- 1618 new quickening
- 1750 new baktun population explosion now 14x more
- 26000 yrs ago homo sapien emergence homocene era brought fire & art
- 3113 13 baktuns start 144000 days 394 years 5125 years
- 2012 spychozoic era
5th
- 465 Thasos revolts from Delian League.
- 464 An earthquake in ancient Sparta, Greece leads to a Helot uprising & strained relations with Athens, one of factors that lead to Peloponnesian War.
- 464 Regent King Artabanus of Persia is killed by his charge Artaxerxes I.
- 464 Third Messenian war.
- 462 Revolt of Thasos against Delian League comes to an end with their surrender.
- 461 Athenian politician Cimon is ostracized.
- 460 Egypt revolts against Persia, starting a six year war. An Athenian force sent to attack Cyprus is diverted to support this revolt.
- 460 Cincinnatus becomes consul of Roman Republic.
- 459 Pleistoanax succeeds his father Pleistarchus as king of Sparta.
- 459 Destruction of Sicilian town of Morgantina by Douketios, leader of Sikels, according to Diodoros Siculus.
- 457 Decree of Artaxerxes I to re-establish city government of Jerusalem. See Ezra 7, Daniel 9 & Nehemiah 1 in Old Testament.
- 451 Athens makes peace with Sparta & wages a war against Persia.
- 451 Decemviri come to power in Roman Republic. Enact twelve tables foundation of Roman Law.
- 450 Battle of Salamis: Athenians under Cimon defeat Persian fleet.
- 450 Perdiccas II succeeds Alexander I as king of Macedonia
- 449 Peace of Callias between Delian League & Persia ends Persian Wars.
- 449 Construction begins on Temple of Hephaestus in Athens.
- 449 Twelve Tables promulgated to people of Rome, first public laws of Roman Republic.
- 449 Romans revolt against decemvirate. decemvirs resign & tribunate is re-established.
- 449 Herodotus completes his History, which records events concerning Persian War.
- 448 Phidias finishes a 9 meter high statue of Athena on Acropolis.
- 447 Athens begins construction of Parthenon, at initiative of Pericles.
- 447 Battle of Coronea, Athenians driven out of Boeotia.
- 447 Achaeus of Eretria, a Greek playwright, shows his first play.
- 445 Pericles declares Thirty Years Peace between Athens & Sparta.
- 445 Artaxerxes I gives Nehemiah permission to rebuild Jerusalem.
- 445 Lacus Curtius is created by a lightning strike in Rome. It is consecrated by Gaius, Mettius or Marcus Curtius.
- 443 Roman Republic creates office of censor, initially exclusive to patricians.
- 443 Foundation of Greek colony of Thurii in Italy. Its colonists include Herodotus & Lysias.
- 441 King Ai of Zhou becomes King of Zhou Dynasty of China but dies before year's end.
- 440 King Kao of Zhou becomes King of Zhou Dynasty of China.
6th
585 Solar eclips e occurs as predicted by Thales, while Alyattes II is battling Cyaxares. This leads to a truce. This is one of cardinal dates from which other dates can be calculated
585 Astyages succeeds Cyaxares as King of Medes
570 Amasis II succeeds Apries as King of Egypt
550 Abdera is destroyed by Thracians
500 Signifies end of Nordic Bronze Age civilization in Oscar Montelius periodization system & begins Pre-Roman Iron Age
Carthage's merchant empire slowly dominates western Mediterranean
Tao Te Ching written (traditional date)
Confucius formulates his ethical system of Confucianism, which proves highly influential in China
The Sinhalese emigrate to Sri Lanka
Apparent writing of Book of Psalms
Abkhazia is colonized by Greeks
Emergence of Proto-Germanic Jastorf culture
Temple B, Selinus, Sicily, is built
The Autariatae communities united & expanded towards Triballi in east & Ardiaei in south
Ezra & Nehemiah, leaders of Jews returning from Babylonian Exile
546 Death of Anaximander, Greek philosopher
540 BC—Amyntas I becomes King of Macedonia
525 Death of Psammetichus III, last Pharaoh of Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt
Lehi, first prophet recorded in Book of Mormon
Thespis, founder of Greek theatre
7th
700 Songguk-ri Culture begins in southern Korean peninsula.
690 BC: Taharqa, a king of Twenty-fifth Dynasty, ascends throne of Egypt (approximate date)
674 Esarhaddon puts down a revolt in Ashkelon supported by Taharqa, king of Egypt. In response, Assyrians invade Egypt, but Taharqa is able to hold invaders off.
671 Esarhaddon again invades Egypt, capturing Memphis as well as a number of royal family.
668 Shamash-shum-ukin, son of Esarhaddon, becomes King of Babylon.
668 Egypt revolts against Assyria.
668 Nineveh, capital of Assyria becomes largest city of world, taking lead from Thebes in Egypt.
667 Byzantium founded by Megaran colonists under Byzas.
664 First naval battle in Greek recorded history, between Corinth & Corcyra.
660 Traditional founding date of Japan by Emperor Jimmu.
660 First known use of Demotic script.
660 Psammetichus I drives Assyrians out of Egypt.
660 Estimated date of impact that created Kaali crater
656 Psammetichus extends his control over all of Egypt. End of Twenty-fifth Dynasty.
650 town of Abdera in Thrace is founded by colonists from Clazomenae.
8th
760s BC—Amaziah of Judah dies.
760s BC—Archilaus, king of Sparta, dies.
760s BC—Marduk-apla-usur & Eriba-Marduk, kings of Babylon, dies.
760s BC—Rivallo, legendary king of Britons, dies.
Shoshonq V, Pharaoh of Twenty-second dynasty of Egypt (767 BC–730 BC)
Osorkon III, Pharaoh of Twenty-second dynasty of Egypt (787 BC–759 BC)
Takelot III, Pharaoh of Twenty-third dynasty of Egypt (764 BC–757 BC)
Rudamun, Pharaoh of Twenty-third dynasty of Egypt (757 BC–754 BC)
Iuput, Pharaoh of Twenty-third dynasty of Egypt (754 BC–715 BC)
Niumateped, king of Libyans (775 BC–750 BC)
Titaru, king of Libyans (758 BC–750 BC)
Ker, king of Libyans (750 BC–745 BC)
Hezekiah of Kingdom of Judah (reigned 715 BC–687 BC)
Sennacherib, king of Assyria & conqueror of Babylon (705–681 BC)
Homer (exact dates unknown, usually dated to mid to late 8th century BC)
725 BC—Bakenranef (also known as Bocchoris) succeeds his father Tefnakhte as king of Twenty-fourth dynasty of Egypt
Ahaz, king of Judah (735 BC–715 BC)
723 BC—Shalmaneser V, king of Assyria, dies.
723 BC—Sargon succeeds Shalmaneser V as king of Assyria.
721 BC—Shabaka succeeds his father Piye as king of Twenty-fifth dynasty of Egypt.
720 BC—Shabaka kills Bakenranef (Bocchoris), ending Twenty-fourth Dynasty of Egypt
713 Birth of semi-legendary Zamolxis in Dac
9th
895 BC: Death of King Xiao of Zhou, King of Zhou Dynasty of China.
894 BC: King Yi of Zhou becomes King of Zhou Dynasty of China.
892 Megacles, King of Athens, dies after a reign of 30 years & is succeeded by his son Diognetus.
891 BC: Tukulti-Ninurta II succeeds his father Adad-nirari II as king of Assyria.
889 BC: Takelot I succeeds his father Osorkon I as king of Egypt.
884 BC: Assurnasirpal II succeeds his father Tukulti-ninurta II as king of Assyria.
879 BC: Death of King Yi of Zhou, King of Zhou Dynasty of China.
878 BC: King Li of Zhou becomes King of Zhou Dynasty of China.
874 BC: Osorkon II succeeds Takelot I as king of Twenty-second dynasty of Egypt.
874 BC: Ahab becomes king of Kingdom of Israel (approximate date).
872 BC: An exceptionally high flood of Nile covers floors of Temple of Luxor.
865 BC: Kar Kalmaneser was conquered by Assyrian king Shalmaneser III.
864 BC: Diognetus, King of Athens, dies after a reign of 28 years & is succeeded by his son Pherecles.
860 BC: kingdom of Urartu is unified.
858 BC: Aramu becomes king of Urartu.
858 BC: Shalmaneser III succeeds Assurnasipal II as king of Assyria.
854 Battle of Karkar—An indecisive engagement between Assyrian king Shalmaneser III & a military alliance of king of Damascus & lesser powers including prince of Tyre. (or 853 BC)
853 Battle of Karkar—An indecisive engagement between Assyrian king Shalmaneser III & a military alliance of king of Damascus & lesser powers including prince of Tyre. (or 854 BC)
850 Takelot II succeeds Osorkon II as King of Egypt.
850 BC: Middle Mumun Pottery Period begins in Korean peninsula.
845 BC: Pherecles, King of Athens, dies after a reign of 19 years & is succeeded by his son Ariphron.
842 BC: Shalmaneser III devastates territory of Damascus; Kingdom of Israel & Phoenician cities send tribute.
841 BC: Death of King Li of Zhou, King of Zhou Dynasty of China.
841 BC: Records of Grand Historian regards this year as first year of consecutive annual dating of Chinese history.
836 BC: Shalmaneser III of Assyria leads an expedition against Tabareni.
836 BC: Civil war breaks out in Egypt.
827 BC: King Xuan of Zhou becomes King of Zhou Dynasty of China.
825 BC: Takelot II, king of Egypt, dies. Crown Prince Osorkon III & Shoshenq III, sons of Takelot, battle for throne.
c. 825 BC: Ariphron, King of Athens, dies after a reign of 20 years & is succeeded by his son Thespieus.
823 BC: Death of Shalmaneser III, king of Assyria. He is succeeded by his son Shamshi-Adad V.
820 BC: Pygmalion ascends throne of Tyre.
817 BC: Pedubastis I declares himself king of Egypt, founding Twenty-third Dynasty.
814 BC: Carthage is founded by Dido (traditional date).
813 BC: Carthage is founded by Phoenicians.
811 BC: Adad-nirari III succeeds his father Shamshi-Adad V as king of Assyria.
804 BC: Adad-nirari III of Assyria conquers Damascus.
804 BC: Death of Pedubastis I, pharaoh.
c. 800 BC: Etruscan civilization.
Beginning of Iron Age in Central Europe, spread of Proto-Celtic Hallstatt culture, & Proto-Celtic language.
Adena culture appears in present day Northeastern United States.
Shalmaneser III, king of Assyria (858–824 BC)
Homer, poet of Ancient Greece (850s BC)
10th
1000 BC: India—Iron Age of India. Iron Age kingdoms rule India—Panchala, Kuru(referred in Mahabharata), Kosala, Videha.
993 BC: Amenemope succeeds Psusennes I as king of Egypt.
993 BC: Archippus, Archon of Athens dies after a reign of 19 years & is succeeded by his son Thersippus.
984 BC: Osorkon Elder succeeds Amenemope as king of Egypt.
982 BC: end of first period (1197 BC—982 BC) by Sau Yung's concept of I Ching & history.
978 BC: Siamun succeeds Osorkon Elder as king of Egypt.
967 BC: Solomon becomes king of Israelites.
967 BC: Tiglath-Pileser II becomes King of Assyria.
965 BC: David, king of ancient Israelites, died.
962 BC: Solomon becomes king of Israel, following death of his father, King David. (traditional date)
959 BC: Psusennes II succeeds Siamun as king of Egypt.
957 BC: Solomon completes construction of First Temple in Jerusalem.
952 BC: Thersippus, King of Athens dies after a reign of 41 years & is succeeded by his son Phorbas.
947 BC: Death of King Mo of Zhou, King of Zhou Dynasty of China.
946 BC: King Gong of Zhou becomes King of Zhou Dynasty of China.
945 BC: Egypt: Psusennes III dies, last king of Twenty-first Dynasty. Shoshenq I succeeds him, founder of Twenty-second Dynasty.
935 BC: Death of King Gong of Zhou, King of Zhou Dynasty of China.
935 BC: Death of Tiglath-Pileser II king of Assyria.
934 BC: King Yi of Zhou becomes King of Zhou Dynasty of China.
925 BC: Solomon, king of ancient Israelites, died.
c. 925 BC: Partition of ancient Israel into Kingdoms of Judah & Israel.
924 BC: Osorkon I succeeds his father Shoshenq I as king of Egypt.
922 BC: Phorbas, Archon of Athens, dies after a reign of 30 years & is succeeded by his son Megacles.
912 BC: Adad-nirari II succeeds his father Ashur-Dan II as king of Assyria.
911 BC: Abijah, king of Judah, dies.
910 BC: Death of King Yi of Zhou, King of Zhou Dynasty of China.
909 BC: King Xiao of Zhou becomes King of Zhou Dynasty of China.
909 BC: Jeroboam, first king of northern Hebrew kingdom of Israel, dies & is succeeded by his son Nadab.
900s BC: India—Vedic India—Yajnavalkya writes Shatapatha Brahmana, in which he describes motions of sun & moon.
c. 900 BC: Villanovan culture emerges in northern Italy.
900 BC: Kingdom of Kush.
Late 10th century BC: Centaur, from Lefkandi, Euboea is made. It is now at Archaeological Museum of Eretria in Greece.
Foundation of Sparta.
The kingdom of Ethiopia is founded by Menelik I, son of Solomon & Queen of Sheba. (according to legend)
First extant evidence of written Aramaic language.
The earliest known settlement in Plymouth, England dates back to this era.
Creation of ceremonial golden hats in Central Europe.
Saul, king of ancient Israelites
David, king of ancient Israelites (1006 BC–965 BC)
Solomon, king of ancient Israelites (965 BC–925 BC)
Zoroaster, ancient Iranian prophet (approximate date, estimates range from 1000 BC to 600 BC)
11th
1089 BC: Melanthus, legendary King of Athens, dies after a reign of 37 years & is succeeded by his son Codrus.
1069 BC: Ramses XI dies, ending Twentieth Dynasty. He is succeeded by Smendes I, who founds Twenty-first Dynasty.
1068 BC: Codrus, legendary King of Athens, dies in battle against Dorian invaders after a reign of 21 years. Athenian tradition considers him last King to have held absolute power. Modern historians consider him last King whose life account is part of Greek mythology. He is succeeded by his son Medon.
1051 BC: Saul becomes first King of Israel.
1050 BC: Philistines capture Ark of Covenant from Israel in battle. (Approximate date)
1048 BC: Medon, King of Athens, dies after a reign of 20 years & is succeeded by his son Acastus.
1046 BC: King Wu of Zhou overthrows last Chinese Shang Dynasty King Di Xin & becomes first king of Zhou Dynasty (1046 BC—256 BC) founded by his father King Wen of Zhou.
1044 BC: On death of Smendes I, king of Egypt, he is succeeded by two co-regents, Psusennes I & Neferkare Amenemnisu.
1042 BC: King Cheng of Zhou succeeds King Wu as ruler of Zhou Dynasty in China,
1039 BC: Neferkare Amenemnisu, king of Egypt, dies.
c. 1020 BC: Destruction of Troy VIIb2.
1020 BC: Saul King becomes first king of Israelites.
1020 BC: King Kang of Zhou succeeds King Cheng as ruler of Zhou Dynasty in China.
1012 BC: Acastus, King of Athens, dies after a reign of 36 years & is succeeded by his son Archippus.
1006 BC: David succeeds Saul King.
1000s BC: Earliest evidence of farming in Kenya highlands.
c. 1000 BC: Latins come to Italy from Danube region.
c. 1000 BC: Archaeological evidence obtained from inscriptions excavated in 2005 dates Tamil language, a classical language spoken in India.
1000s BC: Phoenician alphabet invented.
12th
1197 BC: beginning of first period (1197 BC – 982 BC) by Sau Yung's concept of I Ching & history.
1197 BC: Ramses III of Egypt repels attacks by northern invaders (the "Sea-Peoples").
1194 BC: beginning of legendary Trojan War.
1192 BC: Wu Ding king of Shang Dynasty died.
1191 BC: Menestheus, legendary King of Athens, dies during Trojan War after a reign of 23 years & is succeeded by his nephew Demophon, a son of Theseus. Other accounts place his death a decade later & shortly after Trojan War (see 1180s BC).
1186 BC: End of Nineteenth dynasty of Egypt, start of Twentieth Dynasty.
April 24, 1184 BC: Traditional date for fall of Troy, Asia Minor to Mycenaeans & their allies. This marks end of Trojan War of Greek mythology.
1181 BC: Menestheus, legendary King of Athens & veteran of Trojan War, dies after a reign of 23 years & is succeeded by his nephew Demophon, a son of Theseus. Other accounts place his death a decade earlier & during Trojan War (see 1190s BC).
1180 BC: last Kassite king, Anllil-nadin-akhe, is defeated by Elamites
1180 BC: Collapse of Hittite power in Anatolia with destruction of their capital Hattusa.
April 16, 1178 BC: A solar eclipse may mark return of Odysseus, legendary King of Ithaca, to his kingdom after Trojan War. He discovers a number of suitors competing to marry his wife Penelope, whom they believe to be a widow, in order to succeed him on throne. He organizes their slaying & re-establishes himself on throne.
1160 BC: Death of Pharaoh Ramesses V, from smallpox.
1159 BC: Hekla 3 eruption triggers an 18-year period of climatic worsening.
1154 BC: Death of King Menelaus of Sparta (estimated date).
1154 BC: Suicide of exiled Queen Helen of Sparta at Rhodes. (estimated date).
c. 1150 BC: End of Egyptian rule in Palestine. Rameses VI last Pharaoh acknowledged.
1147 BC: Demophon, legendary King of Athens & veteran of Trojan War, dies after a reign of 33 years & is succeeded by his son Oxyntes.
1137 BC: Ramses VII begins his reign as sixth ruler of Twentieth dynasty of Egypt.
1135 BC: Oxyntes, legendary King of Athens, dies after a reign of 12 years & is succeeded by his elder son Apheidas.
1134 BC: Apheidas, legendary King of Athens, is assassinated & succeeded by his younger brother Thymoetes after a reign of 1 year.
1126 BC: Thymoetes, legendary King of Athens, dies childless after a reign of 8 years. He is succeeded by his designated heir Melanthus of Pylos, a fifth-generation descendant of Neleus who had reportedly assisted him in battle against Boeotians.
1122 BC: Legendary founding date of city of Pyongyang.
c. 1120 BC: destruction of Troy VIIb1
1115 BC: Zhou cheng wang becomes king of Zhou Dynasty of China.
1115 BC: Tiglath-Pileser I becomes king of Assyria.
1110 BC: Cadiz (Gadir) founded by Phoenicians in southwestern Spain
1100 BC: Tiglath-Pileser I of Assyria conquers Hittites.
c. 1100 BC: Dorians supposedly invade Greece.
c. 1100 BC: Beginning of proto-Villanovan culture in northern Italy.
c. 1100 BC: Mycenaean civilization ends. Start of Greek Archaic Period.
c. 1100 BC: New Kingdom in Egypt comes to an end.
Elamite invaders loot art treasures from Mesopotamia & carry them in Susa.
Fang ding, from Tomb 1004, Houjiazhuang, Anyang, Henan, is made. Shang dynasty, Anyang period. It is now kept at Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan (approximate date).
Amenemses, Pharaoh of Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt (1202 BC–1199 BC)
1180 BC—Birth of Ramesses III of Egypt
1153 BC—Death of pharaoh Ramesses III of Egypt
1146 BC—Nebuchadnezzar I becomes king of Babylon
1116 BC—Death of King Wu of Zhou, King of Zhou Dynasty (1122 BC–256 BC) of China
1100s Alphabet developed by Phoenicians.
13th
1300 BC: Cemetery H culture comes to an end.
1292 BC: End of Eighteenth dynasty of Egypt, start of Nineteenth Dynasty.
1282 BC: Pandion II, legendary King of Athens, dies after a nominal reign of 25 years. He reportedly only reigned in Megara while Athens & rest of Attica were under control of an alliance of Nobles led by his uncle Metion (son of Erechtheus of Athens) & his sons (including in some accounts Daedalus). His four sons lead a successful military campaign to regain throne. Aegeus becomes King of Athens, Nisos reigns in Megara, Lykos in Euboea & Pallas in southern Attica.
(May 31), 1279 BC: Ramesses II becomes leader of Ancient Egypt.
1278 BC: Seti I dies, 1 year after his son, Ramesses II is crowned.
1274 BC: Battle of Kadesh in Syria. Egyptians & Hittites sign earliest known peace treaty at end of Battle of Kadesh.
1269 BC: Ramses II, king of ancient Egypt, & Hattusilis III, king of Hittites, sign earliest known peace treaty.
(September 7), 1251 BC: A solar eclipse on this date might mark birth of legendary Heracles at Thebes, Greece.
1250 BC: Wu Ding king of Shang Dynasty to 1192 BC.
1250 BC: Lion gate at Mycene is constructed (comparable with Hittite architecture).
c. 1230 BC: Aegeus, legendary King of Athens, receives a false message that his designated heir Theseus, his son by Aethra of Troezena, is dead. Theseus had been sent to his overlord Minos of Crete as an offering to Minotaur. Medus, Aegeus' only other son (by Medea of Colchis), had been exiled in Asia & would become legendary ancestor to Medes. Believing himself without heirs King commits suicide after a reign of 48 years. He is succeeded by Theseus, who actually still lives. Aegean Sea is reportedly named in his honor.
1210 BC: Pharaoh Merneptah defeats a Libyan invasion.
1213 BC: Theseus, legendary King of Athens, is deposed & succeeded by Menestheus, great-grandson of Erechtheus & second cousin of Theseus' father Aegeus. Menestheus is reportedly assisted by Castor & Polydeuces of Sparta, who want to reclaim their sister Helen from her first husband Theseus. latter seeks refuge in Skyros, whose King Lycomedes is an old friend & ally. Lycomedes, however, considers his visitor a threat to throne & proceeds to assassinate him (though other accounts place these events a decade later, in 1200s BC).
1212 BC: Death of Egyptian Pharaoh Ramesses Great.
1207 BC: Pharaoh Merneptah claims a victory over people of Israel.
1204 BC: Theseus, legendary King of Athens, is deposed after a reign of 30 years & succeeded by Menestheus, great-grandson of Erichthonius II of Athens & second cousin of Theseus' father Aegeus. Menestheus is reportedly assisted by Castor & Polydeuces of Sparta, who want to reclaim their sister Helen from her first husband Theseus. Theseus seeks refuge in Skyros, whose King Lycomedes is an old friend & ally. Lycomedes, however, considers his visitor a threat to throne & proceeds assassinates him. (Other accounts place these events a decade earlier. See 1210s BC.)
c. 1200 BC: Cimmerians start settling steppes of southern Russia? (Undocumented conjecture).
1200 BC: Ancient Pueblo Peoples civilization in North America. (approximate date)
1200 BC: Collapse of Hittite power in Anatolia with destruction of their capital Hattusa.
1200 BC: Migration & expansion of Dorian Greeks. Destruction of Mycenaean city Pylos.
1200 BC: proto-Scythian Srubna (Timber-grave) culture expands from lower Volga region to cover whole of North Pontic area.
Although many human societies were literate in this period, some individual persons mentioned in this article ought to be considered legendary rather than historical.
1251 BC—A lunar eclipse might mark birth of Hercules
c. 1225 BC—Birth of legendary Helen to King Tyndareus of Sparta & his wife Leda
1212 BC—Death of Ramesses II of Egypt
Merneptah, Pharaoh of Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt (1212 BC–1202 BC)
Amenmesse, Pharaoh of Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt (1202 BC–1199 BC)
Moses led Hebrew Exodus (may have been earlier)
14th
1397 BC: Pandion I, legendary King of Athens, dies after a reign of 40 years & is succeeded by his son Erechtheus II of Athens.
1390 BC: In Mesopotamia, emergence of Assyrians as independent power.
1385 BC: Pharaoh Amenhotep III of Egypt marries Tiy, his Chief Queen.
1380 BC: Pharaoh Amenhotep III connects Nile & Red Sea with a canal.
1372 BC: Hittites conquer all of Kingdom of Mitanni west of Euphrates. (J.M. Roberts, New History of World (2003), p 84.)
1357 BC: Danish Egtvedpigen is buried.
1347 BC: Legendary King Erechtheus II is reportedly killed by lightning after a reign of 50 years & is succeeded by his younger brother Cecrops II.
1346 BC: Pharaoh Amenhotep IV of Egypt begins his Cult of Aten & begins construction of Amarna intended to be his new capital.
1345 BC: Pharaoh Amenhotep IV of Egypt renames himself Akhenaten.
1336 BC: Pharaoh Akhenaten of Egypt names Smenkhkare as a co-ruler.
c. 1334 BC: Tutankhaten becomes Pharaoh of Egypt & marries Ankhesenpaaten, daughter & wife of his predecessor Akhenaton.
1331 BC: Pharaoh Tutankhaten of Egypt renames himself to Tutankhamun & abandons Amarna, returning capital to Thebes.
1324 BC: Pharaoh Ay is crowned king of Egypt
1320 BC: Egypt: End of Eighteenth Dynasty, start of Nineteenth Dynasty.
c. 1310 BC: Bhagavad Gita is written, according to some Hindu traditions.
c. 1300 BC: Cecrops II, legendary King of Athens, dies after a reign of 40 years & is succeeded by his son Pandion II. Pandion II was later driven into exile from Athens by sons of Cecrops II's brother (or possibly nephew) Metion, so that Metion could take power. Pandion II fled to Megara, where he married King's daughter & eventually inherited throne. After his death, Pandion II's sons returned to Athens & drove out sons of Metion.
1307 BC: Adad-nirari I becomes king of Assyria.
1300 BC: legendary King Pangeng moved capital of Shang Dynasty to Yin.
c. 1300 BC: Rise of Urnfield culture.
1398 BC—Birth of Tiy to Egyptian nobleman Yuya & his wife Tjuyu. She later becomes Chief Queen of Pharaoh Amenhotep III of Egypt & matriarch of Amarna family. (approximate date).
1391 BC—Pharaoh Amenhotep III started to rule.
1368 BC—Death of Erichthonius, mythical King of Dardania.
1366 BC—Birth of Princess Tadukhipa to Tusratta, King of Mitanni & his Queen Juni. She will be later married to Amenhotep III & after his death to his son & heir Amenhotep IV Akhenaton. She is variously identified with Akhenaton's Queens Nefertiti & Kiya.
1365 BC—Ashur-uballit I rises to throne on Assyria.
1362 BC—Birth of later Pharaoh Amenhotep IV Akhenaton to Amenhotep III & his Queen Tiy.
1350 BC—Pharaoh Amenhotep IV Akhenaton rises to throne of Egypt.
1341 BC/1340 BC—Birth of Tutankhaten, later Pharaoh of Egypt as Tutankhamun (approximate date).
1338 BC—Queen Tiy of Egypt, Chief Queen of Amenhotep III & matriarch of Amarna family, vanishes from historical record. Presumed death.
1337 BC—Queen Nefertiti of Egypt vanishes from historical record. Presumed death.
1334 BC/1333 BC—Death of Smenkhkare, Pharaoh of Egypt & co-ruler with Akhenaton.
1334 BC/1333 BC—Death of Akhenaton, Pharaoh of Egypt.
1323 BC—Death of Pharaoh Tutankhamun of Egypt.
1320 BC—Birth of later Pharaoh Ramses II of Egypt (approximate date).
Suppiliulima, king of Hittites.
15th
1504 BC – 1492 BC: Egypt conquers Nubia & Levant.
1500 BC – 1400 BC: Rigveda was composed around this time.
1500 BC – 1400 BC: Battle of Ten Kings took place around this time.
1500 BC: Coalescence of a number of cultural traits including undecorated pottery, megalithic burials, & millet-bean-rice agriculture indicate beginning of Mumun Pottery Period in Korean peninsula.
c. 1490 BC: Cranaus, legendary King of Athens, is deposed after a reign of 10 years by his son-in-law Amphictyon of Thessaly, son of Deucalion & Pyrrha.
1487 BC: Amphictyon, son of Deucalion & Pyrrha & legendary King of Athens, dies after a reign of 10 years & is succeeded by Erichthonius I of Athens, a grandson of Cranaus.
1480s BC: Joshua leads tribal federation of Israel across Jordan River to begin conquest of land of Cana'an.
c. 1480 BC: Queen Hatsheput succeeded by her stepson & nephew Thutmosis III. Period of greatest Egyptian expansion (4th Nile cataract tot Euphrates).
c. 1469 BC: In Battle of Megiddo, Egypt defeats Canaan (Low Chronology).
c. 1460 BC: Kassites overrun Babylonia & found a dynasty there that lasts for 576 years & nine months.
1437 BC: Legendary King Erichthonius I of Athens dies after a reign of 50 years & is succeeded by his son Pandion I.
1430 BC – 1160 BC: Hittite New Kingdom established.
1430 BC – 1178 BC: Beginning of Hittite empire.
c. 1420 BC: Crete conquered by Mycenae—start of Mycenaean period. First Linear B tablets.
1400 BC: In Crete use of bronze helmets (discovery at Knossos).
1400 BC: Palace of Minos destroyed by fire.
c. 1400 BC: Linear A reaches its peak of popularity.
c. 1400 BC: height of Canaanite town of Ugarit.
Myceneans conquers Greece & border of Anatolia.
The Tumulus culture flourishes.
Hatshepsut of Egypt, female Pharaoh of 18th Dynasty (1498–1483 BC)
Thutmose III of Egypt, Pharaoh of 18th Dynasty (1479 BC–1425 BC)
Amenhotep II, Pharaoh of Egypt, (1427 BC–1401 BC)
The Shang Dynasty Chinese capital city at Ao had massive defensive walls of 20 metres (66 ft) in width at base & enclosed an area of some 2,100 square yards (1,800 m2).
16th
1700 BC – 1500 BC: Hurrian conquests.
1595 BC: Sack of Babylon by Hittite king Mursilis I.
1570 BC: Cretan palaces at Knossos & other centres flourish despite disasters.
1567 BC: Egypt: End of Fifteenth Dynasty, end of Sixteenth Dynasty, end of Seventeenth Dynasty, start of Eighteenth Dynasty.
c. 1550 BC: city of Mycenae, located in northeast Peloponnesus, comes to dominate rest of Achaea, giving its name to Mycenaean civilization.
1556 BC: Cecrops I builds or rebuilds Athens following great flood of Deucalion & end of Golden age. He becomes first of several Kings of Athens whose life account is considered part of Greek mythology.
1556 BC: Shang Dynasty of China established * .
1550 BC: End of Seventeenth dynasty of Egypt, start of Eighteenth Dynasty upon coronation of Ahmose I (Low Chronology).
1530 BC: End of First Dynasty of Babylon & start of Kassite Dynasty—see History of Iraq.
1525 BC: End of Fifteenth dynasty of Egypt.
c. 1512 BC: flood of Deucalion, according to O'Flaherty, Augustine, Eusebius, & Isidore (bishop of Seville).
1506 BC: Cecrops I, legendary King of Athens, dies after a reign of 50 years. Having survived his own son, he is succeeded by Cranaus.
1504 BC: Egypt started to conquer Nubia & Levant.
c. 1500 BC: Many scholars date early parts of Rig Veda to roughly 16th century.
c. 1500 BC: Queen Hatsheput in Egypt (18th Dynasty).
c. 1500 BC: element Mercury has been discovered in Egyptian tombs dating from this decade.
c. 1500 BC: Settlers from Crete, Greece move to Miletus, Turkey.
c. 1500 BC: Early traces of Maya civilization developing in Belize.
c. 1500 BC: Phoenicians develop an alphabet—see Timeline of communication technology.
c. 1500 BC: Earliest evidence (from archaeological excavations) of a settlement at Aylesbury, England[1].
c. 1500 BC: Indo-Aryan migration is often dated to 17th to 16th centuries.
King Cheng Tang of Shang of China, first ruler of Shang Dynasty, ruled China for 29 years since 1600 BC according to Xia Shang Zhou Chronology Project.
1597 BC—Aaron born to Amram & his wife Jochebed (traditional date).
Kamose, last Pharaoh of 17th Dynasty of Egypt (1575 or 1573 BC–1550 BC).
Ahmose I, Pharaoh & founder of 18th Dynasty of Egypt (1550 BC–1525 BC).
Hatshepsut, first female Pharaoh of Egypt c.1473 B.C.
17th
c. 1700 BC: last species of mammoth became extinct on Wrangel Island.
c. 1700 BC: Indus Valley Civilization comes to an end but is continued by Cemetery H culture
1700 BC: Belu-bani became King of Assyria.
c. 1700 BC: Minoan Old Palace period ends & Minoan Second Palace period starts in Ancient Greece.
c. 1700 BC: beginning of Late Minoan period on Crete.
c. 1700 BC: Aegean metalworkers are producing decorative objects rivaling those of Ancient Near East jewelers, whose techniques they seem to borrow.
c. 1700 BC: Lila-Ir-Tash started to rule Elamite Empire.
c. 1700 BC: Bronze Age starts in China.
c. 1700 BC: Shang Dynasty starts in China.
c. 1700 BC: 1450 BC: Young girl gathering saffron crocus flowers, detail of wall painting, Room 3 of House Xeste 3, Akrotiri (Santorini), Thera, is made. Second Palace period. It is now kept in Thera Foundation, Petros M. Nomikos, Greece.
c. 1698 BC: Lila-Ir-Tash ruler of Elamite Empire died. Temti-Agun I started to rule Elamite Empire.
1691 BC: Belu-bani, King of Assyria died.
c. 1690 BC: Temti-Agun I, ruler of Elamite Empire, died. Tan-Uli started to rule Elamite Empire.
1690 BC: Libaia became King of Assyria.
c. 1680 BC: Egypt: Start of Sixteenth Dynasty.
c. 1680 BC: Egypt: Development of leavened bread (date approximate).
c. 1673 BC: Sharma-Adad I became King of Assyria.
c. 1661 BC: Iptar-Sin became King of Assyria.
c. 1655 BC: Tan-Uli, ruler of Elamite Empire, died.
c. 1650 BC: Egypt: Start of Seventeenth Dynasty.
1649 BC: Bazaia became King of Assyria.
c. 1674 BC: Egypt: Start of Fifteenth Dynasty.
1633 BC : Egypt: End of Thirteenth Dynasty.
1627 BC: Beginning of a cooling of world climate lasting several years recorded in tree-rings all over world.[1] It might have been caused by Minoan eruption of Thera[2] or Avellino eruption of Mount Vesuvius.[3]
1625 BC: Samsu-Ditana becomes King of Babylon (middle chronology).
1621 BC: Lullaia becomes King of Assyria.
1620 BC: Mursili I becomes King of Hittite Empire (middle chronology).
1615 BC: Shu-Ninua became King of Assyria.
1601 BC: Sharma-Adad II became King of Assyria.
c. 1600 BC: Egypt: End of Fourteenth Dynasty.
c. 1600 BC: creation of one of oldest surviving astronomical documents, a copy of which was found in Babylonian library of Ashurbanipal: a 21-year record of appearances of Venus (which early Babylonians called Nindaranna): Venus tablet of Ammisaduqa.
c. 1600 BC: end of Indus Valley civilization.
c. 1600 BC: overthrow of ruling Amorite dynasty in Aleppo, Syria.
c. 1600 BC: date of earliest discovered rubber balls.
c. 1600 BC: Egypt conquered by Asian tribes known as Hyksos—see History of ancient Israel & Judah.
c. 1600 BC: Early Mycenaean culture: weapons, Cyclopaean walls, & chariots.
c. 1600 BC: Jie of Xia is overthrown by Tang of Shang in Battle of Mingtiao
c. 1600 BC: Unetice culture ends in Czech Republic, eastern Europe
Development of windmill in Persia.
Jie, last ruler of Xia Dynasty, ruled China for 52 years until 1600 BC according to Xia Shang Zhou Chronology Project.
1695 BC—Sarah, wife of Abraham, according to Hebrew Calendar
1686 BC—Hammurabi (short chronology)
1677 BC—Terah, father of Abraham, according to Hebrew Calendar
1664 BC—Arpachshad, son of Shem, son of Noah, according to Hebrew Calendar
1637 BC—Abraham according to Jewish calculations. (2,123 years after biblical creation)
1634 BC—Salah, son of Arpachshad, according to Hebrew Calendar
1602 BC—Shem, son of Noah, according to Hebrew Calendar
18th
1800 BC: Beginning of Nordic Bronze Age in period system devised by Oscar Montelius.
1800 BC – 1300 BC: Troy VI flourishes.
c. 1800 BC: Sedentary Mayan communities in Mesoamerica
c. 1800 BC: Hyksos start to settle in Nile Delta. They had capital at Avaris in northeastern Nile Delta.
c. 1792 BC – 1750 BC: (middle chronology) – Hammurabi rules Babylonia & has to deal with Mari, which he conquers late in his career.
c. 1792 BC – 1750 BC: (middle chronology) – Stela of Hammurabi, from Susa (modern Shush, Iran) is made. It is now in Musee du Louvre, Paris.
1787 BC – 1784 BC: Amorite conquests of Uruk & Isin.
1786 BC: Egypt: Queen Sobekneferu dies. End of Twelfth Dynasty, start of Thirteenth Dynasty, start of Fourteenth Dynasty.
1779 BC: Zimrilim, King of Mari, starts to rule.
1770 BC: Babylon, capital of Babylonia becomes largest city of world, taking lead from Thebes, capital of Egypt.[1]
1766 BC: Shang conquest of Xia Dynasty. China.
1764 BC – 1750 BC: Wars of Hammurabi.
Kingdom of Kerma forms, lasting from about 1700–1550 BCE, before being absorbed into Egyptian Empire
1757 BC: Mari sacked by Hammurabi. Zimrilim's palace is destroyed.
1757 BC: Zimrilim, King of Mari, dies.
1750 BC: Hyksos occupation of Northern Egypt.
1750 BC: A colossal volcanic eruption at Mount Veniaminof, Alaska.
c. 1750 BC: Nomadic shepherds, Aryans, enter India from Central Asia & Russian steppes.
c. 1750 BC: Vedic period starts in India.
c. 1750 BC: Investiture of Zimrilim (Zimiri-Lim, King of Mari, before Goddess Ishtar), facsimile of a wall painting on mud plaster from Zimrilim palace at Mari (modern Tell Hariri, Iraq), Court 106, is made. It is now in Musee du Louvre, Paris.
1749 BC – 1712 BC: Mesopotamian Rebellions.
Early Unetice culture, beginning of Bronze Age in Central Europe.
Minoan civilization: phase II of Middle period (MM II).
1800 BC – 1700 BC: Decline of Indus Valley Civilization
Hammurabi (1792 BC–1750 BC), ruler of Babylonian Empire
Tang overthrew emperor Jie, last ruler of Xia dynasty.
1726 BC—Ishmael, son of Abraham, according to Hebrew Calendar
1712 BC—Isaac, son of Abraham, according to Hebrew Calendar
1764 BC—Peleg, son of Eber, (b. 2003 BC) according to Hebrew Calendar
1763 BC—Nahor, son of Serug, (b. 1911 BC) according to Hebrew Calendar
1753 BC—Noah (b. 2704 BC) according to Hebrew Calendar.
1750 BC—Hammurabi (middle chronology)
1734 BC—Reu, son of Peleg, (b. 1973 BC) according to Hebrew Calendar
1711 BC—Serug, son of Reu, (b. 1941 BC) according to Hebrew Calendar
c. 1700 BC—Median date for building of Phaistos Disc. Its purpose & meaning, & even its original geographical place of manufacture remains unknown, making it one of most famous mysteries of archaeology.
19th
Hittite empire in Hattusa, Anatolia.
1900 BC: Proto-Greek invasions of Greece.
c. 1900 BC: Minoan Old Palace period starts in Ancient Greece.
c. 1900 BC: Fall of last Sumerian dynasty.
c. 1900 BC: Late Harappan Phase of Indus Valley Civilization begins
c. 1900 BC: Port of Lothal is abandoned.
c. 1897 BC: Senwosret II (Twelfth Dynasty) started to rule. He built Kahun near his pyramide tomb complex at el-Lahun.
c. 1895–1878 BC: "Pectoral of Senwosret II", from tomb of princess Sithathoryunet at el-Lahun was made. Twelfth Dynasty. It is now in Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.
c. 1880 BC: Pharaoh Senwosret II starts to rule (other date is 1897 BC).
1878 BC: Senwosret II (Twelfth Dynasty) died.
c. 1878 BC: Senwosret III (Twelfth Dynasty) started to rule.
1876 BC: Israelites enter Egypt after two years of famine (according to one interpretation of internal Biblical chronology; an alternate date is 1986 BC).
c. 1874 BC: Pharaoh Senwosret II dies (other date is 1878 BC).
c. 1874 BC: Pharaoh Senwosret III starts to rule (other date is 1878 BC).
c. 1860 BC: Senusret III inspects Nubian frontier, he leads four punitive campaigns against Nubians.
c. 1855 BC: Pharaoh Senwosret III dies (other date is 1839 BC).
c. 1839 BC: Senwosret III (Twelfth Dynasty) died.
1837 BC: Jacob was born, according to some biblical chronologies.
1836 BC-1818 BC: Head of Senusret III is made. Twelfth dynasty of Egypt. It is now kept at Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art, Kansas City, Missouri.
1829–1818 BC: Egyptian–Nubian war.
1818 BC: Egyptian Campaign in Israel.
1813 BC: Amorite Conquest of Northern Mesopotamia.
1806 BC: Traditional date for end of Xia Dynasty in China.
Decline of Beaker culture.
1827–1677 BC—Terah, father of Abraham, according to Hebrew Calendar
1812 BC—Birth of Abraham according to Hebrew Calendar (1,948 years after biblical creation. Other datings include 23rd century BC, 21st century BC, 17th century BC, 16th century BC, & 15th century BC)
1807–1797 BC—Amenemhat III of Egypt
20th
2000 BC: Arrival of ancestors of Latins in Italy.
2000 BC: Town of Mantua is presumably founded.
2000 BC: Stonehenge is believed to have been completed.
2000 BC: Farmers & herders travel south from Ethiopia & settle in Kenya.
2000 BC: Horses are tamed & used for transport.
c. 2000 BC: First of Minoan palaces on Crete.
c. 2000 BC: Site of palace complex Knossos starts to be occupied.
c. 2000 BC: Decline of Harappan civilization starts.
c. 2000 BC: Bronze Age starts in north Ancient China.
c. 2000 BC – Torso, from Harappa, Indus Valley Civilization, is made. It is now kept at National Museum, New Delhi.
c. 2000 BC-1900 BC – Torso of a "priest-king", from Mohenjo-Daro, Indus Valley civilization, is made. It is now kept at National Museum of Pakistan, Karachi.
2040 BC – 1556 BC: Xia Dynasty in China, Olmec civilization (Mesoamerica).
2064 BC – 1986 BC: Twin Dynasty wars in Egypt.
c. 2000 BC: Middle Jōmon period ends in Japan.
c. 2000 BC: Vessel, from Asahi Mound, Toyama Prefecture, is made. Jōmon period. It is now kept at Collection of Tokyo University.
c. 2000 BC: Dogū, from Kurokoma, Yamanashi Prefecture, is made. Jōmon period. It is now kept at Tokyo National Museum.
1991 BC: Egypt: Pharaoh Mentuhotep IV died. End of Eleventh Dynasty. Pharaoh Amenemhat I started to rule. Start of Twelfth Dynasty.
c. 1985 BC: Political authority becomes less centralized in Ancient Egypt.
c. 1985 BC – 1795 BC: Rock-cut tombs at Beni Hasan were made. Twelfth Dynasty.
5c. 1985 BC – 1795 BC: "Hippopotamus", from tomb of Senbi (governor) (Tomb B.3) at Meir was made. Twelfth Dynasty. It is now in Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.
February 27, 1953 BC: A very close alignment of naked-eye planets takes place in which these planets are together in a span of 4.3 degrees.
c. 1942 BC: so-called king of Leubingen (today part of Sömmerda) is buried in a large barrow within a 66-foot-wide (20 m) stone cairn inside a ring ditch.
1932 BC: Amorite conquest of Ur.
c. 1928 BC – 1895 BC: "Harvest scene", tempera fascimile by Nina de Garis Davies of wall painting in tomb of Khnumhotep, Beni Hasan. Twelfth Dynasty.
1913 BC – 1903 BC: Egyptian-Nubian war.
1973 BC—Reu, son of Peleg, according to Hebrew Calendar
1941 BC—Serug, son of Reu, according to Hebrew Calendar
1911 BC—Nahor, son of Serug, according to Hebrew Calendar
2000 BC—First written accounts of Schizophrenia (reference needed).
c. 2000 BC – Glass appears.
1950 BC—The copper bar cubit of Nippur defines Sumerian cubit as 51.72 cm[citation needed]
21st
c. 2100 BC – c. 2050 BC: Nanna Ziggurat, Ur (modern Muqaiyir, Iraq) is built.
2091 BC: Beginning of Patriarchal Age is traditionally set in this year.
2080 BC: Ninth Dynasty wars in Egypt.
2080 BC: First Intermediate Period of Egypt ends. Middle Kingdom starts in Ancient Egypt.
2071 BC: Magh Ithe, first recorded battle in Ireland myths.
2070 BC (disputable): Yu Great set up Xia Dynasty, which isn't verified by archeological findings, some propose Erlitou culture.
c. 2064 BC – 1986 BC: Twin Dynasty wars in Egypt.
c. 2055 BC: End of First Intermediate Period of Egypt (another date is 2040 BC).
c. 2055 BC: Middle Kingdom starts in Ancient Egypt (other date is 2040 BC).
c. 2055 BC: Mentuhotep II from Thebes manages to reunite Ancient Egypt & begins to rule (other date is 2040 BC).
c. 2055 BC – 1985 BC: Funerary Stele of Amenemhat I is made. Eleventh Dynasty of Egypt. Excavated in 1915–1916. It is now kept in Egyptian Museum, Cairo. Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.
c. 2049 BC: Oak trees for Seahenge felled.
c. 2040 BC: End of First Intermediate Period of Egypt. Start of Middle Kingdom. 11th–14th Dynasties.
2040 BC: Beginning of Xia Dynasty, first dynasty & government system in China.
2040 BC: Pharaoh Merykare died. End of Tenth dynasty of Egypt. Pharaoh Mentuhotep II started to rule. Start of Eleventh Dynasty.
2034 BC – 2004 BC: Ur–Amorite wars.
c. 2009 BC – 1997 BC: Funerary temple of Mentuhotep III was built. Eleventh Dynasty.
2004 BC: Elamite destruction of Ur.
c. 2004 BC: Pharaoh Mentuhotep II, Eleventh dynasty of Egypt dies.
c. 2000 BC: Aegean Bronze Age ends.
According to Abrahamic religious tradition, era of Patriarch Abraham (however, other datings include 19th Cent. BC, and/or 17th Cent. through 15th Cent. BC)
According to Hindu tradition, lifetime of Rama, 7th avatar of Vishnu
Salah, son of Arpachshad, (2067–1634 BC) according to Hebrew Calendar
Eber, son of Shelah, (2037–1573 BC) according to Hebrew Calendar
Peleg, son of Eber, (2003–1764 BC) according to Hebrew Calendar
2100 BC—Earliest extant law code in Mesopotamia, Code of Ur-Nammu
2037 BC—Emperor Shen Nong makes first (perhaps mythical) tea drink by boiling fresh leaves
22nd
4.2 kiloyear event – a severe aridification event that probably lasted entire 22nd century BC & caused collapse of several Old World civilizations.
2217 BC – 2193 BC: Nomadic invasions of Akkad.
2200 BC: Sixth dynasty of Egypt ended.
c. 2190 BC: Caused by a severe drought, Old Kingdom finished in Ancient Egypt. Start of First Intermediate Period. 7th–10th Dynasties.
c. 2184 BC: Pharaoh Pepi II Neferkare dies (other date is 2289 BC?).
c. 2181 BC: Old Kingdom ends in Ancient Egypt (other date is 2190 BC).
c. 2181 BC: First Intermediate Period starts in Ancient Egypt (other date is 2190 BC).
2181 BC: Egypt: Pharaoh Nitocris died. End of Sixth Dynasty, start of Seventh Dynasty. Pharaoh Neferkara I started to reign.
2180 BC: Old Kingdom ends in Ancient Egypt. First Intermediate Period of Egypt starts.
c. 2180 BC: Akkadian Empire fell under attack by Guti (Mesopotamia), a mountain people from northeast.
2173 BC: Egypt: End of Seventh Dynasty, start of Eighth Dynasty.
2160 BC: Egypt: Pharaoh Neferirkara died. End of Eighth Dynasty, start of Ninth Dynasty. Pharaoh Neferkare started to reign.
c. 2160 BC: Beginning of Middle Minoan period in Crete.
c. 2150 – 2030 BC: Gilgamesh epic was written.
c. 2150 BC: Lagash.
c. 2144 BC: Gudea, ruler (ensi) of city of Lagash, started to reign.
2138 BC: Babylon: A solar eclipse on 9 May & a lunar eclipse on 24 May occurred & are believed to be double eclipse that took place 23 years after ascension of king Shulgi of Babylon by those holding to long chronology.
2130 BC: Egypt: End of Ninth Dynasty, start of Tenth Dynasty. Ninth Dynasty wars in Egypt started.
c. 2125 BC – 2055 BC: "Model of a house & garden, from Thebes". Eleventh dynasty of Egypt. It is now in Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.
2124 BC: Gudea, ruler (ensi) of city of Lagash, died.
c. 2120 BC: Votive statue of Gudea, from Lagash (modern Telloh, Iraq) was made. It is now in Musee du Louvre, Paris.
2119 BC – 2113 BC: (middle chronology), Utu-hengal, first king of third dynasty of Ur.
2116 BC – 2110 BC: Uruk–Gutian war.
2112 BC – 2095 BC: Sumerian campaigns of Ur-Nammu.
2104 BC – 2103 BC: Date of Biblical flood according to Hebrew Calendar.
Noah (2704–1753 BC) according to Hebrew Calendar
Arpachshad, son of Shem, son of Noah, (2102–1664 BC) according to Hebrew Calendar
Lamech, son of Methuselah, (2886–2109 BC) according to Hebrew Calendar
Methuselah, son of Enoch, (3073–2104 BC) according to Hebrew Calendar
23rd
2334 BC – 2279 BC: (short chronology) Sargon of Akkad's conquest of Mesopotamia.
2333 BC: Beginning of Gojoseon, first dynasty & government system in Korea.
c. 2300 BC: Bronze Age starts.
c. 2300 BC – 2184 BC: Disk of Enheduanna, from Ur, (modern Muqaiyir, Iraq) is made. It is now in University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology & Anthropology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.
c. 2300 BC – 2200 BC: Head of a man from Nineveh (modern Kuyunjik, Iraq) is made. It is now in Iraq Museum, Baghdad.
c. 2300 BC: Canal Bahr Yusuf (current name) is created when waterway from Nile to natural lake (now Lake Moeris) is widened & deepened to create a canal.
c. 2288 BC – 2224/2194 BC: Pepy II & his mother, Queen Merye-ankhnes, Sixth dynasty of Egypt, is made. It is now at Brooklyn Museum of Art, New York.
c. 2285 BC: Enheduanna, high priestess of moon god Nanna in Ur, was born.
c. 2278 BC: Pharaoh Pepi II starts to rule (other date is 2383 BC).
c. 2254 BC – 2218 BC: Stela of Naram-Sin, probably from Sippar, discovered in Susa (modern Shush, Iran), is made. It is now in Musée du Louvre, Paris.
c. 2240 BC: Akkad, capital of Akkadian Empire, becomes largest city in world, surpassing Memphis, capital of Egypt.[1]
c. 2215 BC: A Guti army swept down from Zagros Mountains & defeated demoralized Akkadian army. They took Agade, capital of Akkad, & destroyed it thoroughly.
c. 2300 BC: Metals started to be used in Northern Europe.
Sargon of Akkad, founder of Akkadian Empire & earliest empire builder in recorded history
24th
c. 2900 BC – 2334 BC: Mesopotamian wars of Early Dynastic period continue.
c. 2400 BC-2000 BC: Large Painted Jar with Border Containing Birds, from Chanhu-Daro, Indus Valley Civilization, is made. It is now kept at Museum of Fine Arts, Boston.
c. 2360 BC: Hekla-4 eruption.
c. 2350 BC: End of Early Dynastic IIIb period in Mesopotamia.
c. 2350 BC: First destruction of city of Mari.
c. 2345 BC: End of Fifth Dynasty. Pharaoh Unas died.
c. 2345 BC: Sixth dynasty of Egypt starts (other date is 2460 BC).
c. 2340 BC – 2180 BC: Akkadian Empire.
c. 2334 BC – 2279 BC: Semitic chieftain Sargon of Akkad's conquest of Sumer & Mesopotamia.
City of Lothal founded under Indus valley civilization.
c. 2332 BC—Sargon of Akkad starts to rule
Enheduanna, daughter of Sargon, priestess & first author known by name
Ptahhotep, ancient Egyptian Vizier, author of The Maxims of Ptahhotep
Jared, son of Mahalalel, (3300–2338 BC) according to Hebrew Calendar
The first official mentioning of beekeeping in Egypt[1]
The first documented use of an organized courier service for diffusion of written documents in Egypt
25th
2900 BC – 2334 BC: Mesopotamian wars of Early Dynastic period.
c. 2500 BC: Rice was first introduced to Malaysia
c. 2500 BC: Scribal schools flourish throughout Sumer.
c. 2500 BC: Cylinder seal from Sumer & its impression are made. It is now in Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.
c. 2500 BC: Excavation & development of Hypogeum of Ħal-Saflieni at Paola, Malta, a subterranean templex complex subsequently used as a necropolis.
c. 2500 BC: Valley Temple of Khafra, Giza, is built.
c. 2500 BC: Khafra from Giza Valley, Temple of Khafra is made. Fourth dynasty of Egypt. Discovered by Auguste Mariette. It is now kept in Egyptian Museum, Cairo.
c. 2500 BC: People in Peru rely on fish & mussels for food.
c. 2500 BC – 2000 BC: Mohenjo-Daro is about 7 square miles (18 km2) in size & has a population of c. 20,000 to 50,000.
c. 2494 BC: End of Fourth Dynasty, start of Fifth Dynasty in Egypt. Construction of Pyramids begins.
c. 2494 BC – 2345 BC: "Sculptors at work", relief from Saqqara, Fifth Dynasty. It is now at Egyptian Museum, Cairo, Egypt.
c. 2494 BC – 2345 BC: "Seated Scribe" from tomb of vizier Kai [disambiguation needed], Saqqara, sculpture, Fifth dynasty of Egypt is made. It is now in Musée du Louvre, Paris.
2492 BC: Traditional date for legendary foundation of Armenian nation (see Haik).
2467 BC: According to Chinese tradition, in this year Huangdi (the Yellow Emperor) rose from tribes of Zhongyuan. This is traditionally considered starting point of Chinese Civilization.
c. 2450 BC: End of Early Dynastic IIIa Period & beginning of Early Dynastic IIIb Period in Sumer.
c. 2450 BC: Kish is lost to Khamazi tribesmen of Kurdistan mountains; Elamites from Awan occupy parts of Sumer. (Roux 1980)
c. 2410 BC: By this time, kings in Sumer have ceased to be automatically high priests of city deity. (Roux 1980) Semitic infiltration & conquest of Mesopotamia begins. (1968 RD Almanac)
Megalithic Culture begins to spread through Europe & western Mediterranean. (1968 RD Almanac)
Celts begin invading Europe from east. (1968 RD Almanac)
Earliest signs of Battle Axe Culture from Caucasus. (Encyc. Americana)
Southeastern Spain is settled from Mediterranean, by people using Predynastic Egyptian-style pottery. (Encyc. Americana)
Amorites & Canaanites occupy Syria & Lebanon. (Encyc. Americana)
2491—Mythical Chinese Emperor Huang-Ti (Hirth)
2490—Menkaura is Pharaoh. (Atlas of Egypt 1989)
2475—Shepseskaf is Pharaoh. (Atlas of Egypt 1989)
2465—Fifth dynasty of Egypt; Userkaf is Pharaoh (Atlas of Egypt 1989)
2458—Sahure is Pharaoh (Atlas of Egypt 1989)
2446—Neferirkare Kakai is Pharaoh (Atlas of Egypt 1989)
2426—Shepseskare Isi is Pharaoh (Atlas of Egypt 1989)
c. 2425—Death of Eannatum of Lagash; succeeded by his nephew, Entemena, whose ally, Lugal-kinishe-dudu, unites Uruk & Ur (Roux 1980)
2419—Ra'neferef is Pharaoh (Atlas of Egypt 1989)
2416—Nyuserre Ini is Pharaoh (Atlas of Egypt 1989)
Harappan civilisation, at its peak, covered an area of around 480,000 km² (298 258.172 mi²). Its heartland lay in Indus river valley in Pakistan, but settlements spread as far as Makran coast, Baluchistan, Afghanistan, eastern Punjab, Kutch & Saurashtra. They included cities like Harappa, Mohenjo-daro, Kalibangan, Dholavira, ports like Lothal, Sutkagen-dor & Sotka-koh & numerous villages as well. They used irrigation to farm & constructed cities. two main cities had sewage systems, bronze, trade tokens (early coins), & hieroglyphs. There were even baths at one of villages, besides great baths of brick in each city. Geometry of shrines & altars tends to identify these with cities of Yajur Veda: they might easily be a thousand years older than this conservative date.
Cycladic marble figures depict use of both musical pipe & kithara form of lyre. (Archaeology of Olympics 1988)
Earliest surviving ski is left in a peat bog at Hoting, Sweden, about this time. (Encyc. Americana)
Sumerians use domestic asses on war chariots (Standard of Ur), not onagers as early interpreters claimed. (Clutton-Brock)
Agriculture at Prieta Huaca includes cotton & bottle-gourds. (Bailey 1973)
26th
c. 2900 BC – 2334 BC: Mesopotamian wars of Early Dynastic period continue.
c. 2600 BC: Harappan civilization rises to become a powerful civilization.
c. 2600 BC: Pre-Palace Period, phase I, in Crete (Mellersh 1970)
c. 2600 BC – 2500 BC: Wild horses still provide hunting feasts in Denmark. (Clutton-Brock)
c. 2600 BC – 1900 BC: Large water tank, possibly a public or ritual bathing area, Mohenjo-Daro, Indus Valley Civilization, Harappan, is made.
c. 2589 BC: Pharaoh Khufu starts to rule (other date is 2601 BC).
c. 2578 BC: Khufu died.
c. 2575 BC: Old Kingdom in Egypt 4th Dynasty Snofru is Pharaoh. (Atlas of Egypt 1989)
c. 2570 BC: Khafra started to rule in Ancient Egypt.
c. 2566 BC: Pharaoh Khufu dies (other date is 2578 BC).
c. 2558 BC: Pharaoh Khafra starts to rule (other date is 2570 BC).
c. 2550 BC: Estimated date of completion of Great Pyramid of Giza.
c. 2550 BC: Egyptian rulers contact Western Desert oases, such as Dakhla Oasis.
c. 2550 BC: About this time, Mesannepada is king of Ur (followed by his son, A-annepadda) who founds First dynasty of Ur & overthrows last king of Uruk, as well as Mesalim of Kish. [Roux 1980]
c. 2550 BC – 2400 BC: Great Lyre with bull's head, from tomb of King Meskalamdug, Ur (modern Muqaiyir, Iraq, is made. It is now kept at University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology & Anthropology, Philadelphia.
c. 2544 BC: Khafra died.
c. 2533 BC: Menkaura started to rule in Ancient Egypt.
c. 2532 BC: Pharaoh Khafra dies (other date is 2544 BC).
c. 2532 BC: Pharaoh Menkaura starts to rule (other date is 2533 BC).
c. 2515 BC: Menkaura died.
c. 2510 BC – 2460 BC: Ti watching a hippopotamus hunt, tomb of Ti, Saqqara, Fifth dynasty of Egypt, is made. Discovered by French archeologist Auguste Mariette in 1865.
c. 2503 BC: Pharaoh Menkaura dies (other date is 2515 BC).
c. 2500 BC: legendary line of Sanhuangwudi rulers of China is founded by Huang Di.
c. 2500 BC: construction of stone circle at Stonehenge begins & continues for next five hundred years.
c. 2500 BC: "Menkaura & a Queen, perhaps his wife, Queen Khamerernebty II" sculpture, later found at Giza. Fourth Dynasty. It is now in Museum of Fine Arts, Boston.
c. 2601 BC–2578 BC—reign of Pharaoh Khufu of Egypt's Fourth Dynasty
2599—Huni is Pharaoh. (Atlas of Egypt 1989)
2575—Old Kingdom in Egypt; 4th Dynasty; Sneferu is Pharaoh. (Atlas of Egypt 1989)
2528—Ra'djedef is Pharaoh. (Atlas of Egypt 1989)
2520—Khep-heren (Ra'kha'ef) is Pharaoh. (Atlas of Egypt 1989)
2566—Khufu dies
Rock drawings at Rødøy in Norway show use of skis
Bactrian Camel & Dromedary are domesticated
27th
2900 BC – 2334 BC: Mesopotamian wars of Early Dynastic period.
2775 BC – 2650 BC: Second Dynasty wars in Egypt.
2750 BC – 2600 BC: Ancient burial sites with human Skeletons are created; they are later discovered in Ibbankatuwa, Dambulla in Sri Lanka.
2737 BC: Invention of tea as a beverage by Shennong, according to a Chinese legend.
2700 BC: Early Dynastic (Archaic) period ended in Ancient Egypt (according to French Egyptologist Nicolas Grimol). This period includes 1st & 2nd Dyasties.
c. 2700 BC: Old Kingdom started in Ancient Egypt. 3rd–6th Dynasties.
c. 2697 BC:Yellow Emperor started in China.
c. 2686 BC: Early Dynastic (Archaic) period ends in Ancient Egypt (other date is 2700 BC).
c. 2686 BC: Old Kingdom starts in Ancient Egypt (other date is 2700 BC).
2686 BC: Egypt: End of Second Dynasty, start of Third Dynasty. Pharaoh Khasekhemwy died. Pharaoh Sanakhte started to reign.
c. 2685 BC: Bull lyre, from tomb of Queen Puabi, Ur (modern Muqaiyir, Iraq) was made. It is now in University Museum, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.
c. 2681 BC – c. 2662 BC: Reign of Djoser, Pharaoh of Egypt, Third Dynasty.
2668 BC: Pharaoh Sanakhte died.
c. 2667 BC: Pharaoh Djoser starts to rule (other date is 2681 BC).
2660 BC: Archaic period ends in Ancient Egypt.
c. 2660 BC: Old Kingdom in Ancient Egypt started (Another date is 2715 BC).
c. 2648 BC: Pharaoh Djoser dies (another date is 2662 BC).
c. 2640 BC: cultivation & weaving of silk starts to be a closely guarded secret in China.
2630 BC – 2611 BC: Imhotep, Vizier of Egypt, constructs Pyramid of Djoser
2627 BC – 2000 BC: Construction of Caral metropolis in Peru
2613 BC: Egypt—End of Third Dynasty, start of Fourth Dynasty. Pharaoh Huni died. Pharaoh Sneferu started to reign.
c. 2613 BC – 2494 BC: Great Sphinx at Giza is built. Fourth Dynasty.
c. 2601 BC – c. 2515 BC: Great Pyramids at Giza are built for Menkaure, Khafre & Khufu. Fourth Dynasty.
c. 2601 BC: Khufu started to rule in Ancient Egypt.
2600 BC: Mature Harappan phase of Indus Valley Civilization begins. cities of Harappa & Mohenjo-daro become large metropolises & civilization expands to over 2,500 cities & settlements across whole of Pakistan, much of northern India, & parts of Afghanistan & Iran, covering a region of around one million square miles, which was larger than land area of its contemporaries Egypt & Mesopotamia combined, & also had superior urban planning & sewage systems. civilization began using mature Indus script for its writing system.
2600 BC: End of Early Dynastic II Period & beginning of Early Dynastic IIIa Period in Mesopotamia.
2700 BC: Mesoamericans begin to plant & domesticate corn.
Djoser, first Pharaoh of Third dynasty of Egypt
Imhotep, Vizier of Egypt & architect
28th
c. 2800 BC – 2700 BC: Seated Harp Player, from Keros, Cyclades, is made. It is now at Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.
2775 BC – 2650 BC: Second Dynasty wars in Egypt.
Around 2773 - 365-day calendar is introduced in Egypt.
2750 BC: End of Early Dynastic I Period, & beginning of Early Dynastic II Period in Mesopotamia.
c. 2715 BC: Old Kingdom starts in Ancient Egypt (Another date is 2660 BC).
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circa 2750 BC—Silbury Hill begun
The Neolithic monument Stonehenge is built in England near Salisbury, Wiltshire, comprising a circular earthwork 97.5 m/320 ft in diameter with 56 small pits around circumference (later known as Aubrey holes). position of ‘heel stone’ outside circle suggests a connection with Sun worship & observation. It is probably an astronomical observatory with religious functions; motions of Sun & Moon are followed with aid of carefully aligned rocks. source:[1]
According to Herodotus, somewhere around 2750 BC, city of Tyre was founded.
29th
c. 2900 BC – 2400 BC: Sumerian pictographs evolve into phonograms.
2900 BC – 2334 BC: Mesopotamian wars of Early Dynastic period.
c. 2900 BC – 2600 BC: Votive statues, from Square Temple, Eshnunna (modern Tell Ashmar, Iraq) was made. It is now in Oriental Institute of University of Chicago. Excavated 1932–1933.
2897 BC: Hùng Vương established Hồng Bàng Dynasty in Vietnam (then known as Văn Lang).[citation needed]
2890 BC: Egypt: Pharaoh Qa'a died. End of First Dynasty, start of Second Dynasty. Pharaoh Hotepsekhemwy started to rule.
2880 BC: Estimated germination of Prometheus Tree
c. 2874 B.C.: 365-day year was installed in ancient Egypt, with fixed lunar months of 30 days + 5 epagomenal days.[1]
2852 BC: beginning of period of Three August Ones & Five Emperors in China.
2832 BC: Estimated germination of Methuselah Tree, oldest known living organism
2807 BC: Suggested date for an asteroid or comet impact occurring between Africa & Antarctica, around time of a solar eclipse on May 10, based on an analysis of flood stories. Possibly causing Burckle crater & Fenambosy Chevron.[2][3]
Ur becomes one of richest cities in Sumer[4]
30th
Before 3000 BC: Image of a deity, detail from a cong recovered from Tomb 12, Fanshan, Yuyao, Zhejiang, is made. Neolithic period. Liangzhu culture. It is now kept at Zhejiang Provincial Museum, Hangzhou.
3000 BC: Early agriculture in North Africa
3000 BC – 2600 BC: Early Harappan period continues in Indus Valley
c. 3000 BC: Neolithic period ends
3000 BC: Djer, second pharaoh of united Egypt, starts to reign
3000 BC: Caral, first city in Americas, starts to be built.
c. 3000 BC: Troy is founded
c. 3000 BC: Stonehenge begins to be built. In its first version, it consists of a circular ditch & bank, with 56 wooden posts. (National Geographic, June 2008).
3000 BC – 2350 BC: Scarlet Ware vase, from Tutub (modern Tell Khafajeh, Iraq) is made, it is now in Iraq Museum, Baghdad
3000 BC – 2000 BC: World population about 30 million.[citation needed]
c. 3000 BC: Epidamnos civilization starts
c. 3000 BC: Cycladic civilization starts
c. 3000 BC: Minoan civilization starts
c. 3000 BC: Helladic period starts
c. 3000 BC: Angono Petroglyphs are carved in Philippines.
c. 3000 BC: Aegean Bronze Age starts.
c. 3000 BC: Middle Jōmon period starts in Japan.
c. 2955 BC: Djer, second pharaoh of Egypt, dies
c. 2950 BC: first definitive use of a Nebty name by Egyptian First Dynasty pharaoh, Semerkhet.
2925 BC – 2776 BC: First Dynasty wars in Egypt.
c. 2920 BC: Djet, third pharaoh of Egypt.
2900 BC: Beginning of Early Dynastic Period I in Mesopotamia.
3000 BC–2000 BC; Hieroglyphic writing in Egypt, potter's wheel in China, first pottery in Americas (in Ecuador).
c. 3000 BC—Sumerians establish cities.
3000 BC—Sumerians start to work in various metals.
c. 3000 BC—Knowledge of Ancient Near Eastern grains appears in Ancient China.
3000 BC-2000 BC - Settled villages are widespread in Mesoamerica.
The shekal was introduced in Mesopotamia as a monetary & weight unit; see ancient weights & measures, Shekel.
31st
c. 3100 BC: Narmer (Menes) unifies Upper & Lower Egypt into one country; he rules this new country from Memphis.
c. 3100 BC: Narmer, pharaoh, rules (other dates are 3150 BC–3125 BC).[citation needed])
c. 3100 BC: Predynastic period (Neolithic) ends in Ancient Egypt (other date is 3150 BC).
c. 3100 BC: Early Dynastic (Archaic) period starts in Ancient Egypt (other date is 3150 BC).
c. 3100 BC: first temple of Tarxien is in use by Neolithic inhabitants of Malta.[1]
c. 3100 BC: First stage in construction of Stonehenge.[2]
c. 3100 BC – 2600 BC: Skara Brae, Orkney Islands, Scotland is inhabited. Discovered 1850.[citation needed])
c. 3100 BC: Anu Ziggurat & White Temple in Uruk, Mesopotamia (modern Warka, Iraq) are built.[citation needed])
c. 3100 BC: Humans develop a writing system, cuneiform script.
Wazner, king Serket pre-dynastic pharaohs of Egypt
Narmer, founder of First dynasty of Egypt
Hor-Aha, Narmer's successor
Methuselah, son of Enoch, (3073 BC–2104 BC) according to Hebrew Calendar
Drainage & sewage system in Indus Valley Civilization.
Dams, canals, stone sculptures using inclined plane & lever in Sumer.
Copper was in use, both as tools & weapons.
c. 3100 BC – Invention of writing in Ancient Near East.
9 October 3009 BCE Julian (September 14, 3009 BCE Gregorian)—Mahabharata war started (according to calculations of Aryabhata).[citation needed]
17 February or 18 February 3102 BCE—The Kali Yuga begins
32nd
c. 3150 BC: Narmer (First Dynasty) started to rule in Ancient Egypt.
c. 3125 BC: Narmer died.
Varna Necropolis: what have been claimed to be earliest-known worked gold artifacts are manufactured.
Malta: Construction of Ħaġar Qim megalithic temples, featuring both solar & lunar alignments. "Tarxien period" of megalithic temple construction reaches its apex.
Ancient Egypt: Earliest known Egyptian hieroglyphs, beginning of Early Dynastic Period of Egypt.
Crete: Rise of Minoan civilization.
Neolithic settlement built at Skara Brae in Orkney Islands, Scotland. (pictured)
New Stone Age people in Ireland build 250,000 ton (226,796.2 tonne) Newgrange solar oriented passage tomb.
c. 3100 BC: earliest phase of Stonehenge construction begins.
Narmer, successor of King Scorpion & founder of First dynasty of Egypt
3114 BC—According to most widely accepted correlations between Western calendar & calendar systems of pre-Columbian Mesoamerica, mythical starting point of current Mesoamerican Long Count calendar cycle occurs in this year.[1] Long Count calendar, used & refined most notably by Maya civilization but also attested in some other (earlier) Mesoamerican cultures, consisted of a series of interlocked cycles or periods of day-counts, which mapped out a linear sequence of days from a notional starting point. system originated sometime in Mid- to Late Preclassic period of Mesoamerican chronology, during latter half of 1st millennium BC.[2] starting point of most commonly used highest-order cycle[3]—the b'ak'tun-cycle consisting of thirteen b'ak'tuns of 144,000 days each—was projected back to an earlier, mythical date. This date is equivalent to 11 August 3114 BC in proleptic Gregorian calendar (or 6 September in proleptic Julian calendar), using correlation known as "Goodman-Martinéz-Thompson (GMT) correlation". GMT-correlation is worked out with Long Count starting date equivalent to Julian Day Number (JDN) equal to 584283, & is accepted by most Mayanist scholars as providing best fit with ethnohistorical data.[4] Two succeeding dates, 12th & 13th of August (Gregorian) have also been supported, with 13th (JDN = 584285, "astronomical" or "Lounsbury" correlation) attracting significant support as according better with astronomical observational data.[5] Although it is still contended which of these three dates forms actual starting base of Long Count, correlation to one of this triad of dates is definitively accepted by almost all contemporary Mayanists. All other earlier or later correlation proposals are now discounted.[4] end of thirteenth baktun is either on December 21 or 23 of 2012.
3102 BC—According to Hindu tradition[citation needed], Kali Yuga begins with disappearance of Krishna, marking end of Dvapara Yuga, after which epic heroes of Mahabharata Pandavas retire to Himalayas.
32nd
c. 3150 BC: Narmer (First Dynasty) started to rule in Ancient Egypt.
c. 3125 BC: Narmer died.
Varna Necropolis: what have been claimed to be earliest-known worked gold artifacts are manufactured.
Malta: Construction of Ħaġar Qim megalithic temples, featuring both solar & lunar alignments. "Tarxien period" of megalithic temple construction reaches its apex.
Ancient Egypt: Earliest known Egyptian hieroglyphs, beginning of Early Dynastic Period of Egypt.
Crete: Rise of Minoan civilization.
Neolithic settlement built at Skara Brae in Orkney Islands, Scotland. (pictured)
New Stone Age people in Ireland build 250,000 ton (226,796.2 tonne) Newgrange solar oriented passage tomb.
c. 3100 BC: earliest phase of Stonehenge construction begins.
Narmer, successor of King Scorpion & founder of First dynasty of Egypt
3114 BC—According to most widely accepted correlations between Western calendar & calendar systems of pre-Columbian Mesoamerica, mythical starting point of current Mesoamerican Long Count calendar cycle occurs in this year.[1] Long Count calendar, used & refined most notably by Maya civilization but also attested in some other (earlier) Mesoamerican cultures, consisted of a series of interlocked cycles or periods of day-counts, which mapped out a linear sequence of days from a notional starting point. system originated sometime in Mid- to Late Preclassic period of Mesoamerican chronology, during latter half of 1st millennium BC.[2] starting point of most commonly used highest-order cycle[3]—the b'ak'tun-cycle consisting of thirteen b'ak'tuns of 144,000 days each—was projected back to an earlier, mythical date. This date is equivalent to 11 August 3114 BC in proleptic Gregorian calendar (or 6 September in proleptic Julian calendar), using correlation known as "Goodman-Martinéz-Thompson (GMT) correlation". GMT-correlation is worked out with Long Count starting date equivalent to Julian Day Number (JDN) equal to 584283, & is accepted by most Mayanist scholars as providing best fit with ethnohistorical data.[4] Two succeeding dates, 12th & 13th of August (Gregorian) have also been supported, with 13th (JDN = 584285, "astronomical" or "Lounsbury" correlation) attracting significant support as according better with astronomical observational data.[5] Although it is still contended which of these three dates forms actual starting base of Long Count, correlation to one of this triad of dates is definitively accepted by almost all contemporary Mayanists. All other earlier or later correlation proposals are now discounted.[4] end of thirteenth baktun is either on December 21 or 23 of 2012.
3102 BC—According to Hindu tradition[citation needed], Kali Yuga begins with disappearance of Krishna, marking end of Dvapara Yuga, after which epic heroes of Mahabharata Pandavas retire to Himalayas.
33rd
Major climate shift possibly due to shift in solar activity. Glaciers expand, covering plants. Atmospheric temperatures fall.
Sahara changes from a habitable region into a barren desert.
Ancient Egypt begins using clay, bone & ivory tags to label boxes, possibly an example of Proto-writing.
Indus Valley Civilization (also known as Harappan civilization or Sindu-Sarasvati civilization) began in Harappa.
c. 3300 BC—Pictographs in Uruk.
3300 BC – 3000 BC: Face of a woman, from Uruk (modern Warka, Iraq) is made. It is now in Iraq Museum, Baghdad (stolen & recovered 2003).
Death of 'Ginger', earliest known ancient Egyptian "mummy".
The Bronze Age begins in Fertile Crescent. (Roux 1980)
Cattle introduced to Nile valley. ('Eurasia')
Egyptians domesticate wild ass of North Africa. (Clutton-Brock)
c. 3250 BC – Potter's wheel in use in Ancient Near East
34th
Life & death of Ötzi Iceman, a mummy discovered in Austrian/Italian Alps in 1991.
Plough is first used.[citation needed]
Stage IIIa2 of Naqada culture in Egypt (dated in 1998).
Forms of cuneiform script (now archaic) emerge in late Uruk period.
35th
Naqada IIb (Ancient Egypt)
Sredny Stog culture (final phase)
Yamna culture (early phase)
Megalithic Europe (Atlantic fringe)
only approximate dating is usually possible for mid-4th millennium artifacts.
The Sahara Desert starts to form from semi-arid savannah, through desertification.
c. 3500 BC, First known zoo at Hierakonpolis.
c. 3400 BC, Sumerian temple record keepers redesign stamp seal in form of a cylinder.
c. 3500 BC, first discovered writing ever, located in Sumeria, thus starting what is technically considered history.
See: List of sovereign states in 35th century BC.
36th
Civilization of Sumer (?)
Mnajdra solar temple complex, Malta
Colombia, first rupestrian art at Chiribiquete (Caquetá).
First known use of tin (with bronze implements)
37th
Beginning of Early Minoan period on Crete
38th
The beginning of Mayan calendar
Ancient Egyptians Start on Pyramids
October 7, 3761 BC—The epoch (origin) of modern Hebrew calendar[citation needed]
September 25, 3760 BC—First day of modern Hebrew calendar (the creation); late in AM 1.
39th
The Post Track, an ancient causeway in Somerset Levels, England, is built, ca. 3838 BC. It is one of oldest engineered roads discovered in Northern Europe.
The Sweet Track, an ancient causeway in Somerset Levels, England, one of oldest engineered roads discovered, & oldest timber trackway discovered in Northern Europe, is built in 3807 BC or 3806 BC, tree-ring dating (Dendrochronology) enabled very precise dating. It was once claimed to be oldest road in world.[1]
Plough in use.
40th
c. 4000 BC, Liangzhu culture in China.
c. 4000 BC, More than 100 dwellings surrounding a community center, a cemetery & a kiln are built in Jiangzhai, near modern Xi'an, China.
Start of Naqada culture in Egypt.
Early Jomon period begins on islands of Japan.
Domestication of horses.
Plough in use.
Neolithic settlers begin to locate their communities at sites most easily defended, near rivers, on plateaus, or in swamps. For additional protection, they also frequently surround them with wooden walls, earth embankments & ditches.
Civilizations develop in Mesopotamia/Fertile crescent region (around location of modern day Iraq).
The first Korean civilization is founded around this era. According to myth, founder is son of a god & a she-bear who turned into a human.
clay pots & vats discovered at a sprawling cave system in southern Armenia near border with Iran shows signs of an organized effort to press & distill grapes during Copper Age, about 6,000 years ago (the peer-reviewed Journal of Archaeological Science)
Bede began his history of world with 3952 BC
In their ceremonial or commemorative proceedings, Freemasons add 4000 years to current Anno Domini calendar year & append "Anno Lucis" ("Year of Light") to year (i.e., 2010 AD = 6010 AL). This alternative calendar era, which would designate 4000 BC as "year zero", was created in 18th century in deference to Hebrew calendar's era dating system & other ideas regarding year of creation at time.