas. Speech of Cassander of Aegina. present of Eumenes is refused.
12 Ptolemy. speech of Lycortas. A mistake discovered. Offer of Seleucus.
13 185. Winter.
14 Philopoemen on Archon.
185-184. Ambassadors from Philip & Achaeans heard on report of Caecilius, 
16 Spartan envoys. decision. Defence of refusal to call Achaean assembly.
184. Philip’s vengeance on people of Maroneia, He attempts to evade responsibility for it.
18 Guilty agents are to be sent to Rome. Another crime. Philip’s hostility to Rome. King Philip meditates a breach with Rome. Sends his son Demetrius there, in hopes of putting off war for a time.
19 Disputes in Crete.
20 Queen-Dowager, widow of Attalus, & her sons.
21 Policy of Ostiagon in Galatia.
22 Character of Aristonicus.
1 184-180. 149th Olympiad,  183, Coss. M. Claudius Marcellus, Q. Fabius Labeo.
2 Demetrius in Senate.
3 Ambassadors of Eumenes complain that Philip has not evacuated Thrace. high honour paid to Demetrius at Rome, & its fatal result.
4 Four Spartan embassies. Lysis, for men banished by Nabis. 2. Areus & Alcibiades. 3. Serippus. 4. Chaeron, for recent exiles.
5 Deinocrates of Messene.
6 Continued.
7 Popularity of Demetrius in Macedonia. His father’s anger & his brother’s jealousy.
8 183. Philip feigns submission to Rome, plain of Hebrus.
9 183. After midsummer 182. February,
10 Conflict of feelings in Philip’s mind.
182. Fragment referring to military sham fight in which Perseus & Demetrius quarrelled, Part of a speech of Philip to his 2 sons after quarrel at manœuvres.
12 Death of Philopoemen, 183, or perhaps early in   182. Philopoemen was murdered by Messenians, who had abandoned league & were at war with it. Character of Philopoemen. He is succeeded by Lycortas as Strategus.
183. Character of Hannibal, who poisoned himself at court of Prusias,
14 Character of P. Cornelius Scipio Africanus, whose death Polybius places in this year, but according to Livy wrongly, who assigns it to previous year.
15 Continued.
16    183-182. Lycortas, successor of Philopoemen, compels Messenians to sue for peace,
17 Abia, Thuria, & Pharae make a separate league. Achaean meeting at Sicyon.
18 Sparta admitted to league.
1 182. Embassies at Rome from Achaeans, Spartan exiles, Eumenes of Pergamus, Ariarathes, king of Cappadocia, & Pharnaces, king of Pontus, 
2 Terms granted to Messenians.
3 M. Haemus. 
4    182. Crete.
5 182-181. End of war between Eumenes & Pharnaces, which former had undertaken to support his father-in-law Ariarathes.
6 181. Ptolemy Epiphanes sends a present to Achaeans. Lycortas, Polybius, & Aratus sent to return thanks,
7 Chaeron’s malversations at Sparta.  Assassination of Apollonides.
8 181-180 Winter. Eumenes enters Cappadocia. Spring of   180. Two Galatian chiefs. Calpitus in Galatia (?). Parnassus, a town on Halys. Mocissus, N. of Halys.
9 Roman legates arrive & undertake to negotiate. Negotiation fails. Rhodians engaged in putting down a rising of Lycians. 
10 180. Debate in Achaean assembly on Roman despatch.
11 Callicrates, instead of obeying his instructions, denounces his opponents, & persuades Senate that their interference is necessary.
12 180-179. Romans adopt policy of raising a party in Greece against Achaean league.
13 Comparison between characters of Philopoemen & Aristaenus.
14 View of Aristaenus on right attitude towards Rome.
15 Philopoemen’s answer in defence of his policy.
1 Gracchus destroyed 300 cities of Celtiberes
2  179. Coss. Q. Fulvius, L. Manlius. ex-praetors Ti. Sempronius Gracchus & L. Postumius were still in Spain, where they had been since   182. Renewed war of Eumenes & Ariarathes upon Pharnaces.
3 Opening of reign of Perseus. Philip V. in misfortune.
4  177. Coss. C. Claudius Pulcher, Ti. Sempronius Gracchus. Embassy from Lycia against Rhodes. Laodice, daughter of Seleucus 4.
5 Excitement at Rhodes; & a fresh determination of Lycians to assert independence.
6 Rhodian question deferred. Reports of intrigues of Perseus.
1 175-164. Antiochus Epiphanes, 
27 171 - 17020
-
1 WAR WITH PERSEUS: 171. Coss. P. Licinius Crassus, C. Cassius Longinus. Roman commissioners at Chalcis: ambassadors from Thespiae & Neon of Boeotia. Thebes .
2 17Cause of exiles’ triumph at Chalcis. Dissolution of Boeotian league,  Commissioners in Peloponnese.
3 Rhodians prepare to co-operate with Rome.
4 Perseus sends a circular despatch to Greek States. reply of Rhodians.
5 Mission of Perseus to Boeotia. Truce made with Q. Marcius. 
6 War is decided upon at expiration of truce. Attempted assassination of Eumenes at Delphi. 
7 Politics at Rhodes. Romanising party. Macedonian party. Jealousy of Eumenes.
8 After beating Roman cavalry on Peneus, & obliging Licinius to retire south of river, Perseus endeavours to make terms. Romans are inexorable. Perseus returns to Sicyrium.
9 Effect of success of Perseus upon Greeks. A scene at Olympia.
10 Continued.
11 New kind of missile used in army of Perseus.
12 Character of Cotys, king of Odrysae, an ally of Perseus.
13 A prudent governor of Cyprus. 
14    171-17O. Dispute at Rhodes as to release of Diophanes, envoy of Perseus, captured at Tenedos.
15 What induced leading men in Epirus to join Perseus. Charops. Aetolian leaders arrested.
16 170. Coss. A. Hostilius Mancinus, A. Atilius Serranus, Attempt of two Molossian leaders to seize consul.
17 Pharnaces, king of Pontus.
18 Attalus desires that his brother Eumenes should be restored to honour in Peloponnese.
19 Preparations for attack upon Coele-Syria by ministers of Ptolemy Philometor.
20 Need of promptness, & of persistency.
28 16923
1 169, Antiochus & Ptolemy both appeal to Rome on subject of Coele-Syria.
2 Rhodians ask for license to import corn.
3 169. Aulus Hostilius, in Greece with proconsular authority, sends Popilius & Octavius to visit Greek towns & read decree of Senate. They visit Peloponnese, & express some dissatisfaction at backward policy of certain Achaeans.
4 Legates in Aetolia. Various Aetolians accuse each other. Lyciscus. Thoas stoned.
5 Acarnania.
6 169. Meeting of Achaean statesmen to consider their policy,  Lycortas is for complete neutrality. Apollonides & Stratius for suppressing rash declarations for Rome, & yet not openly opposing her. Strategus Archon is for bending to storm, & acting frankly for Rome. Polybius Hipparch.
7 Embassy from Attalus to Achaeans desiring restoration of honours formally decreed to his brother Eumenes. Speech of Polybius.
8 169, after taking Hyscana in Illyria, Perseus advances to Stubera, & thence sends envoys to king Genthius at Lissus. Genthius temporises. A 2nd mission to Genthius. Perseus goes back to Hyscana in Illyria.
9 Genthius being unpersuaded by 2nd mission, Perseus sends 3rd, but still without offering money.
10 Perseus lays blame of his failure on his generals. 
11 testudo. 
12 Achaeans decide to co-operate actively with Romans in Thessaly. Polybius sent to Consul. Ptolemy Physcon celebrates his anacleteria.
13 169. Appius Claudius Cento defeated at Hyscana in  170.
14 Crete. Cydonians attack & take Apollonia near Cnossus.
15 Cydonians ask help from Eumenes.
16 170-69. Rhodians determine to send a mission to Rome,
17 Envoys visit Q. Marcius Philippus at Heracleum. Why do not Rhodians stop war between Antiochus & Ptolemy? They endeavour to make peace between Antiochus Epiphanes & Ptolemy Physcon.
18 Character of Antiochus 4.
 169. Comanus & Cineas, Physcon’s ministers, determine to send embassies to Antiochus,
20 Greek envoys visit Antiochus & endeavour to make peace. Their arguments. Reply of Antiochus. Antiochus occupies Naucratis & thence advances to Alexandria.
21 Evil influence of Eulaeus upon Ptolemy Philometor. He advises him to yield to Antiochus & retire to Samothrace.
22 Antiochus leaves Alexandria for a time, being met by some Roman envoys.
23 Envoys from Rhodes visit Antiochus in his camp not far from Alexandria.
29 168 27
1 bc. 168. Coss. L. Aemilius Paullus, C. Licinius Crassus. A fragment of speech of L. Aemilius before starting for Macedonia. 
2 In answer to an embassy from Ptolemy Physcon & his sister Cleopatra, Senate sends Gaius Popilius Laenas to Alexandria. 
3 Genthius joins Perseus on being supplied with 300 talents; & also consents to join in a mission to Rhodes.
4 Perseus meets envoys from Genthius; & sends others to Eumenes & Antiochus.
5 intrigues of Perseus & Eumenes.
6 Romans become suspicious of Eumenes, & ostentatiously transfer their favour to his brother Attalus.
7 168. Origin of intrigue between Eumenes & Perseus was idea of former that, both sides being tired of war, he might intervene with profit to himself.
8 Bargain attempted between Eumenes & Perseus.
9 Reflexions on blindness of avaricious kings. 
10 Rhodians take active steps to form a confederation against Rome, in case their intervention fails.
11 Manner in which this vote of Rhodians was carried,   168.
12 Digression on Polybius’s method in writing history, & his avoidance of imaginary details.
13 Intemperance & brutality of Genthius.
14 Nasica, son-in-law of Scipio Africanus,Nasica, Fabius, & others volunteer to cross mountains into Macedonia by Gytheum.
15 Struggle in bed of Enipeus. Romans force heights by way of Gytheum.
16 Continued.
17 168. Phalanx battle of Pydna, 
18 Scipio Africanus younger,
19 Rhodian mission deliver their message too late. Uncompromising answer of Senate.
20 Perseus, being brought a prisoner before Aemilius Paulus & his council, refuses to reply to his questions, Paulus addresses king in Greek & then his council in Latin. 
21 Demetrius of Phalerum on mutability.
22 Unexpected always happens. Eumenes disappointed of his hope of quiet by a rising in Galatia.
23 169-168.
24 Polybius advocates cause of Ptolemies. Callicrates defeats motion, but at a smaller meeting at Sicyon Polybius prevails.
25 Measure is again defeated by a trick of Callicrates. kings ask for Lycortas & Polybius.
26 168. Annoyed by two Ptolemies thus joining each other, Antiochus renews war, 
27 Antiochus is met near Alexandria by C. Popilius Laenas, who forces him to abstain from war. Popilius goes on to Cyprus & forces army of Antiochus to evacuate it. previous defeat of Perseus really secured salvation of Egypt.
30 167 - 166 24
1 167. Coss. Q. Aelius Paetus, M. Junius Pennus. Attalus at Rome, is persuaded to try by Roman help to supplant his brother.
2 Stratius is sent to dissuade Attalus from his meditated treason.
3 Embassy to Galatia.
4 167. Fresh embassies from Rhodes, Terror of Rhodian envoys at threat of war. Criticism on speech of Rhodian Astymedes.
5 Dismayed by this answer Rhodians endeavour to propitiate Senate. Astuteness of Rhodian policy. Caunus, in Peraea, & Mylassa, in Caria, revolt. Senate declare Caria & Lycia free. 
6 3 classes of men who in various states got into trouble for their conduct during Macedonian war.
7 Antinous, Theodotus, & Cephalus of Molossi are instances of 3rd class. Several instances of 1st class in Achaia Phthiotis, Thessaly, & Perrhaebia. Instances of 2nd class in Rhodes, Cos, & other places.
8 Continued.
9 Vain attempts of Polyaratus to escape, at Phaselis, at Caunus, & at Cibyra.
10 167. Columns constructed at Delphi for statues of Perseus used by Aemilius. Aemilius at Corinth. At Olympia.
11 Disturbed state of Aetolia,
12 Epirus. 
13    167. Selection of suspected Greeks, especially Achaeans, to be sent to Italy,
14 167. Triumph of L. Anicius Gallus over Illyrians at Quirinalia, A scene in a Roman theatre.
15 Continued.
16 Aemilius in Epirus.
17 Release of Menalcidas.
18 Cotys, king of Odrysae,
19 Abject conduct of king Prusias.
20 167-166. To prevent a visit from Eumenes Senate pass a decree forbidding all kings to visit Rome. Eumenes stopped at Brundisium.
21 Athenians ask for restoration of Haliartus; failing that, to have its territory, with Delos & Lemnos themselves.
22 Death of Theaetetus of Rhodes. Caunus & Stratoniceia in Caria.
23 Effect of message from Romans in Achaean league.  Unpopularity of Callicrates, Adronidas, & their party.
24 Joy of people of Peraea at Roman decree emancipating them from Rhodes.
3 165 - 16228
1 165. War in Crete of Cnosus & Gortyn against Rhaucus. Rhodians are again refused an alliance.
2 Autonomy to Galatia on conditions.
3 Grand festival held by Antiochus Epiphanes at Daphne, a suburb of Antioch, sacred to Apollo.
4 Continued.
5 Roman envoys at Antioch. Antiochus affects extreme cordiality.
6 164. Complaints against Eumenes at Rome from Prusias of Bithynia, & other parts of Asia. Senate’s policy in Galatia. Failure of mission of Gracchus.
7 165. Rhodians appeal against injury done to their trade, Speech of Astymedes. Senate is mollified by this speech & by report of Gracchus, & grants alliance.
8 165. Embassy from Achaia asking for trial or release of Achaean détenus, who to over 1000 had been summoned to Italy in   167. 
9 Reduction of Cammani in Cappadocia.
10 Mission, Sulpicius Gallus in Asia; he collects facts against Eumenes.
11 164. Death of Antiochus Epiphanes on his return from Susiana. 
12 Demetrius, son of Seleucus, & grandson of Antiochus Great, wishes to be restored to kingdom of Syria. A Syrian commission appointed. commissioners are also to visit Galatia, Cappadocia, & Alexandria.
13 Mission to Ariarathes, king of Cappadocia, in regard to encroachments of Gauls.
14 163. Ariarathes Philopator continues his father’s policy of friendship with Rome.
15 Rhodians ask for Calynda in Caria, & retention of private property in Caria & Lycia. Colossal statue of Rome.
16 Rhodians undertake protection of Calynda.
17 Ariarathes’s joy at favourable answer from Rome. He recovers ashes of his mother & sister from Antioch.
18 162. Euergetes 2. (Ptolemy Physcon), who had Cyrene as his share, asks for Cyprus. Members of Commission who had been in Egypt support elder brother. Senate decide in favour of Physcon. Object of Senate is to divide & weaken Egypt. 
19 162. Senate pay little attention to Lysias’s excuses. Demetrius thinks there is again a chance for him. Polybius advises, “act for yourself.” however again appeals to Senate, & is again refused.
20 Demetrius resolves to escape from Rome, & again consults Polybius. Menyllus of Alabanda (in Caria) helps him by hiring a vessel.
21 Preparations for flight. Polybius sends a warning to Demetrius.
22 Demetrius takes hint, & voyage is safely begun.
23 162. Absence of Demetrius is not ascertained in Rome until 4th day. Senate is summoned, but decides not to attempt pursuit. Commissioners appointed for Greece & Asia, 
24 Cato on growth of luxury.
25 162. Rhodians accept money to pay their schoolmasters,
26 162. Ptolemy Physcon returning with commissioners, collects mercenaries in Greece, but is persuaded to disband them, He, however, takes about 1000 Cretans back with him to Africa.
27 Ptolemy Physcon invades dominions of his brother.
28 Roman commission fails to secure peace between brothers.
32 161 - 156 28
1 161. Senate break off relations with Ptolemy Philometor, & encourage Ptolemy Physcon in his claim on Cyprus.
2 193, Between 2nd & 3rd Punic wars Massanissa constantly encroached on Carthaginian territory. Both sides refer to Rome, & Romans invariably support Massanissa.
3 Further complaints against Eumenes by Prusias & Gauls.
4 Demetrius induces Tiberius Gracchus to salute him as king.
5 160. Ambassadors from Ariarathes. Attalus again in Rome. Coss. L. Anicius Gallus. M. Cornelius Cethegus.
6 Reception of ambassadors of Demetrius. Previous career of Isocrates. His conduct in Syria.
7 160. Boldness of Leptines. Extraordinary conduct of Isocrates. Senate decide to keep question of murder open. Fruitless embassy from Achaia on behalf of Polybius & other Achaean detenus, 
8 Small property left by Aemilius Paulus at his death is a proof of his disinterestedness. Polybius has fear of Roman critics before his eyes.
9 Origin of friendship between Scipio Aemilianus & Polybius. Young Scipio opens his heart to Polybius.
10 185. Scipio Aemilianus, b. Polybius is somewhat alarmed at responsibility.
11 Scipio's high character for continence as a young man. deterioration in Roman morals & its causes.
12 Scipio’s liberality to his mother.
13 Scipio’s liberality to his cousins, sisters to his adoptive father.
160. liberality of Scipio to his brother & sisters, 
15 Scipio’s physical strength & courage were confirmed by exercise of hunting in Macedonia, & his taste continued after his return to Rome, & was encouraged by Polybius.
16 Scipio’s subsequent success, therefore, was natural result of his early conduct, & not offspring of chance.
17 Delians having been allowed to leave their island with “all their property,” found many occasions of legal disputes with Athenians, to whom island was granted. They remove to Achaia, & sue Athenians under Achaean convention. Roman decision against Athens.
158. Piracies of Dalmatians on island of Issa,
19 Death of Lyciscus.
20 157. Death of Charops, tyranny of Charops in Epirus after battle of Pydna, 168-157. He extorts money from rich under threat of exile.
21 People of Phoenice terrified or cajoled into supporting him. Charops goes to Rome, but is forbidden by leading nobles to enter their houses, & repudiated by Senate. He suppresses reply of Senate.
22 159. Death & character of Eumenes, He raised his kingdom to 1st rank; was exceedingly bountiful; & was loyally served by 4 brothers. Attalus restores Ariarathes.
23 157. Fannius & his colleagues roughly treated by Dalmatians,  Senate decide on declaring war with Dalmatians. 168-157.
24 157. Coss. Sext. Julius Caesar, L. Aurelius Orestes.
25 Evil rule of Orophernes.
26 156. Coss L. Cornelius Lentulus, C. Marcius Figulus 2.
27 Prusias, king of Bithynia, attacks Attalus of Pergamum. Elaea on Casius, port of Pergamum.
28 Attalus sends his brother to Rome. Prusias had sent his son Nicomedes & some ambassadors to represent his case at Rome. Senate send fresh commissioners to investigate.
33 155 - 152 20
1 155. Roman legate Publius Lentulus, & Athenaeus, brother of Attalus, reach Rome & declare truth .Another embassy in behalf of Achaean detenus. It fails by action of praetor, who, by putting question simply “yes” or “no” for release, forced party who were for postponing it to vote “no.”
2 Missing.
3 Achaeans are encouraged to try again.
4 Aristocrates proves a failure in war with Crete.
5 Continued.
6 Honesty of people of Priene (in Caria) in preserving money deposited by Orophernes.
7 155. Ligurians harass Marseilles & besiege Antibes & Nice.
8 154. Coss. Q. Opimius, L. Postumius Albinus. Ptolemy Physcon charges his brother with inciting a plot against his life. Senate refuses to hear ambassadors of Ptolemy Philometor, & send commissioners to restore Physcon to Cyprus.
9 Prusias having refused obedience to former commission, a new commission is sent out with peremptory orders.
10 154. Ligurians prevent commissioners from landing, & wound Flaminius who had already landed, & drive him to his ship. War ordered with Oxybii & Deciatae, 
11 154-153. Opimius orders his soldiers to join at Placentia, & marches into Gaul, takes Aegitna, & defeats Oxybii & Deciatae. Opimius winters in Gaul, 
12 154. Commissioners visit Attalus & Prusias. Prusias will not yield till too late. Romans promote a combination against Prusias.
13 154. Attalus’s brother Athenaeus harasses coast of Prusias’s kingdom.
14  153. Another fruitless embassy from Achaia.
15 Heracleides brings to Rome Laodice, daughter of Antiochus Epiphanes, & his supposed son Alexander Balas. quarrel of Rhodes & Crete.
16 Achaeans decline to help either Rhodes or Crete , although inclined to support Rhodes. 
17 Continued.
18 152. Visit of young Attalus, son of late king Eumenes. Demetrius, son of Ariarathes 6. Laodice & Alexander Balas. Senate’s decree in favour of Alexander & Laodice.
19 Demetrius’s intemperance.
20 Continued.
34 152 14
1 GEOGRAPHICAL FRAGMENTS: Polybius devoted one book of his history to a separate treatise on geography of continents.
2 Homer true to nature.
3 Fishing for sword-fish. Island of Meninx, off lesser Syrtis.
4 Continued.
5 Cadiz to Don.
6 Continued.
7 Polybius’s fivefold division of European peninsulas, as opposed to threefold division of Eratosthenes.
8 Continued.
9 Tribes in Baetica. A tidal spring at Gades. Process of producing silver in mines near New Carthage. Guadiana & Guadalquivir. 
10 River Aude. Tech& Ruscino or Tet. Mistake of Timaeus as to Rhone. Loire between Poitou & Nantes. Coiron. Britain is quite unknown to southern Gauls. Elk. A gold mine near Aquileia . 4 passes of Alps,— Cornice, Argentière, Genèvre (Val d’Aosta), Cenis. Lago Maggiore.
11 Capuan wine. Bay of Naples. Eastern coast-road from S. to N. of Italy. Lacinian promontory. Craters in volcanic Holy Island one of Lipari group.
12 Via Egnatia. Peloponnesus. From C. Malea to Danube.
13 Country between Euphrates & India.
14 State of Alexandria.
38 147 - 146 11
1 147. Siege of Carthage,  Coss. P. Cornelius Scipio Africanus Aemilianus, C. Livius Drusus. Interview between Hasdrubal & King Gulussa.
2 147. Scipio’s scorn of proposal, He offers Hasdrubal personal security for delivering town. Selfish & tyrannical conduct of Hasdrubal. Comparison between Hasdrubal & Diaeus.
3 Ill-luck which occasioned fall of Greece. Fall of Greece was even more lamentable than that of Carthage.
4 480. Comparison between fall of Greece under Romans with Persian invasion, defeat of Athenians at Aegospotami, 405, of Spartans at Leuctra, 371. Destruction of Mantinea,  362, & of Thebes, 335.
5 Tyranny of later kings of Macedonia. But last fall of Greece was embittered by fact that it came from folly of Greeks themselves rather than of their leaders.
6 Continued.
7 147, Report of L. Aurelius Orestes of disturbance at Corinth,  Senate send a fresh commission to warn Achaeans. 
8 Arrival of Sextus Julius & commissioners in Achaia. Envoys are conciliatory. Action of Diaeus & Critolaus & their party.
9 147-146. Conference at Tegea. Critolaus contrives to avoid a settlement. Winter of  Critolaus propagates his anti-Roman views; & suspends cash payments.
10 147-146. Fresh legates are sent from Macedonia to Achaia in winter of Riotous scene at Corinth. Critolaus makes no secret of his hostility to Rome.
11 Critolaus carries his point, & induces Achaeans to proclaim war against Lacedaemonians. Roman envoys retire from Corinth.
39 146 - 145 19
1 Defence of historian’s method of parallel histories of several countries, each kept up to date.
2 Continued.
3 146 Fall of Carthage, (spring). Scipio within walls of Carthage.
4 Continued.
5 Continued.
6 Continued.
7 Character of Boeotarch Pytheas.
8 146 Death of Critolaus Diaeus succeeds as Strategus. He orders arming of 10,000 slaves, a special contribution by rich, a general levy of free men of military age.
9 Eleians & Messenians do not move. Dismay at Patrae. Distracted state of Greece. Thebes abandoned.
146, Diaeus at Corinth rejects all offers sent by Metellus, August,because he & his party do not believe that they will ever be amnestied with rest.
11 Cruel death of Sosicrates. Greece is saved by rapidity of her ruin.
12 146. Character of Aulus Postumius Albinus. Coss. Cn. Cornelius Lentulus, L. Mummius.
146. Destruction of works of art in Corinth, September,
14 Statues of Philopoemen. Speech of Polybius defending memory of Philopoemen.
15 Polybius will have no confiscated goods.
16 145. Commissioners return in spring, leaving instructions with Polybius to explain new constitutions. Note by a friend of Polybius as to effect of his careful fulfilment of his commission.
17 Mummius acted in Greece with clean hands & great moderation.
18 Death of Ptolemy Philometor in a war in Syria in support of Demetrius younger against Alexander Balas. 
19 CONCLUSION OF HISTORY.