| - Thomas More, English politician & author (1478 – 1535). |
| - Christopher Marlowe, English poet & dramatist (1564 – 1593). |
| - William Shakespeare, English playwright (1564 – 1616). |
| - Edmund Spenser, English poet (c. 1552 – 1599) |
| - 1596 William Barents discovers Spitsbergen, Norway. |
| - 1536 Anne Boleyn is beheaded for adultery & treason. |
| - 1555 mik Muscovy Company is first major English joint stock trading company. |
| - Sir Francis Bacon, (1561 – 1626) was an English philosopher, statesman, & essayist. He is also known as a catalyst of scientific revolution. |
| - Tycho Brahe, (1546 – 1601), Danish astronomer. |
| - Edward Wright, (baptized 1561; died 1615), English mathematician & cartographer who determined mathematical basis of Mercator projection & produced first maps in England according to this method |
| - 1655 - 61 6 Northern Wars cement Sweden's rise as a Great Power. |
| - 1601: Battle of Kinsale, one of most important battles in Irish history, fought. |
| - 1603: Elizabeth I of England dies & is succeeded by her cousin King James VI of Scotland, uniting crowns of Scotland & England. |
| - 1605: Gunpowder Plot failed in England. |
| - 1649–1653: Cromwellian conquest of Ireland. |
| - 1652: Anglo-Dutch Wars begin. |
| - King Henry VIII of England, founder of Anglicanism (1491 – 1547). |
| - Anne Boleyn, second wife of King Henry VIII. She was first Queen of England to be executed, & mother of Queen Elizabeth I. (c. 1501 - 1536) |
| - William Shakespeare, 1564–1616)[a] was an English poet & playwright, widely regarded as greatest writer in English language & world's pre-eminent dramatist.[1] He is often called England's national poet & "Bard of Avon". |
| - Michelangelo Buonarroti, Italian painter & sculptor (1475 - 1564). |
| - 1483 - 1520 37 Raphael, Italian painter |
| - 1688 - 91 3 War of Two Kings in Ireland. |
| - 1688 Siege of Derry, Ireland. |
| - 1689 William ascends to throne over England, Scotland, & Ireland. |
| - 1689 John Locke publishes his first 'Letter Concerning Toleration'. |
| - 1689 Battle of Killiecrankie is fought between Jacobite & Williamite forces in Highland Perthshire |
| - 1690 Battle of Boyne in Ireland. |
| - 1694 Bank of England is established. |
| - 1694 Mary II of England dies |
| - 1696 - 7 1 Famine in Finland wipes out almost a third of population. |
| - 1697 earliest known first-class cricket match took place in Sussex. |
| - 1664 John Evelyn's forestry book, Sylva, is published in England. |
| - 1665 Great Plague of London. |
| - 1666 Great Fire of London. |
| - John Blow, English composer |
| - 1659 - 95 36 Henry Purcell, English composer |
| - 1661 - 1731 70 Daniel Defoe, English writer, novelist |
| - 1572 - 1631 59 John Donne, English metaphysical poet |
| - 1631 - 1700 69 John Dryden, English poet, literary critic, translator, & playwright |
| - 1572 - 1637 65 Ben Jonson, English dramatist |
| - 1608 - 74 66 John Milton, English author & poet |
| - 1660 Commonwealth of England ends & monarchy is brought back during English Restoration. |
| - 1660 Royal Society of London for Improvement of Natural Knowledge founded. |
| - 1641 Irish Rebellion. |
| - 1642 - 9 7 Civil War in England; Charles I is beheaded by Cromwell |
| - 1564 - 1616 49 William Shakespeare, English author & poet |
| - 1647 - 80 33 John Wilmot, 2nd Earl of Rochester, English poet |
| - 1569 - 1644 75 Geoffrey Keating (Seathrún Céitinn), Irish historian |
| - ? - 1671 Dubhaltach MacFhirbhisigh, Irish historian & genealogist |
| - 1570? - 1611 41 Henry Hudson, was an English sea explorer & navigator in early 17th century. |
| - 1561 - 1626 65 Francis Bacon, English philosopher & politician |
| - 1605 - 82 77 Sir Thomas Browne, English author, philosopher & scientist |
| - 1558 Elizabeth Tudor becomes Queen Elizabeth I at age 25. |
| - 1553 Mary Tudor becomes first queen regnant of England. |
| - 1558 After 200 years, Kingdom of England loses Calais to France. |
| - 1558 - 1603 45 Elizabethan era is considered height of English Renaissance. |
| - 1564 William Shakespeare baptized 26 April |
| - 1636 Harvard University is founded in Cambridge, Massachusetts. |
| - 1639 - 51 12 Wars of Three Kingdoms, civil wars throughout Scotland, Ireland, & England. |
| - 1640 King Charles was compelled to summon Parliament due to revolt of Scots. |
| - 1640 Torture is outlawed in England. |
| - 1633 - 1703 70 Samuel Pepys, English civil servant & diarist |
| - 1678 - 1717 Abraham Darby I, English Ironmaster, Introduced first coke-consuming blast furnace |
| - 1558 - 94 36 Thomas Kyd, English dramatist |
| - 1558 - 1625 67 Thomas Lodge, English dramatist |
| - 1544 - 1603 William Gilbert, also known as Gilberd, was an English physician & a natural philosopher. |
| - 1578 - 1657 William Harvey, English medical doctor |
| - 1588 - 1679 Thomas Hobbes, English philosopher & mathematician |
| - 1632 - 1723 Christopher Wren, English architect & scientist |
| - 1632 - 1704 John Locke, English philosopher |
| - 1642 - 1727 Isaac Newton, English physicist & mathematician |
| - 1583 - 1648 Sir Anthony Weldon English courtier & politician. |
| - 1620 Cornelius Drebbei, funded by James I of England, builds first 'submarine' made of wood & greased leather |
| - 1623 first English dictionary, 'English Dictionarie' is published by Henry Cockeram, listing difficult words with definitions |
| - 1628 William Harvey publishes & elucidates his earlier discovery of circulatory system |
| - ? - 1598 Emery Molyneux, was an Elizabethan maker of globes, mathematical instruments & ordnance. His terrestrial & celestial globes, first published in 1592, were first to be made in England & first to be made by an Englishman. |
| - 1614 John Napier introduces logarithm to simplify calculations. Scotland. |
| - 1662 Christopher Merret presents first paper on production of sparkling wine. England. |
| - 1663 James Gregory publishes designs for a reflecting telescope. Scotland. |
| - 1669 first known operational reflecting telescope is built by Isaac Newton |
| - 1676 Antoni van Leeuwenhoek discovers Bacteria. England. |
| - 1676 First measurement of speed of light. Denmark. |
| - letter J is introduced into English alphabet. |
| - 1629 Cardinal Richelieu allies with Swedish Protestant forces in Thirty Years' War to counter Ferdinand II's expansion. |
| - 1632 Battle of Lützen, death of king of Sweden Gustav II Adolf. |
| - 1513 Henry VIII crush French at Battle of Spurs. |
| - 1523 Sweden gains independence from Kalmar Union. |
| - 1527 Protestant Reformation begins in Sweden. |
| - 1594 - 1632 38 Gustavus Adolphus, King of Sweden |
| - 1626 - 89 63 Queen Christina of Sweden, high profile Catholic convert, matron of arts |
| - 1550 - 1616 66 Hugh O'Neill (Aodh Mór Ó Néill), King of Tyrone & 2nd Earl of Tyrone an Irish prince whose armies inflicted major defeats upon English forces of Queen Elizabeth I during Nine Years War in Ulster. |
| - 1572 - 1631 59 John Donne, English metaphysical poet |
| - 1586 - 1640 54 John Ford, English dramatist |
| - 1570s - 1641 70's Thomas Heywood, English dramatist |
| - 1572 - 1637 65 Ben Jonson, English dramatist |
| - 1560 - 1630 70 William Brade England |
| - 1562 - 1628 66 John Bull England |
| - 1563 - 1626 63 John Dowland England |
| - 1611 King James Bible or 'Authorized Version' first published |
| - 1565 - 1640 75 Giles Farnaby England |
| - 1540 - 96 56 Sir Francis Drake English explorer. first English captain to sail around world & survive. |
| - 1560 - 1628 68 Peter Philips England |
| - Hans Holbein Younger, Portrait of Sir Thomas More, 1527, oil on wood, 74.2 x 59 cm, Frick Collection, New York |
| - John Calvin |
| - 1516 - 58 42 Mary I of England. Attempted to counter Protestant Reformation in her domains. Nicknamed Bloody Mary for her Religious persecution |
| - 1510 - 72 62 John Knox was a Scottish clergyman & leader of Protestant Reformation who is considered founder of Presbyterian denomination. |
| - 1537 - 53 16 Edward VI of England, notable for further differentiating Anglicanism from practices of Roman Catholic Church |
| - 1537 - 54 17 Lady Jane Grey, Queen regnant of England & Ireland. Notably deposed by popular revolt |
| - 1542 - 87 45 Mary, Queen of Scots, First female head of House of Stuart |
| - 1699 Thomas Savery demonstrates his first steam engine to Royal Society. England |
| - 1496 - 1560 64 King Gustav I of Sweden, restored Swedish sovereignty & introduced Protestantism in Sweden |
| - ? - 1564 Manus Ó Domhnaill (Manus O'Donnell), King of Tír Chonaill in Ulster. Irish Renaisance prince |
| - 1687 Isaac Newton publishes Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica. |
| - 1509 - 10 1 'great plague' afflicts various parts of Tudor England. |
| - 1517 Sweating sickness epidemic hits Tudor England. |
| - 1533 Anne Boleyn becomes Queen of England. |
| - 1533 Elizabeth Tudor is born. |
| - 1623 Title page of First Folio, Copper engraving of Shakespeare by Martin Droeshout. |
| - 1577 - 80 3 English Francis Drake circles world. |
| - 1585 - 1604 Anglo-Spanish War is fought on both sides of Atlantic. |
| - Henry VII of England, founder of Tudor dynasty. Introduced ruthlessly efficient mechanisms of taxation which restored kingdom after a state of virtual bankruptcy due to effects of Wars of Roses (1457 – 1509). |
| - 1607 Flight of Earls (the fleeing of most of native Gaelic aristocracy) occurs from County Donegal in west of Ulster in Ireland. |
| - 1616 Shakespeare dies |
| - 1589 William Lee invents stocking frame. England. |
| - 1569 Rising of North in England. |
| - 1567 Mary, Queen of Scots, is imprisoned by Elizabeth I. |
| - 1558 - 83 35 Livonian War between Poland, Grand Principality of Lithuania, Sweden, Denmark & Russia. |
| - 1551 Fifth outbreak of sweating sickness in England. John Caius of Shrewsbury writes first full contemporary account of symptoms of disease. |
| - 1591 First flush toilet is introduced by Sir John Harrington of England, design published under title 'The Metamorphosis of Ajax'. |
| - 1566 - 1632 66 Sigismund III Vasa, first & only monarch of Polish–Swedish union; his long reign in Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth coincided with apex of Commonwealth's prestige, power & economic influence |
| - 1572 Supernova SN 1572 is observed by Dane Tycho Brahe in Milky Way. |
| - 1563 Plague outbreak claimed 80,000 people in Elizabethan England. In London alone, over 20,000 people died of disease. |
| - 1592 - 3 1 John Stow reports 10,675 plague deaths in London, a city of approximately 200,000 people. |
| - 1531 - 2 1 Church of England breaks away from Roman Catholic Church & recognizes King Henry VIII as head of Church. |
| - 1535 Münster Rebellion, an attempt of radical, millennialist, Anabaptists to establish a theocracy ends in bloodshed. |
| - 1619 Bethlen Gabor is defeated outside Vienna. |
| - 1620 Emperor Ferdinand II defeats Bohemian rebels in Battle of White Mountain. |
| - 1624 - 42 18 As chief minister, Cardinal Richelieu centralises power in France. |
| - 1648 - 53 5 Fronde civil war in France. |
| - 1602 - 61 59 Cardinal Mazarin, French cardinal & politician of Italian origin |
| - 1613 - 1700 87 André Le Nôtre, French landscape architect |
| - 1685 - 1750 65 Johann Sebastian Bach German |
| - Marc-Antoine Charpentier, French composer |
| - 1653 - 1706 53 Johann Pachelbel German composer |
| - Heinrich Schütz, German composer |
| - 1640 - 1700 60 Monsieur de Sainte-Colombe, French composer of chamber music |
| - 1580 - 1666 86 Frans Hals Dutch |
| - 1593 - 1678 85 Jacob Jordaens, Flemish painter |
| - 1593 - 1652 59 Georges de La Tour, French painter |
| - 1594 - 1665 71 Nicolas Poussin, French classical painter |
| - 1609 Netherlands & Spain agree to a Twelve Years' Truce in Eighty Years' War. |
| - 1602 Dutch East India Company founded. Its success contributes to Dutch Golden Age. |
| - 1606 Captain Willem Janszoon & his crew aboard Dutch East India Company ship Duyfken becomes first recorded Europeans to sight & make landfall in Australia. |
| - 1641 René Descartes publishes Meditationes de prima philosophia Meditations on First Philosophy. |
| - 1642 Dutch explorer Abel Janszoon Tasman achieves first recorded European sighting of New Zealand. |
| - 1682 La Salle explores length of Mississippi River & claims Louisiana for France. |
| - 1683 A Habsburg council of war is held in Vienna. |
| - 1683 Battle of Vienna finishes Ottoman Empire's hegemony in south-eastern Europe. |
| - 1685 Edict of Fontainebleau outlaws Protestantism in France. King Charles II dies |
| - 1688 - 9 1 Glorious Revolution starts with Dutch Republic invading England, England becomes a constitutional monarchy. |
| - 1601 - 66 65 Anne of Austria, Queen consort & regent of France |
| - 1579 Union of Utrecht unifies northern Netherlands, a foundation for later Dutch Republic. |
| - 1579 Union of Arras unifies southern Netherlands, a foundation for later states of Spanish Netherlands, Austrian Netherlands & Belgium |
| - 1500 First portable watch is created by Peter Henlein of Germany. |
| - 1503 Nostradamus was born on either December 14, or December 21. |
| - 1519 Barbary pirates led by Hayreddin Barbarossa raid Provence & Toulon in southern France. |
| - 1525 Spain & Germany defeat France at Battle of Pavia, Francis I of France is captured. |
| - 1606 - 69 63 Rembrandt van Rijn, Dutch painter |
| - 1577 - 1640 63 Peter Paul Rubens, Flemish painter, |
| - 1626 - 79 53 Jan Steen. Netherlands. |
| - 1628 - 82 54 Ruisdael. Netherlands. |
| - 1632 - 75 Johannes Vermeer, Dutch Painter |
| - 1606 - 84 78 Pierre Corneille, French dramatist |
| - 1636 - 1711 75 Nicolas Boileau-Despréaux, French poet & critic |
| - 1621 - 95 74 Jean de La Fontaine, French poet |
| - 1616 - 64 48 Andreas Gryphius, German poet & dramatist |
| - 1547 Emperor Charles V decisively dismantles Schmalkaldic League at Battle of Mühlberg, Germany. |
| - 1622 - 73 51 Molière, French dramatist, actor, director |
| - 1639 - 99 60 Jean Racine, French dramatist |
| - Samuel De Champlain, French Explorer |
| - 1603 - 59 56 Abel Janszoon Tasman, Dutch seafarer & explorer |
| - 1605 - 94 89 Ismaël Bullialdus, French astronomer |
| - 1596 - 1650 54 René Descartes, French philosopher & mathematician |
| - 1601 - 65 64 Pierre de Fermat, French lawyer & mathematician |
| - 1629 - 95 Christiaan Huygens, Dutch mathematician, physicist & astronomer |
| - 1571 - 1630 Johannes Kepler, German astronomer |
| - 1632 - 1723 Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, Dutch scientist & first person to use a microscope to view bacteria () |
| - 1623 - 62 Blaise Pascal, French theologian, mathematician & physicist |
| - 1632 - 77 Baruch Spinoza, Dutch philosopher |
| - 1656 Christiaan Huygens describes true shape of rings of Saturn. Netherlands |
| - 1657 Christiaan Huygens develops first functional pendulum clock based on learnings of Galileo Galilei |
| - 1659 Christiaan Huygens first to observe surface details of Mars |
| - 1679 Binary system developed by Gottfried Leibnitz. Germany. |
| - 1684 Calculus independently developed by both Gottfried Leibnitz & Sir Issac Newton & used to formulate classical mechanics |
| - 1605 Johannes Kepler starts investigating elliptical orbits of planets. Germany. |
| - 1592 - 1655 Pierre Gassendi, French philosopher, priest, scientist, astronomer/astrologer & mathematician |
| - 1646 - 1716 Gottfried Leibniz, German philosopher & mathematician |
| - 1588 - 1648 Marin Mersenne, French theologian, philosopher, mathematician & music theorist, referred to as father of acoustics. |
| - 1605 Johann Carolus of Germany publishes 'Relation', first newspaper |
| - 1608 Hans Lippershey constructs a refracting telescope, first for which sufficient evidence exists. Germany. |
| - 1610 Orion Nebula is identified by Nicolas de Peiresc of France |
| - 1637 Dutch Bible published |
| - 1637 Pierre de Fermat formulates his so-called Last Theorem, unsolved until 1995. France. |
| - 1642 Blaise Pascal invents mechanical calculator called Pascal's calculator. France. |
| - 1642 Mezzotint engraving introduces grey tones to printed images by Ludwig Von Siegen. Germany |
| - 1533 Introduction of spinning wheel revolutionizes textile production in Europe. Brunswick, Germany. |
| - Central Banking in France & modern Finance by Scottish economist John Law |
| - 1516 - 65 Konrad Gessner was a Swiss naturalist, bibliographer, Botanist, His three-volume Historiae animalium (1551–1558) is considered beginning of modern zoology |
| - 1571 - 1630 Johannes Kepler, mathematician, astronomer, & philosopher who played a major role in scientific revolution. German |
| - 1512 - 94 Gerardus Mercator famous cartographer Flanders, Belgium |
| - 1514 - 64 50 Andreas Vesalius B Belgium D Greece was an anatomist, physician, & author of one of most influential books on human anatomy, De humani corporis fabrica (On Workings of Human Body). Vesalius is often referred to as founder of modern human anatomy. |
| - 1598 Edict of Nantes ends French Wars of Religion. |
| - 1555 - 1642 87 Jacques Champion France |
| - 1562 - 1612 50 Hans Leo Hassler German |
| - 1556 - 1620 64 Johannes Nucius German |
| - 1560 - 1629 69 Hieronymus Praetorius German |
| - 1562 - 1621 59 Jan Pieterszoon Sweelinck Netherlands |
| - 1563 - 1633 69 Jean Titelouze France |
| - 1533 - 92 59 Michel de Montaigne, French essayist |
| - 1493 - 1553 60 François Rabelais, French author |
| - 1524 - 85 61 Pierre de Ronsard, French poet. Called 'Prince of poets' of his generation. |
| - 1604 Supernova SN 1604 is observed in Milky Way. Kepler German |
| - 1534 Affair of Placards – Francis becomes more active in repression of French Protestants. |
| - 1471 - 1528 57 Albrecht Dürer, German artist |
| - 1497 - 1543 46 Hans Holbein Younger, German artist |
| - 1525 - 69 74 Pieter Bruegel Elder Netherlands |
| - 1568 - 1625 57 Jan Brueghel Elder Netherlands |
| - 1472 - 1553 81 Lucas Cranach Elder German |
| - 1515 - 86 Lucas Cranach Younger German |
| - 1493 - 1541 48 Paracelsus Austria Renaissance physician, botanist, alchemist, astrologer, & general occultist. |
| - King Francis I of France, considered first Renaissance monarch of his Kingdom (1494 – 1547). |
| - 1483 - 1546 63 Martin Luther, German religious reformer |
| - Desiderius Erasmus Roterodamus (sometimes known as Desiderius Erasmus of Rotterdam) (October 27, 1466/1469, Rotterdam– July 12, 1536 Basel was a Dutch Renaissance humanist & Catholic Christian theologian. |
| - 1503 - 66 63 Michel Nostradamus, French astrologer & doctor, author of Les Propheties, a book of world prophecies |
| - 1609 Maximilian of Bavaria establishes Catholic League. |
| - 1565 Invention of graphite pencil (in a wooden holder) by Swiss Conrad Gesner. Modernized in 1812. |
| - 1568 Gerardus Mercator creates first Mercator Projection map. Belgium. |
| - 1500's Banknotes reintroduced in Europe Italy & Flanders, Belgium |
| - 1678 Treaty of Nijmegen ends hostilities with France |
| - 1688 - 97 9 Grand Alliance sought to stop French expansion during Nine Years War. |
| - 1693 - 4 1 Famine in France kills 2 million. |
| - 1641 - 1707 66 Françoise-Athénaïs, marquise de Montespan, lover of Louis XIV |
| - 1635 - 1719 84 Françoise d'Aubigné, Marquise de Maintenon, second wife of Louis XIV |
| - 1562 - 98 36 French Wars of Religion between Catholics & Huguenots. |
| - 1562 Massacre of Wassy & Battle of Dreux in French Wars of Religion. |
| - 1491 - 1557 66 Jacques Cartier French explorer. Discovered Canada. |
| - 1553 - 1610 57 King Henry IV of France & Navarre, ended French Wars of Religion & reunited kingdom under his command |
| - 1534 Jacques Cartier claims Quebec for France. |
| - 1542 War resumes between Francis I of France & Emperor Charles V. This time Henry VIII is allied to Emperor, while James V of Scotland & Sultan Suleiman I are allied to French. |
| - 1566 - 1648 Eighty Years' War between Spain & Netherlands. |
| - 1509 - 64 55 John Calvin, French theologian, & reformer. Founder of Calvinism |
| - 1542 - 1619 77 Johan van Oldenbarnevelt, Dutch politician & Grand Pensionary, played a pivotal role in organizing Dutch revolt against Spain |
| - 1663 France takes full political & military control over its colonial possessions in New France. Hooke's microscope discovers cells. |
| - 1524 - 25 1 German Peasants' War in Holy Roman Empire. |
| - 1517 Protestant Reformation begins when Martin Luther posts his 95 Theses in Saxony. |
| - 1544 French defeat an Imperial–Spanish army at Battle of Ceresole. |
| - 1525 Modern square root symbol (√ ) Vienna, Austria. |
| - 1471 - 1528 57 Albrecht Dürer Germany |
| - 1500 - 58 58 Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor & first to reign as King of Spain. Involved in almost constant conflict with France & Ottoman Empire while promoting Spanish colonization of Americas |
| - 1514 - 64 50 Andreas Vesalius, Dutch anatomist, physician, & author of one of most influential books on human anatomy, De humani corporis fabrica (On Workings of Human Body) |
| - 1627 Cardinal Richelieu lays siege to Protestant La Rochelle which eventually capitulates. |
| - 1642 - 1703 61 Johann Christoph Bach, Composer & great-uncle of genius |
| - 1662 Jacques Aymar-Vernay, French who later reintroduced Dowsing into popular use in Europe, is born. |
| - 1612 first flintlock musket likely created for Louis XIII of France by gunsmith Marin de Bourgeoys |
| - 1574 After a siege of 4 months Siege of Leiden ends in a comprehensive Dutch victory. |
| - 1584 - 85 After Siege of Antwerp, many of its merchants flee to Amsterdam. |
| - 1556 Georgius Agricola, "Father of Mineralogy", publishes his De re metallica. Germany |
| - 1583 - 1634 51 Albrecht von Wallenstein, Catholic German general in Thirty Years' War |
| - 1561 Guido de Bres draws up Belgic Confession of Protestant faith. |
| - 1625 - 72 47 Johan de Witt, Grand Pensionary of Republic of United Provinces. Netherlands |
| - 1511: Afonso de Albuquerque of Portugal conquers Malacca, capital of Sultanate of Malacca. |
| - Polybius' "The Histories" translated in to Italian, English, German & French. |
| - 1500 Spanish navigator Vicente Yáñez Pinzón discovers Brazil but is prevented from claiming it by Treaty of Tordesillas. |
| - 1500 Portuguese navigator Pedro Álvares Cabral claims Brazil for Portugal. |
| - 1501 Michelangelo returns to his native Florence to begin work on statue David. |
| - 1503: Spain defeats France at Battle of Cerignola. Considered to be first battle in history won by gunpowder small arms. |
| - 1503: Leonardo da Vinci begins painting Mona Lisa & completes it three or four years later. |
| - 1504: A droughty period, with famine in all of Spain. |
| - 1506: At least two thousand converted Jews are massacred in a Lisbon riot. |
| - 1506: Christopher Columbus dies in Valladolid, Spain. |
| - 1512: southern part (historical core) of Kingdom of Navarre is invaded by Castile & Aragon. |
| - 1519: Charles I of Spain becomes Emperor of Holy Roman Empire as Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor (ruled until 1556). |
| - 1519–22: Spanish expedition commanded by Magellan & Elcano first to circle Earth |
| - 1519–21: Hernán Cortés leads Spanish conquest of Mexico. |
| - 1564 - 1642 Galileo Galilei was a Tuscan (Italian) physicist, mathematician, astronomer, & philosopher who played a major role in scientific revolution. |
| - 1562 - 1635 Lope de Vega, Spanish dramatist |
| - 1548 - 1600 Giordano Bruno, Italian philosopher & astronomer/astrologer |
| - 1639 Naval Battle of Downs – Republic of United Provinces fleet decisevely defeats a Spanish fleet in English waters. |
| - 1639 Disagreements between Farnese & Barberini Pope Urban VIII escalate into Wars of Castro & last until 1649. |
| - 1640 - 68 28 Portuguese Restoration War led to end of Iberian Union. |
| - 1644 Giovanni Battista Pamphili is elected Pope Innocent X at Papal conclave of 1644. |
| - 1647 - 52 5 Great Plague of Seville. |
| - 1648 Peace of Westphalia ends Thirty Years' War & Eighty Years' War & marks ends of Spain & Holy Roman Empire as major European powers. |
| - 1634 Battle of Nördlingen Germany results in Catholic victory. |
| - 1667 - 8 1 War of Devolution; France invades Netherlands. Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle (1668) brings this to a halt. |
| - 1672 Rampjaar in Netherlands – Combined attack by France, England & two German states on Republic of United Provinces. |
| - 1672 Lynching of Johan de Witt & his brother Cornelis de Witt in Hague – William III of Orange takes power. |
| - 1672 - 8 6 Franco-Dutch War. |
| - 1674 Treaty of Westminster ends war between England & Republic of United Provinces. |
| - 1585 - 1642 57 Cardinal Richelieu, French cardinal, duke, & politician |
| - 1607 - 76 69 Michiel de Ruyter, Dutch admiral |
| - 1598 - 1680 82 Gian Lorenzo Bernini, Italian sculptor, architect |
| - 1599 - 1667 68 Francesco Borromini, Italian sculptor, architect |
| - 1571 - 1610 39 Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio, Italian painter |
| - Alessandro Scarlatti, Italian opera composer |
| - 1617 - 82 55 Bartolomé Esteban Murillo, Spanish painter |
| - 1599 - 1660 61 Diego Rodríguez de Silva y Velázquez, Spanish painter |
| - 1598 - 1664 66 Francisco Zurbarán, Spanish Painter |
| - 1600 - 81 81 Pedro Calderón de la Barca, Spanish dramatist |
| - 1574 - 1616 40 Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra, Spanish author |
| - 1580 - 1645 65 Francisco de Quevedo, Spanish writer |
| - Francesco Cavalli, Venetian opera composer |
| - Arcangelo Corelli, Italian composer |
| - 1632 - 87 55 Jean-Baptiste Lully, Italian-born composer regarded as father of French opera |
| - 1567 - 1643 76 Claudio Monteverdi, Italian composer of Renaissance & Baroque music |
| - 1623 Maffeo Barberini is elected Pope Urban VIII at Papal conclave of 1623. |
| - 1626 St. Peter's Basilica in Vatican completed. |
| - 1631 Mount Vesuvius erupts |
| - 1633 Galileo Galilei arrives in Rome for his trial before Inquisition. |
| - 1483 - 1520 37 Raphael, Italian painter |
| - 1444 - 1514 80 Donato Bramante Italy. |
| - 1485 - 1576 91 Titian, Italian painter |
| - 1528 - 88 60 Paolo Veronese, Italian painter |
| - 1452 - 1519 67 Leonardo da Vinci famous artist & inventor & scientist |
| - 1476 - 1526 50 Juan Sebastián Elcano Spanish explorer. Completed first circumnavigation of globe in a single expedition after its captain, Magellan, was killed. |
| - 1469 - 1524 55 Vasco da Gama, Portuguese navigator. first one to sail around Cape of Good Hope |
| - 1460 - 1521 61 Juan Ponce de León Spanish explorer. He explored Florida while attempting to locate a Fountain of Youth. |
| - 1480 - 1521 41 Ferdinand Magellan, Portuguese navigator who sailed around world |
| - 1511 - 46 35 Francisco de Orellana Spanish explorer in 1541–42 sails length of Amazon River. |
| - 1475 - 1541 66 Francisco Pizarro Spanish explorer. Conquered Inca Empire. |
| - 1496 - 1542 46 Hernando de Soto Spanish explorer. Explored Florida, mainly northwest Florida, & discovered Mississippi River. |
| - 1565 - 1607 42 Luis Váez de Torres Spanish or Portuguese navigator. Explored Pacific for Spanish crown. |
| - 1485 - 1528 43 Giovanni da Verrazzano Italian explorer for France. Explored northeast coast of America, from about present day South Carolina to Newfoundland. |
| - 1475 - 1564 79 Michelangelo Buonarroti, Italian painter & sculptor |
| - 1571 - 1610 39 Caravaggio, Italian artist |
| - 1513 Machiavelli writes Prince, a treatise about political philosophy |
| - 1513 Portuguese mariner Jorge Álvares lands at Macau, China, during Ming Dynasty. |
| - 1527 Sack of Rome, which is considered end of Italian Renaissance. |
| - 1668 Peace Treaty of Lisbon between Spain & Portugal recognizes Portugal as independent country. |
| - 1483 - 1541 58 Juan Martínez de Jáuregui y Aguilar, Spanish poet & painter |
| - 1524 - 80 56 Luís de Camões, Portuguese poet |
| - 1478 - 1529 51 Baldassare Castiglione, Italian author |
| - 1547 - 1616 69 Miguel de Cervantes, Spanish author |
| - 1469 - 1527 58 Niccolò Machiavelli, Italian author |
| - 1593 Galileo Galilei invents a thermometer. |
| - 1597 Opera in Florence by Jacopo Peri. |
| - 1600 Giordano Bruno is burned at stake for heresy in Rome. |
| - 1622 Capture of Ormuz; island of Hormuz was captured by an Anglo-Persian force from Portuguese. |
| - 1616 Niccolò Zucchi describes experiments with a bronze parabolic mirror trying to make a reflecting telescope. Italy. |
| - 1591 - 1652 61 José de Ribera, Lo Spagnoletto. Spain. |
| - 1565 - 1607 42 Luis Váez de Torres, Portuguese or Spanish Explorer. 16th-17th century exploration of Pacific for Spain. |
| - 1564 - 1642 Galileo Galilei, Italian natural philosopher |
| - 1637 Teatro San Cassiano, first public opera house, opened in Venice |
| - 1643 Evangelista Torricelli of Italy invents mercury barometer |
| - 1645 Giacomo Torelli of Venice, Italy invents first rotating stage |
| - 1651 Giovanni Riccioli renames Lunar mare. Italian. |
| - Michelangelo Buonarroti |
| - Leonardo da Vinci |
| - Raphael |
| - 1545 - 1618 73 Giulio Caccini Italy |
| - 1560 - 1640 80 Dario Castello Italy. |
| - 1550 - 1602 52 Emilio de' Cavalieri Italy |
| - 1543 - 1607 Domenico Fontana was an architect Italy |
| - 1520 - 78 58 Andrea Amati Italy |
| - 1560 - 1614 Felice Anerio Italy |
| - 1557 - 1634 Adriano Banchieri Italy |
| - 1558 - 1617 Giovanni Bassano Italy |
| - 1557 - 1622 65 Alfonso Fontanelli Italy |
| - 1578 King Sebastian of Portugal is killed at Battle of Alcazarquivir. |
| - 1580 Drake's royal reception after his attacks on Spanish possessions, influences Philip II of Spain to build up Spanish Armada. English ships in Spanish harbours are impounded. |
| - 1580 Spain unifies with Portugal under Philip II. struggle for throne of Portugal ends Portuguese Empire. Spanish & Portuguese crowns are united for 60 years, i.e. until 1640. |
| - 1588 England repulses Spanish Armada. |
| - 1552 - 1610 58 Matteo Ricci, Italian Jesuit who traveled to Macau, China in 1582, & died in Beijing |
| - 1475 - 1519 44 Vasco Núñez de Balboa Spanish explorer. first European to cross Isthmus of Panama & view Pacific ocean from American shores. |
| - 1467 - 1520 53 Pedro Álvares Cabral, Portuguese navigator. first European to arrive in Brazil in 22 April 1500 |
| - 1555 - 1635 80 Manuel Rodrigues Coelho Portugal |
| - 1565 - 1627 62 Sebastian Aguilera de Heredia Spain |
| - 1565 - 1627 62 Ascanio Mayone Italy |
| - 1560 - 1623 63 Giovanni Bernardino Nanino Italy |
| - 1525 - 94 69 Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina Italy |
| - 1561 - 1633 72 Jacopo Peri Italy |
| - 1555 - 1628 73 Paolo Quagliati Italy |
| - 1564 - 1627 63 Lodovico Grossi da Viadana Italy |
| - 1545 Theory of complex numbers is first developed by Gerolamo Cardamo of Italy. |
| - 1558 Camera obscura is first used in Europe by Giambattista della Porta of Italy. |
| - 1559 - 62 3 Spanish settlements in Alabama/Florida & Georgia confirm dangers of hurricanes & local native warring tribes. |
| - 1565 Spanish settlers outside New Spain (Mexico) colonize Florida's coastline at St. Augustine. |
| - 1582 Gregorian calendar is introduced in Europe by Pope Gregory XIII & adopted by catholic countries. |
| - 1583 Galileo Galilei of Pisa, Italy identifies constant swing of a pendulum, leading to development of reliable timekeepers. |
| - 1527 - 98 71 King Philip II of Spain, self-proclaimed leader of Counter-Reformation |
| - 1533 - 84 51 William Silent, William I of Orange-Nassau, main leader of Dutch revolt against Spanish |
| - 1518 - 94 76 Tintoretto real name Jacopo Comin. Italy |
| - 1485 - 1547 62 Hernán Cortés, Spanish Conquistador |
| - 1491 - 1556 65 Ignatius of Loyola, founder of Society of Jesus. Spain |
| - 1665 Portugal defeats Kongo Empire. |
| - 1582 Pope Gregory XIII issues Gregorian calendar. |
| - Columbian Exchange introduces many plants, animals & diseases to Old & New Worlds. |
| - 1513 Spanish Juan Ponce de León sights Florida & Vasco Núñez de Balboa sights eastern edge of Pacific Ocean. |
| - 1508 - 80 72 Andrea Palladio, one of most influential architect of Western architecture. Venice, Italy. |
| - 1589 Spain repulses English Armada. |
| - 1510 - 54 44 Francisco Vásquez de Coronado Spanish explorer. Searched for Seven Cities of Gold & discovered Grand Canyon in process |
| - 1541 - 1614 73 El Greco was a painter, sculptor, & architect of Spanish Renaissance |
| - 1519 - 22 3 Portuguese Ferdinand Magellan & Juan Sebastián Elcano lead first circumnavigation of World. |
| - 1519 - 40 21 In America, Spanish Hernando de Soto expeditions map Gulf of Mexico coastline & bays. |
| - 1556 Pomponio Algerio, radical theologian, is executed by boiling in oil as part of Roman inquisition. |
| - 1553 Portuguese found a settlement at Macau. |
| - 1554 Portuguese missionaries José de Anchieta & Manuel da Nóbrega establishes São Paulo, southeast Brazil. |
| - 1557 Spain became first sovereign nation in history to declare bankruptcy. Philip II of Spain had to declare four state bankruptcies in 1557, 1560, 1575 & 1596. |
| - 1557 Portuguese settle in Macau. |
| - 1536 Establishment of Inquisition in Portugal |
| - 1536 Foundation of Buenos Aires by Spanish Pedro de Mendoza |
| - 1537 Portuguese establishes Recife in Pernambuco, north-east of Brazil. |
| - 1538 Spanish–Venetian fleet is defeated by Ottoman Turks at Battle of Preveza. |
| - 1571 Spanish missionaries are murdered by Indians at later Jamestown Settlement, Virginia. |
| - 1572 Brielle is taken from Habsburg Spain by Protestant Watergeuzen in Capture of Brielle, in Eighty Years' War. |
| - 1572 Spanish conquistadores apprehend last Inca leader Tupak Amaru at Vilcabamba, Peru, & execute him in Cuzco. |
| - 1572 Catherine de' Medici instigates St. Bartholomew's Day massacre which takes lives of Protestant leader Gaspard de Coligny & thousands of Huguenots. violence spreads from Paris to other cities & countryside. |
| - 1583 - 1641 58 1610 Juan Martínez de Jáuregui y Aguilar, Miguel de Cervantes. Spanish Poet |
| - 1616 last remaining Moriscos (Moors who had nominally converted to Christianity) in Spain are expelled. |
| - 1562 - 1635 73 Félix Lope de Vega, Spanish playwright & poet |
| - Galileo Galilei |
| - Niccolò Machiavelli |
| - Leonardo da Vinci famous artist & inventor & scientist (1452 – 1519). |
| - 1529 Treaty of Zaragoza defined antimeridian of Tordesillas attributing Moluccas to Portugal & Philippines to Spain. |
| - 1536 Katherine of Aragon dies in Kimbolton Castle. |
| - 1541 An Algerian military campaign by Charles V of Spain (Habsburg) is unsuccessful. |
| - 1519 Leonardo da Vinci dies of natural causes at May 2. |
| - 1485 - 1557 Giovanni Battista Ramusio, diplomat & secretary of council of Ten of Venice Italy, author of Delle Navigationi et Viaggi. Third volume (terzo volume) containing plan La Terra de Hochelaga showing village of Hochelaga. |
| - 1520 - 78 58 Andrea Amati, Italian who was earliest maker of violins whose instruments still survive today. |
| - 1541 - 2 1 Spanish Francisco de Orellana sails length of Amazon River. |
| - 1559 With Peace of Cateau Cambrésis, Italian Wars conclude. |
| - 1560 Ottoman navy defeats Spanish fleet at Battle of Djerba. |
| - 1564 Galileo Galilei born on February 15 |
| - 1600 Giordano Bruno is burned at stake for heresy in Rome. |
| - 1576 Sack of Antwerp by badly paid Spanish soldiers. |
| - 1568 - 1571 Morisco Revolt in Spain. |
| - 1546 Michelangelo Buonarroti is made chief architect of St. Peter's Basilica. |
| - 1532 Francisco Pizarro leads Spanish conquest of Inca Empire. |
| - 1573 After heavy losses on both sides Siege of Haarlem ends in a Spanish victory. |
| - 1549 Tomé de Souza establishes Salvador in Bahia, north-east of Brazil . |
| - 1543 Nanban trade period begins after Portuguese traders make contact with Japan. |
| - 1556 Akbar Great defeats Sultan of Bengal at Second battle of Panipat |
| - 1556 Publication in Venice of Delle Navigiationi et Viaggi (terzo volume) by Giovanni Battista Ramusio, Venice, Italy. secretary of Council of Ten, with plan La Terra de Hochelaga, an illustration of Indian village Hochelaga. See |
| - 1572 First edition of epic Lusiads of Luís Vaz de Camões, three years after author returned from East. Portugal. |
| - 1521: Belgrade is captured by Ottoman Empire. |
| - 1610 Polish Lithuanian Commonwealth army defeats combined Russian- Swedish forces at Battle of Klushino & conquers Moscow. |
| - 1613 Time of Troubles in Russia ends with establishment of House of Romanov which rules until 1917. |
| - 1613 - 7 4 Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth is invaded by Tatars dozens of times. |
| - 1620 - 1 1 Polish-Ottoman War over Moldavia. |
| - 1620 Bethlen Gabor allies with Ottomans & an invasion of Moldavia takes place. Polish suffer a disaster at Cecora on River Prut. |
| - 1621 Battle of Chocim: Poles & Cossacks under Jan Karol Chodkiewicz defeat Ottomans. |
| - 1601 Michael Brave (first unificator of Romania), voivode of Wallachia, Moldavia & Transylvania, is assassinated by order of Habsburg general Giorgio Basta at Câmpia Turzii. |
| - 1601 - 3 2 Russian famine of 1601–1603 kills perhaps a third of Russia. |
| - 1552 Russia conquers Khanate of Kazan. |
| - 1556 Russia conquers Astrakhan Khanate. |
| - 1570 Ivan Terrible orders massacre of inhabitants of Novgorod. |
| - 1598–1613 Russia descends into anarchy during Time of Troubles. |
| - 1648 - 67 19 Deluge wars leave Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in ruins. |
| - 1676 - 81 5 Russia & Ottoman Empire commence Russo-Turkish Wars. |
| - 1681 Pasha of Buda supports Imre Thököly's rebellion in Hungary. |
| - 1682 Peter Great becomes joint ruler of Russia (sole tsar in 1696). |
| - 1505 - 69 64 Mikołaj Rej, Polish writer |
| - Zygmunt I Old, King of Poland, established a conscription army & bureaucracy needed to finance it (1467 – 1548). |
| - 1470 - 1514 44 György Dózsa, leader of peasants' revolt in Hungary |
| - 1512 Copernicus writes Commentariolus, & moves sun to center of solar system. Poland. |
| - 1541 Sahib I Giray of Crimea invade Russia. |
| - 1560 Erzsebet Bathory is born in Nyirbator, Hungary. |
| - 1657 - 1705 48 Imre Thököly, prince of Transylvania, leader of anti-Hapsburg uprising in Hungary |
| - 1506 Poland is invaded by Tatars from Crimean Khanate. |
| - Ice cream Italy from Marco Polo |
| - Tea & coffee become popular in Europe. Spain |
| - 1610 Galileo Galilei & Simon Marius observe Jupiter's Galilean moons |
| - 1618 Bethlen Gabor, Prince of Transylvania joins Protestant Rebels. |
| - 1618 Bohemian Revolt precipitates Thirty Years' War which devastates Europe in years 1618–48. |
| - 1558 - 1601 43 Michael Brave, ruler of Walachia, national symbol of Romanians for uniting three provinces under his rule in 1600 |
| - 1473 - 1543 70 Nicolaus Copernicus, Polish astronomer, developed heliocentric (Sun-centered) theory using scientific methods. |
| - 1530 - 84 54 Jan Kochanowski, Polish poet |
| - 1543 Copernicus publishes his theory that Earth & other planets revolve around Sun. Poland. |
| - 1580 - 1629 49 Gabriel Bethlen, Hungarian prince of Transylvania |
| - 1591 Gazi Giray leads a huge Tatar expedition against Moscow. |
| - 1582 Yermak Timofeyevich conquers Siberia Khanate on behalf of Stroganovs. |
| - 1571 Crimean Tatars attack & sack Moscow, burning everything but Kremlin. |
| - 1569 Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth is created with Union of Lublin which lasts until 1795. |
| - 1547 Grand Prince Ivan Terrible is crowned tsar of (All)Russia, thenceforth becoming first Russian tsar. |
| - 1543 Major changes in philosophy & science take place, often characterized as Scientific revolution. Copernicus, Poland. |
| - 1507 - 43 36 Ahmad ibn Ibrihim al-Ghazi, Somali Imam & general |
| - 1543 Ethiopian/Portuguese troops decisively defeat Muslim army at Battle of Wayna Daga; Imam Ahmad Gragn killed. |
| - 1503 Foundation of Sultanate of Sennar by Amara Dunqas, in what is modern Sudan |
| - 1634 Emperor Fasilides expels Catholic Patriarch Afonso Mendes & several Jesuit missionaries from Ethiopia. |
| - 1520 first European diplomatic mission to Ethiopia, sent by Portuguese, arrives at Massawa 9 April, & reaches imperial encampment of Emperor Dawit II in Shewa 9 October. |
| - 1529 Imam Ahmad Gragn defeats Ethiopian Emperor Dawit II in Battle of Shimbra Kure, opening clash of Ethiopian–Adal War |
| - 1557 Ottomans capture Massawa, all but isolating Ethiopia from rest of world. |
| - 1636 Emperor Fasilides founds city of Gondar, which becomes capital of Ethiopia for next two centuries. |
| - 1591 In Mali, Moroccan forces of Sultan Ahmad al-Mansur led by Judar Pasha defeat Songhai Empire at Battle of Tondibi. |
| - 1551 North African pirates enslave entire population of Maltese island Gozo, between 5,000 & 6,000, sending them to Libya. |
| - 1599 Mali Empire is defeated at Battle of Jenné |
| - 1574 in Eighty Years' War capital of Zeeland, Middelburg declares for Protestants. |
| - 1644 - 74 30 Mauritanian Thirty-Year War. |
| - 1545 Songhai forces sack Malian capital of Niani |
| - 1506 King Afonso I of Kongo wins battle of Mbanza Kongo, resulting in Catholicism becoming Kongo's state religion. |
| - 1652 Cape Town founded by Dutch East India Company in South Africa. |
| - 1672 - 3 1 Ottoman campaign to help Ukrainian Cossacks. John Sobieski defeats Ottomans at second battle of Khotyn (1673). |
| - 1672 - 6 4 Polish-Ottoman War. |
| - 1676 Treaty of Zurawno brings Polish-Ottoman hostilities to a halt. |
| - 1682 - 3 1 Ottomans make camp at Adrianople. |
| - 1515 Ottoman Empire wrests Eastern Anatolia from Safavids after Battle of Chaldiran. |
| - 1516 - 17 1 Ottomans defeat Mamluks & gain control of Egypt, Arabia, & Levant. |
| - 1645 - 69 24 Ottoman war with Venice. Ottomans invade Crete & capture Canea. |
| - 1647 Seven-year-old Mehmed IV becomes sultan. |
| - 1648 - 69 21 Ottomans capture Crete from Venetians after Siege of Candia. |
| - 1654 - 61 7 Mehmed Köprülü is Grand Vizier. Albania |
| - 1661 Mehmed Köprülü dies & is succeeded by his son Ahmed. |
| - 1663 Ottoman war against Habsburg Hungary. |
| - 1669 Ottomans capture Crete. |
| - 1676 Kara Mustafa becomes Grand Vizier. |
| - 1682 Sultan Mehmed IV, advised by Kara Mustafa, decides to disregard existing peace treaty with Leopold I, due to expire in 1684. |
| - 1699 Treaty of Karlowitz ends Great Turkish War. |
| - 1526 - 1600 74 Bâkî, Ottoman Turkish poet. He was known as "Sultan of poets" |
| - Medallion rug, variant Star Ushak style, Anatolia (modern Turkey), is made. It is now kept at Saint Louis Art Museum. |
| - 1500 Ottoman fleet of Kemal Reis defeats Venetians at Second Battle of Lepanto. |
| - 1571 Pope Pius V completes Holy League as a united front against Ottoman Turks. |
| - 1571 Holy League destroys Ottoman Empire navy at Battle of Lepanto. |
| - 1483 - 1556 73 Fuzuli, Azerbaijani poet |
| - 1603 - 23 20 After modernizing his army, Abbas I expands Persian Empire by capturing territory from Ottomans & Portuguese. |
| - 1605 fortresses of Veszprém & Visegrad are retaken by Ottomans. |
| - 1606 Long War between Ottoman Empire & Austria is ended with Peace of Zsitvatorok. |
| - 1520 - 66 46 reign of Suleiman Magnificent marks zenith of Ottoman Empire. |
| - 1534 - 82 48 Oda Nobunaga , daimyo of Sengoku period of Japanese civil war. First ruler of Azuchi-Momoyama period |
| - 1536 - 98 62 Toyotomi Hideyoshi , daimyo of Sengoku period of Japanese civil war. Second ruler of Azuchi-Momoyama period |
| - 1563 - 1620 57 Wanli Emperor, Emperor of China during Ming Dynasty, aided Korea in Imjin War |
| - Mimar Sinan (1489–1588) was a civil engineer & chief architect of Ottoman Empire |
| - 1489 - 1588 99 Mimar (Architect) Sinan. Ottoman |
| - 1513 Sultan Selim I ("The Grim") orders massacre of Shia Muslims in Anatolia. |
| - 1529 Austrians defeat Ottoman Empire at Siege of Vienna. |
| - 1522 Rhodes falls to Ottoman Turks of Suleiman Magnificent. |
| - Suleiman Magnificent, Sultan of Ottoman Empire. Conqueror & legal reformer (1494 – 1566). |
| - 1526 Ottomans defeat Kingdom of Hungary at Battle of Mohács. |
| - 1534 Ottomans capture Baghdad. |
| - 1611 - 82 71 Evliya Çelebi, Ottoman Explorer |
| - 1541 Capture of Buda & absorption of major part of Hungary by Ottoman Empire. |
| - 1593 - 1606 13 Long War between Habsburg monarchy & Ottoman Turks. |
| - 1667 - 99 32 Great Turkish War halts Ottoman Empire's expansion into Europe. |
| - 1565 Hospitallers defeat Ottoman Empire at Siege of Malta (1565). |
| - 1664 Battle of St. Gotthard: count Raimondo Montecuccoli defeats Ottomans. Peace of Vasvar – intended to keep peace for 20 years. |
| - 1565 Battle of Talikota fought between Hindu kingdom of Vijayanagar & Deccan sultanates. |
| - 1632 taj mahal building work started in agra, INDIA |
| - 1658 After his father Shah Jahan completes Taj Mahal, his son Aurangzeb deposes him as ruler of Mughal Empire. |
| - 1674 Maratha Empire founded in India by Shivaji. |
| - 1621 - 75 54 Guru Teg Bahadur, 9th Sikh Guru |
| - Minarets, Jamé Mosque of Isfahan, Isfahan, Persia (Iran), are built. |
| - 1630 - 80 50 Shivaji Bhonsle, Hindu king, 1st Maratha ruler, established Hindavi Swaraj |
| - 1608 - 81 73 Samarth Ramdas, Hindu saint |
| - 1600 - 50 50 Sant Tukaram, Hindu saint |
| - 1501 Safavid dynasty reunified Iran & ruled over it until 1736. Safavids adopt a Shia branch of Islam. |
| - 1571 - 1629 58 Abbas I, strongest king of Safavid dynasty |
| - 1526 Mughal Empire, founded by Babur, rules India until 1739 & hold titles until 1857. |
| - 1518 Mir Chakar Khan Rind leaves Baluchistan & settled in Punjab. |
| - 1556 Mir Chakar Khan Rind captured Delhi with Emperor Humayun. |
| - 1565 Mir Chakar Khan Rind Iran died age of 97. |
| - 1629 Abbas I, Safavids king, died. Iran |
| - 1571 - 1641 70 Mulla Sadra, Iran. single most important & influential philosopher in Muslim world in last four hundred years who introduced Transcendent Theosophy or al-hikmah al-muta'liyah . |
| - 1524 Ismail I, founder of Safavid dynasty, dead & Tahmasp I became king. |
| - 1562 Mughal leader Akbar reconciles Muslim & Hindu factions by marrying into powerful Rajput Hindu caste. |
| - 1576 Tahmasp I, Safavid king, died. |
| - 1587 reign of Abbas I marks zenith of Safavid dynasty. |
| - 1598 Abbas I moved Safavids capital from Qazvin to Isfahan in 1598. |
| - Ismail I (1487-1524) reunified Persia, established Safavid dynasty & declared Shia Islam as state religion. |
| - 1556 - 1605 49 During his reign, Akbar expands Mughal Empire in a series of conquests. |
| - 1661 reign of Kangxi Emperor of China begins. |
| - 1662 Koxinga captures Taiwan from Dutch & founds Kingdom of Tungning which rules until 1683. |
| - 1689 Treaty of Nerchinsk established a border between Russia & China. |
| - 1683 China conquers Kingdom of Tungning & annexes Taiwan. |
| - 1669 - 1732 63 Jiang Tingxi, Chinese painter, calligrapher, encyclopedist, foreign delegate to Japan |
| - 1587 - 1641 54 Xu Xiake, Chinese geographer |
| - 1587 - 1666 79 Song Yingxing, Chinese encyclopedist |
| - 1519 Wang Yangming, Chinese philosopher & governor of Jiangxi province, describes his intent to use fire power of fo-lang-ji, a breech-loading Portuguese culverin, in order to suppress rebellion of Prince Zhu Chen-hao. |
| - 1548 Ming Dynasty government of China issues a decree banning all foreign trade & closes down all seaports along coast; these Hai jin laws came during Wokou wars with Japanese pirates. |
| - 1645 death of Miyamoto Musashi, legendary Japanese Samurai warrior of natural causes. |
| - 1641 Tokugawa Shogunate institutes Sakoku- foreigners are expelled & no one is allowed to enter or leave Japan. |
| - 1543 - 1616 73 Tokugawa Ieyasu, founder & first shogun of Tokugawa shogunate of Japan |
| - 1644 Manchu conquer China ending Ming Dynasty. subsequent Qing Dynasty rules until 1912. |
| - 1637 Although Chinese naval mines were earlier described in 14th century Huolongjing, Tian Gong Kai Wu book of Ming Dynasty scholar Song Yingxing describes naval mines wrapped in a lacquer bag & ignited by an ambusher pulling a rip cord on nearby shore that triggers a steel-wheel flint mechanism |
| - 1585 earliest known reference to 'sailing carriage' in China. |
| - 1584 - 1645 61 Miyamoto Musashi, famous Samurai warrior in Japan, author of 'The Book of Five Rings,' a treatise on strategy & martial combat, poet, painter |
| - 1494 - 1552 58 Qiu Ying, Chinese painter who belonged to Wu School & used gongbi brush style |
| - 1584 - 1645 61 Miyamoto Musashi, famous warrior in Japan, author of Book of Five Rings, a treaty on strategy & martial combat. |
| - 1600 Battle of Sekigahara in Japan. End of Warring States period & beginning of Edo period. |
| - 1603 Tokugawa Ieyasu seizes control of Japan & establishes Tokugawa Shogunate which rules country until 1868. |
| - 1618 Manchus start invading China. Their conquest eventually topples Ming Dynasty. |
| - 1592 - 8 6 Korea, with help of Ming Dynasty China, repels two Japanese invasions. |
| - 1521 After building fortifications at Tuen Mun, Portuguese attempt to invade Ming Dynasty China, but are expelled by Chinese naval forces. |
| - 1556 Shaanxi Earthquake in China is history's deadliest known earthquake. |
| - 1568 - 1600 Azuchi-Momoyama period in Japan. |
| - 1545 - 98 53 Admiral Yi Sun-sin , Korean admiral, respected as one of greatest admirals in world history. |
| - 1600 Battle of Sekigahara in Japan. End of Warring States period & beginning of Edo period. |
| - 1584 - 1645 61 Miyamoto Musashi Japan |
| - 1575 Oda Nobunaga finally captures Nagashima fortress. |
| - 1560 By winning Battle of Okehazama, Oda Nobunaga becomes one of pre-eminent warlords of Japan |
| - 1550 Mongols led by Altan Khan invade China & besiege Beijing. |
| - 1548 Battle of Uedahara: Firearms are used for first time on battlefield in Japan, & Takeda Shingen is defeated by Murakami Yoshikiyo. |
| - 1521 Philippines discovered by Ferdinand Magellan. He was later killed in battle in central Philippines in same year. |
| - Mississippian culture disappears. |
| - 1620 Puritan Pilgrims arrive in Mayflower at Cape Cod |
| - 1625 New Amsterdam founded by Dutch West India Company in North America. |
| - 1622 Jamestown massacre: Algonquian natives kill 347 English settlers outside Jamestown, Virginia (1/3 of colony's population) & burn Henricus settlement. |
| - Tessouat, Chief of Algonquin |
| - 1608 Quebec City founded by Samuel de Champlain in New France (present-day Canada). |
| - 1670 Hudson's Bay Company is founded in Canada. |
| - 1609 Pedro de Peralta, a later governor of New Mexico, establishes settlement of Santa Fe. |
| - 1664 British troops capture New Amsterdam & rename it New York. |
| - 1692 Salem witch trials in Massachusetts. |
| - 1630 - 88 58 Popé, Tewa religious leader, led Pueblo Revolt |
| - 1540 Francisco Vásquez de Coronado sights Grand Canyon. |
| - 1502 First reported African slaves in New World |
| - 1513 Vasco Núñez de Balboa, in service of Spain arrives at Pacific Ocean (which he called Mar del Sur) across Isthmus of Panama. It was first European to sight new ocean. |
| - 1502 - 25 23 Cuauhtémoc, last Tlatoani of Aztec, led native resistance against Conquistadores |
| - 1680 Pueblo Revolt drives Spanish out of New Mexico until 1692. |
| - 1507 first recorded epidemic of smallpox in New World occurs on island of Hispaniola & decimates native Taíno population. |
| - 1539 Hernando de Soto explores inland North America. |
| - 1524 Giovanni da Verrazzano is first European to explore Atlantic coast of North America between South Carolina & Newfoundland. |
| - 1607 Jamestown, Virginia, is settled as what would become first permanent English colony in North America. |
| - 1550 - 1 1 Valladolid debate concerning existence of souls in Amerindians |
| - 1541 Amazon River is discovered & explored by Francisco de Orellana. |
| - 1541 Pedro de Valdivia founds Santiago de Chile. |
| - 1565 Estácio de Sá establishes Rio de Janeiro in Brazil. |
| - 1531 Inca Civil War is fought between two brothers, Atahualpa & Huáscar. |