| - 1400's Rise of Modern English language from Middle English. |
| - Tower of London in England is founded in 1078. |
| - St Michael at Northgate, Oxford's oldest building, is built in Saxon England in 1040. |
| - Oxford Castle in England is built in 1071. |
| - Edith of Wessex, Queen of Wessex |
| - Godwin, Earl of Wessex |
| - 1410 - 3 3 Foundation of St Andrews University in Scotland |
| - Peasants' Revolt in England |
| - Hereward Wake, English outlaw |
| - Ísleifur Gissurarson, first Bishop of Iceland |
| - Harald Hardrada, king of Norway & claimnant to thrones of Denmark & England |
| - 1030 Battle of Stiklestad (Norway): Olav Haraldsson loses to his pagan vassals & is killed in battle. He is later canonized & becomes patron saint of Norway & Rex perpetuum Norvegiae ('the eternal king of Norway'). |
| - 1035 Canute Great dies, & his kingdom of present-day Norway, England, & Denmark was split amongst three rivals to his throne. |
| - 1086 Domesday Book is initiated by William I of England. |
| - Kalmar Union is established in 1397, uniting Norway, Sweden & Denmark into one kingdom. |
| - 1485 Henry VII defeats Richard III at Battle of Bosworth & becomes King of England |
| - William Wallace, Scottish national leader |
| - Edmund of Abingdon, Saint, theologian, Archbishop of Canterbury |
| - Erik Gnupsson, Bishop of Greenland |
| - Conan IV, Duke of Brittany, Younger |
| - Constance, Duchess of Brittany |
| - 1271 Edward I of England & Charles of Anjou arrive in Acre, starting Ninth Crusade against Baibars. |
| - Lollardy movement rises in England |
| - 1300's transition from Medieval Warm Period to Little Ice Age. |
| - 1455 - 85 30 Wars of Roses – English civil war between House of York & House of Lancaster. |
| - 1415 Battle of Agincourt fought between Kingdom of England & France |
| - 1400's Scotch whisky |
| - Joan of Tower aka Joan of England (1321–1362), was first wife & Queen consort of David II of Scotland. She was born at Tower of London & was youngest daughter of Edward II of England & Isabella of France. |
| - William of Ockham, English Franciscan friar & philosopher (c. 1285–1347). |
| - Edward III, King of England. His claim to throne of France resulted in Hundred Years' War (1312–1377). |
| - 1387–1422 Henry V of England, English King who won famous Battle of Agincourt in 1415 (). |
| - 1470–1483 Princes in Tower, Edward V of England () & his brother, Richard of Shrewsbury, 1st Duke of York (1473–1483?), two sons of Edward IV of England & Elizabeth Woodville. |
| - Geoffrey Chaucer (c. 1343–1400?) was an English author, poet, philosopher, bureaucrat, courtier & diplomat. |
| - Thomas Occleve (c. 1368 – 1426), English poet. |
| - 1395 - 1460 Reginald Pecock was an English prelate & writer. |
| - Robert Morton (c. 1430 – 1479), English composer of early Renaissance. |
| - Leonel Power (c. 1370 to 1385 – 1445), English composer of late Medieval & early Renaissance eras. |
| - Gilbert of Sempringham, Saint, founder of Gilbertines. |
| - Lawrence O'Toole, Saint, Archbishop of Dublin |
| - 1171 On November 11, Henry II of England lands in Ireland to assert his claim as Lord of Ireland. |
| - 1174 On July 12, William I of Scotland is captured by English in Battle of Alnwick. He accepts feudal lordship of English crown & does ceremonial allegiance at York. |
| - Stephen of England, king & Duke of Normandy |
| - William of Malmesbury, English historian |
| - 1370 - 1451 81 John Lydgate was a monk & poet, born in Lidgate, Suffolk, England. |
| - Alexander of Hales, English philosopher & theologian |
| - Lembitu, Estonian ruler |
| - 1284 Peterhouse, Cambridge founded by Hugo de Balsham, Bishop of Ely. |
| - Robert Grosseteste, English statesman, theologian, & scientist |
| - Roger Bacon, English Franciscan, philosopher, & scientist |
| - Birger jarl, Swedish statesman, earl, & founder of Stockholm |
| - 1185 cathedral school (Katedralskolan) in Lund, Sweden, is founded. school is oldest in northern Europe, & one of oldest in Europe. |
| - 1170 On December 29, Thomas Becket is murdered. |
| - 1163 Norwegian Law of Succession takes effect. |
| - 1168 King Valdemar I of Denmark conquers Arkona on Island of Rügen, strongest pagan fortress & temple in Northern Europe. |
| - 1169 On May 1, Norman invasion of Ireland begins. Richard fitzGilbert de Clare ('Strongbow') makes an alliance with exiled Irish chief, Dermot MacMurrough, to help him recover his kingdom of Leinster. |
| - 1040 Duncan I of Scotland slain in battle. Macbeth succeeds him. |
| - Anselm, Saint, Abbot of Bec & Archbishop of Canterbury |
| - Aelred, Saint, English monk & spiritual writer |
| - 1187 In August, Swedish royal & commercial center Sigtuna is attacked by Baltic-Finnish raiders from Couronia & Estonia. |
| - 1189 On September 3, Richard is crowned King of England in Westminster. |
| - 1130 On March 26, Sigurd I of Norway dies. A golden era of 95 years comes to an end for Norway as civil wars between members of Harald Fairhair's family line rage for remainder of century. |
| - 1101 In July, Treaty of Alton is signed between Henry I of England & his older brother Robert, Duke of Normandy in which Robert agrees to recognize Henry as king of England in exchange for a yearly stipend & other concessions. agreement temporarily ended a crisis in succession of Anglo-Norman kings. |
| - 1135 - 54 19 Anarchy is a period of civil war in England. |
| - 1107 - 11 4 Sigurd I of Norway becomes first king in Europe to embark on a crusade to Holy Land. He fought in Lisbon, on various Mediterranean isles, & helped King of Jerusalem to take Sidon from Muslims. |
| - blast furnace for smelting of cast iron is imported from China, appearing around Lapphyttan, Sweden, as early as 1150, and |
| - 1175 Treaty of Windsor is signed by King Henry II of England & High King of Ireland, Rory O'Connor. |
| - 1015 in Battle of Nesjar in Oslofjord, Norway, forces of Olav Haraldsson fought forces of Sveinn Hákonarson, with a victory ofr Olav. |
| - Chester Castle in England was built in 1069. |
| - Canterbury Cathedral in Canterbury, England is completed by 1077. |
| - Westminster Abbey of London, England is completed in 1065. |
| - Construction of Richmond Castle in England begins in 1071. |
| - 1010 oldest known copy of epic poem Beowulf was written around this year. |
| - Sigrid Haughty, wife of Sweyn I of Denmark |
| - 1124 In April or May, David I is crowned King of Scots. |
| - 1154 On December 19, Henry II is crowned King of England at Westminster Abbey. |
| - 1179 - 1241 62 Snorri Sturluson, Icelandic historian & saga-writer |
| - 1155 Pope Adrian IV grants overlordship of Ireland to Henry II of England in bull Laudabiliter. |
| - Thomas Becket, Saint, Archbishop of Canterbury & Chancellor of England |
| - Haakon Haakonsson, king of Norway from 1217 to 1263. After long civil war Norway would again prosper under his rule & come to dominate Scandinavian politics. |
| - 1120 On November 25, William Adelin, only legitimate son of King Henry I of England, drowns in White Ship Disaster, leading to a succession crisis which would bring down Norman monarchy of England. |
| - 1440 Eton College founded by Henry VI. |
| - 1070 William I of England commissioned Norman monk William of Jumièges to extend Gesta Normannorum Ducum chronicle. |
| - Tostig Godwinson, earl of Northumbria |
| - Robert of Jumièges, Archbishop of Canterbury |
| - Wulfstan II, Archbishop of York |
| - Saint Thomas Aquinas, theologian |
| - ? - 1148 Robert de Bethune, Bishop of Hereford England. |
| - 1075 - 1115 40 Magnus Erlendsson, Earl of Orkney, Scotland. Saint |
| - 1100 - 55 55 Christina of Markyate England. Prioress of St. Albans Abbey |
| - 1120 - 88 68 Eysteinn Erlendsson, Saint, Bishop of Nidaros, Norway. |
| - ? - 1156 Henry (Bishop of Uppsala, Sweden), Saint |
| - 1000's Eilmer of Malmesbury, an English Benedictine monk who attempted flight with mechanical wings |
| - Scots win Scottish Wars of Independence. |
| - 1094 - 1148 54 Malachy O'More, Ireland. Saint, Archbishop of Armagh |
| - 1078 Proslogion is written by Anselm of Canterbury. |
| - 1100's Alexander Neckam of England is first European to document mariner's compass, first documented by Shen Kuo in previous century. |
| - 1100's Christian humanism becomes a self-conscious philosophical tendency in Europe. Christianity is introduced to Estonia, Finland, & Karelia. first European universities are founded. Pierre Abelard teaches. Middle English begins to develop, & literacy begins to spread outside Church.[1] In addition, churchmen are increasingly willing to take on secular roles- by end of century, at least a third of England's bishops also act as royal judges in secular matters.[2] Ars antiqua period in history of Western European music begins. Durham Cathedral in England is completed & earliest recorded miracle play is performed in Dunstable, England. Gothic Architecture & trouvère music begin in France. In mid-12th century, Cappella Palatina is built in Palermo, Sicily & Madrid Skylitzes manuscript illustrates Synopsis of Histories by John Skylitzes. Fire & plague insurance first become available in Iceland, & first documented outbreaks of influenza occur. medieval Serbian state is formed by Stefan Nemanja & continued by Nemanjić dynasty. By end of century, both Capetian Dynasty & House of Anjou are relying primarily on mercenaries in their militaries. Paid soldiers are available year-round, unlike knights who expect certain periods off to maintain their manors. |
| - 1197 - 1253 56 Richard of Chichester, England. Saint, bishop |
| - 1147 - 1219 72 William Marshal, 1st Earl of Pembroke, England. knight & statesman |
| - 1147 - 1219 72 William Marshal, knight & statesman, England. |
| - Roger de Mortimer, 1st Earl of March (1287–1330), an English nobleman, was for three years de facto ruler of England, after leading a successful rebellion against Edward II. |
| - 1332 - 86 54 William Langland is conjectured author of English dream-vision Piers Plowman. |
| - Odo of Bayeux, Norman English bishop & earl |
| - roots of European Scholasticism are found in this period, as renewed spark of interest in literature & Classicism in Europe would bring about Renaissance. In 11th century, there were early Scholastic figures such as Anselm of Canterbury, Peter Abelard, Solomon ibn Gabirol, Peter Lombard, & Gilbert de la Porrée. |
| - 1066 in Battle of Stamford Bridge, last Anglo-Saxon King Harold Godwinson defeated his brother Tostig Godwinson & Harold III of Norway. |
| - 1066 Edward Confessor dies; Harold Godwinson is killed in Battle of Hastings, while Norman conqueror is crowned William I of England. |
| - Leif Eriksson, first European explorer to land in North America |
| - Aelgifu of Northampton, wife of Canute Great |
| - Lanfranc, archbishop of Canterbury |
| - Byrhtferth, English monk & philosopher |
| - 985 - 1052 67 Emma of Normandy, wife of Canute Great |
| - ? Gytha Thorkelsdóttir, wife of Godwin, Earl of Wessex |
| - ? - 1098 Gytha of Wessex, wife of Vladimir II Monomakh |
| - Canute Great, ruler of England, Denmark, Norway, & Sweden |
| - 1400's Psychiatric hospitals in England. |
| - 1424 James I returns to Scotland after being held hostage under three Kings of England since 1406 |
| - St Albans Cathedral of Norman-era England is completed in 1089. |
| - 1096 University of Oxford in England holds its first lectures |
| - 1088 Rebellion of 1088 against William II of England lead by Odo of Bayeux. |
| - 1085 Katedralskolan, Lund school of Sweden is established by Canute IV of Denmark |
| - 1086 compilation of Domesday Book by order of William I of England; it was similar to a modern day government census, as it was used by William to thoroughly document all landholdings within kingdom that could be properly taxed. |
| - 1405 - 71 66 Sir Thomas Malory was an English writer, author or compiler of Le Morte d'Arthur. |
| - 1153 Treaty of Wallingford (Treaty of Winchester, Treaty of Westminster), effectively ends civil war caused by a dispute between Empress Matilda & her cousin King Stephen of England over English crown, in which Stephen recognises Matilda's son Henry of Anjou as his heir. |
| - 1453 Battle of Castillon is last engagement of Hundred Years' War & first battle in European history where cannons were a major factor in deciding battle. |
| - 1033 - 1109 76 Saint Anselm of Canterbury. reputed founder of scholasticism & creator of ontological argument |
| - Edward, Black Prince or Edward of Woodstock, Prince of Wales, KG (1330–1376), was eldest son of King Edward III of England & Philippa of Hainault, & father to King Richard II of England. |
| - 1193 first known merchant guild. England. |
| - Godfrey III, Duke of Lower Lorraine |
| - Hugh II, Duke of Burgundy |
| - Hugh III, Duke of Burgundy |
| - Hugh of Grenoble, Saint, bishop |
| - Hugh of Lincoln, Saint, bishop |
| - Humbert III, Count of Savoy, Blessed |
| - Ida of Boulogne, Saint, countess |
| - Ivo of Chartres, Saint, bishop |
| - Eleanor of Aquitaine, queen consort of France & later of Kingdom of England |
| - 1300's Music of Ars nova, France. |
| - Engelbert II of Berg, Saint, Archbishop of Cologne |
| - 1474 - 7 3 Burgundy Wars of France, Switzerland, Lorraine & Sigismund II of Habsburg against Charles Bold, Duke of Burgundy. |
| - Peter Abelard, French philosopher & logician |
| - 1364 - 1430 Christine de Pizan, French writer |
| - 1431 - 74 43 François Villon, French poet |
| - Adrien Basin (c. 1457 – 1476; died after 1498), Franco-Flemish composer, singer, & diplomat of Burgundian school of early Renaissance. |
| - Gilles Binchois, (c. 1400 – 1460), Franco-Flemish composer, one of earliest members of Burgundian School. |
| - Antoine Busnois (c. 1430 – 1492), French composer & poet of early Renaissance Burgundian School. |
| - Guillaume Dufay, (c. 1397 – 1474), Franco-Flemish composer & music theorist. |
| - John Dunstaple (c. 1390 – 1453), English composer of polyphonic music. |
| - Hayne van Ghizeghem (c. 1445 – 1472 or possibly later; New Grove says he died between 1472 & 1497), Flemish composer of early Renaissance Burgundian School. |
| - Nicolas Grenon (c. 1375 – 1456), French composer of early Renaissance. |
| - 1003 Robert II of France invades Duchy of Burgundy, then ruled by Otto-William, Duke of Burgundy; initial invasion is unsuccessful, but Robert II eventually gained acceptance of Roman Catholic Church in 1016 & annexed Burgundy into his realm. |
| - Odo I, Duke of Burgundy |
| - Odo II, Duke of Burgundy |
| - Odo III, Duke of Burgundy |
| - French recruit troops & ships in Genoa, Monaco & Nice. (1345–1346) |
| - Black Death kills around a third of population of Europe. (1347–1351). |
| - 1455 Johannes Gutenberg invents printing press in Europe |
| - 1075 Henry IV suppresses rebellion of Saxony in First Battle of Langensalza. |
| - 1375 - 1444 Robert Campin Master of Flémalle, first great master of Early Netherlandish painting. |
| - Petrus Christus (c. 1410/1420 – 1475/1476), Early Netherlandish painter. |
| - 1460 - 1523 Gerard David Early Netherlandish painter & manuscript illuminator known for his brilliant use of color. |
| - 1471 - 1528 Albrecht Dürer was a German painter, printmaker & theorist from Nuremberg, Germany. |
| - Barthélemy d'Eyck[2]; (c. 1420 – after 1470)[3] was an Early Netherlandish artist who worked in France & probably in Burgundy Early Netherlandish painter & manuscript illuminator. He was active between about 1440 to about 1469.[4] |
| - 1366 - 1426 Hubert van Eyck Flemish painter & older brother of Jan van Eyck. |
| - Jan van Eyck (before c. 1395 – before 1441), Early Netherlandish painter, considered one of best Northern European painters of 15th century. |
| - Juan de Flandes (1460–1519), Early Netherlandish painter who was active in Spain from 1496 to 1519 at court of Isabella I of Castile. |
| - Jean Fouquet (1420–1481) French painter of both panel painting & manuscript illumination, inventor of portrait miniature. |
| - Nicolas Froment (c. 1435 – c. 1486), French painter. |
| - Hugo van der Goes (c. 1440 – 1482 or 1483), Early Netherlandish painter. |
| - Jean Hey (c. 1475 – c. 1505),[5] now generally identified with artist formerly known as Master of Moulins, Early Netherlandish painter. |
| - Hans Holbein Elder (c. 1460 – 1524), German painter, woodcut artist, illustrator of books & church window designer.[6] He & his brother Sigismund Holbein painted religious works in late Gothic style. |
| - Limbourg brothers, (Herman, Paul, & Johan; 1385–1416), Dutch Renaissance miniature painters from city of Nijmegen. |
| - Simon Marmion (c. 1425 – 1489) French, or Burgundian, painter of panels & illuminated manuscripts. |
| - Hans Memling (c. 1430 – 1494), Early Netherlandish painter, born in Germany. |
| - Enguerrand Quarton (c. 1410 – c. 1466) was a French painter & manuscript illuminator. |
| - Johannes Ockeghem, (c. 1410 – 1497), Flemish composer. |
| - Johannes Tapissier (c. 1370 – 1408 to 1410), French composer & teacher of late Middle Ages. |
| - Jacobus Vide (c. 1405 – 1433), Franco-Flemish composer of transitional period between medieval period & early Renaissance. |
| - Johann Schiltberger (1381 – c. 1440), German traveller throughout Middle East & Central Asia. |
| - 1425 Catholic University of Leuven (Belgium) founded by Pope Martin V. |
| - 1429 Joan of Arc ends Siege of Orléans & turns tide of Hundred Years' War. |
| - Johannes Gutenberg (c. 1400 – 1468) was a German goldsmith & printer who is credited with inventing movable type printing in Europe around 1439, & mechanical printing globally. |
| - Georg von Peuerbach (1423–1461) was a German/Austrian astronomer & mathematician. |
| - Isabella of France, queen consort & regent of Kingdom of England (c. 1295–1358). |
| - Dirk Bouts (c. 1410/1420 – 1475), Early Netherlandish painter. |
| - Rogier van der Weyden (1399/1400 – 1464), considered one of greatest exponents of Early Netherlandish painting. |
| - 1212 Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa in Iberia sees beginning of a rapid Christian reconquest of southern half of Iberian peninsula, mainly from 1230–1248, with defeat of Moorish forces. |
| - 1213 France defeats Spanish Kingdom of Aragon at Battle of Muret. |
| - 1214 France defeats English & Imperial German forces at Battle of Bouvines. |
| - 1481 First pound lock in Europe reportedly built in Vreeswijk, Netherlands in |
| - Anselm of Laon, French theologian |
| - Albert of Louvain, Saint, Bishop of Liège |
| - Raymond IV of Toulouse, Duke of Narbonne & a Crusader |
| - Anno II, Archbishop of Cologne |
| - Richard II, Duke of Normandy |
| - Rober, Saint, founder of Cistercians |
| - Robert II, Count of Flanders, Crusader |
| - Robert Curthose, Duke of Normandy |
| - Alan IV, Duke of Brittany |
| - Hugh of St Victor, philosopher from Saxony |
| - Stephen Harding, Saint, abbot, co-founder of Cistercian Order |
| - Suger, Abbot of St.-Denis |
| - 1228 - 30 2 First clash between Gregory IX & Frederick II. |
| - 1226 - 50 24 Dispute between so called second Lombard League & Frederick II. |
| - 1239–1250 Third conflict between Holy Roman Empire–Papacy. |
| - 1243–1250 Second Holy Roman Empire–Papacy War. |
| - 1291 Swiss Confederation of Uri, Schwyz, & Unterwalden forms. |
| - Geoffrey II, Duke of Brittany |
| - Geoffrey V, Count of Anjouand Duke of Normandy |
| - John of Matha, French Saint, co-founder of Order of Holy Trinity for Redemption of Captives |
| - Leopold III, Margrave of Austria, Saint |
| - 1300 - 77 77 Guillaume de Machaut, French composer & poet (c. |
| - 1364 - 1430 66 Christine de Pizan, French writer |
| - Albertus Magnus, German philosopher & theologian |
| - 1147 Wendish Crusade against Polabian Slavs (or "Wends") in what is now northern & eastern Germany. |
| - Arthur I, Duke of Brittany |
| - Bertha, Duchess of Brittany |
| - Mid 11th century Harbaville Triptych, is made. It is now kept at Musée du Louvre, Paris. |
| - Great Famine of 1315-1317 kills millions of people in Europe |
| - 1398 - 1468 Johannes Gutenberg, European inventor of printing with movable type |
| - Vlad III Dracula, Prince of Wallachia who led defense of his territory against expanding Ottoman Empire (1431–1476). |
| - 1137 On July 22, future King Louis VII of France marries Eleanor, Duchess of Aquitaine. |
| - 1125 Lothair of Supplinburg, duke of Saxony, is elected Holy Roman Emperor instead of nearest heir, Frederick of Swabia, beginning great struggle of Guelf & Ghibelline. |
| - 1136 Suger begins rebuilding abbey church at St Denis north of Paris, which is regarded as first major Gothic building. |
| - Petrus Peregrinus, French scientist |
| - 1035 Raoul Glaber chronicles a devastating three year famine induced by climatic changes in southern France |
| - 1035 William Iron Arm Norman ventures to Mezzogiorno |
| - 1000's Troubadours appear in what is now southern France. |
| - 1153 First Treaty of Constance is signed between Emperor Frederick I & Pope Eugene III, by terms of which, Emperor is to prevent any action by Manuel I Comnenus to reestablish Byzantine Empire on Italian soil & to assist pope against his enemies in revolt in Rome. |
| - 1121 On December 25, St. Norbert & 29 companions made their solemn vows, beginning of Premonstratensian Order, Germany. |
| - 1122 On September 23, Concordat of Worms (Pactum Calixtinum) was drawn up between Emperor Henry V & Pope Calixtus IIbringing an end to first phase of power struggle between Papacy & Holy Roman Empire. |
| - Adalbold 2 of Utrecht, Dutch Bishop of Utrecht & mathematician |
| - Adémar de Chabannes, French monk, writer, historian, & musical composer |
| - 1109 On August 24, in Battle of Hundsfeld, Boleslaus III Wrymouth defeats Emperor Henry V & stops German expansion eastward. |
| - 1111 On April 14, during Henry V's first expedition to Rome, he is crowned Holy Roman Emperor. |
| - 1204 Fall of Normandy from Angevin hands to French King, Philip Augustus, end of Norman domination of France. |
| - Amadeus of Lausanne, Blessed, Bishop of Lausanne |
| - Anthelm, Saint, Abbot of Grand Chartreuse |
| - Bernard, Saint, Abbot of Clairvaux, France. preacher & reformer |
| - 1127 - 1212 85 Felix of Valois, France. Saint, co-founder of Order of Holy Trinity for Redemption of Captives |
| - 1098 - 1179 81 Hildegard of Bingen, Germany. Saint, polymath & first Western musical composer known by name |
| - ? - 1160 Mechtildis, Saint, Germany. abbess |
| - 1080 - 1134 54 Norbert of Xanten, Germany. Saint, founder of Premonstratensian Order of canons regular, Archbishop of Magdeburg |
| - 1050 - 1113 63 Odo of Cambrai, France. Saint, bishop, theologian |
| - 1060 - 1139 79 Otto of Bamberg, Germany. Saint, bishop, chancellor of Holy Roman Empire |
| - 1079 - 1142 63 Peter Abelard, French philosopher |
| - 1189 - 1056 67 Peter Nolasco, French Saint, co-founder of Order of Our Lady of Ransom |
| - ? Peter, Bishop of Poitiers, France. Saint |
| - ? - 1173 Richard of St. Victor, French theologian |
| - 1020 Bamberg Apocalypse commissioned by Otto III is completed. |
| - 1200's motet form originates out of Ars antiqua tradition of Western European music. |
| - 1200's Manuscript culture develops out of this time period in cities in Europe, which denotes a shift from monasteries to cities for books. |
| - 1185 First record of windmills. |
| - St. Michael's Church, Hildesheim in Germany is completed in 1031. |
| - Martin-du-Canigou monastery on Mount Canigou in southern France is built in 1009. |
| - St. Mary's Cathedral, Hildesheim in Germany is completed in 1020. |
| - Hieronymus Bosch (c. 1450 – 1516), Early Netherlandish painter. Many of his works depict sin & human moral failings. |
| - 1337 Hundred Years' War begins when Edward III of England lays claim to French throne in . |
| - 1095 - 9 4 earliest extant manuscript of Song of Roland. France. |
| - Berengar of Tours, French theologian |
| - Gilbert de la Porrée, French scholastic logician & theologian |
| - Hugh of Châteauneuf, French theologian, Bishop of Grenoble, & partisan of Gregorian reform |
| - Hugh of Vermandois, France. Count of Vermandois, Crusader |
| - William of Champeaux, French philosopher & theologian |
| - 1010 - 46 36 William Iron Arm, prominent member of Norman Hauteville family. France. |
| - Agnes, Empress, regent of Holy Roman Empire |
| - 1053 - 1100 46 Guy 1 of Ponthieu, Count of Ponthieu, France |
| - 996 - 1021 25 Hamid al-Din al-Kirmani, Egypt. a Persian missionary da'i to Fatimid Caliphate |
| - 1060 - 1100 40 Godfrey of Bouillon, Duke of Lower Lorraine & a Crusader |
| - Bernard II Tumapaler of Gascony, France. Duke of Gascony |
| - Burchard II, Bishop of Halberstadt, Germany. |
| - 970 - 1021 51 Heribert of Cologne, Archbishop of Cologne |
| - 1013 - 54 41 Hermann of Reichenau, German composer, music theorist, mathematician, & astronomer |
| - 1077 Walk to Canossa by Henry IV of Holy Roman Empire. |
| - 1400 - 50 50 Development of woodcut for printing Germany |
| - 950 - 1022 72 Notker Labeo, mathematician, first medieval commentator on Aristotle, & Benedictine monk from St. Gallen, Switzerland |
| - 1098 - 1179 79 birth of Hildegard of Bingen, Germany. polymath |
| - ? - 1115 Peter Hermit, French Crusader |
| - Martin-du-Canigou monastery is built by 1009, in present day southern France. |
| - Speyer Cathedral in Speyer, Germany is completed in 1061. |
| - By 11th century industrial fulling mills, gristmills, hullers, sawmills, shipmills, stamp mills, steel mills, sugar mills, tide mills & windmills in operation |
| - 1300's technique of knitting. Netherlands. |
| - 1415 Jan Hus is burned at stake as a heretic at Council of Constance. |
| - 1492 Jews expelled from Spain. |
| - 1492 Christopher Columbus landed in Americas from Spain. |
| - 1037 Ferdinand I of León conquered Kingdom of Galicia. |
| - 1054 Battle of Atapuerca is fought between García V of Navarre & Ferdinand I of León |
| - 1494 Spain & Portugal sign Treaty of Tordesillas & agree to divide World outside of Europe between themselves. |
| - 1494 - 1559 65 Italian Wars lead to downfall of Italian city-states. |
| - 1497 - 9 2 Vasco da Gama's first voyage from Europe to India & back. |
| - 1499 Ottoman fleet defeats Venetians at Battle of Zonchio. |
| - Diogo de Azambuja (1432–1518) Portuguese explorer of African coast. |
| - John Cabot (c. 1450 – 1499) – Italian explorer for England. Discovered Newfoundland & claimed it for Kingdom of England. |
| - 1104 Venice Arsenal of Venice, Italy, is founded. It employed some 16000 people for mass production of sailing ships in large assembly lines, hundreds of years before Industrial Revolution. |
| - Pedro Álvares Cabral (c. 1467 – c. 1520), Portuguese navigator & explorer. |
| - 1433 - 81 48 Marsilio Ficino, Significant Italian translator of Plato's works |
| - Pêro Vaz de Caminha (c. 1450 – 1500), Portuguese explorer that accompanied Pedro Álvares Cabral in discovery of Brazil. |
| - Christopher Columbus (1451–1506) – Italian explorer for Spain. Sailed in 1492 & discovered "New World" of Americas. |
| - Niccolò Da Conti (1395–1469), Venetian merchant & explorer, born in Chioggia, who traveled to India & Southeast Asia. |
| - Bartolomeu Dias (c. 1450 – 1500) – Portuguese explorer. He sailed from Portugal & reached Cape of Good Hope. |
| - Vasco da Gama reaches India for Portugal, creating first maritime alternative for Silk Road (c. 1469 – 1524) |
| - João Fernandes Lavrador (1445?–1501) – Portuguese explorer. One of first European's to reach Newfoundland & Labrador. |
| - João da Nova (c. 1460 – 1509), Portuguese explorer of Atlantic & Indian Ocean. |
| - Amerigo Vespucci (c. 1454 – 1512) – Italian explorer for Spain. Sailed in 1499 & 1502. He explored east coast of South America. |
| - 1415 Henry Navigator leads conquest of Ceuta from Moors marking beginning of Portuguese Empire. |
| - 1377 - 1446 69 Filippo Brunelleschi invents one-point perspective, leads innovation in Italian architecture. |
| - Lorenzo Ghiberti (1378–1455) was an Italian artist of early Renaissance best known for works in sculpture & metalworking. |
| - Masaccio, (c. 1401 – 1428), Italian painter. |
| - Leonardo da Vinci, (1452–1519), Italian polymath, scientist, mathematician, engineer, inventor, anatomist, painter, sculptor, architect, botanist, musician & writer. |
| - Ciompi Revolt in Florence |
| - 1441 Portuguese navigators cruise West Africa & reestablish European slave trade with a shipment of African slaves sent directly from Africa to Portugal. |
| - Dante Alighieri, Italian poet & writer (1265–1321). |
| - Giovanni Boccaccio, Italian author (1313–1375). |
| - 1304 - 74 70 Francesco Petrarch, Italian poet & writer |
| - 1280's Eyeglasses invented in Italy. |
| - 1300's Avignon papacy transfers seat of Popes from Italy to France |
| - 1326 First real handgun in world invented in Florence |
| - 1179 Treaty of Cazola (Cazorla) is signed by Alfonso II of Aragon & Alfonso VIII of Castile, dividing Andalusia into separate zones of conquest for two kingdoms, so that work of Reconquista would not be stymied by internecine feuding. |
| - 1403 settlement of Canary Islands signals beginning of Spanish Empire. |
| - Battle of Kosovo in 1389 between Serbs & Ottoman Turks, Prince Lazar, sultan Murat I & Miloš Obilić were killed |
| - Juan Manuel, Prince of Villena, Spanish author (1282–1349). |
| - 1282 Aragon acquires Sicily, after Sicilian Vespers. |
| - 1440 - 98 58 Bartolomé Bermejo Spanish painter who adopted Dutch painting techniques & conventions. |
| - 1441 Jan van Eyck, Flemish painter dies |
| - John Hunyadi, Regent of Kingdom of Hungary, won Siege of Belgrade in 1456 (1387–1456) |
| - 1199 Pope Innocent III writes to Kaloyan, inviting him to unite Bulgarian Church with Roman Catholic Church. |
| - 1469 marriage of Ferdinand II of Aragon & Isabella I of Castile leads to unification of Spain. |
| - Joseph Albo (Hebrew: יוסף אלבו) (c. 1380 - 1444) was a Jewish philosopher & rabbi who lived in Spain. author of Sefer ha-Ikkarim ("Book of Principles"), classic work on fundamentals of Judaism. |
| - 1445 - 1510 65 Sandro Botticelli Italian painter. |
| - 1400's Renaissance affects philosophy, science & art. |
| - 1400's Age of Discovery begins. |
| - 1400's Introduction of noon bell in Catholic world. |
| - Dante Alighieri, Italian writer |
| - Andrea of Grosseto, Italian writer |
| - Giotto di Bondone, Italian painter |
| - Cimabue, Florentine painter |
| - Henry, Count of Portugal |
| - Matilda of Tuscany, countess |
| - 1453 - 1515 62 Afonso de Albuquerque was a Portuguese nobleman, naval general officer whose military & administrative activities conquered & established Portuguese colonial empire in Indian ocean. Generally considered as a world conquest military genius by means of his successful strategy. |
| - 1443–1468 Gjergj Kastrioti, Skenderbeg – Albanian Prince who resisted Ottomans for almost 30 years |
| - 1452–1516 Ferdinand II of Aragon, co-ruler of Spain with Isabella I of Castile & responsible with her for unification of Spain |
| - 1492 Boabdil's surrender of Granada marks end of Spanish Reconquista & Al-Andalus. |
| - Francis of Assisi, founder of Italian Franciscan order |
| - Bonaventure, Italian Franciscan theologian |
| - Marco Polo, Venetian trader & explorer |
| - 1054 a large supernova is observed by astronomers, remnants of which would form Crab Nebula. |
| - Ramon Llull, Majorcan Spanish philosopher |
| - Galdino della Sala, Saint, Archbishop of Milan |
| - Maimonides, Jewish philosopher B Spain D Egypt |
| - 1150 Ramon Berenguer IV, Count of Barcelona marries Petronilla, Queen of Aragon. |
| - 1156 On June 18, Treaty of Benevento is entered into by Pope Adrian IV & Norman Kingdom of Sicily. After years of turbulent relations, popes finally settled down to a peace with Hauteville kings. kingship of William I is recognised over all Sicily, Apulia, Calabria, & Campania, as well as Capua. tribute to pope of 600 schifati agreed upon by Roger II in 1139 at Mignano was affirmed & another 400 schifati was added for new lands. |
| - Construction begins on Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela in Spain in 1075. |
| - Florence Baptistry in Florence, Italy is founded in 1059. |
| - St Mark's Basilica in Venice, Italy is rebuilt in 1063. |
| - 1139 in April, Second Lateran Council ends papal schism. |
| - 1139 On July 5, in Treaty of Mignano Pope Innocent II confirms Roger II as King of Sicily, Duke of Apulia, & Prince of Capua & invests him with his titles. |
| - 1139 On July 26, Portuguese defeat Almoravids led by Ali ibn Yusuf in Battle of Ourique; Prince Afonso Henriques is acclaimed King of Portugal by his soldiers. |
| - 1158 Treaty of Sahagún ends a state of war between Castile & León. |
| - 1003 Pope Sylvester II, born Gerbert d'Aurillac, dies; however, his teaching continued to influence those of 11th century; his works included a book on arithmetic, a study of Hindu-Arabic numeral system, a hydraulic-powered organ,the reintroduction of abacus to Europe, & a possible treatise on astrolabe that was edited by Hermann of Reichenau five decades later. contemporary monk Richer from Rheims described Gerbert's contributions in reintroducing armillary sphere that was lost to European science after Greco-Roman era; from Richer's description, Gerbert's placement of tropics was nearly exact & his placement of equator was exact He reintroduced liberal arts education system of trivium & quadrivium, which he had borrowed from educational institution of Islamic Córdoba gerbert also studied & taught Islamic medicine |
| - 1186 On January 27, future Emperor Henry VI marries Constance of Sicily, heiress to Sicilian throne. |
| - 1170 Treaty of Sahagún is signed by Alfonso VIII of Castile & Afonso I of Portugal. Based on terms of accord, Alfonso VIII agrees to give Afonso I three hostages in order to be used as tribute payments owed by Ibn Mardanīš of Valencia & Murcia. |
| - 1177 Treaty or Peace of Venice is signed by Papacy & its allies & Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor. Norman Kingdom of Sicily also takes part in negotiations & treaty thereby determines political course of all Italy for next several years. |
| - Beginning of Renaissance in Italy |
| - Giotto di Bondone, Italian painter of late Middle Ages, early Renaissance (c. 1267–1337) |
| - Simone Martini, Italian painter of late Middle Ages, early Renaissance 1284 – c. 1344 |
| - 1128 On June 24, Portugal gains independence from kingdom of León at Battle of São Mamede; (recognised by León in 1143). |
| - 1130 - 8 8 Papal schism, Pope Innocent II vs. Antipope Anacletus II. |
| - 1130 On Christmas Day, Roger II is crowned King of Sicily, royal title being given to him by Antipope Anacletus II. |
| - 1249 End of Portuguese Reconquista against Moors, when King Afonso III of Portugal reconquers Algarve. |
| - 1221 Venice signs a trade treaty with Mongol Empire. |
| - Construction begins on San Pietro in Vinculis in Pisa, Italy, in 1072. |
| - Basilica of Sant'Abbondio of Lombardy, Italy is completed in 1095. |
| - Averroes Ibn Rushd, Spanish Islamic polymath |
| - 1143 Afonso Henriques is proclaimed King of Portugal by cortes. |
| - 1143 Treaty of Zamora recognizes Portuguese independence from Kingdom of León & Castile. Portugal also recognizes suzerainty of pope. |
| - 1147 On October 25, four-month long Siege of Lisbon successfully brings city under definitive Portuguese control, expelling Moorish overlords. |
| - 1147 A new Berber dynasty, Almohads, led by Emir Abd al-Mu'min, takes North Africa from Almoravides & soon invades Iberian Peninsula. Almohads began as a religious movement to rid Islam of impurities. |
| - 1151 Treaty of Tudilén (or Treaty of Tudején) is signed by Alfonso VII of León & Raymond Berengar IV, Count of Barcelona, recognising Aragonese conquests south of Júcar & right to expand in & annex Kingdom of Murcia. |
| - 1009 - 10 1 Lombard known as Melus of Bari led an insurrection against Byzantine Catepan of Italy, John Curcuas, as latter was killed in battle & replaced by Basil Mesardonites, who brought Byzantine reinforcements. |
| - 1025 Chola Dynasty of India uses its naval powers to conquer South East Asian kingdom of , turning it into a vassal. |
| - 1077 Constantine African introduces ancient Greek medicine to Schola Medica Salernitana in Salerno, Italy. |
| - 1066 Jewish vizier Joseph ibn Naghrela & many others are killed in 1066 Granada massacre. |
| - 1042 Normans establish Melfi as capital of southern Italy. |
| - 1115 - 95 80 Eustathios of Thessalonike, Saint, archbishop of Thessaloniki & writer |
| - 1061 - 91 30 Norman conquest of Sicily in Mediterranean Sea |
| - 1065 independence of Kingdom of Galicia & Portugal under rule of Garcia |
| - 1047 - 1123 76 Bruno of Segni, Saint, bishop in Rome. |
| - 1170 - 1221 Dominic de Guzmán, Saint from Bologna, Italy. founder of Order of Preachers |
| - 1182 - 1226 44 Francis of Assisi, Italy. Saint, founder of Order of Friars Minor |
| - 1060 - 1137 77 Olegarius, Saint in Spain. Archbishop of Tarragona |
| - ? - 1163 Raymond of Fitero, Spain. Saint, founder of Order of Calatrava |
| - 1175 - 1275 100 Raymond of Peñafort, Spanish Saint, canon lawyer |
| - 1109 Bertrand of Toulouse captures County of Tripoli, Lebanon. |
| - 1053 Norman commander Humphrey of Hauteville is victorious in Battle of Civitate against Lombards & papal coalition led by Rudolf of Benevento; Pope Leo IX himself is captured by Normans. |
| - 1025 Avicenna of Persia, Iran. publishes his influential treatise, Canon of Medicine, which remains most influential medical text in both Islamic & Christian lands for over six centuries, & Book of Healing, a scientific encyclopedia. |
| - 973 - 1048 1031 Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī of Iran writes Kitab al-qanun al-Mas'udi |
| - 1014 - 20 6 Book of Healing, a vast philosophical & scientific encyclopaedia, is written by Avicenna, Persian scholar. |
| - 1020's Canon of Medicine, a medical encyclopedia, is written by Avicenna, Persian Muslim scholar. |
| - 1028 - 87 59 Abū Ishāq Ibrāhīm al-Zarqālī (Arzachel) builds equatorium & universal latitude-independent astrolabe. Castile, Spain. |
| - Leon Battista Alberti (1404–1472) was an Italian author, artist, architect, poet, linguist, philosopher, & cryptographer, & general Renaissance humanist polymath. |
| - Count Giovanni Pico della Mirandola (1463–1494), Italian Renaissance philosopher.[8] He is famed for events of 1486, when at age of twenty-three, he wrote famous Oration on Dignity of Man which has been called "Manifesto of Renaissance",[9] & a key text of Renaissance humanism. |
| - Construction begins on Sassovivo Abbey of Foligno, Italy, in 1070. |
| - Palace of Aljafería is built in Zaragoza, Spain, during Al-Andalus period. |
| - Rotonda di San Lorenzo is built in Mantua, Lombardy, Italy, during late 11th century. |
| - Construction of Ponte della Maddalena bridge in Province of Lucca, Italy begins in 1080. |
| - 1183 On January 25, final Peace of Constance between Frederick Barbarossa, pope, & Lombard towns is signed, confirming Peace of Venice of 1177. |
| - 1100's In India, Hoysala architecture reaches a peak. |
| - 1401 Dilawar Khan establishes Malwa Sultanate in present-day central India |
| - 1025 ruler Rajendra Chola 1 moves capital city of empire from Thanjavur to Gangaikonda Cholapuram |
| - 1042 Bhoja, Indian ruler, philosopher, & polymath of Malwa, completes reconstruction of temple of Somnath after its destruction by Mahmud of Ghazni. |
| - 1020 Ibn Samh of Al-Andalus builds a geared mechanical astrolabe, an example of an analog computer |
| - Reconstruction of San Liberatore a Maiella in Italy begins in 1080. |
| - Late 11th century – Crucifixion, mosaic in north arm of east wall, Church of Dormition, Daphni, Greece, is made. |
| - Sylvester II, Pope, a French astronomer, mathematician, orator, musician, & philosopher. |
| - 1007 - 72 65 Peter Damian, Italy. cardinal & Doctor of Church |
| - Robert Guiscard, Norman conqueror of Southern Italy & Sicily |
| - Fruttuaria of San Benigno Canavese, Italy is completed in 1007. |
| - Construction work begins in 1059 on Parma Cathedral of Italy. |
| - 1481 Spanish Inquisition begins in practice with first auto de fé. |
| - ? - 1008 Maslamah Ibn Ahmad al-Majriti, Spanish astronomer, chemist, mathematician, & scholar |
| - Matilda of Tuscany, militant Italian noblewoman |
| - ? - 1020 Melus of Bari, Lombard nobleman Italy |
| - Joseph ibn Naghrela, Jewish vizier of Andalusia, Spain. |
| - 1070 death of Athirajendra Chola & ascension of Kulothunga Chola I marks transition between Medieval Cholas & Chalukya Cholas, India. |
| - ? - 1082 John Italus, Greek Byzantine philosopher in Constantinople. |
| - 1040's - 1101 60's John Skylitzes, Byzantine historian in Greece. |
| - 1038 - 89 51 Isaac ibn Ghiyyat, rabbi from Spain |
| - 993 - 1056 63 Samuel ibn Naghrela, Jewish scholar Spain |
| - 1021 - 58 37 Solomon ibn Gabirol, Jewish philosopher & poet from Spanish Al-Andalus |
| - 1394–1460 Henry Navigator Infante Henrique, Duke of Viseu infante (prince) of Portuguese House of Aviz & an important figure in early days of Portuguese Empire, being responsible for beginning of European worldwide explorations. |
| - 1416 - 70 54 Pal Engjëlli was an Albanian Catholic clergyman, Archbishop of Durrës & Cardinal of Albania who in 1462 wrote first known sentence in Albanian. |
| - 1400's Public banks, Italy |
| - 1410 - 5 5 Linear perspective drawing perfected by Italian Filippo Brunelleschi |
| - 1450 Invention of harpsichord in Italy. |
| - 1072 Battle of Golpejera is fought between Sancho II of Castile & Alfonso VI of Castile |
| - 1075 Investiture Controversy is sparked when Pope Gregory VII asserted in Dictatus papae extended rights granted to pope (disturbing balance of power) & new interpretation of God's role in founding Church itself. |
| - 1085 Alfonso VI of Castile captures Moorish Muslim city of Toledo, Spain. |
| - 1086 Battle of az-Zallaqah between Almoravids & Castilians |
| - 1094 El Cid, great Spanish hero, conquers Muslim city of Valencia |
| - 1043 - 99 56 El Cid (Rodrigo Díaz de Vivar), Castilian nobleman |
| - 991 - 1050 59 Guido of Arezzo, Italian music theorist |
| - 1019 - 66 47 Sripati, Indian mathematician & astronomer |
| - 1040 - 95 55 Muhammad Ibn Abbad Al Mutamid, Spain. last Abbadid ruler |
| - 1068 beginning in this year, Virarajendra Chola India sends military raids into Malaysia & Indonesia. |
| - Bhoja, a philosopher king & polymath of Malwa in India |
| - Bilhana, a Kashmiri language poet from India |
| - 971 - 1029 58 Kushyar ibn Labban, Iranian Persian mathematician, astronomer, & geographer |
| - 1004 - 88 84 Nasir Khusraw, Persian poet, Afghanistan. theologian, philosopher, & traveler |
| - 1485 Saluva Narasimha Deva Raya drives out Praudha Raya ending Sangama Dynasty India |
| - 1088 University of Bologna, Italy is established. |
| - 1098 Pope Urban II makes an appearance at Siege of Capua, Italy. |
| - 1055 - 1138 83 Moses ibn Ezra, Jewish philosopher, poet, & linguist from Spain |
| - 1087 Italian cities of Genoa & Pisa engage in African Mahdia campaign |
| - 1000 Al-Tasrif is written by Andalusian physician & scientist Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi (Abulcasis). |
| - 1068 Book of Roads & Kingdoms is written by Abū 'Ubayd 'Abd Allāh al-Bakrī. Spain. |
| - 1054 Great Schism, in which Western (Roman Catholic) & Eastern Orthodox churches separated from each other. Similar schisms in past had been later repaired, but this one continues after nearly 1000 years. |
| - 1091 Normans from Duchy of Normandy take control of Malta & surrounding islands. |
| - 1095 Pope Urban II calls upon Western Europeans to take up cross & reclaim Holy Lands, officially commencing First Crusade. |
| - 1097 Diego Rodriguez, a son of El Cid, dies in Battle of Consuegra, Spain. an Almoravid victory |
| - 1444 Albanian league is established in Lezha, Skanderbeg is elected leader. A war begins against Ottoman empire. An Albanian state is set up & lasts until 1479. |
| - 1065 - 1145 80 Abraham bar Hiyya, Jewish philosopher, astronomer, & mathematician from Catalonia. |
| - 936 - 1013 77 Abu al-Qasim (a.k.a. Abulcasis), Arab physician & surgeon from Al-Andalus |
- 1029 - 87 58 Abū Ishāq Ibrāhīm al-Zarqālī (a.k.a. Arzachel), Arab mathematician & astronomer from Al-Andalus, Spain. |
| - 1000 Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi (Abulcasis) of al-Andalus, considered a "father of modern surgery", publishes his influential 30-volume Arabic medical encyclopedia, Al-Tasrif, |
| - 1000's works of Aristotle & some early Muslim scientists are translated into Latin from Arabic, shortly before Latin translations of 12th century. Spain. |
| - 1000's tittle was created. In Bible. |
| - In Europe, introduction of horizontal loom operated by foot-treadles makes weaving faster & more efficient. |
| - 1174 - 1236 62 Sava, Saint, organizer & liberator of Serbian Orthodox Church |
| - 1378 Great Schism of West begins in , eventually leading to 3 simultaneous popes. |
| - poet Petrarch of Italy coins term Dark Ages to describe preceding 900 years in Europe, beginning with fall of Western Roman Empire in 476 through to renewal embodied in Renaissance. |
| - 1200's Pecia system of copying books develops in Italian university-towns & was taken up by University of Paris in middle of century. |
| - 1018 First Bulgarian Empire is conquered by Byzantine Empire |
| - 1165 Liuhe Pagoda of Hangzhou, China, is built. |
| - 1044 Henry III of Holy Roman Empire defeats Kingdom of Hungary in Battle of Ménfő; Peter Urseolo captured Samuel Aba after battle, executing him, & restoring his claim to throne; Kingdom of Hungary then briefly becomes a vassal to Holy Roman Empire. |
| - 1478 Muscovy conquers Novgorod. |
| - Casimir III of Poland, expansionist & financial reformer (1310–1370). |
| - Louis Great of Hungary (king: 1342–1382) King of Hungary, Croatia, Dalmatia, Jerusalem, Sicily & Poland from 1370. He led campaigns From Lithuania to Southern Italy, From Poland to Northern Greece. He had greatest military potential of century with his enormous armies.(Often over 100,000 men) |
| - 1469 Matthias Corvinus of Hungary conquered some parts of Bohemia. |
| - 1237–1240 Mongol Empire conquers Russia. |
| - 1241 Mongol Empire defeats Hungary at Battle of Mohi & defeats Poland at Battle of Legnica. Hungary & Poland ravaged. |
| - 1242 Russians defeat Teutonic Knights at Battle of Lake Peipus. |
| - 1454 - 66 12 After defeating Teutonic Knights in Thirteen Years' War, Poland annexes Royal Prussia. |
| - 1041 Samuel Aba became King of Hungary. |
| - 1485 Matthias Corvinus of Hungary captured Vienna, Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor ran away |
| - Reunification of Poland under Ladislaus I of Poland |
| - Union of Krewo between Poland & Lithuania.(1385) |
| - 1222 Andrew II of Hungary signs Golden Bull which affirms privileges of Hungarian nobility. |
| - 1223 Mongol Empire defeats various Russian principalities at Battle of Kalka River. |
| - 1420 - 34 14 Hussite Wars in Bohemia |
| - Béla IV of Hungary rebuilder of Hungary after devastating Mongol invasion |
| - 1369–1415 Jan Hus, Bohemian religious thinker & reformer |
| - 1443–1490 Matthias Corvinus of Hungary, Renaissance ruler |
| - Charles IV, King of Bohemia, one of most powerful men in Europe. |
| - Charles I of Hungary, military, diplomatic & financial reformer, restoring Kingdom of Hungary to power (1288–1342). |
| - Boleslav IV Curly, high duke of Poland |
| - 1054 Russian legal code of Russkaya Pravda is created during reign of Yaroslav I Wise. |
| - 1057 Ostromir Gospels of Novgorod are written. |
| - 1445 Kazan Khanate defeats Grand Duchy of Moscow at Battle of Suzdal |
| - 1205 Battle of Adrianople occurred on April 14, 1205 between Bulgarians under Tsar Kaloyan of Bulgaria, & Crusaders under Baldwin I, (July 1172–1205), first emperor of Latin Empire of Constantinople. |
| - 1285 Second Mongol raid against Hungary, led by Nogai Khan. |
| - Alexander Nevsky, Grand Prince of Novgorod & Vladimir |
| - 1102 King Coloman unites Hungary & Croatia under Hungarian Crown. |
| - 1122 Battle of Beroia, Bulgaria. results in disappearance of Pechenegs as an independent force. |
| - 1109 In Battle of Nakło, Boleslaus III Wrymouth defeats Pomeranians & re-establishes Polish access to sea. |
| - 1300's Foundation of University of Cracow |
| - Andrei I Bogolyubsky, Prince of Suzdal, Russia. |
| - 1456 Siege of Belgrade halts Ottoman's advance into Europe. |
| - 1008 Leningrad Codex, one of oldest full manuscripts of Hebrew Bible, is completed. |
| - 1470 Moldavian forces under Stephen Great defeat Tatars of Golden Horde at Battle of Lipnic. |
| - Ephraim of Pereyaslavl, Eastern Orthodox saint & bishop of Pereyaslav, Ukraine. |
| - George Maniaces, Greek Byzantine general |
| - Hilarion of Kiev, first non-Greek Metropolitan bishop of Kiev |
| - Peter Deylan, leader of a Bulgarian uprising against Byzantine Empire |
| - 1479 Battle of Breadfield, Matthias Corvinus of Hungary defeated Turks. |
| - 1480 After Great standing on Ugra river, Muscovy gained independence from Great Horde. |
| - Saint Sophia Cathedral in Novgorod is completed in 1052, oldest existent church in Russia. |
| - Construction begins on Saint Sophia Cathedral in Kiev, Ukraine, in 1037. |
| - 1440s Golden Horde breaks up into Siberia Khanate, Khanate of Kazan, Astrakhan Khanate, Crimean Khanate, & Great Horde. |
| - 1410 Battle of Grunwald was decisive battle of Polish–Lithuanian–Teutonic War leading to downfall of Teutonic Knights. |
| - Stephen III of Moldavia, also known as Stephen Great, ruler of Moldavia, national hero of Romanians for long resistance to Ottomans (1437–1504) |
| - 1078 Oleg I of Chernigov is defeated in battle by his brother Vsevolod I of Kiev; Oleg escaped to Tmutarakan, but was imprisoned by Khazars, sent to Constantinople as a prisoner, & then exiled to Rhodes. |
| - 1093 Kypchaks defeat princes of Kievan Rus at Battle of Stugna River |
| - 1045 Zirids, a Berber dynasty of North Africa, break their allegiance with Fatimid court of Egypt & recognize Abbasids of Baghdad as true caliphs. |
| - 1291 Mamluk Sultan of Egypt al-Ashraf Khalil captures Acre, thus ending Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem (the final Christian landholding remaining from Crusades). |
| - 1154 Moroccan-born Muslim geographer Muhammad al-Idrisi publishes his Geography. |
| - 1000 Zij al-Kabir al-Hakimi is written by Egyptian astronomer Ibn Yunus. |
| - 1004 library & university Dar Al-Hekma is founded in Egypt under Fatimids. |
| - 1011 - 21 10 Ibn al-Haytham (Alhacen), a famous Iraqi scientist working in Egypt, feigned madness in fear of angering Egyptian caliph Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah, & was kept under house arrest from 1011 to 1021. During this time, he wrote his influential Book of Optics. |
| - 1008 Fatimid Egyptian sea captain Domiyat travels to Buddhist pilgrimage site in Shandong, China, to seek out Chinese Emperor Zhenzong of Song with gifts from his ruling Imam Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah, successfully reopening diplomatic relations between Egypt & China that had been lost since collapse of Tang Dynasty. |
| - 1021 ruling Fatimid Caliph Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah disappears suddenly, possibly assassinated by his own sister Sitt al-Mulk, which leads to open persecution of Druze by Ismaili Shia; Druze proclaimed that Al-Hakim went into hiding (ghayba), whereupon he would return as Mahdi savior. |
| - Yusuf ibn Tashfin, Almoravid ruler of North Africa & Spain |
| - 1217 - 21 4 Fifth Crusade captures Egyptian Ayyubid port city of Damietta, ultimately Crusaders withdraw. |
| - 1244 Ayyubids & Khwarezmians defeat Crusaders & their Arab allies at Battle of La Forbie. |
| - 1248–1254 Seventh Crusade captures Egyptian Ayyubid port city of Damietta, Crusaders ultimately withdraw. Mamelukes overthrow Ayyubid Dynasty. |
| - Ibn Battuta, Moroccan Berber Muslim traveler (1304–1368/1377). |
| - 1171 Saladin deposes last Fatimid Caliph Al-'Āḍid, initiating Ayyubid dynasty, Egypt. |
| - Zaynab an-Nafzawiyyat, of Morocco wife of Almoravid ruler Abu-Bakr Ibn-Umar |
| - 1080 Liber pantegni is written by Constantine African of Tunisia. |
| - 1400's Abu Sa'id al-Afif, a Samaritan physician, Cairo. |
| - 1021 Book of Optics by Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen or Alhacen) is completed. Cairo. |
| - 1094 a succession crisis following reign of Fatimid Caliph Ma'ad al-Mustansir Billah sparks a rebellion which leads to split of Ismaili Shia into new Nizari religious branch. Egypt. |
| - 1017 - 87 70 Constantine African, Carthaginian Christian physician & translator of ancient Greek medicine |
| - 1000 - 78 78 Mu'ayyad fi'l-Din al-Shirazi, Egypt. Persian theologian serving Fatimid court |
| - Al-Hakim Mosque of Fatimid Egypt is completed in 1013. |
| - 1289 Crusader State of Tripoli falls to Mamelukes. |
| - 950 - 1009 59 Ibn Yunus. Abu al-Hasan 'Ali abi Sa'id 'Abd al-Rahman ibn Ahmad ibn Yunus al-Sadafi al-Misri, Egyptian mathematician & astronomer |
| - 1000 Ibn Yunus of Egypt publishes his astronomical treatise Al-Zij al-Hakimi al-Kabir. |
| - 1080 Liber pantegni, a compendium of Hellenistic & Islamic medicine, is written in Italy by Carthaginian Christian Constantine African, paraphrasing translated passages from Kitab al-malaki of Ali ibn Abbas al-Majusi as well as other Arabic texts |
| - 1100's In north Africa, kasbah of Marrakesh is built, including city gate Bab Agnaou & Koutoubia mosque. |
| - Sundiata Keita semi-historical founder of Mali Empire |
| - 1043 Kingdom of Nri of West Africa is said to have started in this year with Eze Nri Ìfikuánim |
| - 1462 Sonni Ali Ber, ruler of Songhai (or Songhay) Empire, along Niger River, conquered Mali in central Sudan by defeating Tuareg contingent at Tombouctou (or Timbuktu) & capturing city. He developed both his own capital, Gao, & main centres of Mali, Timbuktu & Djenné, into major cities. Ali Ber controlled trade along Niger River with a navy of war vessels. |
| - Hausa found several city-states in south of modern Niger. |
| - Mali Empire expands westward & conquers Tekrur. |
| - 1076 Ghana Empire is attacked by Almoravids, who sack capital of Koumbi Saleh, ending rule of king Tunka Manin |
| - Kanem-Bornu expands southward into modern Nigeria. |
| - first of seven Hausa city-states are founded in Nigeria. |
| - Tuareg migrate to Aïr region, Niger. |
| - Hodh region of Mauritania becomes desert. |
| - 1492 death of Sunni Ali Ber left a leadership void in Songhai Empire, Mali & his son was soon dethroned by Mamadou Toure who ascended throne in 1492 under name Askia (meaning "general") Muhammad. Askia Muhammad made Songhai largest empire in history of West Africa. empire went into decline, however, after 1528, when now-blind Askia Muhammad was dethroned by his son, Askia Musa. |
| - Mansa Musa (d. 1347), King of Mali Empire while it was source of almost half world's gold. |
| - 1100's In sub-Saharan Africa, Kente cloth is first woven. |
| - Construction begins on Great Zimbabwe National Monument, sometime in century. |
| - Work begins on Great Enclosure at Great Zimbabwe, built of un-cemented, dressed stone. city's population is now between 10,000 & 40,000. |
| - 1183 On September 24, Andronicus I Comnenus has his nephew Alexius II Comnenus strangled. |
| - 1184 On March 24, Queen Tamar, King of Georgia, accedes to throne as sole ruler after reigning with her father, George III, for six years. |
| - 1185 Andronicus I Comnenus is deposed and, on September 12, executed as a result of Norman massacre of Greeks of Thessalonika. |
| - 1115 Georgian army occupies Rustavi in war to free Georgia from Muslims. |
| - 1116 Byzantine army defeats Turks at Philomelion. |
| - Queen Tamara, ruler of Georgia |
| - Queen Rusudan, Queen Regnant of Georgia |
| - Bulgarian-Ottoman Wars begin |
| - Mid-14th century – Bottle, from Syria, is made. It is now kept at Freer Gallery of Art, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. |
| - 1444 Ottoman Empire under Sultan Murad II defeats Polish & Hungarian armies under Władysław III of Poland & János Hunyadi at Battle of Varna. |
| - 1228-1229 Sixth Crusade under excommunicated Frederick II Hohenstaufen, who returns Jerusalem to Crusader States. |
| - 1261 Byzantines under Michael VIII retake Constantinople from Crusaders & Venice. |
| - 1402 Ottoman & Timurid Empires fight at Battle of Ankara resulting in Timur's capture of Bayezid I. |
| - 1300's Beginning of Ottoman Empire, early expansion into Balkans. |
| - 1144 On December 24, Edessa, Turkey falls to Atabeg Zengi. |
| - 1268 Fall of Crusader State of Antioch, Turkey to Mamelukes. |
| - 1204 Fourth Crusade of 1202–1204 captures Zara for Venice & sacks Byzantine Constantinople, creating Latin Empire. |
| - Tamar of Georgia, queen |
| - 1187 On July 4, in Battle of Hattin, Saladin defeats King of Jerusalem. |
| - Artemis Felicaan, Mysticist & Mathmematician found guilty of treason during Christian Prosecution in Constantinople. |
| - 1192 In June, Treaty of Ramla is signed by Saladin & Richard Lionheart. Under terms of agreement, Jerusalem would remain under Muslim control. However, city would be open to Christian pilgrimages. Latin Kingdom is reduced to a geopolitical coastal strip that extended from Tyre to Jaffa. |
| - Albert of Jerusalem, Saint, Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem |
| - Chakhrukhadze, Georgian poet |
| - 1189 - 92 3 Third Crusade is an attempt by European leaders to reconquer Holy Land from Saladin. |
| - 1191 On September 7, Saladin is defeated by Richard I of England at Battle of Arsuf. |
| - 1192 In April, Conrad of Montferrat is elected King of Jerusalem as Conrad I, then assassinated a few days later (April 28), before coronation, by two Hashshashin. |
| - 1192 In Battle of Jaffa, King Richard Lionheart defeats Saladin. |
| - Opizars, Beshqen & Beqa, celebrated Georgian gold-smiths. |
| - 1145–1148: Second Crusade is launched in response to fall of County of Edessa. |
| - 1014 Byzantine armies of Basil II are victorious over Samuil of Bulgaria in Battle of Kleidion. |
| - 1018 Byzantine armies of Basil Boioannes are victorious at Battle of Cannae against Lombards under Melus of Bari. |
| - 1122 After a four-hundred-year supremacy of Arabs, King David Builder captures Tbilisi & declares it capital city of Georgia. |
| - 1138 On October 11, 1138 Aleppo earthquake devastates much of northern Syria. |
| - Svetitskhoveli Cathedral, Georgia, is totally renewed in 1029 |
| - 1195 On June 16, struggle of Shamqori. Georgian forces annihilate army of Abu Baqar. |
| - 1119 David Builder & Baldwin II of Jerusalem meet each other. |
| - 1120 On January 16, Council of Nablus, a council of ecclesiastic & secular lords in crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem, establishes first written laws for kingdom. |
| - 1125 On June 11, in Battle of Azaz, Crusader States, led by King Baldwin II of Jerusalem, defeat Seljuk Turks. |
| - Michael 1 Cerularius, Patriarch of Constantinople who was involved in East-West Schism |
| - 1043 Byzantine Empire & Kievan Rus engage in a naval confrontation, although a later treaty is signed between two parties that included marriage alliance of Vsevolod I of Kiev to a princess daughter of Constantine IX Monomachos. |
| - 1043 Byzantine General George Maniaces, who had served in Sicily back in 1038, was proclaimed emperor by his troops while he was catepan of Italy; he led an unsuccessful rebellion against Constantine IX Monomachos & was killed in battle in Macedonia during his march towards Constantinople. |
| - 1065 Seljuks first invasion to Georgia under leadership of alp Arslan |
| - 1182 revolt of people of Constantinople against Latins, whom they massacre, proclaiming Andronicus I Comnenus co-emperor. |
| - 1108 By Treaty of Devol, signed in September, Bohemond I of Antioch has to submit to Byzantine Empire, becoming vassal of Alexius I. |
| - 1453 Fall of Constantinople marks end of Byzantine Empire & beginning of Growth of Ottoman Empire. |
| - 1055 Seljuk Turks capture Baghdad, taking Buyid Emir Al-Malik al-Rahim prisoner. |
| - 1071 Defeat of Byzantine Empire at Battle of Manzikert by Seljuk army of Alp Arslan, ending three centuries of a Byzantine military & economic Golden Age. |
| - 1068 Seljuks destroyed Georgia for second time |
| - 1073 Seljuk Turks capture Ankara from Byzantines. |
| - 1074 Seljuk Turks capture Jerusalem from Byzantines, & cut pilgrim transit. |
| - 1161 In siege of Ani, Georgian troops take over control of city, only to have it sold for second time to Shaddadids, a Kurdish dynasty. |
| - 1121 On August 12, in Battle of Didgori, greatest military victory of Georgia, King David Builder with 40,000 Georgians, 15,000 Kipchak auxiliaries, 500 Alan mercenaries & 300 French Crusaders defeats a Seljuk-led Muslim coalition army of 400,000. |
| - 1176 On September 17, Battle of Myriokephalon (Myriocephalum; Turkish: Miryakefalon Savaşı) is fought between Byzantine Empire & Seljuk Turks in Phrygia. It was a serious reversal for Byzantine forces & was to be final, unsuccessful, effort by Byzantines to recover interior of Anatolia from Seljuk Turks. |
| - Berthold, Saint, found of Carmelite Order in Israel. |
| - Bohemund I of Antioch, Turkey. prince |
| - ? - 1207 David Soslani, husband of Queen Tamar of Georgia. |
| - ? Giorgi Mtcignobartuxuces-Tchkondideli, Georgian political & ecclesiastical figure |
| - 1153 - 98 45 Nerses of Lambron, Saint, Archbishop of Tarsus, Turkey. theologian |
| - 1048 - 1131 83 Omar Khayyám, Bukhara, Uzbekhistan. Persian poet & astronomer |
| - 1101 - 3 2 David Builder takes over Kakheti & Hereti, Georgia. |
| - 1103 - 4 1 A church council is convened by King David Builder in Urbnisi to reorganize Georgian Orthodox Church. |
| - 1104 In Battle of Ertcukhi, Georgia. King David Builder defeats an army of Seljuks. |
| - Nikortsminda Cathedral of Georgia is completed in 1014. |
| - 960 - 1036 76 Abu Nasr Mansur, Iraqi mathematician |
| - Construction begins on Bagrati Cathedral in Georgia in 1003. |
| - St. Grigor's Church of Kecharis Monastery in Armenia is built in 1003. |
| - 1161 Kilij Arslan II, Sultan of Rum, makes peace with Byzantine Empire, recognizing emperor's primacy. |
| - 1106 Finished building of Gelati, Georgia. |
| - 1119 - 1314 Foundation of Knights Templar. Jerusalem. |
| - 1100's In Middle East, icon Theotokos of Vladimir is made, probably in Constantinople. Everything but faces will later be retouched, & icon will end up in Tretyakov Gallery, Moscow. Georgian poet Shota Rustaveli composes his epic poem Knight in Panther's Skin. Shahab al-Din Suhrawardi founds his "school of illumination". |
| - An account of Buddha's life, translated earlier into Greek by St John of Damascus & widely circulated to Christians as story of Barlaam & Josaphat, became so popular Buddha (under name Josaphat) was made a Catholic saint. |
| - 1000 Abu Sahl al-Quhi (Kuhi) Bagdham, Iraq. |
| - 940 - 1000 60 Abu-Mahmud al-Khujandi of Tajikhistan. |
| - 1000 Ammar ibn Ali al-Mawsili of Mosul, Iraq. |
| - 1021 Ibn al-Haytham (Alhacen) of Basra, Iraq writes his influential Book of Optics from 1011 to 1021 (while he was under house arrest in Egypt), |
| - 1096 Knights Templar are formed during early First Crusade in order to protect European Christian pilgrims traveling to Jerusalem. |
| - 1099 after building considerable strength, David IV of Georgia discontinues tribute payments to Seljuk Turks. |
| - Liparit IV Bagvashi, Duke of Kldekari, Georgia. |
| - Mariam of Vaspurakan, Queen dowager & regent of Kingdom of Georgia |
| - 1017 - 96 79 Michael Psellos, Byzantine writer, philosopher, official, & historian |
| - 1048 - 1131 83 Omar Khayyám, Uzbekistan. Persian poet, mathematician, philosopher & astronomer |
| - Otrok, khan of Kipchaks Georgia. |
| - 1048 - 1100 52 Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam is written by Omar Khayyam of Bukhara, Uzbekhistan sometime after 1048. |
| - 1009 - 65 56 Giorgi Mtatsmindeli, Georgian elesiastic figure |
| - 1060 Mugni Gospels of Armenia are written in illuminated manuscript form. |
| - 1097 Siege of Nicaea, Iznik, Turkey. during First Crusade |
| - 1091 Byzantine Empire under Alexios I Komnenos & his Cuman allies defeat Pechenegs at Battle of Levounion |
| - 1098 Siege of Antioch during First Crusade |
| - 1078 revolt of Nikephoros III against Byzantine ruler Michael VII |
| - 1099 after Kingdom of Jerusalem was established, Al-Aqsa Mosque was made into residential palace for kings of Jerusalem. |
| - 1207 - 73 66 Rumi (Mevlana), great philosopher & poet. B Afghanistan, D Turkey |
| - 965 - 1040 75 Abū 'Alī al-Haṣan ibn al-Haytham (a.k.a. Alhazen or Alhacen), Iraqi polymath: scientist, physicist, optical researcher, astronomer, engineer, inventor, mathematician, physician, ophthalmologist, Islamic philosopher, ps ychologist & Islamic theologian |
| - 953 - 1029 76 Al-Karaji, Karkh, Iraq. Persian mathematician & engineer |
| - 1010 - 75 65 Alī ibn Ahmad al-Nasawī, Iraqi Persian mathematician who commented on Greek works by Archimedes |
| - 1028 - 34 6 John Eunuch, chief court eunuch under Byzantine emperor Romanos III |
| - 1126 - 1200 74 John Doukas, Caesar, younger brother & counsellor to Constantine X of Byzantium |
| - Zoe, Empress, Byzantine Empress |
| - Byzantine Greek Hosios Loukas monastery sees completion of its Katholikon (main church), earliest extant domed-octagon church from 1011–1012. |
| - Imam Ali Mosque in Iraq is rebuilt by Malik Shah I in 1086 after it was destroyed by fire. |
| - 1263 - 1328 65 Ibn Taymiyyah, famous Hanbali, Syrian Salafi Scholar of Islam |
| - 1184 - 1283 99 Saadi Persian poet Bagdhad. |
| - 1467 Uzun Hasan defeats Black Sheep Turkoman leader Jahān Shāh. Azerbaijan. |
| - 1058 - 1111 53 Bohemond 1 of Antioch, Crusader commander from Calabria |
| - By 11th century, every city in Islamic world had Bimaristans, first hospitals in modern sense, after they began receiving funds from Waqf instititions, first charitable trusts |
| - 1462 Mehmed Conqueror is driven back by Wallachian prince Vlad III Dracula at Night Attack. |
| - 1198 brethren of Crusader hospital in Acre are raised to a military order of knights, Teutonic Knights, formally known as Order of Knights of Hospital of St. Mary of Teutons in Jerusalem. |
| - 1443 Abdur Razzaq visits India |
| - Vijayanagara Empire is founded in South India by Harihara in 1336 |
| - 1025 Canon of Medicine by Avicenna (Ibn Sina) is completed. |
| - 1027 Book of Healing is published by Avicenna. Iran |
| - Iwan vault, Jamé Mosque of Isfahan, Isfahan, Persia (Iran), is built. |
| - Muhammad of Ghor, Afghan ruler |
| - Ramanuja, Chola Indian theologian, philosopher, & spiritual leader |
| - 1001 Mahmud of Ghazni, Muslim leader of Ghazni, begins a series of raids into Northern India; he finishes in 1027 with destruction of Somnath. |
| - Kandariya Mahadeva temple in India is built in 1050. |
| - 1193 Nalanda, great Indian Buddhist educational centre, is destroyed. |
| - 1451 Bahlul Khan Lodhi ascends throne of Delhi sultanate starting Lodhi dynasty |
| - 1469 Guru Nanak, founder of Sikh Religion |
| - Bhaskara II, Indian mathematician & astronomer |
| - 1000 - 37 37 Hayy ibn Yaqdhan is written by Avicenna. |
| - Tower of Gonbad-e Qabus in Iran is built in 1006. |
| - domes of Jamé Mosque of Isfahan, Iran are built in 1086 to 1087. |
| - 11th–18th century – Courtyard, Jamé Mosque of Isfahan, Isfahan, Persia (Iran), is built. |
| - 1000 - 48 48 Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī of Persia Iran writes more than a hundred books on many different topics. |
| - Brihadeeswarar Temple of India is completed in 1010 during reign of Rajaraja Chola I. |
| - Kedareshwara Temple of Balligavi, India, is built in 1060 by Western Chalukyas. |
| - 1310 - 79 69 Hafez Iranian Persian poet |
| - 1486 Sher Shah Suri, is born in Sasaram, Bihar, India. |
| - Mir Chakar Khan Rind (1468–1565), a Baloch king. Iran |
| - 1079 Malik Shah I reforms Iranian Calendar. Franks start to settle around Way of Saint James (Today, modern North Spain) |
| - 1075–1076 a civil war in Western Chalukya Empire of India; Western Chalukya monarch Somesvara II plans to defeat his own ambitious brother Vikramaditya VI by allying with a traditional enemy, Kulothunga Chola I of Chola Empire; Somesvara's forces suffered heavy defeat, & was eventually captured & imprisoned by Vikramaditya, who proclaimed himself king. |
| - 1057 Anawrahta, ruler of Pagan Kingdom, defeated Mon city of Thaton, thus unifying all of Myanmar. |
| - 1193 Prithvi raj Chauhan, First Muslim Empire Established in India by mohommad Ghori by defeating Prithviraj chauhan |
| - 1414 Khizr Khan, deputised by Timur to be governor of Multan takes over Delhi founding Sayyid dynasty |
| - 1424 Deva Raya II succeeds his father Veera Vijaya Bukka Raya as monarch of Vijayanagara Empire, India. |
| - 1446 Mallikarjuna Raya succeeds his father Deva Raya II as monarch of Vijayanagara Empire |
| - King Anawrahta of Myanmar made a pilgrimage to Ceylon, returning to convert his country to Theravada Buddhism. |
| - 1093 Vikramaditya VI, ruler of Western Chalukya Empire, defeats army of Kulothunga Chola I in Battle of Vengi. |
| - Abhinavagupta, Indian philosopher, logician, musician, poet & dramatist from Kashmir region |
| - 980 - 1037 57 Abū 'Alī al-Husayn ibn Sīnā (a.k.a. Avicenna), Persian polymath: physician, philosopher, scientist, astronomer, chemist, geologist, Hafiz, logician, mathematician, physicist, poet, psychologist, Sheikh, soldier, statesman & Islamic theologian |
| - 973 - 1048 75 Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī, Persian Iranian. polymath: scientist, anthropologist, historian, sociologist, astronomer, chemist, encyclopedist, geodesist, geographer, geologist, Islamic philosopher & theologian, mathematician, physicist, psychologist, pharmacist, teacher & traveller |
| - 1058 - 1111 53 Al-Ghazali (a.k.a. Algazel), celebrated Muslim scholar, Iran. |
| - 945 - 1020 75 Al-Sijzi, Iranian Persian mathematician & astronomer |
| - 1000 Law of sines is discovered in Iran by Muslim mathematicians, but it is uncertain who discovers it first between Abu-Mahmud al-Khujandi, Abu Nasr Mansur, & Abu al-Wafa. |
| - 1469 Birth of Guru Nanak Dev. Beside followers of Sikhism, Guru Nanak is revered by Hindus & Muslim Sufis across Indian subcontinent. |
| - death of Ilkhan Abu Said in 1335, causing disintegration of Mongol rule in Persia. Iran. |
| - 1000 Remaining Signs of Past Centuries is written by Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī. Afghanistan. |
| - 1001 - 8 7 Japanese Lady Murasaki Shikibu writes first novel, Tale of Genji |
| - 1018 Third Goryeo-Khitan War; Korean General Gang Gam-chan inflicted heavy losses to Khitan forces at Battle of Kwiju. Khitan withdrew & both sides signed a peace treaty. |
| - Sei Shōnagon, writer, a Japanese lady of royal court |
| - 1044 Chinese Wujing Zongyao, written by Zeng Gongliang & Yang Weide, is first book to describe gunpowder formulas; it also described their use in warfare, such as blackpowder-impregnated fuses for flamethrowers. It also described an early form of compass, a thermoremanence compass. |
| - 1052 Fujiwara no Yorimichi converts rural villa at Byōdō-in into a famous Japanese Buddhist temple. |
| - 1043 Song Dynasty Chancellor of China, Fan Zhongyan, & prominent official & historian Ouyang Xiu introduce Qingli Reforms, which would be rescinded by court in 1045 due to partisan resistance to reforms. |
| - Sima Guang, Song Chinese chancellor & court historian |
| - 1041 - 8 7 Chinese artisan Bi Sheng invents ceramic movable type printing |
| - 1075 Chinese official & diplomat Shen Kuo asserts Song Dynasty's rightful border lines by using court archives against bold bluff of Emperor Daozong of Liao, who had asserted that Liao Dynasty territory exceeded its earlier-accepted bounds. |
| - 1075–1077 Song Dynasty of China & Lý Dynasty of Vietnam fight a border war, with Vietnamese forces striking first on land & with their navy, & afterwards Song armies advancing as far as modern-day Hanoi, capital, but withdraw after Lý makes peace overtures; in 1082, both sides exchange territories that they had captured during war, & later a border agreement is reached. |
| - Shao Yong, Chinese historian, poet, & philosopher |
| - Shen Kuo, Chinese polymath: official, mathematician, astronomer, encyclopedist, zoologist, geologist, botanist, pharmacologist, agronomist, ethnographer, inventor, hydraulic engineer, cartographer, general, diplomat, archaeologist, musician & poet |
| - 1420 Construction of Chinese Forbidden City is completed in Beijing. |
| - Yue Fei, Chinese general |
| - Zhang Zeduan, Chinese painter |
| - 1024 world's first paper-printed money can be traced back to year 1024, in Sichuan province of Song Dynasty China. Chinese government would step in & overtake this trend, issuing central government's official banknote in 1120s. |
| - Zhou Jichang, Chinese painter |
| - 1049 Record of Tea is written by Chinese official Cai Xiang |
| - 1021 Lady Murasaki Shikibu writes her Japanese novel, Tale of Genji, which is regarded as first full-length novel. |
| - Zhu Xi, Neo-Confucian Chinese philosopher |
| - Zhu Yu, Chinese maritime author |
| - 1467 - 1615 148 Sengoku period is one of civil war in Japan. |
| - 1400's Hangul alphabet in Korea |
| - 1403 Yongle Emperor moves capital of China from Nanjing to Beijing. |
| - Zheng He, Chinese eunuch admiral & explorer (1371–1433). |
| - 1200's Wooden movable type printing invented by Chinese governmental minister Wang Zhen in 1298. |
| - 1200's earliest known rockets, landmines, & handguns are made by Chinese for use in warfare. |
| - 1200's Chinese adopt windmill from Islamic world. |
| - 1200's Guan ware vase is made. Southern Song dynasty. It is now kept at Percival David Foundation of Chinese Art, London. |
| - Shao Yong, Chinese poet, historian, & philosopher |
| - 1300's Chinese text Huolongjing by Jiao Yu describes fire lances, fire arrows (rockets), rocket launchers, land mines, naval mines, bombards, cannons, & hollow cast iron cannonballs filled with gunpowder, & their use to set ablaze enemy camps. |
| - 1093 when Chinese Empress Dowager Gao dies, conservative faction that had followed Sima Guang is ousted from court, liberal reforms of Wang Anshi reinstated, & Emperor Zhezong of Song halted all negotiations with Tanguts of Western Xia, resuming in armed conflict with them. |
| - 1094 astronomical clock tower of Kaifeng, China—engineered by official Su Song—is completed. |
| - 1098 Dongpo Academy of Hainan, China is built in honor of Song Dynasty Chinese official & poet Su Shi, who was exiled there for criticizing reforms of New Policies Group. |
| - Chen Youliang, Chinese rebel leader & arch nemesis to Zhu Yuanzhang (aka Emperor Hongwu) |
| - Jiao Yu, Chinese general & author of Huolongjing military treatise |
| - Liu Ji, a Chinese general, court advisor, philosopher, & co-editor of Huolongjing |
| - Hōnen Shōnin (Genkū), Japanese religious founder |
| - Lin Tinggui, Chinese painter of Buddhist themes |
| - 1405 - 33 28 Zheng He of China sails through Indian Ocean to India, Arabia, & East Africa. |
| - Minamoto no Yoritomo, shōgun of Japan, founder of Kamakura Shogunate |
| - 1180 - 5 5 Genpei War in Japan. |
| - 1132 Southern Song Dynasty establishes China's first permanent standing navy, although China had a long naval history prior. main admiral's office was stationed at port of Dinghai. |
| - 1132 - 83 51 Chinese navy increases from a mere 3,000 marine soldiers to 52,000 marine soldiers stationed in 20 different squadrons. During this time, hundreds of treadmill-operated paddle wheel craft are assembled for navy, in order to combat Jurchen's Jin Dynasty in north. |
| - 1175 Hōnen Shōnin (Genkū) founds Japanese Jōdo shū (Pure Land) sect of Buddhism. |
| - Milarepa, Tibetan poet, yogi, & member of Kagyu school of Tibetan Buddhism |
| - Minamoto no Yorimitsu, a governor & commander loyal to Fujiwara clan |
| - Minamoto no Yorinobu, a samurai of Minamoto clan |
| - 1127 Northern Song dynasty loses power over northern China to Jurchens of Manchuria. |
| - 1037 Jiyun, a Chinese rime dictionary, is published by Ding Du & expanded by later scholars. |
| - 1037 Birth of Chinese poet Su Shi, one of renowned poets of Song Dynasty, who also penned works of travel literature. |
| - 1031 - 95 64 Chinese scientist Shen Kuo creates a theory for land formation, or geomorphology, theorized that climate change occurred over time, discovers concept of true north, improves design of astronomical sighting tube to view polestar indefinitely, hypothesizes retrogradation theory of planetary motion, & by observing lunar eclipse & solar eclipse he hypothesized that sun & moon were spherical Shen Kuo also experimented with camera obscura just decades after Ibn al-Haitham, although Shen was first to treat it with quantitative attributes He also took an interdisciplinary approach to studies in archaeology |
| - 1041 - 8 7 Artisan Bi Sheng of Song Dynasty China invents movable type printing using individual ceramic characters |
| - Mid-11th century Xu Daoning paints Fishing in a Mountain Stream. Northern Song dynasty. It is now kept at Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art, Kansas City, Missouri. |
| - 1068 First known use of drydock in China |
| - 1070 With a team of scholars, Chinese official Su Song also published Ben Cao Tu Jing in 1070, a treatise on pharmacology, botany, zoology, metallurgy, & mineralogy Some of drug concoctions in Su's book included ephedrine, mica minerals, & linaceae |
| - 1075 Song Chinese innovate a partial decarbonization method of repreated forging of cast iron under a cold blast that Hartwell & Needham consider to be a predecessor to 18th century Bessemer process |
| - 1027 Chinese engineer Yan Su recreates mechanical compass-vehicle of South Pointing Chariot, first invented by Ma Jun in 3rd century |
| - 1013 One of Four Great Books of Song, Prime Tortoise of Record Bureau compiled by 1013 was largest of Song Chinese encyclopedias. Divided into 1000 volumes, it consisted of 9.4 million written Chinese characters. |
| - 1001 ± 40 yrs Baitoushan volcano on what would be Chinese-Korean border, erupts with a force of 6.5, fourth largest Holocene blast. |
| - Murasaki Shikibu, female Japanese writer, first novelist |
| - Ouyang Xiu, Chinese statesman, historian, archaeological epigapher, essayist, & poet |
| - Lingxiao Pagoda of Zhengding, Hebei province, China, is built in 1045. |
| - Pagoda of Fogong Temple of Shanxi province, China, is completed under Liao Dynasty in 1056. |
| - 1094 Chinese mechanical engineer & astronomer Su Song incorporates an escapement mechanism & world's first known chain drive to operate armillary sphere, astronomical clock, & striking clock jacks of his clock tower in Kaifeng |
| - Wang Anshi, Song Chinese chancellor |
| - Wei Pu, Chinese astronomer & mathematician |
| - Wen Tong, Chinese painter |
| - 1005 Treaty of Shanyuan was signed between Chinese Song Dynasty & Khitan Liao Dynasty. |
| - 1013 Prime Tortoise of Record Bureau, a Chinese encyclopedia, is completed by a team of scholars including Wang Qinruo. |
| - 1080 Chinese poet Su Shi is exiled from court for writing poems criticizing various reforms of New Policies Group. |
| - Cai Jing, Chinese chancellor of Song Dynasty |
| - Cai Xiang, Chinese poet, scholar, calligrapher, structural engineer, & official |
| - Cheng Yi, Chinese philosopher |
| - Fan Kuan, Chinese landscape painter |
| - Fan Zhongyan, Song Chinese chancellor |
| - Fujiwara Michinaga, powerful regent of Japan |
| - Fujiwara no Yorimichi, Japanese court noble & regent |
| - Gang Gam-chan, Korean general of Goryeo Dynasty |
| - Gang Jo, Korean general of Goryeo Dynasty |
| - 1185 Beginning in this year Kamakura Shogunate deprives Emperor of Japan of political power. |
| - 1192 Minamoto Yoritomo is appointed Sei-i Taishōgun, "barbarian-subduing great general, shōgun for short, first military dictator to bear this title. |
| - Li Jiqian, Chinese rebel-turned-jiedushi of Song Dynasty |
| - Lady Li Qingzhao, revered Chinese poet & writer |
| - Mei Yaochen, Chinese poet & official |
| - 1076 Chinese Song Dynasty places strict government monopolies over production & distribution of sulfur & saltpetre, in order to curb possibility of merchants selling gunpowder formula components to enemies such as Tanguts & Khitans. |
| - 1076 Song Chinese allied with southern Vietnamese Champa & Cambodian Chenla to conquer Lý Dynasty, which was an unsuccessful campaign. |
| - 1077 Chinese official Su Song is sent on a diplomatic mission to Liao Dynasty & discovers that Khitan calendar is more mathematically accurate than Song calendar; Emperor Zhezong later sponsors Su Song's astronomical clock tower in order to compete with Liao astronomers. |
| - 1080–1081 Chinese statesman & scientist Shen Kuo is put in command of campaign against Western Xia, & although he successfully halts their invasion route to Yanzhou (modern Yan'an), another officer disobeys imperial orders & campaign is ultimately a failure because of it. |
| - 1084 enormous Chinese historical work of Zizhi Tongjian is compiled by scholars under Chancellor Sima Guang, completed in 294 volumes & included 3 million written Chinese characters |
| - 1107 Chinese engineer Wu Deren combines mechanical compass vehicle of South Pointing Chariot with distance-measuring odometer device. |
| - 1111 Chinese Donglin Academy is founded. |
| - 1161 Song Dynasty Chinese navy, employing gunpowder bombs launched from trebuchets, defeats enormous Jin Dynasty navy in East China Sea in Battle of Tangdao & on Yangtze River in Battle of Caishi. |
| - 1141 Treaty of Shaoxing ends conflicts between Jin Dynasty & Southern Song Dynasty, legally establishing boundaries of two countries & forcing Song Dynasty to renounce all claims to its former territories north of Huai River. treaty reduced Southern Song into a quasi-tributary state of Jurchen Jin Dynasty. |
| - 1178 Chinese writer Zhou Qufei, a Guangzhou customs officer, writes of an island far west in Indian Ocean (possibly Madagascar), from where people with skin "as black as lacquer" & with frizzy hair were captured & purchased as slaves by Arab merchants. |
| - Iron Pagoda of Kaifeng, China is built in 1049. |
| - Phoenix Hall of Byōdō-in, Japan, is completed in 1053. |
| - 1028 King of Srivijaya appeals to Song Dynasty Chinese, sending a diplomatic mission to their capital at Kaifeng. |
| - 1010–1011: Second Goryeo-Khitan War; Korean king was forced to flee capital temporarily, but unable to establish a foothold & fearing a counterattack, Khitan forces withdrew. |
| - Kim Bu-sik, Korean historian of Goryeo Dynasty who compiled Samguk Sagi historical text |
| - Kim Mu-che, Korean scholar of Goryeo Dynasty who opened up educational facilities which rivaled Gukjagam, or National University |
| - Mi Fu, Chinese painter, poet, & calligrapher |
| - Su Shi, famous Chinese poet, calligrapher, painter, travel writer, pharmacologist, & statesman |
| - Su Song, Chinese astronomer, horologist, mechanical engineer, zoologist, botanist, mineralogist, diplomat, cartographer, etc. |
| - Xu Daoning, Chinese landscape painter |
| - Zeng Gong, Chinese historian, travel writer, & poet |
| - Zhang Zeduan, Chinese landscape painter |
| - Zhou Dunyi, Chinese philosopher |
| - Chinese official Cai Xiang oversaw construction of Wanan Bridge in Fujian, & may have been leading member of an engineering school due to many other bridges of similar construction built in Fujian. |
| - Sejong Great of Joseon, a Korean monarch who developed hangul, native Korean alphabet (1397–1450). |
| - 1449 Esen Tayisi leads an Oirat Mongol invasion of China which culminate in capture of Zhengtong Emperor at Battle of Tumu Fortress. |
| - 1446 King Sejong Great published a hangul, native phonetic alphabet system for Korean language. |
| - 1010 with aid of scholars such as Song Zhun, Lu Duosun compiles a massive work of cartography in 1566 chapters, including mapped topography of each provincial region in China down to minute level of small towns & villages; this was an imperial compendium first issued by Emperor Taizu of Song in 971. |
| - Battle of Lake Poyang, a naval conflict between Chinese rebel groups led by Chen Youliang & Zhu Yuanzhang, took place in August to October of 1363, & was one of largest naval battles in history. |
| - end of Mongol Yuan Dynasty in China & beginning of Ming Dynasty (1368) |
| - 1044 Wujing Zongyao military manuscript is completed by Chinese scholars Zeng Gongliang, Ding Du, & Yang Weide. |
| - Early 13th century - Xia Gui paints Twelve Views from a Thatched Hut. Southern Song dynasty. It is now kept at Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art, Kansas City, Missouri. |
| - 1053 New History of Five Dynasties by Chinese official Ouyang Xiu is completed. |
| - 1060 compilation of New Book of Tang, edited by Chinese official Ouyang Xiu, is complete. |
| - 1084 Zizhi Tongjian history is completed by Chinese official Sima Guang. |
| - 1088 Dream Pool Essays is completed by Shen Kuo of Song China. |
| - 1068–1073: reign of Japanese Emperor Go-Sanjō brings about a brief period where central power is taken out of hands of Fujiwara clan. |
| - 1069 - 76 7 with support of Emperor Shenzong of Song, Chancellor Wang Anshi of Chinese Song Dynasty introduces 'New Policies', including Baojia system of societal organization & militias, low-cost loans for farmers, taxes instead of corvée labor, government monopolies on tea, salt, & wine, reforming land survey system, & eliminating poetry requirement in imperial examination system to gain bureaucrats of a more practical bent. |
| - 1001 - 1100 99 demands of Chinese iron industry for charcoal led to a huge amount of deforestation, which was curbed when Chinese discovered how to use bituminous coal in smelting cast iron & steel, thus sparing thousands of acres of prime timberland. |
| - Guo Xi, a literati Chinese landscape painter |
| - Han Shizhong, Chinese military general |
| - tallest pagoda tower in China's pre-modern history, Liaodi Pagoda, is completed in 1055, standing at a height of 84 m (275 ft). |
| - 1052 Uji Dainagon Monogatari, a collection of stories allegedly penned by Minamoto-no-Takakuni, Japan. is written sometime between now & 1077. |
| - 1403 Movable type first used by King Taejong of Joseon (Movable type, which allowed individual characters to be arranged to form words, was invented in China by Bi Sheng between 1041 to 1048.) |
| - 1490 Although pioneered earlier in Korea & by Chinese official Wang Zhen (with tin), bronze metal movable type printing is created in China by Hua Sui in . |
| - Early 11th century - Fan Kuan paints Travelers among Mountains & Streams. Northern Song dynasty. It is now kept at National Palace Museum, Taipei, Taiwan. |
| - 1000's Yusuf Balasaghuni, an Uyghur Turkish scribe. China. |
| - Pizhi Pagoda of Lingyan Temple, Shandong, China is completed in 1063. |
| - 1087 a new office at Chinese international seaport of Quanzhou is established to handle & regulate taxes & tariffs on all mercantile transactions of foreign goods coming from Africa, Arabia, India, Sri Lanka, Persia, & South East Asia. |
| - Atisha, influential Buddhist teacher to Tibet |
| - Bao Zheng, Chinese judge & mayor of Kaifeng |
| - 1045 - 1105 50 Huang Tingjian, Chinese calligrapher & painter |
| - 1010 - 70 60 Jia Xian, Chinese mathematician |
| - ? - 1057 Jōchō, famous Japanese sculptor |
| - 1403 Yongle Encyclopedia, China. Over 22,000 volumes |
| - Late 13th century - "Night Attack on Sanjo Palace" Japan is made. Kamakura period. It is now kept at Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. |
| - Late 13th century - Descent of Amida Trinity, raigo triptych, is made. Kamakura period. It is now kept at Art Institute of Chicago. |
| - Early 14th century - Attributed to Kao Ninga Monk Sewing is made. Kamakura period. It is now kept at Cleveland Museum of Art. |
| - 1088 renowned polymath Chinese scientist & official Shen Kuo made world's first reference to magnetic compass in his book Dream Pool Essays, along with encyclopedic documentation & inquiry into scientific discoveries. |
| - 1088 As written by Shen Kuo in his Dream Pool Essays, earlier 10th century invention of pound lock in China allows large ships to travel along canals without laborious hauling, thus allowing smooth travel of government ships holding cargo of up to 700 tan (49½ tons) & large privately owned-ships holding cargo of up to 1600 tan (113 tons) |
| - 1123 Jurchen dynasty forces Koryo to recognize their suzerainty. |
| - 1009 Lý Thái Tổ overthrew Anterior Lê Dynasty of Vietnam, establishing Lý Dynasty. |
| - Singapore emerges for first time as a fortified city & trading centre of some importance. |
| - Islam reaches Terengganu, on Malay Peninsula. |
| - 1113 Paramavishnulok is crown as King Suryavarman II in Cambodia. He expanded Khmer Empire & built constructions of Angkor Wat during first half of century. He established diplomatic relations with China. |
| - 1402 Sultanate of Malacca Malasia founded by Parameshwara. |
| - 1471 kingdom of Champa suffers a massive defeat by Vietnamese king Lê Thánh Tông. |
| - Anawrahta, ruler of Pagan Kingdom |
| - Ananda Temple of Myanmar ruler King Kyanzittha is completed in 1091. |
| - Văn Miếu, or Temple of Literature, in Vietnam is established in 1070. |
| - One Pillar Pagoda in Hanoi, Vietnam, is constructed in 1049. |
| - 1492 Discovery of Americas by Christopher Columbus |
| - Foundation of Tenochtitlan, Aztec capital city, in valley of Mexico. |
| - 1130 - 80 50 Fifty-year drought in American Southwest. |
| - 1140 - 50 10 Collapse of Ancestral Puebloan culture at Chaco Canyon |
| - 1001 Vikings, led by Leif Eriksson, establish small settlements in & around Vinland in North America |
| - 1200 Toltec Empire collapses. |
| - 1325 Forced out of previous locations, Mexica found city of Tenochtitlan in |
| - 1440 - 69 29 Under Moctezuma 1, Aztecs become dominant power in Mesoamerica. |
| - Eight Deer Jaguar Claw, ruler of Mixtecs in Mesoamerica |
| - 1438 Pachacuti founds Inca Empire. |