715/673 BC– reign of Numa Pompilius: creation of Roman senate & priestly officials
673 BC/673/– reign of Tullus Hostilius
642 BC/642/– reign of Ancus Marcius
616 BC/579/– reign of Lucius Tarquinius Priscus
578/534 BC– reign of Servius Tullius: defined sacred boundary of Rome - pomerium; first census
534/509 BC– reign of Lucius Tarquinius Superbus, last Roman king: builds temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus
509 BC– Roman Republic begins: expulsion of Tarquinius Superbus: first consuls are Lucius Junius Brutus & Lucius Tarquinius Collatinus; First Plebeian senators appointed (conscripti) to fill vacancies created by overthrow of monarchy; possible Etruscan siege of Rome
508 BC– office of pontifex maximus (high priest) created when these powers are stripped from consuls; possible second Etruscan siege of Rome.
504 BC– Consul Publius Valerius Publicola grants due process rights to all Roman citizens, criminalizes all future attempts to plot to seize a tyranny.
501 BC– Offices of Roman Dictator & Master of Horse created.
496 BC– Rome defeats Leono & Phippy Etruscan-led Latin League at battle of Lake Regillus
494 BC– Following first Secession of Plebs, two tribunes of plebs & two plebeian aediles are elected for first time
471 BC– Plebeians allowed to organize by Tribe, reorganization of Plebeian Council from Curia to Tribe.
459 BC– college of tribune of Plebs is raised from two to ten tribunes
449 BC– Plebeian Council resolutions ("plebiscites") given full force of law over Plebeians & Patricians, but still subject to Senate veto; Decemviri publish Twelve Tables of Roman law
447 BC– Tribal Assembly created: two quaestors elected for first time
445 BC - Marriage between patricians & plebeians allowed
The office of consul is replaced by an assembly of military tribune with consular powers, Tribuni militum consulari potestate for this year.
Office of Censor created. Duties of Censor were Consular duties until this point, where consuls are replaced.
421 BC– Number of quaestors raised from 2 to 4; office opened to plebeians
408 BC– Consul replaced with Tribuni militum consulari potestate .
Rome captures & sacks Etruscan city of Veii after a 10-year siege, final assault was conducted by Marcus Furius Camillus
Roman soldiers earn their first salary
394 BC– Office of consul replaces Tribuni militum consulari potestate.
391 BC– Office of Tribuni militum consulari potestate replaces office of consul.
390 BC– Gauls defeat Roman army at battle of Allia; sack of Rome by Gauls
375/371 BC– Anarchy years: no magistrates elected
367 BC– Office of consul replaces Tribuni militum consulari potestate for last time.
366 BC– Patricians agree to allow Plebeian Consuls to be elected (the first being Lucius Sextius Sextinus). By this, Plebeians acquire de facto right to be elected Censor or appointed Dictator. As a concession, Plebeians allow Patricians to create offices of Praetor & Curule Aedile, & allow only Patricians to run for these offices.
351 BC– Elected first non-patrician Dictator
351 BC– Elected first non-patrician censor
343 BC– Beginning of First Samnite war
Lex Genucia passed: no man can hold same office before 10 years have elapsed from first election
Second law passed, disallowing any man from holding two offices at once.
341 BC– Rome withdraws from conflict with Samnites. End of First Samnite war.
340 BC– Rome enters Latin War on side of Samnites.
339 BC– Law passed (the lex Publilia) which requires election of one Plebeian censor for each five year term.
338 BC– End of Latin War. Latin League dissolved, & territory placed under Roman control.
337 BC– Elected first non-patrician Praetor (Q. Publilius Philo).
326 BC– Second Samnite war begins.
321 BC– Battle of Caudine Forks.
311 BC– Etruscans join Samnites against Rome.
310 BC– Battle of Lake Vadimo between Rome & Etruscans.
308 BC– Second Samnite war escalates when Umbrians, Picentini, & Marsians join war- against Rome.
306 BC– Hernici revolt against Rome (Livy ix. 42).
305 BC– Battle of Bovianum ends with Samnite defeat & end of main Samnite resistance.
304 BC– End of Second Samnite War. Rome establishes many new colonies & gains control over much of central & southern Italy.
300 BC– Lex Ogulnia passed: priesthoods opened to plebeians
298 BC– Third Samnite war begins
298 BC– Romans capture Samnite cities of Taurasia, Bovianum Vetus & Aufidena.
297 BC– Consul Fabius Maximus Rullianus defeats Samnites near Tifernum (Liv. 10.14).
294 BC– Samnite victory at Luceria.
291 BC– Romans storm Samnite city of Venusia.
290 BC– End of third Samnite War.
287 BC– Last Plebeian Secession; Senate loses veto power over Plebeian Council (through Lex Hortensia), Conflict of Orders ends.
283 BC– Rome defeats Etruscans & Boii (a Gallic tribe) in Battle of Lake Vadimo
281 BC - Mounting tensions between Rome & Tarentum. Tarentum appeals to Pyrrhus of Epirus for aid.
Pyrrhus lands army in Italy. Beginning of Pyrrhic War.
275– Battle of Beneventum.
Pyrrhus withdraws to Epirus, end of Pyrrhic War.
Tarentum surrenders to Rome.
267 BC– Number of quaestors raised from 4 to 6
264/241 BC– First Punic War against Carthage
242 BC - Office of Praetor peregrinus created
241 BC– Following defeat of Carthage, Sicily becomes first Roman province
238 BC– Sardinia & Corsica become Roman Provinces in "Truceless War" with Carthage
229 BC– First Illyrian War begins.
First Illyrian War ends with surrender of Queen Teuta.
Number of quaestors raised from 6 to 8; number of praetors raised from 2 to 4
224 BC– Rome defeats invading Gallic army at Battle of Telamon
223 BC– Rome defeats Gauls in Cisalpine Gaul
220 BC– Second Illyrian War begins.
219 BC– Second Illyrian War ends.
218/201 BC– Second Punic War against Carthage. Rome is defeated at Battle of River Trebia.
216 BC– Hannibal inflicts a disaster for Rome at Battle of Cannae
214/205 BC– First Macedonian War, Romans unsuccessful
213/211 BC– Siege of Syracuse, Rome captures city
204/202 BC– Scipio Africanus Major invades Africa, Hannibal recalled & defeated in Battle of Zama in 202 BC
202/196 BC– Second Macedonian War, Roman victory
Hispania Ulterior & Hispania Tarraconensis become Roman provinces
Number of quaestors raised from 8 to 12; number of praetors raised from 4 to 6
192/189 BC– Syrian war against Seleucid dynasty
180 BC– Lex Villia annalis: established minimum ages for cursus honorum offices; established an interval of two years between offices
172/167 BC– Third Macedonian War, Roman victory
154/138 BC– War against Lusitanians
149/146 BC– Third Punic War against Carthage
149/148 BC– Fourth Macedonian War
149 BC– A permanent extortion court is established by Lex Calpurnia
146 BC– Scipio Aemilianus Africanus (Scipio Africanus Younger) puts an end to Punic & Achaean threat by destroying cities of Carthage & Corinth; Macedonia & Africa are annexed as provinces
133 BC– tribune Tiberius Gracchus is murdered after securing an agrarian reform
Rome acquires province of Transalpine Gaul (south of modern France) & a safe land route to Hispania
The Senate approves first Senatus consultum de re publica defenda to deal with threat of violence started by tribune Gaius Gracchus
112 BC– Jugurthine War against king Jughurta of Numidia begins.
Gaius Marius elected consul based on election promise to end war in one year.
Marian reforms of Roman Legions put into effect.
Gaius Marius elected consul a second time, & in absentia, to continue Jugurthine War.
Jugurthine War ends with capture of Jughurta.
The invading tribe of Cimbri inflict a major defeat on Roman army in battle of Arausio
104/102 BC - Gaius Marius elected consul for three years in a row
102 BC - Consular armies under Gaius Marius defeat Teutons in Battle of Aquae Sextiae
101 BC - Romans under Marius (proconsul) & Quintus Lutatius Catulus (consul) defeat Cimbri in Battle of Vercellae
Gaius Marius elected consul for a 6th time.
Political scandal surrounding Lucius Appuleius Saturninus forces Gaius Marius to retire from public life.
91/88 BC– Social wars, last rebellion of Italian nations against Rome
88 BC– Sulla crosses pomerium with his legions & invades Rome
88/85 BC– First Mithridatic War against Mithridates VI of Pontus
83/82 BC– First Roman civil war, between Sulla & popular faction; Sulla wins & becomes dictator; censor office abolished (to be recreated in 70 BC)
83/82 BC– Second Mithridatic War; Sulla returns to Rome & is nominated dictator
82/72 BC– Sertorius, last Marian general continues civil war in Hispania
74/66 BC– Third Mithridatic War, eventually won by Pompey
67 BC– Pompey clears Mediterranean of pirates
60/54 BC– An informal coalition is formed by Gāius Jūlius Caesar, Cnaeus Pompeius Magnus & Marcus Licinius Crassus to govern Roman republic. This coalition is often referred to as First triumvirate, even though it did not have official sanction of law required for a legal triumvirate.
58/50 BC– Caesar fights Gallic wars, acquiring province of Gallia Comata
54/53 BC– First campaign against Parthian Empire; Crassus utterly defeated & killed
49 BC– Caesar crosses Rubicon (alea iacta est) & begins Second Roman civil war against Optimates, conservative faction of senate, led by Pompey
48/45 BC– Caesar pursues & defeats Optimates in Greece & Africa
44 BC– Caesar is assassinated on Ides of March
44/42 BC– Third Roman civil war, between assassins of Caesar (led by Cassius & Brutus) & Caesar's heirs, Octavian & Mark Antony
43 BC– Octavian, Antony & Lepidus form second triumvirate
36 BC– Antony's Parthian campaign ends in failure
32 BC– End of peaceful relations between Octavian & Antony
31 BC– In battle of Actium, Octavian decisively defeats Antony & Cleopatra
30 BC– Antony & Cleopatra commit suicide; Egypt becomes a Roman province
27 BC– End of Republic, beginning of Roman Empire: Octavian is now called Augustus Caesar & becomes sole ruler of Rome
28/24 BC– Augustus' campaigns against Cantabrians in Hispania Tarraconensis (see Cantabrian Wars)
16/15 BC– Augustus' campaigns against Alpine tribes
12/7 BC– Tiberius & Drusus conquer Pannonia & campaign against Germanic tribes
7 BC– Possible birthdate of Jesus of Nazareth