Republic of Rome
244 - 727 (509 - 27) 482 |
| Romans capture Panormus in Sicily |
| Romans lose Sicilian Agrigentum to Carthaginians |
Cn. Servilius Caepio
501 (253) |
C. Aurelius Cotta
502 (252) |
L. Caecilius Metellus
503 (251) |
Battle of Panormus Sicily Rome 60K 2.5KX vs Carthage 60K 2.5KX
| Rome annexes Ieta, Solous, Petra & Tyndaris |
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C. Atilius Regulus 2ndx
504 (250) |
| Rome sacks Carthage Selinous & Heraclea Minoa Sicily |
| Rome seiges Carthage Lilybaeum Sicily |
| Marcus Atilius Regulus tells Rome to fight Released from prison in Carthage to negotiate peace in Rome & returns executed by spike barrel |
P. Claudius Pulcher
505 (249) |
| Battle of Drepana Sicily Carthage 120 0- vs Rome 120 93-
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C. Aurelius Cotta 2ndx
506 (248) |
L. Caecilius Metellus 2ndx
507 (247) |
M'. Otacilius Crassus 2ndx
508 (246) |
508 - 13 (246 - 1) 5 1st Punic War
- Hannibal 1960
- Scipio Africanus: Defeat of Hannibal 1939
- Cabiria 1910
M. Fabius Buteo
509 (245) |
C. Fundanius Fundulus
511 (243)
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C. Lutatius Catulus
512 (242) |
| consul and commander, Gaius Lutatius Catulus, blockades the Sicilian cities of Lilybaeum and Drepanum with a fleet of 200 ships. |
A. Manlius Torquatus Atticus 2ndx
513 (241) |
| Battle of Aegate Islands Sicily Rome 200 30- vs Carthage 250 50- 70C |
Carthage must leave & pay 3,200 talents then are attacked by their own mercinaries
513 - 1230 (241 BCE - 476 CE) 717 Roman Province of Sicilia @ Siracusa, Sicily. 1st Roman Province. |
| Roman Province of Corsica |
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C. Claudius Centho
514 (240) |
C. Mamilius Turrinus
515 (239) |
Ti. Sempronius Gracchus
516 (238) |
| 516 (238) Tibur Amphitheater |
| 516 (238) Cagliari Amphitheater Caralis Under Roman Rule |
516 (238) "Truceless War" with Carthage
516 - 1210 (238 BC - 456 AD) 694 Provinces of Corsica & Sardinia. |
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L. Cornelius Lentulus Caudinus
517 (237) |
P. Cornelius Lentulus Caudinus
518 (236) |
T. Manlius Torquatus
519 (235) |
| 1st closing of gates of Temple of Janus, signifying peace, since King Pompilus 500 yrs |
| Unsuccessfull rebellion of Corsica, Sardinia & Liguria |
Q. Fabius Maximus Verrucosus
521 (233) |
M. Aemilius Lepidus
522 (232) |
Nepos makes Rome give land north of Rome (Ager Gallicus) to Plebs who lost farms in 1st Punic War.
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M. Pomponius Matho
523 (231) |
Romans send envoys to Massilia (modern Marseille, France) to negotiate with the Carthaginian general Hamilcar Barca who is based there
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M. Aemilius Barbula
524 (230) |
With Roman merchants being killed by the Illyrian pirates, envoys are sent by Rome to Illyria. After the Roman ambassador lucius Coruncaniusand the Issaean ambassador Cleemporus are murdered at sea by Illyrian soldiers after causing offence to Queen Teuta, Roman forces occupy the island of Corcyra with the aim of humbling Teuta.
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L. Postumius Albinus 2ndx
525 (229) |
Sp. Carvilius Maximus Ruga 2ndx
526 (228)
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P. Valerius Flaccus
527 (227) |
527 (227) Number of quaestors raised from 6 to 8: number of praetors raised from 2 to 4
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Sardinia and Corsica are made a combined province. Rome appoints, and in the future annually elects, two praetors (with autocratic consular powers) for this province and for Sicily.
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Gaius Flaminius Nepos becomes Rome's first governor of Sicily. |
M. Valerius Maximus Messalla
528 (226) |
Gauls, some of them from across the Alps, threaten Rome |
Greek merchants of Massilia, frightened by Carthaginian successes in Spain (including their exploitation of the Spanish silver mines), appeal to Rome. Rome makes an alliance with the independent Spanish port city of Saguntum south of the Ebro River.
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Romans send an embassy to Hasdrubal and conclude a treaty which prohibits him from waging war north of the river Ebro, but allowing him a free hand to the south even at the expense of the interests of the town of Massilia.
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L. Aemilius Papus
529 (225) |
Cisalpine Gallic tribes (Taurini, Taurisces, Insubres, Lingones, Salasses, Agones, and Boii), reinforced by large numbers of Transalpine adventurers called Gaesatae (Gaesati), invade Italy. Avoiding the Romans at Ariminum, the Gauls cross the Apennines into Etruria, plunder the country.
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To meet this invasion, the Romans call on the Insubres' enemies, the Adriatic Veneti, the Patavini, and the Cenomani, who rapidly mobilise defensive forces. These armies are placed under the command of consuls Lucius Aemilius Papus and Gaius Atilius Regulus. After the Battle of Faesulae (near Montepulciano) between the Gauls and a Roman army in which the Romans lose many men, the combined Roman forces succeed in outmaneuvering the Gauls and force the invaders towards the coast of Tuscany.
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M. Claudius Marcellus
532 (222) |
Battle of Clastidium Rome vs Gauls
| Marcus Claudius Marcellus wins spoils of honour "spolia opima" for 3rdx by killing enemy leader in single combat |
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P. Cornelius Scipio Asina
533 (221) |
| Circus Flaminius 2nd race track in Rome built by Censor Gaius Flaminius Nepos |
| Via Flaminia road built from Rome to Ariminum |
533 (221) Hannibal of Carthage defeated Romans. |
M. Valerius Laevinus
534 (220) |
| 534 (220) Flaminia Road Carsulae to San Damiano |
| 534 (220) Flaminia Cagli Bridge Mallio Marche |
L. Aemilius Paullus
535 (219) |
The Romans extend their area of domination around the head of the Adriatic Sea as far as the peninsula of Histria by the conquest of peoples who dwell to the east of the Veneti. Thus, with the exception of Liguria and the upper valley of the Po River, all Italy south of the Alps is brought within the Roman sphere.
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P. Cornelius Scipio
536 (218) |
536 - 52 (218 - 02) 16 2nd Punic War
- Hannibal 1960
- Scipio Africanus: Defeat of Hannibal 1939
- Cabiria 1910
Roman army under the consul Publius Cornelius Scipio is transported by sea to Massilia (modern Marseille) to prevent Hannibal from advancing on Italy. Then meets him in Italy.
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| Army assebled in Sicily by Tiberius Sempronius Longusto to go to Spain |
| Battle of Ticinus Carthage 6KC Min- vs Rome 7.2S 3.1C 2.3KX
Romans tried to protect colonies Placentia & Cremona. Retreat to Placenia
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| Tiberius Sempronius Longus' army leaves Sicily to help Scipio's troops |
Battle of River Trebia Carthage 40K 21KHI 8KLI 11KC 37E 4.5IX SomeE vs Rome 42K 18KI 20KA 4KC 27KX
Gauls and the Ligurians to Hannibal's side |
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Cn. Servilius Geminus
537 (217) |
Flaminius raises new legions and marches north to meet the Carthaginian general Hannibal
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Hannibal advances to the Arno River and then outmanoeuvres the army of Gaius Flaminius Nepos at Arretium and reaches Faesulae (modern Fiesole) and Perugia.
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| Battle of Lake Trasimene Carthage 55K 2.5X ManyC vs Rome 30K 15KX |
| Romans do "scorched earth" around Hannibal's army |
| Fabius returns to Rome to plead his unpoplular strategy |
Skirmish of Geronium Rome vs Carthage
| Master of Horse Marcus Minucius Rufus elevated to Co-dictator |
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Minucius ambushed by Hannibal but saved by Fabius.
| Minucius demoted to Master of Horse |
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C. Terentius Varro
538 (216) |
| Hannibal seizes large army supply depot at Cannae |
A loan of money and supplies for the Roman army in Sicily is sought and obtained from Hiero II of Syracuse
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Roman historian Quintus Fabius Pictor is sent to Delphi in Greece to consult the Oracle for advice about what Rome should do after its defeat in the Battle of Cannae.
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Hannibal gains support in Apulia, Lucania, Samnium and in Bruttium, Hannibal finds many supporters.
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Capua switches sides to join Hannibal and the Carthaginian army winters there |
Roman general, Marcus Claudius Marcellus, commands the remnants of the Roman army at Canusium and saves the city of Nola and southern Campania from occupation by Hannibal.
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Roman force of 25,000 led by Lucius Postumius Albinus is ambushed by Gauls near Litana and almost completely wiped out
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Roman forces in Spain led by Gnaeus Cornelius Scipio Calvus and Publius Cornelius Scipio successfully thwart Hasdrubal's attempt to march to Italy
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Carthaginian fleet ravages the territory of The Kingdom of Syracuse |
Philip V o, still resenting Rome's interference in Illyrian politics, seizes his opportunity to invade Illyria. Ambassadors from Philip V of Macedon visit Hannibal at his headquarters in Italy. These actions mark the beginning of the First Macedonian War between Rome and Macedonia.
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M. Claudius Marcellus 2ndx
539 (215) |
| Lex Oppia restricts women's wealth & displaying it |
Marcus Claudius Marcellus, again repulses an attack by Hannibal on the city of Nola |
Hannibal's forces occupy the cities of Heraclea and Thurii. However, Hannibal is unable to prevent the Romans from besieging Capua.
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Roman legions led by Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus defeat Hanno's Carthaginian forces in a battle near Beneventum, thus denying Hannibalmuch needed reinforcements. |
The Roman general, Marcus Claudius Marcellus, who is in Sicily at the time of the revolt of Syracuse, leads an army which storms Leontini and besieges Syracuse. With the help of Archimedes' ideas and inventions, the Syracusans repel his attacks by sea.
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censors Publius Furius Philus and Marcus Atilius Regulus condemn and degrade (i.e. lose rank in Roman society and politics) two groups of Romans of high rank, including senators and equestrians. The first group are those Roman officers captured by Hannibal's forces in the Battle of Cannae who have come as Carthaginian hostages to Rome to plead for their ransom (and those of their fellow prisoners), and who then refuse to return to Carthaginian captivity when the Senate refuses to ransom any prisoners. The second group are those Romans who have advocated surrender to Carthage after the Battle of Cannae, or who have made plans to flee Rome and offer their services in Greece, Egypt, or Asia Minor.
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Q. Fabius Maximus
541 (213) |
Casilinum and Arpi are recovered by the Romans from Hannibal. |
Q. Fulvius Flaccus 3rdx
542 (212) |
Publius Licinius Crassus Dives is elected "pontifex maximus" over more distinguished candidates, despite never having held any major offices. He will hold this position until his death.
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Roman soldiers billeted in Tarentum so alienate the citizens of the city that conspirators admit the Carthaginian general Hannibal to the city. The conspirators then defeat the Roman contingent in it. Hannibal keeps control of his troops so that looting is limited to Roman houses. The citadel in Tarentum remains under Roman control, which denies Hannibal the use of the harbour.
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The Roman consuls, Appius Claudius Pulcher and Quintus Fulvius Flaccus, besiege Capua with eight legions. Hanno the Elder moves to Beneventum to try to help the inhabitants of Capua, but he is defeated by the Romans.
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The Capuans then send an appeal for help to Hannibal. In response, Hannibal sends 2,000 Numidian cavalry as reinforcements to Capua. The combined Carthaginian forces defeat the Roman force led by Flaccus and Pulcher, the latter of whom will soon die of wounds he has sustained.
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| Battle of the Silarus Carthage 27K 2K vs Rome 16K 15KX 1KC |
| Battle of Herdonia Carthage 25K MinX vs Rome 18K 16KX |
After a two years' siege, Roman general, Marcus Claudius Marcellus, gradually forces his way into Syracuse and takes it in the face of strong Carthaginian reinforcements and despite the use of engines of war designed by the Greek mathematician and scientist Archimedes (such as the Claw of Archimedes).
Although Marcellus wishes to spare the lives of the Syracusans, he is unable to prevent the sack of the city by his soldiers, which includes the killing of Archimedes. Marcellus carries off the art treasures of Syracuse to Rome, the first recorded instance of a practice which is to become common.
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Cn. Fulvius Centumalus Maximus
543 (211) |
With the capture of Syracuse, the Romans are able to pacify all of Sicily. |
The Romans besiege the town of Capua (which is allied with Hannibal). The town eventually falls to the Romans and its citizens are punished by them. The town's nobility are put to the sword, its territory is confiscated and its municipal organisation is dissolved.
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Hannibal marches northwards on the city of Rome in a belated and unsuccessful effort to capture the city. Rome faces the burdens of inflation and the danger of famine, caused by the disturbed conditions in Italy and Sicily and the withdrawal of so many men from farming. The situation is only relieved by an urgent appeal by the Romans to the King of Egypt, Ptolemy IV, from whom grain is purchased at three times the usual price.
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Hasdrubal Barca returns to Spain after his victory over the rebellious Numidians. He then manages to turn the tide against the Romans in Spain, with the Roman generals Publius Cornelius Scipio and his brother Gnaeus Cornelius Scipio Calvus killed in separate battles—Publius on the upper Baetis (Guadalquivir) and Gnaeus in the hinterland of Carthago Nova (Cartagena). The Carthaginians recover all their territory south of the Ebro.
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Roman commander Marcus Valerius Laevinus explores the possibility of an alliance with the Aetolian League as the Aetolians are once again ready to consider taking up arms against their traditional enemy, Macedonia. A treaty is signed to counter Philip V of Macedon who is allied to Hannibal. Under the treaty, the Aetolians are to conduct operations on land, the Romans at sea. Also, Rome will keep any slaves and other booty taken and Aetolia will receive control of any territory acquired.
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M. Claudius Marcellus 4
544 (210) |
Following the death of his father, Publius Cornelius Scipio, and his uncle, Gnaeus Cornelius Scipio Calvus, at the hands of the Carthaginians, the young Publius Cornelius Scipio takes over command of the Roman troops in Spain. His appointment reflects the Roman Senate's dissatisfaction with the cautious strategy of the propraetor, Gaius Claudius Nero, then commander in Spain north of the Ebro.
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The famine and inflation facing Rome is eased with the pacification by the Romans of Sicily.
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| 2nd battle of Herdonia Carthage 25K MinX vs Rome >20K 13KX |
Roman general Marcus Claudius Marcellus is elected consul for the fourth time and takes Salapia in Apulia, which has revolted and joined forces with Hannibal.
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Q. Fabius Maximus Verrucosus V
545 (209) |
| Romans under Quintus Fabius Maximus Verrucosus capture Tarentum (modern Taranto), which the Carthaginian general Hannibal has held for three years. |
| Battle of Canusium Rome 20K 5.7KX vs Carthage 16K 8KX |
From his headquarters at Tarraco (Tarragona), Publius Cornelius Scipio, the Roman commander in Spain, launches a combined military and naval assault on the Carthaginian headquarters at Carthago Nova (modern-day Cartagena). He successfully besieges and captures the city. In capturing this city, Scipio gains access to copious stores and supplies, Spanish hostages, the local silver mines, a splendid harbour and a base for an advance farther south.
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M. Claudius Marcellus V
546 (208) |
The Romans under Publius Cornelius Scipio defeat the Carthaginians under their commander Hasdrubal Barca at Baecula (Bailen) in Baetica. As a result, Hasdrubal Barca decides to cross the Pyrenees with his remaining troops into Transalpine Gaul, with the intention of joining his brother Hannibal in Italy.
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The Roman general Marcus Claudius Marcellus is killed in battle while fighting Hannibal inconclusively near Venusia, Apulia.
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Hannibal destroys a Roman force engaged in the siege of Locri Epizephyri. |
C. Claudius Nero
547 (207) |
The Roman general Gaius Claudius Nero fights an indecisive battle with the Carthaginian general Hannibal at Grumentum. Nero is unable to stop Hannibal's advance into Canusium. Nevertheless, he rapidly marches the elite parts of his army some one hundred kilometres north to reinforce the army of Marcus Livius Salinator.
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| Battle of Metaurus River Rome 47K 8L 7KAu vs Carthage 30K 25KS 5KC 15E 10KX 10KC |
L. Veturius Philo
548 (206) |
| Battle of Ilipa Spain Rome 48K 45KS 3KC 7KX vs Carthage 54.5 50KS 4.5KC 32E 48.5X 6KEs |
The Roman general Publius Cornelius Scipio secures Gades, thus making Roman control of Spain complete. With the effective withdrawal of the Carthaginians from Spain, Hispania becomes a Roman province.
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The city of Italica (north west of modern Seville, Spain) is founded by Scipio as a place to settle for the Roman soldiers wounded in the Battle of Ilipa.
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After having successfully driven the Carthaginians out of Spain, Scipio returns in triumph to Rome and is elected consul. He then prepares to carry the war into Carthage's territory in North Africa.
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P. Cornelius Scipio Africanus
549 (205) |
Publius Cornelius Scipio boldly determines to disregard Hannibal in Italy and political opposition in the Roman Senate and rather decides to strike at the Carthaginian holdings in North Africa. Scipio crosses to Sicily with an army consisting partly of volunteers as the Roman Senate would not provide him with an army.
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The Roman propraetor Quintus Pleminius captures the town of Locri Epizephyrii from the Carthaginians. Hannibal's attempt to recapture the town is foiled by the appearance of Scipio's army.
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Scipio sends the Roman general Gaius Laelius to North Africa to prepare the way for his later invasion.
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A Carthaginian army under Mago Barca lands in Liguria, capturing Genoa and Savona. |
Hannibal erects a bilingual Punic/Greek inscription describing his accomplishments in the temple of Juno Lacinia near Crotone.
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550 - 2 (204 - 2) 2 Scipio Africanus Major invades Africa
| Battles of Croton Rome 4L vs Carthage |
Roman forces under Publius Cornelius Scipio besiege Utica in Carthaginia. Scipio is unable to stop the combined forces of the Carthaginians under Hasdrubal Gisco and the Numidians under their chief, Syphax, and he is forced to lift his siege of Utica.
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Cn. Servilius Caepio
551 (203) |
| Battle of Great Plains Rome & Numidia vs Carthage 30K 30K- |
Roman general, Gaius Laelius, and Rome's Numidian ally, Masinissa, follow Syphax towards Cirta, the Numidian capital. In the pursuit, Syphax is captured after his badly wounded horse throws him off. He is delivered to Scipio and is made a prisoner of the Romans, dying in the Italian town of Alba Fucens later in the year.
| Masinissa becomes king of both the Massyli and the Massaesyli tribes in Numidia and remains a loyal ally to the Romans. |
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The Carthaginian general, Mago Barca, is defeated and wounded by the Romans in a battle in Cisalpine Gaul. He dies of his wounds on the return voyage to Carthage.
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A preliminary armistice between Carthage and Rome is declared and the Carthaginian armies accept Scipio's severe terms. However, on his return to Carthage, Hannibal concentrates the remnants of the Carthaginian forces at Hadrumetum (modern Sousse, Tunisia) and prepares them for battle.
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M. Servilius Pulex Geminus
552 (202) |
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| 552 (202) Carthage's territories reduced to city itself, & crippling reparations are demanded by Rome. |
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Cn. Cornelius Lentulus
553 (201) |
Romans oust the Carthaginians from Malta. |
In Rome, according to the Roman historian Livy, land is distributed to veterans of the Second Punic War. This is the first documented instance of a practice that later becomes commonplace.
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P. Sulpicius Galba Maximus 2ndx
554 (200) |
2nd Macedonia War 554 - 50 (200 - 196) 4
| Battle of Cremona Italy Rome 18KS 2.4C 2KX vs Gauls 40K >35KX |
The bacchanalia are wild and mystic festivals of the Roman god Bacchus which are introduced into Rome from lower Italy by way of Etruria
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The Roman ambassador to Greece, Syria, and Egypt, Marcus Aemilius Lepidus delivers an ultimatum to Philip V warning Macedonia not to make war on any Greek state. Philip decides to reject the Roman ultimatum and the Romans declare war on Macedon, thus starting the Second Macedonian War.
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| 554 (200) Veiovis Temple Rome |
Supremacy of New Nobility
467 - 621 (287 - 133) 154 |
L. Cornelius Lentulus
555 (199) |
The Roman general Gnaeus Baebius Tamphilus attacks the Insubres in Gaul, but loses over 6,700 soldiers in the process. |
The Roman law, Lex Porcia, is proposed by the tribune P. Porcius Laeca to give Roman citizens in Italy and provinces the right of appeal in capital cases.
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Sex. Aelius Paetus Catus
556 (198) |
After his election to the consulship, Titus Quinctius Flamininus is chosen to replace Publius Sulpicius Galba Maximus as the leading Romangeneral in Macedonia. He then crosses into Macedonia with his army. Flamininus realizes that future peace depends on breaking the power of king Philip V of Macedon, not merely humbling him. He secures the backing of the Achaean League and then opens peace negotiations with Philip at Nicaea in Locris. Though peace proposals are submitted to the Roman Senate, the talks break down, and fighting resumes.
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| Battle of Aous Albania Rome vs Macedon |
C. Cornelius Cethegus
557 (197) |
| Battle of Cynoscephalae Greece Rome & Aelolian League 32.5K 22S 8LI 2.5C 20E 700X 2KW vs Macedon 25.5KT 16KPh 2KLI 5.5Al 2C 8X 5C |
| Hispania divided into Hispania Ulterior & Hispania Citerior |
L. Furius Purpureo
558 (196) |
| Treaty of Tempe
Philip keeps throne but loses Greece & Asia, & pays 1,000 talents (30 tonnes/66,000 pounds)
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The Insubres, Gauls of the Po Valley, believed by the Romans to have been incited to revolt by Carthage, are finally defeated. |
A new category of Roman priests, the tresviri epulones, are elected to supervise the feasts of the gods; the first three men selected are Gaius Licinius Lucullus, Publius Manlius, and Publius Porcius Laeca.
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At the Isthmian Games at Corinth, the Roman general and pro-consul Titus Quinctius Flamininus proclaims that all Greeks are to be free and governed by their own laws. For this deed he is hailed in many Greek cities as a saviour and accorded homage alongside the gods.
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Flamininus accuses the Spartan ruler, Nabis, of tyranny, takes Gythium in Laconia and forces Nabis to surrender Argos. |
L. Valerius Flaccus
559 (195) |
A Spanish revolt against Roman consolidation of the ex-Carthaginian colonies is effectively put down by Marcus Porcius Cato ("the Censor"). He avoids one defeat by paying the Celtiberians 200 talents (around 120,000 denarii), a much-criticised tactic. On Cato's return to Rome, Aemilius Paulus succeeds him as Roman governor in Spain.
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The Roman sumptuary law, the Lex Oppia, which restricts not only a woman's wealth, but also her display of wealth, is repealed despite consulMarcus Porcius Cato's strong opposition.
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The Battle of Gythium is fought between Sparta and a coalition of Rome, Rhodes, the Achaean League and Pergamum. As the port of Gythiumis an important Spartan base, the allies decide to capture it before they advance inland to Sparta. The Romans and the Acheans are joined outside the city by the Pergamese and Rhodian fleets. The Spartans hold out, however the pro-consul Titus Quinctius Flamininus arrives with 4,000 extra men. Facing too great an army, the Spartans decide to surrender the city on the condition that the garrison can leave unharmed. As a result, Nabis, the tyrant of Sparta, is forced to abandon the surrounding land and withdraw to the city of Sparta. Later that year, Sparta capitulates to the allies.
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Because of his administrative and constitutional reforms in Carthage, Hannibal becomes unpopular with an important faction of the Carthaginian nobility and he is denounced to the Romans for inciting the Seleucid king Antiochus III to take up arms against the Romans. Rome demands that Carthage surrender Hannibal. However, Hannibal voluntarily goes into exile.
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| Battle of Placentia Rome vs Boii Livy at 34.46-47 |
The Italian towns of Liternum and Puteoli become Roman colonies |
With the Roman legions under Flaminius returning to Italy, the Greek states are once again on their own. The Romans leave the dominant powers in the region; the kingdom of Macedonia, the Aetolians, the strengthened Achaean League and the weakened Sparta. The Aetolians, who have opposed the Roman intervention in Greek affairs, incite the Spartan leader, Nabis, to retake his former territories and regain his influence in Greek affairs.
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Eumenes II of Pergamum appeals to Rome for help against the Seleucid king Antiochus III who is threatening to conquer Greece. The Roman pro-consul Titus Quinctius Flamininus supports the Roman championship of Greek autonomy in Anatolia. Flamininus is sent to negotiate with Antiochus III and warns him not to interfere with the Greek states. Antiochus does not accept that Flamininus has the authority to speak for the Greeks and only promises to leave Greece alone only if the Romans do the same. Flamininus attempts to rally the Greeks against Antiochus III and to counter the pro-Seleucid policy of the Aetolians. When the Aetolians call on Antiochus III for aid, Flamininus persuades the Achaean League to declare war on both parties. He also prevents Philopoemen from taking Sparta.
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The Achaeans respond to Sparta's renewed interest in recovering lost territory by sending an envoy to Rome with a request for help. In response, the Roman Senate sends the praetor Atilius with a navy, as well as an embassy headed by Titus Quinctius Flamininus. Not waiting for the Roman fleet to arrive, the Achaean army and navy head towards Gythium under the command of Philopoemen. The Achaean fleet under Tiso is defeated by the Spartan fleet. On land, the Achaeans are unable to defeat the Spartan forces outside Gythium and Philopoemen retreats to Tegea. When Philopoemen reenters Laconia for a second attempt, his forces are ambushed by the Spartan tyrant, Nabis, but nevertheless Philopoemen manages to gain a victory over the Spartan forces. Philopoemen's plans for capturing Sparta itself are put on hold at the request of the Roman envoy Flaminius after his arrival in Greece. In return, Nabis decides, for the moment, to accept the status quo. Nabis then appeals to the Aetolians for help. They send 1,000 cavalry under the command of Alexamenus to Sparta. However, the Aetolians murder Nabis and temporarily occupy Sparta. The Aetolian troops seize the palace and set about looting the city, but the inhabitants of Sparta are able to rally and force them leave the city. Philopoemen, however, takes advantage of the Aetolian treachery and enters Sparta with his Achaean army. Now in full control of Sparta, Philopoemen forces Sparta to become a member state of the Achaean League. Seleucid forces under their king, Antiochus III, invade Greece at the invitation of the Aetolian League, who are revolting against the Romans. The Aetolians appoint him commander in chief of their league. Antiochus lands in Demetrias, Thessaly with only 10,500 men and occupies Euboea. However, he finds little support for his cause in central Greece.
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L. Cornelius Merula
561 (193) |
L. Quinctius Flamininus
562 (192) |
P. Cornelius Scipio Nasica
563 (191) |
563 - 6 (191 - 88) 3 Roman-Syrian War
| Battle of Thermopylae Greece Rome 22K fewE 200X vs Seleucid 10.5K 10K 36.16-19 |
Manius Acilius Glabrio then turns his attention to the Aetolian League, which has persuaded Antiochus to declare war against Rome, and is only prevented from crushing them by the intercession of Titus Quinctius Flamininus.
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The Roman calendar, which is four months ahead of the seasons, is adjusted (by Lex Acilia de intercalando). |
Cisalpine Gaul becomes a Roman province. |
The Carthaginians manage to collect the indemnity due to Rome (through the peace treaty signed between them ten years earlier) but not payable in full for 50 years. The Romans, in order to keep their hold on Carthage, refuse to accept the early payment of the indemnity.
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L. Cornelius Scipio Asiaticus
564 (190) |
| Battle of Eurymedon River Rhodes Rome & Rhodesvs Seleucids Livy 37.23-24 |
| Battle of Myonessus Greece Rhodes 83 25R 2- vs Seleucids 90 16X 13C Livy 37.23-24 |
As Philip V of Macedon has aided Rome against her enemies on the Greek peninsula, his tribute to Rome is remitted and his son, Demetrius, is restored to him after being held hostage in Rome for a number of years.
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One of the main highways in Roman Italy, the Via Appia, is extended to Benevento and Venosa.
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| Battle of Magnesia Turkey Rome 30K 16E 349X vs Seleucid 70K 50KX |
Following Antiochus III's defeat by the Romans, the two Armenian satraps of Antiochus III's, Artaxias and Zariadres, declare themselves independent of the Seleucids. With Roman consent, they establish themselves as kings of the Kingdom of Armenia and the district of Sophene(Armenia Minor), respectively. Artaxias builds his capital, Artaxata, on the Araxes River (now the Aras River) near Lake Sevan.
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For assisting the Romans in defeating Antiochus III, Eumenes II of Pergamum is rewarded with a great increase in territory. He is given control over the Thracian Chersonese (the modern Gallipoli peninsula) and over most of the former Seleucid possessions in Anatolia.
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M. Fulvius Nobilior
565 (189) |
Cato the Elder criticizes the consul Marcus Fulvius Nobilior for giving awards to Roman soldiers for doing ordinary tasks such as digging wells.
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The defeat of Antiochus III by the Romans in the Battle of Magnesia robs the Aetolian League of its principal foreign ally and makes it impossible for them to stand alone in continued opposition to Rome. The League is forced to sign a peace treaty with Rome that makes it a subject ally of the Republic. Although the League continues to exist in name, the power of the League is broken by the treaty and it never again constitutes a significant political or military force.
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The Romans under consul Gnaeus Manlius Vulso, along with a Pergamene army under Eumenes II, defeat the Galatians in Anatolia and make them subjects of Pergamum
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M. Valerius Messalla
566 (188) |
Treaty of Apamea Roman & Seleucid surrenders all Greek & Anatolian possessions as far east as the Taurus Mountains, to pay 15,000 talents over a period of 12 years and to surrender to Rome the former Carthaginian general Hannibal, his elephants and his fleet, and furnish hostages, including the king's eldest son, Demetrius. Rome is now the master of the Eumenes II receives the provinces of Phrygia, Lydia, Lycia, Pisidia, and Pamphylia from his Roman allies, as the Romans have no desire to actually administer territory in Hellenistic Anatolia but want to see a strong, friendly state in Anatolia as a buffer zone against any possible Seleucid expansion in the future.eastern Mediterranean while Antiochus III's empire is reduced to Syria, Mesopotamia, and western Iran.
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M. Aemilius Lepidus
567 (187) |
Tiberius Gracchus Major elected tribune of plebs.
Uses veto to save Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus Major from trial so Scipio betrothes his youngest daughter, Cornelia, to him. |
The rapid spread of the Bacchanalia cult throughout the Roman Republic, which, it is claimed, indulges in all kinds of crimes and political conspiracies at its nocturnal meetings, leads to the Roman Senate issuing a decree, the Senatus consultum de Bacchanalibus, by which the Bacchanalia are prohibited throughout all Italy except in certain special cases which must be approved specifically by the Senate.
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Sp. Postumius Albinus
568 (186) |
Ap. Claudius Pulcher
569 (185) |
General brothers Scipio & Lucius Africanus accused by Cato Elder of being bribed by late Seleucid king Antiochus III.
Spicio denies it but is exiled to his house at Liternum. |
Cato Elder & Lucius Valerius Flaccus elected censors
1 Preserves "ancestral customs" & combats Greek influence which promote immorality.
2 Taxes luxury & revises list of persons eligible for the Senate.
3 Controls tax abusers
4 Supports
public building |
Appius Claudius Pulcher goes w/ embassy to Macedonia & Greece to see if Philip plans war with Rome
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| Basilica Porcia
completed oldest known Cato the Elder during the time he is censor. The building is used by the Romans for transacting business and disposing of legal matters.
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M. Claudius Marcellus
571 (183) |
Roman colonies are established at Mutina (later Modena), Pisa and Parma in northern and central Italy. |
The Roman statesman Titus Quinctius Flamininus is sent to the court of Prusias I, king of Bithynia, to demand the surrender of the former Carthaginian statesman and general Hannibal. When Hannibal finds out that Prusias is about to agree to the Roman demands and thus betray him, he poisons himself in the village of Libyssa in Bithynia.
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Cn. Baebius Tamphilus
572 (182) |
576 - 8 (181 - 79) 2 1st Celtiberian War Spain Rome vs Pellendones, the Arevaci, the Lusones, the Titti and the Belli
P. Cornelius Cethegus
573 (181) |
Rome founds a colony at Aquileia, on the narrow strip of land between the mountains and the lagoons, as a frontier fortress to check the advance of the Illyrians.
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Pharnaces I of Pontus decides to attack both Eumenes II of Pergamum and Ariarathes IV of Cappadocia and therefore invades Galatia with a large force. Eumenes leads an army to oppose him, however, hostilities are soon suspended following the arrival of Roman deputies, who have been appointed by the Roman Senate to inquire into the matters in dispute. Negotiations take place at Pergamum but are inconclusive, with Pharnaces' demands being rejected by the Romans as unreasonable. As a consequence, the war between Pontus and Pergamum and Cappadocia is renewed.
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Rome completes its subjugation of all of Italy with the defeat of the Ligurians in a battle near modern Genoa. Rome deports 40,000 Ligurians to other areas of the Republic.
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Lucca becomes a Roman colony. |
After three years of intriguing against his younger brother Demetrius, including accusing him of coveting the succession to the Macedonian throne and being allied to Rome, Perseus persuades his father King Philip V of Macedon to have Demetrius executed.
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A. Postumius Albinus Luscus
574 (180) |
Q. Fulvius Flaccus
575 (179) |
Tiberius Gracchus Major goes to Hispania as Roman governor to deal with uprisings there. |
Marcus Aemilius Lepidus is appointed both censor and princeps senatus. |
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M. Iunius Brutus
576 (178) |
conquering the Vaccaei and Lusitani during his time as Romancommander in the province of Hispania Ulterior.
In Rome, the praetor Lucius Postumius Albinus celebrates a triumph after
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One of Perseus' first acts on becoming king of Macedonia is to renew the treaty between Macedonia and Rome. In the mean time, Perseus builds up the Macedonian army and puts out feelers for creating an alliance with the Greek leagues, with his northern barbarian neighbours, and also with the Seleucid king Seleucus IV.
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C. Claudius Pulcher
577 (177) |
After two military campaigns, the Romans finally subdue the Illyrian tribe of the Histri. |
Luni in northern Italy is founded by the Romans with the name Luna at the mouth of the Magra River. |
Cn. Cornelius Scipio Hispallus
578 (176) |
The Roman general, Tiberius Gracchus Major, subdues Sardinia, enslaving some of the population.
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P. Mucius Scaevola
579 (175)
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583 (174) Streets of Rome Paved |
Lucius Postumius Albinus
581 (173) |
Gaius Popillius Laenas
582 (172) |
Eumenes II of Pergamum travels to Rome to warn the Roman Senate of the danger from Perseus of Macedon. On his return from Rome, Eumenes II is nearly killed at Delphi and Perseus is suspected of being the instigator.
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The peace treaty at the end of the Second Punic War requires that all border disputes involving Carthage be arbitrated by the Roman Senateand requires Carthage to get explicit Roman approval before going to war. As a result, envoys from Carthage appear before the Roman Senate to request resolution of a boundary dispute with Numidia. The dispute is decided in Numidia's favour.
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The first Roman colony outside Italy is founded at Carteia in southern Hispania after Iberian-born descendants of Roman soldiers appear before the Roman Senate to request a town to live in and are given Carteia, which is named Colonia Libertinorum Carteia.
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Lucius Postumius Albinus is sent by Rome as an ambassador to King Masinissa of Numidia, and to the Carthaginians in order to raise troops for the war against Perseus of Macedonia.
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Publius Licinius Crassus
583 (171) |
3rd Macedonian War 586 - 9 (171 - 68) 3 Rome, Pergamon, Thessalians, Aechean, Aetolians, Numidians vs Macedon, Odrysian, Crete, Epirus, Aetolia, Athamania
Epirus joins Macedonia in the latter's fight against Rome. However, the Greek leagues remain neutral.
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Epirus joins Macedonia in the latter's fight against Rome. However, the Greek leagues remain neutral.
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| Battle of Callinicus Greece Macedon, Odrysian, Cretans, Aux 40SX 20CX vs Rome, Thessalonian cavalry, Aetolians, Pergamon, Italians, Greeks 2KX 600C 200C- |
The first Roman colony outside Italy is founded at Carteia in southern Hispania after Iberian-born descendants of Roman soldiers appear before the Roman Senate to request a town to live in and are given Carteia, which is named Colonia Libertinorum Carteia.
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The first Roman colony outside Italy is founded at Carteia in southern Hispania after Iberian-born descendants of Roman soldiers appear before the Roman Senate to request a town to live in and are given Carteia, which is named Colonia Libertinorum Carteia.
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Aulus Hostilius Mancinus
584 (170) |
| 587 (167) Concord Temple Rome |
587 (170) 1st Public Bakery |
Q. Marcius Philippus
585 (169) |
The first Roman colony outside Italy is founded at Carteia in southern Hispania after Iberian-born descendants of Roman soldiers appear before the Roman Senate to request a town to live in and are given Carteia, which is named Colonia Libertinorum Carteia.
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King Perseus asks the Seleucid King Antiochus IV to join forces with him against the danger that Rome presents to all of the Hellenic monarchs. Antiochus IV does not respond.
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Lex Voconia (The Voconian Law) is introduced in Rome by the tribune, Quintus Voconius Saxa, with the support of Cato the Elder. This law prohibits those who own property valued at 100,000 sesterces from making a woman their heir.
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L. Aemilius Paullus Macedonicus
586 (168) |
Lex Voconia (The Voconian Law) is introduced in Rome by the tribune, Quintus Voconius Saxa, with the support of Cato the Elder. This law prohibits those who own property valued at 100,000 sesterces from making a woman their heir.
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| Battle of Pydna Rome 29K 25KS 4KC 22E 1K+X vs Macedon 44K 40KS 4KC 25K- |
Macedon divided into four client republics. Many hostages takes including Polybius.
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Macedon divided into four client republics. Many hostages takes including Polybius.
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The fleet of the Seleucid king Antiochus IV wins a victory off Cyprus, whose governor then surrenders the island to him.
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Antiochus IV then invades Egypt again and occupies Lower Egypt and his forces camp outside Alexandria. However, the Roman ambassador in Alexandria, Gaius Popillius Laenas, intervenes. He presents Antiochus IV with an ultimatum that he evacuate Egypt and Cyprus immediately. Antiochus, taken by surprise, asks for time to consider. Popillius, however, draws a circle in the earth (i.e. "a line in the sand") around the king with his walking stick and demands an unequivocal answer before Antiochus leaves the circle. Fearing the consequences of a war with Rome, the king agrees to comply with the ambassador's demands. In return, the Romans agree that Antiochus IV can retain southern Syria, to which Egypt has laid claim, thus enabling Antiochus IV to preserve the territorial integrity of his realm.
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Q. Aelius Paetus
587 (167) |
590 (167) Rome takes Illyria |
Lucius Aemilius Paulus returns to Italy with the King of Macedonia, Perseus, as his prisoner for his triumphal procession in Rome, where the Macedonians captured are sold into slavery. The huge amount of booty brought home after the battle enriches Rome allowing the Government to relieve her citizens of direct taxation. As a gesture of acknowledgment for his achievements in Macedonia, the senate awards Lucius Aemilius Paulus the surname Macedonicus.
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M. Claudius Marcellus
588 (166) |
T. Manlius Torquatus
589 (165) |
Rhodes signs a treaty with Rome and becomes its ally.
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The Egyptian King Ptolemy VI Philometor is expelled from Alexandria by his brother Ptolemy VIII Euergetes and flees to Rome to seek support.
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The Seleucid king Antiochus IV Epiphanes dies while on a campaign in Tabae (or Gabae, now Isfahan) in Persia. He is succeeded by his son Antiochus V Eupator who is only nine years old. The regent for the boy is the late king's chancellor, Lysias, who has been left in charge of Syria when Antiochus IV departed for his campaign in Persia. Lysias is, however, seriously challenged by other Syrian generals and finds himself with a precarious hold on power. To make matters worse for him, the Roman Senate is holding Demetrius, the son of the former king Seleucus IVand, therefore, the rightful heir to the Seleucid throne, as a hostage. By threatening to release him, the Senate is able to influence events in the Seleucid kingdom.
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Ti. Sempronius Gracchus 2ndx
591 (163) |
The Egyptian king Ptolemy VI Philometor is restored to his throne through the intervention of the citizens of Alexandria. However, the Romans intervene and decide to partition the Ptolemaic realm, ordering Ptolemy VIII Euergetes into Cyrenaica and giving Ptolemy VI Cyprus and Egypt. The two brothers accept the Roman partition.
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The Egyptian king Ptolemy VI Philometor is restored to his throne through the intervention of the citizens of Alexandria. However, the Romans intervene and decide to partition the Ptolemaic realm, ordering Ptolemy VIII Euergetes into Cyrenaica and giving Ptolemy VI Cyprus and Egypt. The two brothers accept the Roman partition.
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| 594 (163) Heauton Timorumenos (The Self-Tormentor) by Terence |
P. Cornelius Scipio Nasica Corculum
592 (162) |
M. Valerius Messalla
596 (161) |
| 596 (161) Phormio by Terence |
596 (161) Jewish/Roman Treaty 1rst treaty with Jews on record. |
L. Anicius Gallus
597 (160) |
| 597 (160) Adelphoe (The Brothers) by Terence 1st performed at the funeral of the Roman general, Lucius Aemilius Paullus Macedonicus.
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Cn. Cornelius Dolabella
598 (159)
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M. Aemilius Lepidus
599 (158) |
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Kingdom of Syracuse
19 - 542 (734 - 212) 522
Tyrants
262 - 542 (491 - 212) 279 |
Gelon 1
542 - 55 (491 - 78) 13 |
Hiero 1
555 - 67 (478 - 66) 12 |
Thrasybulus
567 - 8 (466 - 5) 1 |
Democracy
568 - 349 (465 - 05) 60 |
Dionysius 1, Elder
349 - 87 (405 - 367) 38 |
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| 304 (450) Apollo Temple Sosianus Rome |
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Republic of Rome
244 - 727 (509 - 27) 482 |
L. Cornelius Lentulus Lupus
601 (156) |
Rome orders Cappadocian king to reject marraige proposal from Seleucid king's sister |
Seleucids attack Cappadocia & replace king w/ late king's son.
Ex king flees to Rome. |
| Rome arbitrates truce Carthage & Masinissa |
| Cato visits Carthage & decides it is too dangerous to exist so he says "Moreover, I advise that Carthage must be destroyed" at end of all his speeches, no matter what subject they concern. |
Cappadocian king, Orophernes, sends two ambassadors to Rome to join the Seleucid emissaries of Demetrius in opposing Ariarathes V's return to power. Despite their efforts, Ariarathes V is restored to his throne by the Romans. However, Rome allows Orophernes to reign jointly with him. The joint government, however, does not last long, as Ariarathes V becomes sole king of Cappadocia shortly afterwards.
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Lusitanian War 602 - 17 (155 - 40) 15 Rome vs Lusitanians
| 602 (155) 1st Lusitanian revolt |
602 (155) 1st Dalmatian war
P. Cornelius Scipio Nasica Corculum 2ndx
602 (155) |
As part of the Roman efforts to fully conquer and occupy the whole of Illyria, a Roman army under consul Publius Cornelius Scipio Nasica Corculum attacks the Dalmatians for the first time and conquers the Dalmatian capital of Delminium. As a result, the Dalmatians are compelled to pay tribute to Rome, which puts an end to the first Dalmatian war. In recognition of his victory, Corculum is granted a triumph in Rome.
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Under the command of Punicus and then Cesarus, the Lusitani, a Hispanic tribe, reach a point near modern day Gibraltar. Here they are defeated by the Roman praetor Lucius Mummius.
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603 - 6 (154 - 1) 3 2nd Celtiberian War
The Lusitanians harry the inhabitants of the Roman provinces in Hispania |
Celtiberians of Numantia on the Douro revolt against their Roman occupation. |
The uprisings in Rome's Hispanic provinces oblige the year's consuls to take office earlier than the traditional date of 15 March, a change that becomes permanent. Some suggest that, as a consequence, January 1 becomes the first day of the Roman year.
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Q. Fulvius Nobilior
604 (153)
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M. Claudius Marcellus 3rdx
605 (152) |
L. Licinius Lucullus
606 (151) |
The uprisings in Rome's Hispanic provinces oblige the year's consuls to take office earlier than the traditional date of 15 March, a change that becomes permanent. Some suggest that, as a consequence, January 1 becomes the first day of the Roman year.
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Roman forces help the thriving Greek commercial port of Massilia combat raids from the Celts from Cisalpine Gaul.
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Roman armies under the leadership of praetor Servius Sulpicius Galba and the proconsul Lucius Licinius Lucullus arrive in Hispania Ulterior and begin the process of subduing the local population. The revolt of the Celtiberians of Numantia is stopped.
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The Carthaginian debt to Rome is fully repaid, meaning that, according to Carthage, the treaty with Rome, which was put in place at the end of the Second Punic War, is no longer in force. The Romans do not agree with this interpretation. Instead they view the treaty as a permanent declaration of Carthaginian subordination to Rome.
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Numidia launches another border raid on Carthaginian soil, besieging a town.
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In response Carthage launches a large military expedition (25,000 soldiers) to repel the Numidian invaders.
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Scipio Aemilianus is sent by the Roman general, Lucius Licinius Lucullus, to Numidia to obtain some elephants from the Numidian king Masinissa, the friend of his grandfather Scipio Africanus. While there, he witnesses a great but indecisive battle between the Numidians and the Carthaginians. The latter then asks Scipio Aemilianus to arrange a settlement, but the negotiations break down.
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The Roman Senate shows displeasure with Carthage's decision to wage war against its neighbour without Roman consent, and tells Carthage that in order to avoid a war it has to "satisfy the Roman People". The Roman censor, Cato the Elder, urges the destruction of Carthage and the Roman Senate orders the gathering of an army.
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The Romans, led by praetor Servius Sulpicius Galba, defeat the Lusitanians in a major battle in Hispania. He then breaks his promise to the defeated Lusitanian rebels by instituting a massacre of 9,000 of their number during the peace talks. Later 20,000 more Lusitanians are sold as slaves in Gaul.
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Q. Fulvius Nobilior
607 (150) |
| 904 (150?) Hercules Temple Rome |
607 - 57 (150 - 100) 50 Germans meet Romans - hate at first sight. |
L. Marcius Censorinus
608 (149) |
608 (149 - 6) 3 3rd Punic War
- Carthage in Flames 1959
| 609 - 11 (148 - 6) 2 Battle of Carthage Tunisia Rome 80KS 4KC 17KX vs Carthage 400K 366KCi 30KS 4KC 300E 350KX 50KSl |
Sp. Postumius Albinus Magnus
609 (148) |
| 606 (148) Postumia Road Italy reconstructed |
Battle of Pydna Rome vs Macedon
609 (148) Macedonia becomes a Roman providence. |
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The Romans, led by praetor Servius Sulpicius Galba, defeat the Lusitanians in a major battle in Hispania. He then breaks his promise to the defeated Lusitanian rebels by instituting a massacre of 9,000 of their number during the peace talks. Later 20,000 more Lusitanians are sold as slaves in Gaul.
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Publius Cornelius Scipio Aemilianus divides Numidia among the three sons of the recently deceased Masinissa.
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Publius Cornelius Scipio Aemilianus divides Numidia among the three sons of the recently deceased Masinissa.
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| Naval Battle Rome vs Carthage |
610 - 11 (147 - 6) 2 Seige of Carthage Rome vs Carthage
Cn. Cornelius Lentulus
611 (146) |
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611 (146) Carthage destroyed |
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With Roman help, Nicomedes II overthrows his father Prusias II as king of Bithynia.
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Servius Sulpicius Galba is prosecuted for corruption while serving in Spain, but is acquitted after he parades his weeping family members before the tribunal.
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611 (146) Battle of Corinth Greece Rome 23KS 3.5C vs Achaean League 14K 600C Corinth destroyed by Romans |
611 (146) Greece became a Province under name of Athens. |
611 (146) Greek city-states become part of Roman Empire. |
Q. Fabius Maximus Aemilianus
612 (145) |
Hipparchus determines the length of the tropical year.
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Ser. Sulpicius Galba
613 (144) |
| 610 - 4 (144 - 40) 4 Marcia Aqueduct |
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Ap. Claudius Pulcher
611 (143) |
Numantine War 614 - 24 (143 - 33) 10
| 1st Seige of Numantia Numantia vs Rome |
L. Caecilius Metellus Calvus
612 (142) |
| 612 - 2352 (142 BC - 1598 AD) 1740 Aemilius Bridge Rome Life |
| Pons Aemilius World's 1st stone bridge is completed across the Tiber River in Rome.
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Cn. Servilius Caepio
613 (141) |
C. Laelius (Sapiens)
614 (140) |
Scipio Aemilianus leads a group of Roman ambassadors to Alexandria, where they meet with Ptolemy VIII.
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The Lusitanian War ends when the rebellion collapses after the assassination of Viriathus by a Roman agent
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Cn. Calpurnius Piso
615 (139) |
| Hipparchus discovers length of synodic month very precise |
P. Cornelius Scipio Nasica Serapio
616 (138) |
Valencia in Spain is founded as a Roman colony
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M. Aemilius Lepidus Porcina
617 (137) |
Tiberius Gracchus, quaestor in Spain, observes that slave labor has displaced small freeheld farms.
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L. Furius Philus
618 (136) |
2nd Seige of Numantia Spain Numantia vs Rome
| Peace treaty Mancinus sent to Numantines as a hostage |
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Ser. Fulvius Flaccus
619 (135) |
622 - 5 (135 - 2) 3 1st Servile War
Slaves led by Eunus of Apamea in Sicily revolt against the Romans
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P. Cornelius Scipio Africanus Aemilianus
620 (134) |
Caius Fulvius Flaccus, as consul, is sent against the slaves. Uprising of 4,000 slaves crushed at Sinuessa, in Campania. Slave uprisings repressed in Attic silver mines and on the island of Delos.
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Hipparchus discovers the precession of the equinoxes
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Hipparchus creates a star catalogue
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Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus, is elected tribune of the people. He attempts to pass a law to redistribute the public land to benefit small landowners. Opposed by wealthier factions in the Roman Senate, he is killed by a group of Senators and their followers that same year.
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| The Kingdom of Pergamum is deeded to Rome. |
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| 3rd Seige of Numantia Rome 60K 20KS 40KAl vs Numantia mostX Scipio, an expert in sieges, builds a ring of seven forts and a ditch palisade before beginning the Siege of Numantia. The perimeter of the circumvallations is twice as long as that of the city. The river Durius (Douro), enables the defenders to be supplied by small boats. |
624 (133) Spain & Pergamus annexed |
P. Popillius Laenas
622 (132)
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P. Licinius Crassus Dives Mucianus
623 (131) |
| Aristonicus of Pergamon leads an uprising against Rome, and consul Publius Licinius Crassus Mucianius is killed in the fighting. |
| The Roman censor Quintus Caecilius Metellus Macedonicus attempts to remove the tribune Gaius Atinius Labeo Macerio from the Senate, the angry Atinius drags him to be thrown off the Tarpeian Rock, and Metellus is only saved by the intervention of other senators. |
| The tribune Gaius Papirius Carbo passes a measure allowing the use of secret ballots in legislative assemblies. |
| For the first time in Roman history, both censors are plebeians (Metellus and Quintus Pompeius). |
| 1st Acta Diurna in Rome. Daily newsstones in Forum |
L. Cornelius Lentulus
624 (130) |
C. Sempronius Tuditanus
625 (129) |
| The Kingdom of Pergamon becomes the Roman Province of Asia upon the defeat of Eumenes III, pretender to the Attalid throne, by M. Perperna. |
| C. Sempronius Tuditanus celebrates his triumph over the Iapydes of Illyria. |
| Scipio Aemilianus, victor of Carthage is assassinated by his enemies in Rome. |
| Total solar eclipse, used by Hipparchus to estimate distance to the moon. |
L. Cassius Longinus Ravilla
627 (127) |
M. Aemilius Lepidus
628 (126) |
M. Plautius Hypsaeus
629 (125) |
| 628 (126) Tepula Aqueduct |
| In Rome, Marcus Fulvius Flaccus proposes the extension of Roman citizenship to the northern Italians, but the Senate reacts by sending him off to deal with disturbances around Massilia. And in so doing commenced the conquest of Transalpine Gaul. |
| Fregellae's revolt against Rome begins in Latium. Later the city is captured and destroyed by the Romans. |
Q. Caecilius Metellus Balearicus
631 (123) |
| Aix-en-Provence founded under the name of Aquae Sextiae by the Roman consul Sextius Calvinus. |
| Quintus Caecilius Metellus conquers the Balearic Islands for Rome, for which he earns the cognomen "Balearicus." He settles 3,000 Roman and Iberian colonists on the islands and founds the cities of Palma and Pollentia. |
Cn. Domitius Ahenobarbus
632 (122) |
| Gracchus passes a law requiring the state to provide weapons and equipment for the soldiers in the Roman army. |
| first of which prohibited a magistrate who had been deposed by the people from holding office a second time. |
| established the right of the people to prosecute any magistrate who had exiled citizens without a trial. |
| Courts with capital punishment, not set up by the people, were now declared illegal by a retrospective measure which saw the former consul Popilius Laenas driven into exile. |
| Further reforms to the judicial system were passed to check the acquittals by senatorial juries of senators charged with extortion |
| the Lex Acilia placed extortion trials under the control of the equites class, and trial procedures were redesigned in favour of the prosecution. |
| Jurists acting in criminal cases were to be drawn from both the senatorial and equestrian classes. |
| larger land allotments so free labourers could be employed. |
| Large overseas colonies were planned to provide for thousands of settlers which may have included some Italians as well as Roman citizens. |
| Lex Frumentaria required that the state buy bulk grain from North Africa and Sicily and distribute it to citizens at a low price, as a monthly ration. |
| Secondary roads were extended throughout Italy, to facilitate trade and communication. |
| Rome's censors auctioned off contracts for tax collection in Asia. |
| Lex Militaris provided for the free issue of clothes and equipment to soldiers, shortened the term of military service and forbade the draft of boys under the age of seventeen. |
| Gaius submitted a franchise bill that sought the extension of Roman citizenship to all Latin citizens, and of Latin citizenship to all Italian allies. The bill was rejected because the Roman plebeians had no wish to share the benefits of citizenship, including subsidised grain and entertainment. The rejection of this measure led, in part, to the disastrous Social War of 90 BC. |
| Gaius changed physically how speeches were delivered from the Rostra. Formerly, when a speaker delivered a speech in the Forum, he turned his face to the right in the direction of the curia, the Senate house, and the Comitium. Instead, Gaius would turn his face to the left, toward the direction of the Forum proper, effectively turning his back on the Senate |
| Gaius personally selected 300 equestrian jurists. |
| The Roman Senate passes the motion senatus consultum ultimum, which the consul Lucius Opimius interprets as giving him unlimited power to preserve the Republic. He gathers an armed force of Senators and their supporters to confront Gaius Gracchus. A pitched battle is fought inside Rome, resulting in the death of Gracchus and many of his followers. |
| A tribunal is established in Rome that executes 3,000 followers of Gracchus. |
| Consul Quintus Fabius Maximus, allied with the Aedui, defeated the Arverni and Allobroges in Transalpine Gaul, thus establishing the province for Rome. |
| Opimian vintage 1st, best & most famous crop of vintage Falernian wine. Bottled from vines grown on Mt Falernus between Latium and Campania. |
| The Teutons and the Cimbri migrate south and west to the Danube valley where they encounter the expanding Roman Republic (approximate date). |
L. Caecilius Metellus Dalmaticus
635 (119) |
M. Porcius Cato
636 (118) |
| consul L. Caecilius Metellus celebrated triumph in 117 BC and assumed his surname Delmaticus. |
| 639 - 40 (118 - 7) 2 2nd Dalmatian War Rome vs Dalmatia |
| Roman colony of Narbo Martius is founded in Gallia Transalpina. |
L. Caecilius Metellus Diadematus
637 (117) |
C. Licinius Geta
638 (116) |
M. Aemilius Scaurus
639 (115) |
| 639 (115) Mulvius Bridge Rome |
| Gaius Marius is praetor in Rome, he defeats tribes in modern-day Spain. |
| Marcus Aemilius Scaurus defeats the Carni Celtic tribes of Northern Italy, leading to their submission to Roman rule. |
639 (115?) Aulus Metellus, found near Perugia, is made. It is now kept at Museo Archeologico Nazionale, Florence.
|
C. Caecilius Metellus Caprarius
641 (113) |
| Germanic tribes attack Gaul and northern Spain. |
| War between the Celtiberians and the Romans. |
M. Livius Drusus
642 (112) |
642 - 8 (112 - 06) 6 Jugurthine War
P. Cornelius Scipio Nasica Serapio
643 (111) |
| The city of Rome is devastated by fire. |
| Jugurtha, king of Numidia, bribes the commander Lucius Calpurnius Bestia and Roman friends to secure easy terms. He is given a safe conduct to Rome in order to account for his actions in the Roman Senate. Jugurtha contemptuously bribes his way through all difficulties. |
M. Minucius Rufus
644 (110) |
| Jugurtha king of Numidia defeats a Roman army under Aulus Postumius Albinus. |
Q. Caecilius Metellus (Numidicus)
645 (109) |
| A Roman army under Marcus Junius Silanus (consul 109 BC) is defeated by the Cimbri and Teutones near the river Rhone. |
Ser. Sulpicius Galba
646 (108) |
| Battle of Muthul River Algeria Numidia 20K 84E -X vs Rome 35K +X |
| 647 (107) L. Cassius Longinus Ravilla |
Q. Servilius Caepio
648 (106) |
| Sulla captures Jugurtha, thus ending the Jugurthine War. |
|
P. Rutilius Rufus
649 (105) |
| Battle of Arausio Cimbri & Teutons 200K 15KX vs Rome 120K 10-12L 80KS 40KAu&NC 120KX |
1st official Gladiator Match |
| In Rome enacts a state of emergency, the way to Italy lays open to the Germanic invaders. |
| Gaius Marius celebrates his triumph over Jugurtha, who is led in the procession and thrown into the Tullianum where he dies of starvation. |
652 - 6 (104 - 100) 4 2nd Servile War Rome vs Sicilian slaves 20KS 2KC
C. Marius 3rdx & Orestes
651 (103) |
C. Marius 4thx & Catulus
652 (102) |
|
650 - 4 (104 - 100) 4 2nd Servile War
Marius and Aquillius
653 (101) |
|
557 (197) Number of quaestors raised from 8 to 12: number of praetors raised from 4 to 6 |
633 (121) Final decree of the Senateto deal with threat of Violence started by tribune Gaius Gracchus |
| 654 - 2628 (100 BC - 1874 AD) 1974 Salario Bridge |
| 654 - 1054 (100 BC - 300 AD) 400 Mithraeum Temple London England |
From Gracchi to Caesar
621 - 705 (133 - 49) 86 |
Q. Caecilius Metellus Nepos
656 (98) |
Cn. Cornelius Lentulus
657 (97) |
Cn. Domitius Ahenobarbus
658 (96) |
L. Licinius Crassus
659 (95) |
| 658 (95) Civitas Amphitheater Camunnorum Italy |
C. Valerius Flaccus
661 (93) |
C. Claudius Pulcher
662 (92) |
L. Marcius Philippus
663 (91) |
L. Iulius Caesar
664 (90) |
Cn. Pompeius Strabo
665 (89) |
665 - 9 (89 - 5) 4 1st Mithridatic War against Mithridates 6 of Pontus
L. Cornelius Sulla Felix
666 (88) |
666 - 7 (88 - 7) 1 Sulla's 1st civil war
|
L. Cornelius Cinna 2ndx
668 (86) |
L. Cornelius Cinna 3rdx
669 (85) |
|
| 670 (84) About composition of arguments treatise by Cicero |
670 (84) Britain first known to be an island by Romans who sailed around it. |
671 - 2 (83 - 2) 1 2nd Mithridatic War Sulla returns to Rome & is nominated dictator
|
672 - 82 (82 - 72) 10 Sertorius, last Marian general continues civil war in Hispania
672 - 3 (82 - 1) 1 Sulla's 2nd civil war |
M. Tullius Decula
673 (81) |
| 673 (81) In Defense of Quinctius speech by Cicero |
81 Sulla appointed dictator of Rome brings major reforms.
|
L. Cornelius Sulla Felix 2ndx
674 (80) |
P. Servilius Vatia Isauricus
675 (79) |
M. Aemilius Lepidus
676 (78) |
D. Iunius Brutus
677 (77) |
M. Terentius Varro Lucullus
681 (73) |
681 - 3 (73 - 1) 2 3rd Servile War or Spartacist Rebellion Sparticus's slave revolt 3rd Servile War.
- Spartacus 1960
- Spartacus 2004
- Sins of Rome 1954
L. Gellius Publicola
682 (72) |
|
|
680 - 91 (74 - 63) 11 3rd Mithridatic War eventually won by Pompey
P. Cornelius Lentulus Sura
683 (71) |
Cn. Pompeius Magnus
684 (70) |
684 (70) Against Verres speech by Cicero  |
Q. Hortensius Hortalus
685 (69) |
| 685 (69) Defense of Fonteius speech by Cicero |
| 685 (69) Defense of Caecina speech by Cicero |
L. Caecilius Metellus
686 (68)
|
C. Calpurnius Piso
687 (67) |
M'. Aemilius Lepidus
688 (66) |
| 688 (66) Defense of Cluentius speech by Cicero |
| 688 (66) On the Command of Gnaeus Pompey speech by Cicero |
L. Aurelius Cotta
689 (65) |
M. Tullius Cicero
691 (63) |
| 691 (63) Catiline Conspiracy & Jugurthine War 111-105 B.C. by Sallust 86-34 184M |
| 691 (63) On the Agrarian Law proposed by Servilius Rullus speech by Cicero |
| 691 (63) Against Cataline speech by Cicero |
| 691 (63) Defense of Rabirius speech by Cicero |
691 (63) Fall of Jerusalem |
|
D. Iunius Silanus
692 (62) |
| 692 (62) Defense of Sulla speech by Cicero |
| 692 (62) Defense of Archias the Poet speech by Cicero |
M. Pupius Piso Frugi Calpurnianus
693 (61) |
Q. Caecilius Metellus Celer
694 (60) |
694 (60) Pompey of Rome conquered Jerusalem. |
C. Iulius Caesar
695 (59) |
| 695 (59) Defense of Flaccus speech by Cicero |
L. Calpurnius Piso Caesoninus
696 (58) |
P. Cornelius Lentulus Spinther
697 (57) |
| 697 (57) To the Senate After His Return speech by Cicero |
| 697 (57) To the People After His Return speech by Cicero |
| 697 (57) On His House speech by Cicero |
| 697 (57) Response of the Haruspices speech by Cicero |
Cn. Cornelius Lentulus Marcellinus
698 (56) |
| 698 (56) Defense of Sestius speech by Cicero |
| 698 (56) Cross-examination of Vatinius speech by Cicero |
| 698 (56) Defense of Caeliusspeech by Cicero |
| 698 (56) On the Consular Provinces speech by Cicero |
Cn. Pompeius Magnus
699 (55) |
| 808 (55) Vesta Temple Tivoli |
| 699 (55) Defense of Piso speech by Cicero |
| 699 (55) On the Orator, three books for his brother Quintus treatise by Cicero |
|
|
| 371 (383) Sutrium Amphitheater Sutri Italy |
| 443 (311) Arretium Amphitheater Italy Conquered by Rome |
| 444 (310) Concord Temple Rome |
|
Republic of Rome 
244 - 727 (509 - 27) 482 |
Cn. Domitius Calvinus
701 (53)
|
Cn. Pompeius Magnus 3rdx
702 (52) |
| 702 (52) Defense of Milospeech by Cicero |
Ser. Sulpicius Rufus
703 (51) |
| 703 (51) On the Commonwealthtreatise by Cicero |
L. Aemilius Lepidus Paullus
704 (50) |
| 703 - 1,300 (50 BC - 547 AD) 597 Nomentano Bridge |
696 - 703 (58 - 1) 7 Gallic wars Rome Vs Gauls
| Gallia Comata province created |
| 696 (58) Battle of Bibracte |
| 696 (58) Battle of Vosges |
| 697 - 8 (57-56) Battle of Octodurus |
| 700 (54) Battle of Cenabum |
| 702 (52) Battle of Vellaunodunum |
| 702 (52) Siege of Avaricum |
| 702 (52) Battle of Agendicum |
| 702 (52) Battle of Gergovia |
| 702 (52) Battle of Lutetia |
| 702 (52) Neung-sur-Beuvron |
| 702 (52) Battle of Alesia |
| 703 (51) Siege of Uxellodunum |
| 696 - 703 (58 - 1) 7 BC Commentaries of Gallic Wars 199M 7:16:28 |
|
684 - 735 (70 - 19) 51 Virgil Poet |
689 - 727 (65 - 27) 38 Horace Poet |
| 803 (50) Molino Bridge Padua |
705 - 9 (49 - 5) 4 Caesar's Civil War Caesars Populares Vs Senates Optimates
- Julius Caesar 1953
- Julius Caesar 2002
- Julius Caesar 1970
- Rome 2005
706 - 9 (48 - 5) 3 Caesar pursues & defeats Optimates in Greece & Africa
| 706 (48) Battle of Dyrrhachium |
| 706 (48) Battle of Pharsalus |
Q. Fufius Calenus
707 (47) |
C. Iulius Caesar 3rdx
708 (46) |
| 708 (46) Support of the Recall of Marcellus speech by Cicero |
| 708 (46) Defense of Ligariusspeech by Cicero |
| 708 (46) Battle of Ruspina |
| 708 (46) Battle of Thapsus |
| 708 (46) Battle of Anticato |
| 707 - 866 (46 BCE - 113 CE) Roman Forum |
| 707 (46) Venus Genetrix Temple Rome |
| 813 (60) Minerva Temple Assisi |
C. Iulius Caesar 4thx
709 (45) |
| 708 (45) Patavium Padova Amphitheater Becomes Roman Municipum |
| 709 (45) Defense of King Deiotarusspeech by Cicero |
| 709 (45) On grief and consolation treatise by Cicero |
| 709 (45) On Academic Skepticism treatise by Cicero |
| 709 (45) On the Ends of Good and Evil treatise by Cicero |
| 709 (45) Tusculan Disputations treatise by Cicero |
| 709 (45) On the Nature of the Gods treatise by Cicero |
|
|
| 710 (44) On Divination treatise by Cicero |
| 710 (44) On Friendship treatise by Cicero |
| 710 (44) Cato the Elder on Old Age treatise by Cicero |
| 710 (44) Laelius on Friendship treatise by Cicero |
| 711 (43) Letters to Brutus treatise by Cicero |
| 710 - 1 (44 - 3) Philippics by Cicero 106 - 43 BC 170M 9:46:24 |
710 - 24 (44 - 30) 14 Post-Caesarian civil wars
710 - 8 (44 - 36) 8 Sicilian Revolt |
L. Antonius Pietas
713 (41) |
713 - 4 (41 - 40) 1 Fulvia's Civil War
Cn. Domitius Calvinus 2ndx
714 (40) |
|
|
L. Marcius Censorinus
715 (39)
|
Ap. Claudius Pulcher
716 (38) |
M. Vipsanius Agrippa
717 (37) |
717 (37) Roman Senate appointed Herod, an Idumean Arab, King of Judea. He ruled for 34 years. Herod began construction of great Jewish Temple on Mt. Moriah in Jerusalem. |
L. Gellius Publicola
718 (36) |
718 (36) Lepidus expelled from Triumvirate. |
Imp. Caesar Divi f. 2ndx
721 (33) |
Cn. Domitius Ahenobarbus
722 (32) |
722 - 20 (32 - 30) 2 Antony's Civil War
M. Antonius (only in east)
723 (31) |
|
| 725 - 35 (29 - 19) 10 Aeneid by 6rgil 208M 7:35:41 |
Imp. Caesar Divi f. V
726 (28) |
| 725 (28) Apollo Temple Palatinus Rome |
|
Imp. Caesar Divi f. Augustus VI
727 (27) |
| 691 - 726 (62 - 27) Cestius Bridge Rome built |
| 754 (1) Paderne Castle Spain |
| 751 - 7 (2 BCE - 4 CE) 6 Augustus Temple Rome |
| 763 (10) Roman Sarcophogus at Zemun City founded, Serbia |
| 739 (15) On Architecture by Vitruvius 80 - 15 BC 250M 9:34:58 |
Roman Province of
Alpes Cottiae
738 - 1,229 (15 BC - 476) 491
@ Segusio (Susa) |
Roman Province of
Alpes Poeninae
738 - 1,229 (15 BC - 476) 491
- Aosta Including Switzerland |
| 726 (27) d'Augusto at Narni Bridge |
| 1904 History of Rome During Later Republic and Early Principate by Greenidge, A. H. J. (Abel Hendy Jones) 227,237 K |
| 1907 Religion of Ancient Rome by Bailey, Cyril 26,801 K |
| 1909 Conflict of Religions in Early Roman Empire by Glover, T. R. (Terrot Reaveley) 153,598 K |
| 1911 Oriental Religions in Roman Paganism by Cumont, Franz Valery Marie 96,925 K |
| 733 - 51 (20 - 2) 18 Augustus Forum Rome |
| 740 (13) Porta Augusta Julia Augusta Road France |
| 742 (11) Augusta Praetoria Amphitheater Salassorum Semicolonne |
| 750 (3) Pont d'Aël Aqueduct |
| 751 (2) Alsietina Aqueduct |
| 753 (0) Capua Amphitheater |
| 758 (5?) Palatine Towers Turin |
| 758 (5?) Larino Amphitheater Larinum |
| 758 (5?) Luna Amphitheater |
| 758 (5?) Portunus Temple Rome backside |
| 758 (5?) Vaison la Romaine Bridge france |
| 767 (14) Via AemiliaRimini Romano Bridge |
| 726 - 67 (27 BC - 14 AD) 41 Saint-Martin Bridge |
| 770 (17) Janus Temple Rome |
| 734 - 1,288 (19 BC - 535 AD) 554 Agrippa Bathhouse Rome |
| 773 (20) province of Illyricum 920 - 773 (167 BC - 20 AD) 187 Divided into Pannonia & Dalmatia |
| 778 (25?) Clunia Bathhouse Spain Mosaico de Clunia |
| 783 (30) Verona Amphitheater |
| 778 (25?) Augustus Temple Barcelona Spain |
| 791 (38) Claudia Aqueduct |
Claudian
794 - 821 (41 - 68) 27 |
| 798 (45?) On Shortness of Life by Seneca Younger 4 BC 65 AD 29.4M 1:04:19 |
803 (50?) Viminacium City Serbia
|
| 803 (50?) Almuñécar Aqueduct Spain |
| 803 - 1053 (50? - 300) 250 Milagros Aqueduct Spain |
| 803 - 2303 (50? - 1550?) 1500 Skopje Aqueduct Macedonia |
| 805 (52) Anio Novus Aqueduct |
|
|
Etruscan League
? - 489 (- 264) |
|
Samnite Confederation
444 - 64 (310 - 290) 20? |
- |
Kingdom of Syracuse
19 - 542 (734 - 212) 522
Tyrants
262 - 542 (491 - 212) 279 |
Agathocles
437 - 65 (317 - 289) 28 |
Hicetas
465 - 74 (289 - 80) 9 |
Sosistratus
474 - 7 (280 - 77) 3 |
Epirus
477 - 9 (277 - 5) 2 |
Hiero 2
479 - 539 (275 - 15) 60 |
Gelo 2
514 - 38 (240 - 16) 24 |
Hieronymus
515 - 6 (215 - 4) 1 |
Hippocrates
517 - 8 (213 - 2) 1 |
Epicydes
517 - 8 (213 - 2) 1 |
|
Popes in Rome
783 - 1508 (30 - 755) 725
783 - 820 (30 - 67) 37 Simon Peter
805 - 49 (52 - 96) 44 New Testament Eight authors wrote twentyseven books
817 - 20 (64 - 7) 3 Linus
817 - 21 (64 - 8) 4 1st Persecution by Nero began
758 - 820 (5 - 67) 62 Apostle Paul Beheaded
Peter and Paul 1981 |
|
830 - 41 (77 - 88) 11 Anacletus
| 834 (81) 2nd Persecution by Domitian |
841 - 52 (88 - 97) 11 Clement 1 |
|
|
Roman Empire
726 - 1,229 (27 BCE - 476 CE) 503 |
1 - 1040 (753 BC - 286 AD) 1040 Rome
1040 - 1160 (286 - 402) 116 Milan
402 - 76 74 Ravenna
#C
#E
*
Julio-Claudian Dynasty
727 - 821 (27 BC - 68) 94
Nero
807 - 21 (54 - 68) 14 |
| 1881 Nero Makers of History Series by Abbott, Jacob 60,490 K |
| 813 (60) Neronianus Bridge Rome |
| 691 (62) Fabricius Bridge Rome |
| 69 - 96 27 Tacitus Histories 100 10 10
|
|
822 (69) Year of 4 emperors Roman Civil War
|
| 683 (70) Pompeii Amphitheater |
| 826 (73) La Plata Road spain |
| 827 (74) Las Médulas Aqueduct Spain |
| 678 (75) Portunus Temple Rome |
834 (79) Pliny Elder 56 Dies & Natural History Published Author, Naturalist, Natural Philosopher |
Titus
832 - 4 (79 - 81) 2 |
| 832 (79) Vespasian & Titus Temple Rome |
834 (79) Destruction of Jerusalem |
| 674 (79) Munita Road at pompey |
| 834 - 49 (81 - 96) 15 Segovia Aqueduct Spain |
| 834 - 1191 (81 - 438) 357 Ludus Magnus Amphitheater Rome |
| 664 (89) Herculaneum Bathhouse Floor |
| 849 (95) Apostle John banished to Patmos, Greece. |
| 851 (98) Germania Tacitus 32M 1:09:54 |
| 851 (98) Agricola Tacitus 40.8M 1:29:16 |
|
Nerva
849 - 51 (96 - 8) 2 |
Imperium: Augustus 2003
Empire 2005 rise of Octavius (Augustus)
Caligula 1980
I, Claudius 1976
Imperium: Nerone (Nero) 2004
Quo Vadis 1951
Sign of Cross 1932
| 851 (98) Germania by Tacitus |
| 851 (98) Empire at greatest extent |
| 851 - 69 (98 - 117) 19 Romano Bridge |
| 851 - 91 (98 - 138) 40 Alconétar Bridge spain |
| 853 (100?) Cornalvo Dam Spain |
| 851 (98) Durrës Amphitheater Albania |
| 853 - 1078 (100 - 325) 225 Tarragona Amphitheater Spain in use |
| 856 - 8 (103 - 5) 2 Apollodorus Bridge Serbia |
| 857 - 9 (104 - 6) 2 Alcántara Bridge Spain |
853 - 63 (100 - 10) 10 Histories by Tacitus 809 - 70 (56 - 117) 51 303M 11:02:53
854 - 9 (101 - 6) 5 Dacian Wars
| 857 - 62 (104 - 9) 5 Trajan Bathhouse Rome |
| 858 (105) Trajans Bridge, Serbia |
|
| 859 - 65 (106 - 12) 6 Trajans Forum Rome |
| 862 (109) sul Ofanto Via Traina Bridge made |
| 862 (109) Traiana Aqueduct Barbegal Mill |
860 (107) Province of
Lower Pannonia 856 - 1049 (103 - 296) 193 Divided into Pannonia Superior & Pannonia Inferior |
|
863 - 70 (110 - 17) 7 Annals by Tacitus
867 (114) Trajans Column 140 feet high. |
|
874 (121) Hadrians Wall built from Rhine to Danube Rivers. |
| 878 (125?) Stymfalia Aqueduct Greece |
| 870 - 91 (117 - 38) 21 Stymfalia Hadrian Aquaduct at Siouri, Greece |
876 - 92 (123 - 39) 16 Castel Sant Angelo
|
| 878 (125) Roman Empire Roads |
| 879 (126) Pantheon Temple Rome |
| 887 (134) Bridge of Angels Rome |
| 888 (135) Aelius Bridge Rome |
| 888 (135) Venus & Roma Temple |
| 890 (137) Christmas festival begins |
| 894 (141) Antoninus & Faustina Temple Rome |
| 898 (145) Hadrian Temple Rome |
|
|
| 574 (180) Lucca Amphitheater |
|
Roman Empire
727 - 1230 (27 BC - 476 AD) 503
Antoninus Pius
891 - 914 (138 - 61) 23 |
| 903 - 1003 (150 - 250) 100 Modalism (Monarchianism) in Rome. Sabellius, Praxeus, Noetus, Paul of Samosata |
| 911 (158) Augustus Temple Rome |
| 1776 Decline Fall of Roman Empire by Edward Gibbon 545M 19:50:42 |
| 931 - 3 (178 - 80) 2 2nd Marcomanni War (depicted in movie Gladiator) |
| 933 (180) Marcus Aurelius Meditations 121 80 191M |
|
"Brave man." Visited Britain and built a wall at York and died there.
| 193 Aureliusza Column Rome |
| 953 (200?) Milan Amphitheater |
| 953 - 1028 (200 - 75) 75 Castrense Amphitheater Creation |
936 - 66 (183 - 213) 30 Oppian Poet dies. Wrote 5 books on fishing and 4 books on hunting, Greece
|
| 968 (215?) Burial in catacombs becomes common. |
| 884 - 969 (131 - 216) 85 Claudius Galenus (Galen) Dies. Physician. Wrote 600 books on Medicine and 250 on other subjects, Greece. 12K pages survived |
Caracalla is assassinated by his soldiers near Edessa. Marcus Opellius Macrinus head of the Praetorian Guard, declares himself Roman emperor.
|
Empress Julia, wife of Septimius Severus and mother of Caracalla and Geta, commits suicide.
|
The Colosseum is badly damaged by fire (lightning) which destroys the wooden upper levels of the amphitheater.
|
Macrinus, of Mauritania, becomes the first equestrian Roman emperor.
|
Battle of Nisibis Rome ? +X vs Parthia ? +X
King Artabanus V signs a peace treaty with Rome after he received 200 million sesterces, for the rebuilding of towns destroyed during the war in Parthia.
|
|
Julia Maesa, an aunt of the assassinated Caracalla, is banished to her home in Syria by the self-proclaimed emperor Macrinus and declares her grandson Elagabalus, age 14, emperor of Rome.
|
| Battle of Antioch Elagalabus 2L Aux vs Macrinus PrGua
|
"Wanton, extravagant, depraved, and horribly cruel."
Julia Maesa arranges for her grandson Elagabalus a marriage with Julia Paula. The wedding is a lavish ceremony and Paula is given the honorific title of Augusta.
|
The silver content of the Roman denarius falls to 43 percent under emperor Elagabalus, down from 50 percent under Septimius Severus, as he empties the treasury with his excesses while his grandmother, Julia Maesa, rules the Empire.
|
Imperator Marcus Aurelius Antoninus Augustus (Elagabalus) and Quintus Tineius Sacerdos become Roman Consuls.
|
Legions III Gallica and IV Scythica are disbanded by Elagabalus after their leaders, Verus and Gellius Maximus, rebel.
|
Emperor Elagabalus, age 15, is initiated into the worship of the Phrygian gods Cybele and Attis.
|
The Goths invade Asia Minor and the Balkans.
|
An Indian delegation visits the Roman emperor Elagabalus.
|
Great frost in England is said to have lasted for five months.
|
220 Elagabalus divorces Julia Paula and marries Aquilia Severa, a Vestal Virgin. The wedding causes an enormous controversy – traditionally, the punishment for breaking celibacy is death by being buried alive.
|
220 Elagabalus adopts his cousin Alexander Severus as his heir and receives the title of Caesar.
|
221 Elagabalus is forced to divorce Aquilia Severa and marries his third wife Annia Faustina. After five months he returns to Severa and claims that the original divorce is invalid. The marriage is symbolic, because Elagabalus appears to be homosexual or bisexual. According to the historian Cassius Dio, he has a stable relationship with his chariot driver, the slave Hierocles.
|
Emperor Elagabalus is assassinated, along with his mother, Julia Soaemias, by the Praetorian Guard during a revolt. Their mutilatedbodies are dragged through the streets of Rome before being thrown into the Tiber.
|
| 222 Alexander Severus succeeds Elagabalus. He is only 13 years old; his mother, Julia Avita Mamaea, governs the Roman Empire with the help of Domitius Ulpianus and a council composed of 16 senators. |
| The silver content of the Roman denarius falls to 35 percent under emperor Alexander Severus, down from 43 percent under Elagabalus. |
| 225 Alexander Severus marries Sallustia Orbiana, and possibly raises her father Seius Sallustius to the rank of caesar. |
| 225 first Christian paintings appear in Rome, decorating the Catacombs. |
| Seius Sallustius is executed for the attempted murder of his son-in-law Emperor Alexander Severus. Sallustius' daughter, as well Alexander's wife, Sallustia Orbiana, is exiled in Libya. |
| 979 - 1538 (226 - 785?) 559 Aqua Alexandrina Bridge |
| 228 Praetorian Guard kill Ulpian, Praetorian prefect, who had wanted to reduce their privileges. |
| Emperor Alexander Severus and Dio Cassius are joint Consuls. |
| Emperor Alexander Severus decides that Thessaly should be a separate province from Macedonia. He increases taxes in order to maintain the war against the Sassanids and strengthen the defenses of the Roman Empire. |
| 232 Emperor Alexander Severus launches a three-pronged counterattack against the Persian forces of king Ardashir I, who have invaded Mesopotamia. However, the Roman army advancing through Armenia is halted. Alexander gives the order to march to the capital at Ctesiphon, but the Romans are defeated and withdraw to Syria. The result is an acceptance of the status quo and after heavy losses on both sides, a truce is signed. |
| 233 Emperor Alexander Severus celebrates a triumph in Rome to observe his "victory" the previous year over the Persians. He is soon summoned to the Rhine frontier, where the Alamanni invade what is now modern day Swabia. German tribes destroy Roman forts and plunder the countryside at the Limes Germanicus. |
| 233 Emperor Alexander Severus and his mother Julia Mamaea move to Moguntiacum (modern Mainz), the capital of Germania Superior. His generals have planned a military offensive and built a bridge across the Rhine. Alexander prefers to negotiate for peace by buying off the Alemanni. This policy outrages the Roman legions and he loses the trust of the troops. |
| Emperor Alexander Severus and his mother Iulia Mamaea are murdered by their own soldiers near Moguntiacum (modern Mainz); Legio XXII Primigenia mutinies. The Severan dynasty ends. |
|
| Emperor Alexander Severus and his mother Iulia Mamaea are murdered by their own soldiers near Moguntiacum (modern Mainz); Legio XXII Primigenia mutinies. The Severan dynasty ends. |
| The Roman Empire is under pressure by the Alamanni, Franks, Goths, Quadi and Sassanids (Persia). |
| 236 Emperor Maximinus Thrax and Marcus Pupienus Africanus Maximus become Roman consuls. |
| 236 Roman Senate appoints a twenty-man committee to co-ordinate operations against Maximinus. |
| Maximinus campaigns against Dacians and Sarmatians from his supply depot at Sirmium. |
| Maximinus Thrax campaigns against the Carpians on the Danube in Moesia (Balkans). In spite of the payment of a tribute, the Romans fail to persuade the Goths and the Germanic tribes. |
| The Senate outlaws Maximinus for his bloodthirsty proscriptions in Ancient Rome and nominates two of its members, Pupienus and Balbinus, to the throne. |
| Maximinus advances to the town Aquileia in northern Italy; his army suffers from famine and disease, while the city is besieged. Soldiers of Legio II Parthica kill him in his tent, along with his son Maximinus (who is appointed co-emperor). Their corpses are decapitated and their heads carried to Rome. |
| Roman subjects in Africa revolt against Maximinus and elect Marcus Antonius Gordianus (Africanus) as emperor. He is a rich descendant of the Gracchi and the late emperor Trajan. Gordianus yields to public demand that he succeed Maximinus and rules jointly with his 46-year-old son Gordian II. |
| 238 Battle of Carthage Maximus 1L Aux vs Gordian +untrained
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Pupienus & Balbinus
991 (238) |
| 238 The Praetorian Guard storms the palace and captures Pupienus and Balbinus. They are dragged naked through the streets of Rome and executed. On the same day Gordian III, age 13, is proclaimed the new emperor. Timesitheus becomes his tutor and advisor. |
| 238 Colosseum is restored after being damaged. |
| 238 Goths, coming from Ukraine, cross the Danube and devastate the Roman Empire up to the border with Anatolia. |
| In North Africa, Legio III Augusta is dissolved. Until its reconstitution in 253, Africa is defended by auxiliary forces only. |
| The silver content of the Roman denarius falls to 28 percent under emperor Gordianus III, down from 35 percent under Alexander Severus. |
| 240 Roman Empire is threatened on several fronts at the same time. Africa revolts and tribes in northwest Germania, under the name of the Franks, are raiding the Rhine frontier. |
| 241 Emperor Gordian III reaches Antioch and prepares with his army an offensive against the Persians. |
| Timesitheus becomes Praetorian Prefect. |
| 242 Emperor Gordian III begins a campaign against king Shapur I; the Greek philosopher Plotinus joins him and hopes to obtain first-hand knowledge of Persian and Indian philosophies. |
| 243 Gordian III evacuates the Cimmerian cities in the Bosphorus (Crimea), as the territory is now controlled by the Goths. |
243 Battle of Resaena Turkey Rome vs Sassanids
| 243 Timesitheus becomes ill and dies under suspicious circumstances. Shapur I retreats to Persia, giving up all the territories he conquered. |
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| 243 Emperor Gordian III appoints Philip the Arab as his new praetorian prefect and proceeds with his campaign in Mesopotamia. |
| 243 Cohors I Ubiorum, the garrison at castra Capidava in Scythia Minor, is replaced by Cohors I Germanorum civium romanorum until the end of the 3rd century AD. |
| Emperor Gordian III is murdered by mutinous soldiers in Zaitha (Mesopotamia). A mound is raised at Carchemish in his memory. |
| The silver content of the Roman denarius falls to 0.5 percent under emperor Philippus I, down from 28 percent under Gordian III. |
| 244 Plotinus, Greek philosopher, escapes the bloodshed that accompanies the murder of Gordianus III and makes his way to Antioch. Back in Romehe founds his Neoplatonist school and attracts disciples like Porphyry, Castricius Firmus and Eustochius of Alexandria. |
Philip Arab
997 - 1002 (244 - 9) 5 |
| Philip the Arab is recognized by the Roman Senate as new Roman Emperor with the honorific Augustus. He nominates his son Philippus, age 6, with the title of Caesar and heir to the throne; gives his brother Priscus supreme power (rector Orientis) in the Eastern provinces; and begins construction of the city of Shahba (Syria) in the province of his birth. |
244 Battle of Misiche Sassanid vs Rome
| Philip the Arab paid 500,000 denarii to the Sassanid Empire and cedes Armenia and Mesopotamia to them |
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| 244 vassal Upper Mesopotamian kingdom of Osroene is absorbed into the Roman Empire, its last ruler being Abgar (XI) Farhat Bar Ma’nu. |
| 244–249 – Bust of Philip the Arab (in Braccio Nuovo, Vatican Museums, Rome). |
| 245 Emperor Philip the Arab entrusts Trajan Decius with an important command on the Danube. |
| 245 In Britain many thousands of acres of modern-day Lincolnshire are inundated by a great flood. |
| 245 philosopher Plotinus goes to live in Rome. |
| 246 Emperor Philip the Arab fights the Germans along the Danube. |
| 247 Marcus Julius Philippus Augustus and his 10-year-old son Marcus Julius Philippus Caesar become Roman Consuls. |
| 247 The Goths appear on the lower Danube frontier; they invade the Ukraine and Romania. |
| Emperor Philip the Arab marks the millennium of Rome by holding the Ludi Saeculares. |
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Popes in Rome
724 - 1 (30 - 755) 725
952 - 70 (199 - 217) 18 Zephyrinus
| 953 (200) 5th Persecution by Severus |
970 - 6 (217 - 23) 6 Callixtus 1
| opposed by the theologian Hippolytus who accuses him of laxity and of being a Modalist, one who denies any distinction between the three persons of the Trinity. |
| Hippolytus begins his "pontificate" as antipope and sets up a breakaway church for Christian followers. |
| Pope Callixtus I is killed by a mob in Rome's Trastevere after a 5-year reign in which he has stabilized the Saturday fast three times per year, with no food, oil, or wine to be consumed on those days. Callixtus is succeeded by Cardinal Urban I. |
976 - 83 (223 - 30) 7 Urban 1
983 - 8 (230 - 5) 5 Pontian
| Seventy Bishops hold the Council of the Christian Church of Africa. |
| 988 (235) 6th Persecution by Maximus |
| 230 Emperor Alexander Severus accompanies his mother Julia Mamaea to Syria and campaigns against the Persians. Military command rests in the hands of his generals, but his presence gives additional weight to the empire's policy. |
| Origen, disciple of Ammonius Saccas, founder of Neoplatonism, is exiled in Caesarea. |
| resigns, the first to abdicate, because he and Hippolytus, church leader of Rome, are exiled to the mines of Sardinia. Emperor Maximinus persecutes the Christians. |
| Origen makes revisions to the Septuagint. |
988 - 9 (235 - 6) 1 Anterus
989 - 1003 (236 - 50) 14 Fabian
| Fabian separates Rome into seven deaconships. |
| Fabian sends seven missionaries to Gaul to evangelize in the large cities. |
| Emperor Maximinus Thrax campaigns on the rivers Danube and Rhine in Germania, defeating the Alemanni and never visits Rome. He is accepted by the Roman Senate, but taxes the rich aristocracy heavily and engenders such hostility among them that they plot against him. |
| 239 Origen publishes the Old Testament in five languages. |
| The Dura-Europos church is converted from a house in Syria, the earliest surviving Christian church building. |
| 246 First of the two Councils of Arabia in the Roman Christian Church is held in Bostra, Arabia Petraea. |
| 247 last of the two Councils of Arabia in the Roman Christian Church is held in Bostra, Arabia Petraea. |
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