1st
Early 1st century – Augustus of Primaporta, (perhaps a copy of a bronze statue of ca. 20 BC), is made. It is now kept in Musei Vaticani, Braccio Nuovo, Rome.
Early 1st century – Gemma Augustea is made. It is now kept at Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna.
Early 1st century – House of Silver Wedding, Pompeii, is built. Excavated in 1893, year of silver wedding anniversary of Italy's King Humbert & his wife, Margherita of Savoy, who have supported archaeological fieldwork at Pompeii.
Early 1st century - Inner shrine, Ise, Mie, Mie Prefecture, is built. Yayoi period.
1 Lions became extinct in Western Europe.
8–23 Wang Mang temporarily overthrew Han dynasty of China.
9 Three Roman legions were ambushed & destroyed at Teutoberg Forest by Germans under leadership of Arminius.
14 Augustus Caesar, first emperor of Rome, dies. His nephew Tiberius is his successor.
28 - 75 Emperor Ming of Han, Buddhism reaches China.
Humans arrive on Pentecost Island & establish Bunlap tribe, among others.
30 Death of Jesus on cross. Beginning of Christian Church.
34 Conversion of Saint Paul.
44 Death of Herod Agrippa.
41 - 54 Rachias, an Ambassador sent from Sri Lanka to court of Claudius.
Masoretes adds vowel pointings to text of Tanakh, Hebrew Bible.
Buddhist monks in Sri Lanka first write down Buddha's teachings, creating Pali canon.
The regions of present-day Afghanistan, Pakistan & North India come under control of Kushans, a nomadic people forced out of northwest China by Han Dynasty.
Tacitus mentions Suiones, who will one day be called Swedes.
Kaundinya, an Indian Brahmin marries Soma & establishes Pre-Angkor Cambodian Kingdom of Funan.
The Goths settle in northern Poland, which they called Gothiscandza, & shape Wielbark culture.
Christian Council of Jerusalem.
52 Arrival of Apostle Thomas to Malabar, India. Beginning of Christianity in India.
Mid-1st century – Wall niche, from garden in Pompeii, is made. It is now kept at Fitzwilliam Museum, University of Cambridge, England.
Mid-1st century – Detail of a wall painting in House of M. Lucretius Fronto, Pompeii, is made.
July 19, 64 Great Fire of Rome, first Roman mass Persecution of Christians, earliest significant recognition of Christians in Rome.
66 - 73 First Jewish-Roman War.
August, 70 destruction of Herod's Temple in Jerusalem by Romans under Titus.
August, 79 Pompeii & Herculaneum destroyed by eruption of Mount Vesuvius.
Spread of Roman Empire, reaches largest size under Trajan.
Arena (colosseum) is constructed, origin of name Arena.
Late 1st century—Cityscape, detail of a Second Style wall painting from a bedroom in House of Publius Fannius Synistor, Boscoreale, is made. It is now at Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.
The painting "Alexander Great confronts Darius III at Battle of Issos", detail of mosaic floor decoration from Pompeii, Italy is made. It is a Roman copy after a Greek painting of c. 310 BC, perhaps by Philoxenos or Helen of Egypt. It is now at Museo Archeologico Nazionale, Naples, Italy.
Late 1st century – Bedroom, from House of Publius Fannius Synistor, Boscoreale is made. It is reconstructed with later furnishings at Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.
Late 1st century – Seascape, detail of a wall painting from Villa Farnesina, Rome, is made.
Late 1st century – Young Woman Writing, detail of a wall painting, from Pompeii, is made. It is now kept at Museo Archeologico Nazionale, Naples.
Late 1st century – Mausoleum under Construction, relief from tomb of Haterius family, Via Labicana, Rome, is made. It is now kept at Musei Vaticani, Museo Gregoriano Profano, ex Lateranese, Rome.
Late 1st century – Middle-Aged Flavian Woman, is made. It is now kept at Musei Vaticani, Museo Gregoriano Profano, ex Lateranese, Rome.
c. Late 1st century-early 2nd century – Buddha & Attendants, from Katra Keshavdev, Mathura, Madhya Pradesh, India, is made. Kushan period. It is now kept at Mathura Museum.
1st-2nd centuries - Tomb model of a house, is made. Eastern Han dynasty. It is now kept at Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art, Kansas City, Missouri.
Boudica, also known as Boadicea
Codex, first form of modern book, appears in Roman Empire
- 78 Beginning of Saka Era used by South Asian calendars.
Various inventions by Hero of Alexandria, including steam turbine (aeolipile), water organ, & various other water-powered machines.
- 31 Han Dynasty Chinese engineer & statesman Du Shi (d. 38) from Nanyang invented first-known hydraulic-powered bellows to heat blast furnace in smelting cast iron. He used a complex mechanical device that was powered by rushing current against a waterwheel, a practice that would continue in China.
Although Philo of Byzantium described saqiya chain pump in early 2nd century BC, square-pallet chain pump was innovated in China during this century, mentioned first by philosopher Wang Chong around 80 AD. Wang Chong also accurately described water cycle in meteorology, & argued against mainstream 'radiating influence' theory for solar eclipses, latter of which was accepted by many, including Zhang Heng.
The Chinese astronomer Liu Xin (d. 23) documented 1080 different stars, amongst other achievements.
End of 1st century – codex replaces scroll.
2nd century
96 – 180: Five Good Emperors of Rome: Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, Antoninus Pius, Marcus Aurelius
122 - 132 Hadrian's Wall across Britain
132 - 135: Bar Kokhba's revolt against Rome
144: Marcion, rejected by Church of Rome, founds Marcionism
167 - 175: First Marcomanni War
178 - 180: Second Marcomanni War (depicted in movie Gladiator)
It was from 100-200 AD.
184 - 205: Yellow Turban Rebellion of Han Dynasty in China begins
Herakleitos makes Unswept Floor, mosaic variant of a 2nd century BC painting by Sosos of Pergamon. It is now kept at Musei Vaticani, Museo Gregoriano Profano, ex Lateranese, Rome.
Hadrian's Wall, Great Britain, is built.
c. 2nd century-3rd century – Standing Buddha, from Gandhara (Pakistan), is made. Kushan period. It is now kept at Lahore Museum, Lahore.
Cai Lun, inventor of paper & papermaking process
Trajan, Roman Emperor
Hadrian, Roman Emperor
Dr Abascantus, Doctor
Marcus Aurelius, Roman Emperor
Rabbi Akiva Head of all Jewish Sages
Rabbi Yehuda haNasi Prince of Jewish people
Commodus, Roman Emperor, claimed to be Hercules reincarnated
Galen, medical writer
Ignatius, third bishop of Antioch, author of letters
Irenaeus, second bishop of Lyon, author of Against Heresies
Juvenal Roman satirical poet
Nagarjuna, founder of Madhyamaka Buddhism
Plutarch, Greek historian
Ptolemy, Greek astronomer, astrologer & geographer
Septimius Severus, Roman Emperor
Suetonius, Roman historian
Valentinius, Gnostic philosopher
Zhang Daoling, Chinese Taoist hermit
Zhang Heng, Chinese statesman, poet, inventor, astronomer, geographer, & engineer
Zhang Zhongjing, one of most famous Chinese physicians during Han Dynasty
Cai Lun of China invents paper (c. 105)
Ptolemy compiles a catalogue of all stars visible to naked eye. He also compiles three of most influential books in western history:
the Almagest which becomes basis for western & Middle Eastern astronomy until time of Copernicus & Kepler;
the astrological treatise, Tetrabiblos;
and Geographia
125 Zhang Heng of China invents world's first water-powered armillary sphere
132 Zhang Heng of China invents first seismometer to detect cardinal direction of earthquakes
3rd century
Early 3rd century – Burial in catacombs becomes common.
208 Chinese naval Battle of Red Cliffs occurs.
Early 3rd century – Caracalla, is made. It is now kept at Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.
212 Constitutio Antoniniana grants citizenship to all free Roman men.
212 - 216 Baths of Caracalla.
220: Han Dynasty comes to an end with establishment of Three Kingdoms in ancient China.
230 - 232 Sassanid dynasty of Persia launches a war to reconquer lost lands in Roman east.
235 - 284: Crisis of Third Century shakes Roman Empire.
250 - 538: Kofun era, first part of Kofun period in Japan.
258 Valerian's Massacre of Christians.
260 Roman Emperor Valerian I is taken captive by Shapur I of Persia.
265 Jin Dynasty reunites China under one empire after conquest of Eastern Wu.
Sarnath becomes a center of Buddhist arts in India.
Diffusion of maize as a food crop from Mexico into North America begins.
The Kingdom of Funan reaches its zenith under rule of Fan Shih-man.
The Goths move from Gothiscandza to Ukraine, giving birth to Chernyakhov culture.
Menorahs & Ark of Covenant, wall painting in a Jewish catacomb, Villa Torlonia (Rome), is made.
The Coptic period is said to have started in 3rd century.
Siddhartha in Palace, detail of a relief from Nagarjunakonda, Andhra Pradesh, India, is made. Later Andhra period. It is now kept at National Museum, New Delhi, (approximate date).
Probably 3rd century – Jonah Swallowed & Jonah Cast Up, two statuettes of a group from eastern Mediterranean, probably Asia Minor, are made. They are now kept at Cleveland Museum of Art.
Late 3rd century-early 4th century – Good Shepherd, Orants & Story of Jonah, painted ceiling of Catacombs of Marcellinus & Peter, Rome, is made.
Clement of Alexandria, Christian head of Catechetical School of Alexandria
Cornelius, bishop of Rome
Diocletian, Roman emperor
Diophantus of Alexandria, wrote Arithmetica
Hippolytus, considered first Antipope
Liu Hui, Chinese mathematician
Mani (prophet), founder of Manichaeism
Origen, Christian theologian & priest
Nagarjuna, Buddhist monk
Pappus of Alexandria, Greek mathematician
Plotinus, founder of Neoplatonism
Tertullian, Christian theologian, Father of Christian Latin literature
M. Sattonius Iucundus, restorer of Thermae in Heerlen
Zhuge Liang, known as greatest strategist during period of Three Kingdoms
Liu Bei, founding emperor of Kingdom of Shu
Cao Cao, founding emperor of Kingdom of Wei
A primitive form of eyeglasses were developed for a nearsighted princess in Syria.
The South Pointing Chariot invented by Ma Jun, a wheeled mechanical device that acts as a directional compass
4th century
Early 4th century – Former audience hall now known as Basilica, Trier, Germany, is built.
301 Armenia first to adopt Christianity as state religion, followed by Ethiopia, circa 320, San Marino is founded as a republic
306 - 337 Constantine I, ends persecution of Christians in Roman Empire (see also Constantinian shift) & Constantinople becomes new seat of government (New Rome)
325 Constantine I calls First Council of Nicaea to pacify Christianity in grip of Arian controversy.
337 Constantine I is baptized on his death bed
350 About this time Huns begin to invade Sassanid Empire.
Mid-4th century – Dish, from Mildenhall, England, is made. It is now kept at British Museum, London.
Mid-4th century - Wang Xizhi makes a portion of a letter from Feng Ju album. Six Dynasties period. It is now kept at National Palace Museum, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China.
376 Visigoths appear on Danube & are allowed entry into Roman Empire in their flight from Huns.
378 Battle of Adrianople. Roman army is defeated by Visigoth cavalry. Emperor Valens is killed.
378 - 395 Theodosius I, Roman emperor, bans pagan worship, Christianity is made official religion of Empire.
381 First Council of Constantinople reaffirms Christian doctrine of Trinity by adding to creed of Nicaea.
383 Battle of Fei River in China
395 Roman Emperor Theodosius I dies, causing Roman Empire to split permanently.
Late 4th century – See "The Historia" of Arbogast & Bauto.
Late 4th century – Cubiculum of Leonis, Catacomb of Commodilla, near Rome, is made.
Late 4th century – Atrium added in Old St. Peter's Basilica, Rome.
Ambrose, Christian theologian, bishop of Milan whose preaching converted Augustine
Augustine, Christian theologian, bishop of Hippo
Basil Great, Christian theologian, bishop in Cappadocia
Constantine I (306-337), Roman Emperor
Fa-Hsien, Chinese Buddhist monk
Gregory of Nazianzus, Christian theologian, bishop
Iamblichus (245-c. 325), Neoplatonist philosopher
Jerome, Christian priest, monk, & translator of Bible into Latin
John Chrysostom, Syrian-born Patriarch of Constantinople
Kumarajiva, (344-413), Buddhist monk from India, translator of sutras into Chinese
Tao-un (312-385), Chinese Buddhist monk, translator who elimnates Taoist words from Buddhist writings
Theodosius I (378-395), Roman Emperor
Ulfilas, Arian priest & translator of Bible into Gothic
The stirrup was invented in China, no later than 322
Codex Sinaiticus, Codex Vaticanus Graecus 1209, earliest Christian bibles
Book of Steps, Syriac religious discourses
5th century
399 - 412 Chinese Buddhist monk Faxian sails through Indian Ocean & travels throughout Sri Lanka & India to gather Buddhist scriptures.
c. 401 Buddhist monk & translator of sutras, Kumarajiva into Chinese arrives in Chang'an
Early 5th century – Baptistry of Neon, Ravenna, Italy, is built.
406 eastern frontier of Western Roman Empire collapses as waves of Suevi, Alans, & Vandals cross frozen Rhine near Mainz, & enter Gaul.
407 Constantine III leads many of Roman military units from Britain to Gaul, occupying Arles (Arelate). This is generally seen as Rome's withdrawal from Britain.
410 Rome sacked by Visigoths led by their king Alaric.
Great Britain is abandoned by Romans, Early Middle Ages begin.
413 St. Augustine, bishop of Hippo begins to write The City of God.
c. 430 Ilopango erupted, devastating Mayan cities in present-day El Salvador.
At some point after 440, Anglo-Saxons settle in Britain. traditional story is that they were invited there by Vortigern.
451 Huns under Attila facing Romans & Visigoths are defeated in Battle of Chalons
452 Metropolis of Aquileia is destroyed by Attila Hun
452 Pope Leo I meets personally with Attila on Micino River & convinces him not to sack Rome.
453 Death of Attila. Hunnic Empire is divided between his sons.
454 Battle of Nedao. Germanic tribes destroy main Hunnic army & throw off Hunnic domination.
455 Vandals sack Rome.
455 City of Chichen Itza is founded in Mexico.
469 Death of Dengizich, last Khan of Hunnic Empire.
470 Riothamus, King of Britons, helped Roman Empire in Brittany against Visigoths.
476 August 28: Deposition of Romulus Augustulus by Odoacer: traditional date for Fall of Rome in West.
477 (or 497): Chan Buddhists found Shaolin Monastery on Mount Shan in Henan, China.
480 Assassination of Julius Nepos, last de jure Emperor of Western Roman Empire, in Dalmatia.
481 Clovis I becomes king of Western Franks upon death of Childeric I.
486 Clovis defeats Syagrius & conquers last free remnant of Western Roman Empire.
490 Battle of Mount Badon (approximate date). According to legend, British forces led by Arthur defeated invading Saxons.
491 King Clovis I defeats & subjugates Kingdom of Thuringia in Germany.
493: Theodoric Ostrogoth ousts Odoacer to become king of Italy.
494: Northern Gaul is united under Frankish King Clovis I, founder of Merovingian dynasty.
496: Battle of Tolbiac. King Clovis subjugates Alamanni, & is baptized as a Catholic with a large number of Franks by Remigius, bishop of Reims
Buddhism reaches Burma & Indonesia.
African & Indonesian settlers reach Madagascar.
Hopewell tradition ends in North America.
Aetius, last of great Roman generals
Alaric I, king of Visigoths that sacked Rome
Aspar, Eastern Roman general & politician
Attila Hun, barbarian ruler of Huns
Augustine of Hippo, bishop, theologian
Bahram V, Sassanid Shah of Persia
Bodhidharma, founder of Chan Buddhism
Boniface, Roman comes in charge of province of Africa
John Chrysostom, Patriarch of Constan tinople
Clovis, first Frankish king to unite Franks; first barbarian king to convert to Catholicism
Cyril of Alexandria, Patriarch of Alexandria, theologian
Dioscorus, patriarch of Alexandria
Faxian, Chinese Buddhist monk
Geiseric, Vandal king & founder of Vandal kingdom in North Africa
Gelasius, bishop of Rome
Hawaiiloa, discovered & settled Hawaii
Huiyuan, Chinese Buddhist
Hypatia of Alexandria, woman philosopher
Jerome, Christian hermit, priest, Latin translator of Bible & other theological works
John Cassian, Christian monk & theologian
Kumarajiva, (344-413), Buddhist monk & Chinese translator
Leo I, bishop of Rome, theologian
Saint Mesrob, Armenian monk
Nestorius, archbishop of Constantinople, father of Nestorian heresy
Niall Noigiallach, founder of one of Ireland's greatest dynasties
Patrick, Catholic bishop of Armagh in Ireland, completed conversion to Christianity in Ireland
Pelagius, priest from Britain, father of Pelagianism
Ricimer, Western Roman general, politician & ruler
Riothamus, King of Britons, a candidate for legendary King Arthur
Tyrannius Rufinus, priest of Aquileia, hermit, Latin translator
Socrates Scholasticus, Byzantine Church historian
Sozomen, Christian church historian
Theoderic Great, Ostrogothic king
Yazdegerd I, Sassanid Shah of Persia
Zu Chongzhi, Chinese astronomer & mathematician
Horse collar invented in China
Heavy plow in use in Slavic lands
Metal horseshoes become common in Gaul
Anglo-Saxon futhorc alphabet used in England
Armenian alphabet created by Mesrob Mashtots c. 405
6th
Early 6th century – Archangel Michael, panel of a dyptich probably from court workshop at Constantinople, is made. It is now kept at British Museum, London.
Early 6th century – Page with Rebecca at Well, from "Book of Genesis", probably made in Syria or Palestine, is made. It is now kept at Österreichische Nationalbibliothek, Vienna.
By 6th century – Shilpa Shastras is written.
Early 6th century – first academy of east Academy of Gundeshapur founded in Iran by Khosrau I of Persia.
Early 6th century – Irish colonists & invaders, Scots, began migrating to Caledonia (later known as Scotland). Migration from south-west Britain to Brittany.
Early 6th century – Glendalough monastery, Wicklow Ireland founded by St. Kevin. Many similar foundations in Ireland & Wales.
Early 6th century – Zen Buddhism enters Vietnam from China.
Early 6th century – Haniwa, from Kyoto, is made during Kofun period
Early 6th century – Basilica of Sant'Apollinare in Classe's apse's mosaic is completed.
Early 6th century - Cassiodorus founds a cenobitic monastery & scrinium at Vivarium in Italy
518: Eastern Roman Emperor Anastasius I dies & is succeeded by Justin I.
522: Byzantines obtain silkworm eggs & begin silkworm cultivation
c.524: Boethius writes his Consolation of Philosophy.
525: Having settled in Rome c. 500, Scythian monk Dionysius Exiguus invents Anno Domini era calendar based on estimated birth year of Jesus Christ.
527: Justinian I succeeds Justin I as Emperor of Eastern Roman Empire.
529: Saint Benedict of Nursia founds monastery of Monte Cassino in Italy.
532: Nika riots in Constantinople; cathedral is destroyed. They are put down a sennight later by Belisarius & Mundus; up to 30,000 people are killed in Hippodrome.
535: Postulated volcanic eruption in tropics which causes several years of abnormally cold weather, resulting in mass famine in Northern Hemisphere. (See Extreme weather events of 535–536.)
537: Battle of Camlann, final battle of legendary King Arthur.
541-542: First pandemic of bubonic plague (Plague of Justinian) hits Constantinople & rest of Byzantine Empire.
543/544: One of Justinian's edict leads to Three-Chapter Controversy
545: Nubian Kingdom of Nobatia converts to Christianity.
Mid-6th century – Buddhist Jataka stories are translated into Persian by order of Zoroastrian king Khosrau.
Mid-6th century – Cave-Temple of Shiva at Elephanta Caves, Maharashtra, India, is built. Post-Gupta period.
Mid-6th century – Eternal Shiva, rock-cut relief in Cave-Temple of Shiva at Elephanta Caves, is made
Second half of 6th century – Virgin & Child with Saints & Angels, icon, is made. It is now kept at Saint Catherine's Monastery, Mount Sinai, Egypt.
550: Kingdom of Funan dies out.
552: Buddhism introduced to Japan from Baekje during theAsuka period.
553: Second Council of Constantinople
554: Eviction of Ostrogoths from Rome, & re-unification of all Italy under Byzantine rule.
561 to 592: Buddhist monk Jnanagupta translates 39 sutras from Sanskrit to Chinese.
563: monastery on Iona is founded by St. Columba.
566: Birth of Lǐ Yuān, founder of Tang Dynasty & Emperor of China under name of Gaozu (618-626)
568: Lombards invade Italy & establish a federation of dukedoms under a king.
569: Nubian kingdom of Alodia converts to Christianity.
569: Nubian kingdom of Makuria converts to Christianity.
570: Birth of Mohammad, founder of Islam.
579 to 590: Reign of Persian Shah Hormizd IV.
582 to 602: Reign of Byzantine Emperor Maurice.
585: Suevi Kingdom conquered by Visigoths in Spain.
587: Reccared, king of Visigoths in Spain, converts to Catholicism.
588: Shivadeva ascends throne of Lichchhavi dynasty in Nepal.
589: Third Council of Toledo adds "filioque" clause to Nicene Creed in Spain.
589: China reunified under Sui Dynasty (589 – 618).
590: Gregory Great succeeds Pope Pelagius II (who dies of plague) as 64th pope.
595: Pope Gregory sends Roman monks led by Augustine to England.
King Arthur, legendary British king & victor over Anglo-Saxons
Aryabhata, Discoverer of Zero & First to propose Heliocentre Model of solar system
Augustine of Canterbury, Roman monk, missionary, & bishop
Belisarius, Byzantine general
Benedict of Nursia, (480–547), Umbrian founder of Western Monasticism
Beowulf, legendary king of Geats
Boethius, (c.480-525), Roman philosopher & theologian
Bozorgmehr, Persian sage
Cassiodorus, (c.485-c.585), Roman senator & scholar
Clovis I, (c. 466–511), first sole King of Franks
Columbanus, (540–615), Irish monk & missionary
Dayi Daoxin, (580-651), fourth Chán Buddhist Patriarch
Dazu Huike, (487-593), second Chán Buddhist Patriarch
Gregory Great, (c.540-604), theologian, sixty-fourth pope (590-604), & civil administrator of Rome
Gregory of Tours (c. 538–594), Frankish bishop & historian
Hrodgar, legendary Danish king depicted in Beowulf
Jianzhi Sengcan, (d. 606), third Chán Buddhist Patriarch
Jizang, (549–623), Buddhist monk & scholar, founder of Three Treatise School
Jordanes, Byzantine author of Getica
Justinian, (527–565), Byzantine Emperor
Karaikkal Ammeiyar, one of few females amongst sixty three Nayanmars, is one of greatest figures of early Tamil literature
Khosrau I of Persia, Sassanid Shah (531–579)
Leander of Seville, (c.534-601), Spanish bishop & theologian
Mohammad, Prophet of Islam, (born 570)
Muhan Khan, Khagan of Göktürk Empire from (554 - 572) during which Sogdian influence reached its zenith
Procopius, Byzantine historian
Empress Suiko, Japanese empress
Prince Shōtoku, (573–621), Japanese statesman, philosopher, & writer of a 17 article constitution
Tirunavukkarasar, Indian poet (late 6th century-mid-7th century)
Venantius Fortunatus (c.540-600/9), Venetian poet, traveler, bishop of Poitiers (c.599-600/9)
Emperor Wen of Sui, founder & first emperor of Chinese Sui Dynasty
Dionysius Exiguus creates Anno Domini system, inspired by birth of Jesus, in 525. This is system upon which Gregorian calendar & Common Era systems are based.
Backgammon (nard) invented in Persia by Burzoe.
Chess, as chaturanga, entered Persia from India & was modified to shatranj.
Breast-strap horse harness in use in Frankish kingdom.
Byzantine Empire acquires silk technology from China.
Silk is a protected palace industry in Byzantine Empire.
Vaghbata, Indian medical books.
In 589 AD, Chinese scholar-official Yan Zhitui makes first reference to use of toilet paper in history.
Significant to history of agriculture, Chinese author Jia Sixia wrote treatise Qi Min Yao Shu in 535, & although it quotes 160 previous Chinese agronomy books, it is oldest existent Chinese agriculture treatise. In over one hundred thousand written Chinese characters, book covered land preparation, seeding, cultivation, orchard management, forestry, animal husbandry, trade, & culinary uses for crops.
7th
Islam begins in Arabia, Qur'an is documented.
The world's population shrinks to about 208 million people.
The Anglo-Saxon Heptarchy emerges at beginning of this century.
Sutton Hoo ship burial, East Anglia (modern England).
Xuan Zang (aka Hsuan-Tsang) traveled from China to India, before returning to Chang An in China to translate Buddhist scriptures.
Timgad, Algeria, is destroyed by Berbers.
End of sporadic Buddhist rule in Sindh.
Serbs enter their present territory early in 7th century AD, settling in six distinct tribal delimitations.
Teotihuacan is sacked. political & religious buildings are burned.
The religion of Shugendo evolves from Buddhism, Taoism, Shinto & other influences in mountains of Japan.
The Bulgars arrive in Balkans; establishment of powerful Bulgarian Empire.
Arab traders penetrate area of Lake Chad.
Earliest attested English poetry.
Side panels, Basilica of Sant'Apollinare in Classe, are made.
Main compound, Horyu-ji, Nara Prefecture, is built. Asuka period.
7th & 9th century – Mosaics above apse, Basilica of Sant'Apollinare in Classe, are made.
600: Smallpox spreads from India into Europe.
603: last mention of Roman Senate in Gregorian Register. It mentions that senate acclaimed statues of emperor Phocas & empress Leontia.
606: Boniface elected papal successor on death of Pope Sabinian. He sought & obtained a decree from Byzantine Emperor Phocas which stated that "the See of Blessed Peter Apostle should be head of all Churches". This ensured that title of "Universal Bishop" belonged exclusively to Bishop of Rome.
610: Heraclius arrives by ship from Africa at Constantinople, overthrows East Roman Emperor Phocas & becomes Emperor. His first major act is to change official language of East Roman Empire from Latin to Greek (already language of vast majority of population).
615: Sassanid Empire under Shah Chosroes II sacks Jerusalem, taking away relic of True cross.
615: Pacal Great becomes king of Mayan city-state of Palenque
616: Shah Chosroes II invades Egypt.
616: Aethelfrith of Northumbria defeats Welsh in a battle at Chester.
618: Tang Dynasty of China initiated by Li Yuan.
618: Chenla kingdom completely absorbed Funan.
Guangzhou, China, becomes a major international seaport, hosting maritime travelers from Egypt, East Africa, Arabia, Persia, India, Sri Lanka, & South East Asia, including Muslims, Jews, Hindus, & Nestorian Christians.
622: Year one of Islamic calendar begins, during which Hijra occurs—Muhammad & his followers emigrate from Mecca to Medina in September.
623: Frankish merchant Samo, supporting Slavs fighting their Avar rulers, becomes ruler of first known Slav state in Central Europe.
626: Avars & Persians jointly besiege but fail to capture Constantinople.
627: Emperor Heraclius defeats Persians, ending Roman-Persian Wars.
629: Byzantine-Arab Wars begin. Much of Roman Empire is conquered by Muslim Arabs led by Khalid ibn al-Walid.
629–630: Emperor Taizong's campaign against Eastern Tujue, Chinese Tang Dynasty forces under commanders Li Jing & Li Shiji destroy Göktürk Khanate.
632: Muslim conquests begin.
635-649: Alopen, a Persian Christian priest introduces Nestorian Christianity into China.
636: Around this time Battle of al-Qādisiyyah resulted in a decisive victory for Muslims in Islamic conquest of Persia, Persian Empire is conquered by Muslim Arabs led by Sad Ibn Abi Waqqas.
638: Emperor Taizong (627-649) issues an edict of universal toleration of religions; Nestorians build a church in Chang'an.
638: Muslim conquest of Palestine.
639: Muslim conquest of Egypt & Armenia.
641: Coptic period, in its more specific definition, ends when Islam is introduced into Egypt.
642: Library of Alexandria destroyed again.
649-683: Chinese Emperor Gaozong permits establishment of Christian monasteries in each of 358 prefectures.
650: Khazar-Arab Wars begin.
Mid-7th century – Durga Mahishasura-mardini (Durga as Slayer of Buffalo Demon), rock-cut relief, Mamallapuram, Tamil Nadu, India, is made. Pallava period. It is now kept at Asian Art Archives, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.
c. mid-7th century – Dharmaraja Ratha, Mamallapuram, Tamil Nadu, India, is built. Pallava period.
651: Emperor Yazdgerd III is murdered in Merv, ending rule of Sassanid dynasty in Persia (Iran).
656–661: First Islamic civil war.
657: Chinese Tang Dynasty under Emperor Gaozong of Tang defeats Western Turkic Kaganate.
658: Two Chinese monks, Zhi Yu & Zhi You, reconstruct 3rd century South Pointing Chariot mechanical compass-vehicle for Emperor Tenji of Japan.
661: Caliph Ali ibn Abi Talib is assassinated. He is succeeded by Hasan ibn Ali but abdicated Caliph to Muawiyah I. This was foundation of Umayyad caliphate.
663: Tang Dynasty of China & Korean Silla Kingdom gain victory against Korean Baekje Kingdom & their Yamato Japanese allies in naval Battle of Baekgang.
664: Conquest of Kabul by Muslims.
668: end of Goguryeo-Tang Wars, as Goguryeo fell to a joint attack by Tang China & Unified Silla of Korea, latter of which held Goguryeo domains.
670: In 670 an Arab Muslim army under Uqba ibn Nafi entered region of Ifriqiya. Finally in late 670s conquest of North Africa has been completed.
674: first Arab siege of Constantinople begins.
677: Most of Arab fleet is destroyed by Greek fire; Persian crown prince fless to T'ang court.
680: Battle of Karbala took place near Kufa which led to killing of Husayn ibn Ali & division of Muslim community. Bulgars subjugate country of current-day Bulgaria.
683–685: Second Islamic civil war.
688: Emperor Justinian II of Byzantine Empire defeats Bulgars.
690: Pro-Buddhist imperial consort Wu Zetian seizes power & rules as Empress of China
691: Buddhism is made state religion of China
694: Hispano-Visigothic king Egica accuses Jews of aiding Muslims, & sentences all Jews to slavery.
698: Arabs capture Carthage from Byzantine Empire.
698: Active but unofficial anti-Christian persecution begins in China
700: Mount Edziza volcanic complex erupts in northern British Columbia, Canada.
Abu Bakr, first caliph of Islam
Aethelbert, King of Kent
Ali ibn Abi Talib (600–661), cousin of Muhammad, fourth caliph of Islam, first Shi'a Imam
Antara Ibn Shaddad, Arab poet
The Unknown Archont led Serbs to Balkans from north
Asparuh—Khan of Bulgars & founder of contemporary Bulgaria
Augustine Eriugena, Irish scientist
Brahmagupta, Indian mathematician
Caedmon, English poet
Cenn Fáelad mac Aillila, Irish scholar, died 679
Dae Jo Yeong, founder of Balhae, a state in ancient Manchuria
Emperor Gaozong of Tang (649-683 AD), China
Cambandar, Indian poet (late 6th century-mid-7th century)
Gregory Great, (540–604), Theologian, Pope, Civil Administrator of Rome
Heraclius—Warrior Emperor of Byzantium who won numerous victories against Sassanids (Persians)
Hilda of Whitby, (c. 614–680)
Huineng, (638-713) sixth & last Patriarch of Chán Buddhism
Isaac of Nineveh (d 700) Nestorian theologian
Khalid ibn al-Walid (592–642), Muslim Arab military commander who defeated Roman & Persian empires in over eighty battles
Li Jing, Chinese general who conquered Eastern Turkic Khaganate & defeated Tuyuhun Kingdom
Li Shiji, Chinese general & later prime minister
Narasimha Pallava, Pallava Dynasty, Tamilnadu
Muhammad (570–632), final prophet of Islamic religion
Pacal Great, ruler of Maya state of Palenque
Pulakesi II, comes to power
Su Dingfang, a general of Chinese dynasty Tang Dynasty who succeeded in destroying Western Turkic Khaganate
Emperor Taizong of Tang (599–649 AD), China
Tirunavukkarasar, Indian poet (late 6th century-mid-7th century)
Yeon Gaesomun, Generalissimo of Goguryeo
The Xumi Pagoda in Zhengding, China is built in 636 AD
650, first Chinese Paper money is issued.
670s, Greek fire invented in Constantinople.
The stirrup introduced to Persia from China, late 7th century
Earliest known record of game Chatrang, predecessor to Chess
After sailing from Ethiopia, Sa`d ib n Abi Waqqas brings first Quran to China, & establishes first Islamic mosque of China in Guangzhou in 630s.
8th
Probably at some time in this century, Beowulf is composed.
Classical Maya civilization begins to decline.
The first Serbian state is formed at beginning of century.
Borobodur, famous Indonesian Buddhist structure, begins construction, probably as a non-Buddhist shrine.
Buddhist Jataka stories are translated into Syriac & Arabic as Kalilag & Damnag.
An account of Buddha's life is translated into Greek by Saint John of Damascus, & widely circulated to Christians as story of Barlaam & Josaphat.
The Moravian principality & Principality of Nitra arise in central Europe (see Great Moravia)
Bulgars of First Bulgarian Empire subjugate Eastern Roman Empire (Byzantium) & force it to pay annual tributes to Bulgaria. These same Bulgars use their innovative heavy calvalry divisions to save European Christian Civilization by defeating Arab invaders at battle of Constantinople. Bulgarian Emperor Tervel is declared Saviour of Europe.
Kanem-Bornu arises north of Lake Chad.
Height of Classic period in pre-Columbian Maya civilization history.
Śāntideva, a Buddhist monk at Nalanda Monastery in India, composes famous Bodhicharyāvatāra, or Guide to Bodhisattva's Way of Life.
The height of Giant Wild Goose Pagoda in Xian, China is extended by 5 stories.
701: Taihō Code is enacted in late Asuka period Japan.
705: Overthrow of Empress Wu Zetian,the reign of China's first & only sole-ruling empress ends.
705: Justinian II is forced to give title Caesar of Byzantium to Bulgarian Emperor Tervel. Byzantine Empire begins to pay annual tributes to Bulgaria. * 708 – 711: Bulgarians defeat Justinian II at battle of Anchiallus. Arab armies occupied Sindh.
710: Empress Gemmei moves capital to Heijō-kyū (present day Nara), initiating Nara period of Japan.
711: Tariq ibn-Ziyad crosses Straits of Gibraltar. With creation of Al-Andalus, most of Iberian peninsula is conquered by Arab & Berber Muslims, thus ending Visigothic rule, & starting almost eight centuries of Muslim presence there.
712: Liutprand, King of Lombards begins his reign (until 744).
c. 712: Metropolitan epicopal see is established by Assyrian Church in Chinese capital of Chang'an.
712 - 756: Emperor Xuanzong reigned, time was considered one of China's high points.
713: Death of Dajian Huineng, sixth & last Patriarch of Chán Buddhism.
717 – 718: Siege of Constantinople. Bulgarians come to aide of Byzantines & defeat army of invading Arabs, thus completely neutralizing their advance towards Europe. In decisive battle, Bulgarian army slaughtered between 20,000 & 32,000 Arabs.
726: Byzantine Emperor Leo III Isaurian destroys icon of Christ above Chalke Gate in capital city of Constantinople, beginning first phase of Byzantine Iconoclasm.
732: Battle of Tours. Near Poitiers, France, leader of Franks Charles Martel & his men defeat a large army of Moors under governor of Cordoba, Abdul Rahman Al Ghafiqi, who is killed during battle. Battle of Tours halts advance of Islam into Western Europe & establishes a balance of power between Western Europe, Islam & Byzantine Empire.
742: For municipal census of Tang Dynasty Chinese capital city Chang'an & its metropolitan area of Jingzhou Fu (including small towns in vicinity), New Book of Tang records that in this year there were 362,921 registered families with 1,960,188 persons.
748: Chinese Buddhist monk Jian Zhen writes in his Yue Jue Shu of international sea traffic coming to Guangzhou, ships from Borneo, Persia, Sri Lanka, Indonesia, & others bringing tons of goods.
750: last Umayyad Caliph Marwan II (744–750) is overthrown & executed by first Abbasid Caliph, Abu al-Abbas al-Saffah. Caliphate is moved to Baghdad, within territory of former Persian Empire; this would prove to be a momentous event for Baghdad which developed into a centre of trade & culture. Ghana Empire begins.
mid-8th century - Great Wild Goose Pagoda at Ci'en Temple, Xi'an, Shanxi, is rebuilt.
c. mid-8th century - Camel Carrying a Group of Musicians, from a tomb near Xi'an, Shanxi, is made. Tang dynasty. It is now kept at Museum of Chinese History, Beijing.
751: Arabian armies defeat Chinese Tang Dynasty troops in Battle of Talas, in high Pamirs near Samarkand, & conquer Central Asia completely.
755 – 763: An Shi Rebellion devastates China during mid Tang Dynasty.
758: Arab & Persian pirates & travelers burn & loot Chinese city of Guangzhou, while Tang Dynasty authorities shut port down for next five decades.
768: Pepin dies; Charles becomes king at Noyan & his brother Carloman becomes king at Soissons.
772 – 804: Charlemagne invades what is now northwestern Germany, battling Saxons for more than thirty years & finally crushing their rebellion, incorporating Saxony into Frankish Empire & Christian world.
781: Nestorian Monument is erected in China.
782: Buddhist monk Prajna reaches Chang'an & enlists help of Christian bishop Ching Ching (Adam) in translating sutras into Chinese.
785: Tang Dynasty begins landing regular maritime missions on coast of East Africa, cutting out middlemen Arab sea merchants.
785 – 805: Chinese geographer Jia Dan describes large lighthouse pillars built in Persian Gulf, which is confirmed a century later by al-Mas'udi & al-Muqaddasi.
787: Empress Irene of Athens convenes Seventh Ecumenical Council, ending first phase of Byzantine Iconoclasm.
792: Battle of Marcelae. Bulgarian victory over Byzantines marks end of half-century political instability in Bulgaria.
793: very first Viking raid is carried out on abbey of Lindisfarne in northern England.
793: Frisian–Frankish wars come to an end with last uprising of Frisians.
794: Emperor Kammu moves capital to Heian-kyō (present day Kyoto), initiating Heian period of Japan.
800: Beginning of ancient West African state of Takrur or Tekrour, which flourished roughly parallel to Ghana Empire.
800: On Christmas Day, Charlemagne is crowned first Holy Roman Emperor by Pope Leo III.
Abdul Malik bin Marwan, Caliph of Islamic Empire
Adrian I or Hadrian I, Pope from 772 to 795
Alcuin, English monk, deacon, scholar, & teacher; Charlemagne's advisor in educational affairs
Al-Walid ibn Abd Al-Malik, Caliph of Islamic Empire
An Lushan, military leader of Sogdian & Tujue origin, led An Shi Rebellion from 755 to 763
Bede Venerable, English monk & scholar
Charles Martel, Frankish leader until 741 (Battle of Tours, 732)
Charlemagne, King of Franks from 771 to 814
Desiderius, last King of Lombards from 756-774
Dezong, Emperor of China from 779 to 805
Gemmei, Empress of Japan from 707 to 715
Guo Ziyi, who ened An Shi Rebellion & was revered as best general in East Asia during his lifetime.
Harun al-Rashid, fifth Abbasid Caliph
Irene of Athens, Byzantine Empress from 797 to 802
Jia Dan, Chinese scholar-official, cartographer, & geographer
Jianzhen or Ganjin, Chinese monk who helped to spread Buddhism in Japan
John of Damascus, Syrian Christian monk, scholar
Kammu, Emperor of Japan from 781 to 806
Kōken, Empress of Japan from 749 to 758 & again with name Shōtoku from 764 to 770
Liutprand, King of Lombards from 712 to 744
Muhammad bin Qasim, Arab general who conquered Sindh & Punjab
Padmasambhava, Tantric master who created vajrayana buddhism in Tibet
Paolo Lucio Anafesto, first doge of Venice from 697 to 717
Paul Deacon, Lombard scholar, historian, poet
Paulinus II of Aquileia, Carolingian scholar, poet, patriarch of Aquileia from 787 to 802
Pippin Younger, king of Franks until 768
Stephen II, Pope from 752 to 757, enlisted Frankish aid against Lombards
Tervel, Khan of Bulgaria from 700 to 721
Theodulf of Orléans, Carolingian scholar, poet, bishop of Orleans from 798 to 818
Timothy, Assyrian Church Patriarch of Baghdad, promoter of missions to China
Umar bin Abdul Aziz, Caliph of Islamic Empire
Vimalamitra, Buddhist monk from India
Wu Zetian, Empress of China from 690 to 705
Xuanzong, Emperor of China at height of Tang cultural influence from 712 to 756
Heavy plow in use in Rhine valley.
Horse collar in use in Northern Europe in 8th or 9th century—perhaps introduced from Asia.
Mid 8th century – papermaking introduced from China to Arabs.
Iron horseshoes came into common use around 770.
Pattadakal, Chalukya architecture.
The Chinese Buddhist monk Yi Xing applies a clockwork escapement mechanism to operate & rotate his astronomical celestial globe.
The first European triangular harp designed by Picts of Scotland.
9th
The Arab merchant Shulama wrote that Chinese junk ships could carry 600 to 700 passengers aboard for sailing missions into Indian Ocean. He wrote that draft of Chinese ships was too deep for entering Euphrates River (modern-day Iraq), which forced them to land small boats on banks of river for passengers & cargo instead.
Although in a short time Tang Dynasty was resurgented, government controlled by eunuchs backslided, lots of in-fightings broke up, finally weakened by Huang Chao seriosly & dissolved.
An unknown event causes decline of Maya Classical Era.
Beowulf might have been written down in this century, though it could also have been in 8th century.
Reign of Charlemagne, & concurrent (and controversially labeled) Carolingian Renaissance in Western Europe.
Large-scale Viking attacks on Europe begin, devastating countless numbers of people.
The Magyars begin their conquest of Pannonia (roughly modern day Hungary, a process that will take several decades to be completed.
The Tukolor settle in Senegal river valley.
Muslim traders settle in northwest & southeast of Madagascar.
800: Charlemagne is crowned emperor of Rome by Pope Leo III.
800: Arab fleet sails up Tiber.
800 – 909: Rule of Aghlabids as an independent Muslim dynasty in North Africa, with their capital at Tunis.
802: Jayavarman II of Khmer people in Cambodia founds Khmer empire & establishes Angkorian dynasty.
803: Construction on Leshan Giant Buddha in Tang Dynasty China is complete, after 90 years of rock-carving on a massive cliff-side.
805 - 820: Tang Dynasty was under rule of Emperor Xianzong of Tang.
809 – 817: War between Byzantine empire & Bulgars.
811: Battle of Pliska fought between a Byzantine force led by emperor Nicephorus I & a Bulgar army commanded by Khan Krum. Byzantines are defeated in a series of engagements, culminating with death of Nicephorus I
813: China was reunited.
c. 813 – c. 915: Period of serious Arab naval raids on shores of Tyrrhenian & Adriatic seas.
814: Charlemagne dies at Aachen.
827 – 902: Aghlabid dynasty colonises emirates in Sicily & subsequently raids Southern Italy.
830: House of Wisdom, a library & translation institute, established by al-Ma'mun, Abbasid caliph, in Baghdad to transfer knowledge of Greeks, Persians, Indians, etc. to Muslim world. Also The Compendious Book on Calculation by Completion & Balancing which is one of book of algebra is written by Al-Khwarizmi who worked there.
840: Death of Louis Pious.
841: Dublin is founded on east coast of Ireland by Vikings.
843: three sons of Louis Pious reach an agreement known as Treaty of Verdun & split Carolingian empire into three divisions; East Francia was given to Louis German, West Francia to Charles Bald & Middle Francia to Lothair I.
845: Buddhism is persecuted & banned in China.
846 - 859: Emperor Xuānzong of Tang reigned; He was considered last capable emperor of Tang Dynasty.
848 – 852: west bank of Tiber is annexed into city of Rome. A defensive wall, commissioned by Pope Leo IV, is built around what came to be called Leonine City.
850 – 875: first Norse settlers arrive on Iceland.
851: Arab merchant Suleiman al-Tajir visits Chinese seaport at Guangzhou in southern China, & observes manufacturing of porcelain, Islamic mosque built at Guangzhou, granary system of city, & how its municipal administration functioned.
859: Muslims establish oldest university in world, University of Al Karaouine, in Fez, Morocco
862: beginning Rurik Dynasty in Russia
863: Chinese author Duan Chengshi describes slave trade, ivory trade, & ambergris trade of Somalia in East Africa.
862: Bagratuni Dynasty of Medieval Armenia begins with Ashot I
863 – 879: Period of schism between eastern & western churches.
864: Christianization of Bulgaria under Boris I
867: Onward Revival of Byzantine Empire under Macedonian dynasty.
868: Ahmad ibn Tulun breaks away from Abbasid Caliphate & establishes independent Tulunid dynasty.
870: Prague Castle founded.
871 – 899: Reign of Alfred Great.
875 – 884: Huang Chao leads an unsuccessful rebellion against Tang Dynasty in China.
878: Battle of Ethandun results in victory of Alfred Great over Danish warlord Guthrum.
885: Arrival of disciples of SS. Cyril & Methodius, Clement of Ohrid & Naum of Preslav in Bulgaria. Development of Cyrillic Alphabet.
895/896: supposed year of Magyars arrival in Pannonia. Whether or not this is exact date is still heavily debated inside & outside Hungary.
Late 9th century: Bulgaria stretches from mouth of Danube to Epirus & Bosnia.
In Italy, some cities became free republics: for instance Forlì, in 889.
The Christian Nubian kingdom reaches its peak of prosperity & military power. (Early history of Sudan).
Harald Fairhair was victorious at battle of Hafrsfjord, & Norway was unified into one kingdom.
The Medieval Warm Period begins.
The Coptic period, at its most broad definition, ends.
Page from Koran (Surah II:286 & title Surah III) in kufic script, from Syria, is made. It is now kept at Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.
Late 9th century – Pallava dynasty ends in Southern India.
Late 9th century - Womb World mandala, To-ji, Kyoto, is made. Heian period.
9th – 10th century – Bowl with kufic border, from Samarkand, Uzbekistan, is made. It is now kept at Musée du Louvre, Paris.
Laguna Copperplate Inscription, Kavi script, inscribed in Luzon, Philippines, dated Saka year 822 (900)
Árpád, Grand Prince of Magyars
Basil I Macedonian (Βασίλειος Α') (811–886), ruled (867)–(886)
Empress Irene of Athens
Krum Khan of Bulgaria
List of 9th-10th centuries inventions
First image of a rotary grindstone in a European source—illustration shows crank, first known use of a crank in West (Utrecht Psalter, 843)
First known printed book, Diamond Sutra, printed in China using woodblock printing in 868 AD.
Invention of gunpowder by Chinese Taoist Alchemists.
Vulgar Latin begins to develop into various Romance languages.
Two syllabaries or kana are developed from simplified Chinese characters in Japan.
10th
The beginning of Medieval Warm Period
The Byzantine empire reaches height of its military & economic strength
c. 909: Fatimid Caliphate arises in eastern Algeria.
c. 948: Nri Kingdom in what is now Southeastern Nigeria starts.
c. 980: Al-Azhar University is established in Cairo by Fatimid dynasty.
The Christian Nubian kingdom reaches its peak of prosperity & military power (Early history of Sudan)
Collapse of central lowland Maya civilization. End of Classic Maya period, begin Post-Classic Maya.
Golden age of Ancestral Puebloans (Pueblo II)
The Mississippian culture begins in present day Southern United States
Khazar kingdom is attacked & defeated by Kievan Rus (965)
Buddhist temple construction commences at Bagan, Burma
In 919, first use of gunpowder in battle occurred with Chinese Battle of Lang-shan Jiang (Wolf Mountain River), where naval fleet of Wen-Mu-King defeated Chien Yuan Kuan because Wen had used 'fire oil' (huo yóu, 火油) of gunpowder-fuse ignited flamethrowers to burn Chien's fleet.
In 910, Parantaka I of Chola Dynasty drove out Pandyan from southern India into Lanka (now Sri Lanka), which he also eventually conquered.
In 928, Ziyarid dynasty was established in northern Iran.
In 930s, Persian Shia Buyid dynasty established & controlled central & western part of Iran as well as most of Iraq.
In 975, Ghaznavids dynasty, as first Turk Sultanate, was established in Central Asia.
Coastal cities on Malay Peninsula are seed for first recorded Malay kingdoms
993: Arab maritime captain Abu Himyarite from Yemen toured Guangzhou port, & was an avid visitor to China
In 999, Samanid dynasty was defeated & conquered by Ghaznavids.
Viking groups settle in northern France—Norse become Normans
Foundation of Cluny, first federated monastic order
In 917 Bulgarians destroyed Byzantine army in Battle of Anchialus, one of bloodiest battles in Middle Ages
927: official recognition of first independent national Church in Europe, Bulgarian Patriarchate
Incursions of Magyar (Hungarian) cavalry throughout Western Europe (47 expeditions in Germany, Italy & France, 899–970)
Mieszko I, first duke of Poland, baptised a Christian in 966
Collapse of Great Moravia
The medieval Croatian state becomes a unified kingdom under Tomislav
20th century Belgian astronomer Jean Meeus asserts that positions of eight planets & Pluto were within same 90° arc of Solar System on 1 February 949. It is predicted this would next occur on 6 May 1492.
Swedish influence extends to Black Sea
Vladimir I, Prince of Kievan Rus, baptised a Christian in 988
Reindeer become extinct in Scotland
Lions become extinct in Europe by this date, with last dying in Caucasus.
Second half of 10th century – Page with David Psalmist, from Paris Psalter, is made. It is now kept at Bibliothéque Nationale, Paris.
Late 10th or early 11th century – Archangel Michail, icon, is made. It is now kept at Treasury of Cathedral of Saint Mark, Venice.
Formation of Tu'i Tonga Empire & of Tuʻi Tonga dynasty in Tonga
Ubayd Allah al-Mahdi Billah, founder of Fatamid dynasty of Egypt in 909
Topiltzin Ce Acatl Quetzalcoatl, semi-legendaric Toltec ruler, (exact years of his life are unknown)
Nicephorus II, Emperor of Eastern Roman Empire (lived 912–969, reigned 963–969)
John I Tzimisces, Emperor of Eastern Roman Empire (lived 925–976, reigned 969–976)
Basil II, Emperor of Eastern Roman Empire, (lived 958–1025, reigned 976–1025)
Adikavi Pampa an early Kannada language poet (born in 902)
Ranna, an early Kannada language poet from India, (born in 949)
Huyan Zan, Chinese general (died in 1000)
Li Cheng, Chinese landscape painter
Tailapa II, re-established Western Chalukya Empire of India (reigned 973–997)
Zhang Sixun, Chinese astronomer & mechanical engineer
Ferdowsi Persian poet
Li Fang, Chinese scholar & encyclopedist (925–996)
Emperor Taizu of Song, founder of Chinese Song Dynasty (lived March 21, 927–November 14, 976, reigned 960–976)
Parantaka I, ruler of Chola Dynasty of India – Tamil King (reigned 907–950)
Raja Raja Chola I, ruler of Chola Dynasty of India – Tamil King
Avicenna, one of foremost physician & philosopher of Medieval Era(c. 980 - 1037).
Al-Farabi, a Muslim polymath & one of greatest scientists & philosophers(c. 872 – between 14 December 950 & 12 January 951).
Alhazen, a Muslim scientist & mathematician.(965 in Basra - c. 1039 in Cairo)
Abu Rayhan Biruni, a Muslim Scientist.(born 5 September 973 in Kath, Khwarezm , died 13 December 1048 in Ghazni)
Harald Fairhair, king of Norway, united Norway in 872 & remained its ruler until 933. One of most powerful lords of Europe at time.
Vladimir I, Prince of Kievan Rus (lived 958–1015)
Tomislav, king of Croatia,united medieval Croatian state into Kingdom of Croatia , crowned in 925
Simeon Great, Emperor of Bulgaria (reigned 893–927)
Otto I Great, Holy Roman Emperor (lived 912–973, reigned 936–973)
King Edmund I of England (lived 921–946, reigned 939–946)
Hugh Capet (lived 938–996), first Capetian King of France
Géza of Hungary, ruler of Magyars (lived 940–997, reigned 970–997)
Otto II, Holy Roman Emperor (lived 955–983, reigned 973–983)
Theophanu, wife of Otto II, mother & Regent of Otto III, (lived 956–991, reigned 983–991)
Tsar Samuil of Bulgaria (lived 958–1014, reigned 976–1014)
Otto III, Holy Roman Emperor (lived 980–1002, reigned 983–1002)
Erik Red, Norwegian explorer, founded Greenland
Leif Eiriksson, Norwegian explorer, son of Erik Red, made first European attempt to settle in America.
Olav Tryggvason becomes first king to try to Christianize Norway, dies at Battle of Svolder in 1000.
'Aho'eitu (early 10th century), first king of Tuʻi Tonga
List of 9th-10th centuries inventions
Hop (plant) first mentioned in connection with beer brewing
Zhang Sixun of China uses for first time liquid mercury (element) instead of water to power escapement mechanism rotating an armillary sphere, since liquid mercury does not freeze easily like water during winter, & does not rust metal parts
Fire Arrows are invented by Chinese, along with use of first blackpowder impregnated fuses for igniting blast of double-piston flamethrowers which employed Greek Fire, an imported good from Arabia in early part of century.
Construction begins on Brihadeeswarar Temple of India, during reign of Rajaraja Chola I
The first pound lock is invented by Chinese engineer Qiao Weiyo, improving canal lock system.
Three of Four Great Books of Song are published (the last one in 1013), which were enormous Chinese encyclopedias having millions of written Chinese characters each.
Earlist known occurrence in Mexico of Lost-wax casting.
10th century-12th century - Seated Guaryin Bodhisattva, is made. Liao dynasty. It is now kept at Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art, Kansas City, Missouri.
11th
1001–1008: Japanese Lady Murasaki Shikibu writes first novel, The Tale of Genji
1001 ± 40 years: Baitoushan volcano on what would be Chinese-Korean border, erupts with a force of 6.5, fourth largest Holocene blast.
1001: Mahmud of Ghazni, Muslim leader of Ghazni, begins a series of raids into Northern India; he finishes in 1027 with destruction of Somnath.
c. 1001: Vikings, led by Leif Eriksson, establish small settlements in & around Vinland in North America
1003: Robert II of France invades Duchy of Burgundy, then ruled by Otto-William, Duke of Burgundy; initial invasion is unsuccessful, but Robert II eventually gained acceptance of Roman Catholic Church in 1016 & annexed Burgundy into his realm.
1004: library & university Dar Al-Hekma is founded in Egypt under Fatimids.
1005: Treaty of Shanyuan was signed between Chinese Song Dynasty & Khitan Liao Dynasty.
1008: Fatimid Egyptian sea captain Domiyat travels to Buddhist pilgrimage site in Shandong, China, to seek out Chinese Emperor Zhenzong of Song with gifts from his ruling Imam Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah, successfully reopening diplomatic relations between Egypt & China that had been lost since collapse of Tang Dynasty.
1009: Lý Thái Tổ overthrew Anterior Lê Dynasty of Vietnam, establishing Lý Dynasty.
1009–1010: Lombard known as Melus of Bari led an insurrection against Byzantine Catepan of Italy, John Curcuas, as latter was killed in battle & replaced by Basil Mesardonites, who brought Byzantine reinforcements.
1010: with aid of scholars such as Song Zhun, Lu Duosun compiles a massive work of cartography in 1566 chapters, including mapped topography of each provincial region in China down to minute level of small towns & villages; this was an imperial compendium first issued by Emperor Taizu of Song in 971.
1010–1011: Second Goryeo-Khitan War; Korean king was forced to flee capital temporarily, but unable to establish a foothold & fearing a counterattack, Khitan forces withdrew.
1011–1021: Ibn al-Haytham (Alhacen), a famous Iraqi scientist working in Egypt, feigned madness in fear of angering Egyptian caliph Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah, & was kept under house arrest from 1011 to 1021. During this time, he wrote his influential Book of Optics.
1014: Byzantine armies of Basil II are victorious over Samuil of Bulgaria in Battle of Kleidion.
1015: in Battle of Nesjar in Oslofjord, Norway, forces of Olav Haraldsson fought forces of Sveinn Hákonarson, with a victory ofr Olav.
1018: First Bulgarian Empire is conquered by Byzantine Empire
1018: Byzantine armies of Basil Boioannes are victorious at Battle of Cannae against Lombards under Melus of Bari.
1018: Third Goryeo-Khitan War; Korean General Gang Gam-chan inflicted heavy losses to Khitan forces at Battle of Kwiju. Khitan withdrew & both sides signed a peace treaty.
1014–1020: The Book of Healing, a vast philosophical & scientific encyclopaedia, is written by Avicenna, Persian scholar.
1020s: The Canon of Medicine, a medical encyclopedia, is written by Avicenna, Persian Muslim scholar.
1021: ruling Fatimid Caliph Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah disappears suddenly, possibly assassinated by his own sister Sitt al-Mulk, which leads to open persecution of Druze by Ismaili Shia; Druze proclaimed that Al-Hakim went into hiding (ghayba), whereupon he would return as Mahdi savior.
1025: Chola Dynasty of India uses its naval powers to conquer South East Asian kingdom of , turning it into a vassal.
1025: ruler Rajendra Chola I moves capital city of empire from Thanjavur to Gangaikonda Cholapuram
1028: King of Srivijaya appeals to Song Dynasty Chinese, sending a diplomatic mission to their capital at Kaifeng.
1030: Battle of Stiklestad (Norway): Olav Haraldsson loses to his pagan vassals & is killed in battle. He is later canonized & becomes patron saint of Norway & Rex perpetuum Norvegiae ('the eternal king of Norway').
1035: Raoul Glaber chronicles a devastating three year famine induced by climatic changes in southern France
1035: Canute Great dies, & his kingdom of present-day Norway, England, & Denmark was split amongst three rivals to his throne.
1035: William Iron Arm ventures to Mezzogiorno
1037: Ferdinand I of León conquered Kingdom of Galicia.
1040: Duncan I of Scotland slain in battle. Macbeth succeeds him.
1041: Samuel Aba became King of Hungary.
1042: Normans establish Melfi as capital of southern Italy.
1042: Bhoja, Indian ruler, philosopher, & polymath of Malwa, completes reconstruction of temple of Somnath after its destruction by Mahmud of Ghazni.
1041–1048: Chinese artisan Bi Sheng invents ceramic movable type printing
1043: Byzantine Empire & Kievan Rus engage in a naval confrontation, although a later treaty is signed between two parties that included marriage alliance of Vsevolod I of Kiev to a princess daughter of Constantine IX Monomachos.
1043: Byzantine General George Maniaces, who had served in Sicily back in 1038, was proclaimed emperor by his troops while he was catepan of Italy; he led an unsuccessful rebellion against Constantine IX Monomachos & was killed in battle in Macedonia during his march towards Constantinople.
1043: Song Dynasty Chancellor of China, Fan Zhongyan, & prominent official & historian Ouyang Xiu introduce Qingli Reforms, which would be rescinded by court in 1045 due to partisan resistance to reforms.
1043: Kingdom of Nri of West Africa is said to have started in this year with Eze Nri Ìfikuánim
1044: Chinese Wujing Zongyao, written by Zeng Gongliang & Yang Weide, is first book to describe gunpowder formulas; it also described their use in warfare, such as blackpowder-impregnated fuses for flamethrowers. It also described an early form of compass, a thermoremanence compass.
1044: Henry III of Holy Roman Empire defeats Kingdom of Hungary in Battle of Ménfő; Peter Urseolo captured Samuel Aba after battle, executing him, & restoring his claim to throne; Kingdom of Hungary then briefly becomes a vassal to Holy Roman Empire.
1045: Zirids, a Berber dynasty of North Africa, break their allegiance with Fatimid court of Egypt & recognize Abbasids of Baghdad as true caliphs.
1052: Fujiwara no Yorimichi converts rural villa at Byōdō-in into a famous Japanese Buddhist temple.
1053: Norman commander Humphrey of Hauteville is victorious in Battle of Civitate against Lombards & papal coalition led by Rudolf of Benevento; Pope Leo IX himself is captured by Normans.
1054: Great Schism, in which Western (Roman Catholic) & Eastern Orthodox churches separated from each other. Similar schisms in past had been later repaired, but this one continues after nearly 1000 years.
1054: a large supernova is observed by astronomers, remnants of which would form Crab Nebula.
1054: Battle of Atapuerca is fought between García V of Navarre & Ferdinand I of León
1055: Seljuk Turks capture Baghdad, taking Buyid Emir Al-Malik al-Rahim prisoner.
1056: Ferdinand I of León, King of Castile & King of León, is crowned Imperator totius Hispaniae (Emperor of All Hispania).
1057: Anawrahta, ruler of Pagan Kingdom, defeated Mon city of Thaton, thus unifying all of Myanmar.
1061–1091: Norman conquest of Sicily in Mediterranean Sea
1065: Seljuks first invasion to Georgia under leadership of alp Arslan
1065: independence of Kingdom of Galicia & Portugal under rule of Garcia
1066: in Battle of Stamford Bridge, last Anglo-Saxon King Harold Godwinson defeated his brother Tostig Godwinson & Harold III of Norway.
1066: Edward Confessor dies; Harold Godwinson is killed in Battle of Hastings, while Norman conqueror is crowned William I of England.
1066: Jewish vizier Joseph ibn Naghrela & many others are killed in 1066 Granada massacre.
1068–1073: reign of Japanese Emperor Go-Sanjō brings about a brief period where central power is taken out of hands of Fujiwara clan.
1068: beginning in this year, Virarajendra Chola sends military raids into Malaysia & Indonesia.
1068: Seljuks destroyed Georgia for second time
1069–1076: with support of Emperor Shenzong of Song, Chancellor Wang Anshi of Chinese Song Dynasty introduces 'New Policies', including Baojia system of societal organization & militias, low-cost loans for farmers, taxes instead of corvée labor, government monopolies on tea, salt, & wine, reforming land survey system, & eliminating poetry requirement in imperial examination system to gain bureaucrats of a more practical bent.
1070: death of Athirajendra Chola & ascension of Kulothunga Chola I marks transition between Medieval Cholas & Chalukya Cholas.
1071: Defeat of Byzantine Empire at Battle of Manzikert by Seljuk army of Alp Arslan, ending three centuries of a Byzantine military & economic Golden Age.
1072: Battle of Golpejera is fought between Sancho II of Castile & Alfonso VI of Castile
1073: Seljuk Turks capture Ankara from Byzantines.
1074: Seljuk Turks capture Jerusalem from Byzantines, & cut pilgrim transit.
1075: Henry IV suppresses rebellion of Saxony in First Battle of Langensalza.
1075: Investiture Controversy is sparked when Pope Gregory VII asserted in Dictatus papae extended rights granted to pope (disturbing balance of power) & new interpretation of God's role in founding Church itself.
1075: Chinese official & diplomat Shen Kuo asserts Song Dynasty's rightful border lines by using court archives against bold bluff of Emperor Daozong of Liao, who had asserted that Liao Dynasty territory exceeded its earlier-accepted bounds.
1075–1076: a civil war in Western Chalukya Empire of India; Western Chalukya monarch Somesvara II plans to defeat his own ambitious brother Vikramaditya VI by allying with a traditional enemy, Kulothunga Chola I of Chola Empire; Somesvara's forces suffered heavy defeat, & was eventually captured & imprisoned by Vikramaditya, who proclaimed himself king.
1075–1077: Song Dynasty of China & Lý Dynasty of Vietnam fight a border war, with Vietnamese forces striking first on land & with their navy, & afterwards Song armies advancing as far as modern-day Hanoi, capital, but withdraw after Lý makes peace overtures; in 1082, both sides exchange territories that they had captured during war, & later a border agreement is reached.
1076: Ghana Empire is attacked by Almoravids, who sack capital of Koumbi Saleh, ending rule of king Tunka Manin
1076: Chinese Song Dynasty places strict government monopolies over production & distribution of sulfur & saltpetre, in order to curb possibility of merchants selling gunpowder formula components to enemies such as Tanguts & Khitans.
1076: Song Chinese allied with southern Vietnamese Champa & Cambodian Chenla to conquer Lý Dynasty, which was an unsuccessful campaign.
1077: Walk to Canossa by Henry IV of Holy Roman Empire.
1077: Chinese official Su Song is sent on a diplomatic mission to Liao Dynasty & discovers that Khitan calendar is more mathematically accurate than Song calendar; Emperor Zhezong later sponsors Su Song's astronomical clock tower in order to compete with Liao astronomers.
1078: Oleg I of Chernigov is defeated in battle by his brother Vsevolod I of Kiev; Oleg escaped to Tmutarakan, but was imprisoned by Khazars, sent to Constantinople as a prisoner, & then exiled to Rhodes.
1078: revolt of Nikephoros III against Byzantine ruler Michael VII
1079: Malik Shah I reforms Iranian Calendar. Franks start to settle around Way of Saint James (Today, modern North Spain)
1080–1081: Chinese statesman & scientist Shen Kuo is put in command of campaign against Western Xia, & although he successfully halts their invasion route to Yanzhou (modern Yan'an), another officer disobeys imperial orders & campaign is ultimately a failure because of it.
1084: enormous Chinese historical work of Zizhi Tongjian is compiled by scholars under Chancellor Sima Guang, completed in 294 volumes & included 3 million written Chinese characters
1085: Alfonso VI of Castile captures Moorish Muslim city of Toledo, Spain.
1085: Katedralskolan, Lund school of Sweden is established by Canute IV of Denmark
1086: compilation of Domesday Book by order of William I of England; it was similar to a modern day government census, as it was used by William to thoroughly document all landholdings within kingdom that could be properly taxed.
1086: Battle of az-Zallaqah between Almoravids & Castilians
1087: a new office at Chinese international seaport of Quanzhou is established to handle & regulate taxes & tariffs on all mercantile transactions of foreign goods coming from Africa, Arabia, India, Sri Lanka, Persia, & South East Asia.
1087: Italian cities of Genoa & Pisa engage in African Mahdia campaign
1088: renowned polymath Chinese scientist & official Shen Kuo made world's first reference to magnetic compass in his book Dream Pool Essays, along with encyclopedic documentation & inquiry into scientific discoveries.
1088: University of Bologna is established.
1088: Rebellion of 1088 against William II of England lead by Odo of Bayeux.
1091: Normans from Duchy of Normandy take control of Malta & surrounding islands.
1091: Byzantine Empire under Alexios I Komnenos & his Cuman allies defeat Pechenegs at Battle of Levounion
1093: Vikramaditya VI, ruler of Western Chalukya Empire, defeats army of Kulothunga Chola I in Battle of Vengi.
1093: when Chinese Empress Dowager Gao dies, conservative faction that had followed Sima Guang is ousted from court, liberal reforms of Wang Anshi reinstated, & Emperor Zhezong of Song halted all negotiations with Tanguts of Western Xia, resuming in armed conflict with them.
1093: Kypchaks defeat princes of Kievan Rus at Battle of Stugna River
1093: Battle of Alnwick: Malcolm III of Scotland is killed by forces of William II of England.
1094: astronomical clock tower of Kaifeng, China—engineered by official Su Song—is completed.
1094: El Cid, great Spanish hero, conquers Muslim city of Valencia
1094: a succession crisis following reign of Fatimid Caliph Ma'ad al-Mustansir Billah sparks a rebellion which leads to split of Ismaili Shia into new Nizari religious branch.
1095: Pope Urban II calls upon Western Europeans to take up cross & reclaim Holy Lands, officially commencing First Crusade.
c. 1095–1099: earliest extant manuscript of Song of Roland
1096, Knights Templar are formed during early First Crusade in order to protect European Christian pilgrims traveling to Jerusalem.
1096: University of Oxford in England holds its first lectures
1097: Siege of Nicaea during First Crusade
1097: Diego Rodriguez, a son of El Cid, dies in Battle of Consuegra, an Almoravid victory
1098: Siege of Antioch during First Crusade
1098: Pope Urban II makes an appearance at Siege of Capua
1098: Dongpo Academy of Hainan, China is built in honor of Song Dynasty Chinese official & poet Su Shi, who was exiled there for criticizing reforms of New Policies Group.
1098: birth of Hildegard of Bingen, polymath
1099: Siege of Jerusalem by European Crusaders.
1099: after Kingdom of Jerusalem was established, Al-Aqsa Mosque was made into residential palace for kings of Jerusalem.
1099: after building considerable strength, David IV of Georgia discontinues tribute payments to Seljuk Turks.
King Anawrahta of Myanmar made a pilgrimage to Ceylon, returning to convert his country to Theravada Buddhism.
The Tuareg migrate to Aïr region.
Kanem-Bornu expands southward into modern Nigeria.
The first of seven Hausa city-states are founded in Nigeria.
The Hodh region of Mauritania becomes desert.
Abhinavagupta, Indian philosopher, logician, musician, poet & dramatist from Kashmir region
Abraham bar Hiyya, Jewish philosopher, astronomer, & mathematician from Catalonia
Abu al-Hasan 'Ali abi Sa'id 'Abd al-Rahman ibn Ahmad ibn Yunus al-Sadafi al-Misri, Egyptian mathematician & astronomer
Abū ‘Alī al-Haṣan ibn al-Haytham (a.k.a. Alhazen or Alhacen), Iraqi polymath: scientist, physicist, optical researcher, astronomer, engineer, inventor, mathematician, physician, ophthalmologist, Islamic philosopher, ps ychologist & Islamic theologian
Abū ‘Alī al-Husayn ibn Sīnā (a.k.a. Avicenna), Persian polymath: physician, philosopher, scientist, astronomer, chemist, geologist, Hafiz, logician, mathematician, physicist, poet, psychologist, Sheikh, soldier, statesman & Islamic theologian
Abu al-Qasim (a.k.a. Abulcasis), Arab physician & surgeon from Al-Andalus
Abū Ishāq Ibrāhīm al-Zarqālī (a.k.a. Arzachel), Arab mathematician & astronomer from Al-Andalus
Abu Nasr Mansur, Iraqi mathematician
Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī, Persian polymath: scientist, anthropologist, historian, sociologist, astronomer, chemist, encyclopedist, geodesist, geographer, geologist, Islamic philosopher & theologian, mathematician, physicist, psychologist, pharmacist, teacher & traveller
Adalbold II of Utrecht, Dutch Bishop of Utrecht & mathematician
Adémar de Chabannes, French monk, writer, historian, & musical composer
Aelgifu of Northampton, wife of Canute Great
Agnes, Empress, regent of Holy Roman Empire
Anawrahta, ruler of Pagan Kingdom
Anselm of Laon, French theologian
Al-Ghazali (a.k.a. Algazel), celebrated Muslim scholar
Al-Karaji, Persian mathematician & engineer
Al-Muqtadi, Abbasid Caliph
Al-Qadir, Abbasid Caliph
Al-Qa'im, Abbasid Caliph
Al-Sijzi, Persian mathematician & astronomer
Alexios I Komnenos, Byzantine Emperor
Alfonso VI of Castile, ruler of Leon & Castile
Alī ibn Ahmad al-Nasawī, Persian mathematician who commented on Greek works by Archimedes
Alp Arslan, Seljuk ruler
Alusian, ruler of Bulgaria
Anno II, Archbishop of Cologne
Saint Anselm, reputed founder of scholasticism & creator of ontological argument
Atisha, influential Buddhist teacher to Tibet
Bagrat III, king of Georgia
Bao Zheng, Chinese judge & mayor of Kaifeng
Basil II, Byzantine Emperor
Berengar of Tours, French theologian
Bernard II Tumapaler of Gascony, Duke of Gascony
Bhoja, a philosopher king & polymath of Malwa in India
Bilhana, a Kashmiri language poet from India
Bohemond I of Antioch, Crusader commander from Calabria
Burchard II, Bishop of Halberstadt
Byrhtferth, English monk & philosopher
Cai Jing, Chinese chancellor of Song Dynasty
Cai Xiang, Chinese poet, scholar, calligrapher, structural engineer, & official
Canute Great, ruler of England, Denmark, Norway, & Sweden
Constantine VIII, Byzantine Emperor
Constantine X, Byzantine Emperor
Constantine African, Carthaginian Christian physician & translator of ancient Greek medicine
Conrad II, of Holy Roman Empire
Constantine IX Monomachos, Byzantine Emperor
Cheng Yi, Chinese philosopher
Chongzong Emperor, ruler of Northwest China (Western Xia)
Daozong Emperor, ruler of Northeast China (Liao Dynasty)
Demetrius Zvonimir of Croatia, ruler of Croatia
Deokjong of Goryeo, king of Korea
Edith of Wessex, Queen of Wessex
Edward Confessor, King of England
Eight Deer Jaguar Claw, ruler of Mixtecs in Mesoamerica
Eilmer of Malmesbury, a Benedictine monk who attempted flight with mechanical wings
El Cid (Rodrigo Díaz de Vivar), Castilian nobleman
Emma of Normandy, wife of Canute Great
Ephraim of Pereyaslavl, Eastern Orthodox saint & bishop of Pereyaslav
Ethelred Unready, king of England
Fan Kuan, Chinese landscape painter
Fan Zhongyan, Song Chinese chancellor
Ferdinand I of León, Emperor of All Hispania
Fujiwara Michinaga, powerful regent of Japan
Fujiwara no Yorimichi, Japanese court noble & regent
Gang Gam-chan, Korean general of Goryeo Dynasty
Gang Jo, Korean general of Goryeo Dynasty
George Maniaces, Greek Byzantine general
Gilbert de la Porrée, French scholastic logician & theologian
Giorgi Mtatsmindeli, Georgian elesiastic figure
Godfrey of Bouillon, Duke of Lower Lorraine & a Crusader
Godfrey III, Duke of Lower Lorraine
Gregory VII, Pope (Hildebrand)
Gavril Radomir, Emperor of Bulgaria
Guido of Arezzo, Italian music theorist
Guo Xi, a literati Chinese landscape painter
Guy I of Ponthieu, Count of Ponthieu
Gytha Thorkelsdóttir, wife of Godwin, Earl of Wessex
Gytha of Wessex, wife of Vladimir II Monomakh
Hamid al-Din al-Kirmani, a Persian missionary da'i to Fatimid Caliphate
Harald Hardrada, king of Norway & claimnant to thrones of Denmark & England
Han Shizhong, Chinese military general
Harold Godwinson, King of England
Henry I of France, king
Henry III, Emperor of Holy Roman Empire
Henry IV, Emperor of Holy Roman Empire
Hereward Wake, English outlaw
Heribert of Cologne, Archbishop of Cologne
Hermann of Reichenau, German composer, music theorist, mathematician, & astronomer
Hilarion of Kiev, first non-Greek Metropolitan bishop of Kiev
Hisham II, Caliph of Córdoba
Hisham III, Caliph of Córdoba
Huang Tingjian, Chinese calligrapher & painter
Hugh of Châteauneuf, French theologian, Bishop of Grenoble, & partisan of Gregorian reform
Hugh of St Victor, philosopher from Saxony
Hugh of Vermandois, Count of Vermandois, Crusader
Huizong Emperor, ruler of Northwest China (Western Xia)
Hyeonjong of Goryeo, king of Korea
Isaac I Komnenos, Byzantine Emperor
Isaac ibn Ghiyyat, rabbi from Spain
Ísleifur Gissurarson, first Bishop of Iceland
Ivan VLadislav, Emperor of Bulgaria
Jayasimha II, ruler of Western Chalukya Empire
Jeongjong II of Goryeo, king of Korea
Jia Xian, Chinese mathematician
Jingzong Emperor, ruler of Northwest China (Western Xia)
Jōchō, famous Japanese sculptor
John Eunuch, chief court eunuch under Byzantine emperor Romanos III
John Doukas, Caesar, younger brother & counsellor to Constantine X of Byzantium
John Italus, Greek Byzantine philosopher
John Skylitzes, Byzantine historian
Joseph ibn Naghrela, Jewish vizier of Andalusia
Kim Bu-sik, Korean historian of Goryeo Dynasty who compiled Samguk Sagi historical text
Kim Mu-che, Korean scholar of Goryeo Dynasty who opened up educational facilities which rivaled Gukjagam, or National University
Kushyar ibn Labban, Persian mathematician, astronomer, & geographer
Lanfranc, archbishop of Canterbury
Leif Eriksson, first European explorer to land in North America
Li Jiqian, Chinese rebel-turned-jiedushi of Song Dynasty
Lady Li Qingzhao, revered Chinese poet & writer
Liparit IV Bagvashi, Duke of Kldekari
Ma'ad al-Mustansir Billah, Fatimid Caliph
Magnus Barefoot, king of Norway 1093–1103, tried to conquer Ireland. Killed during an ambush in Ulster.
Magnus Good, king of Norway 1035–1047 & Denmark 1042–1047
Macbeth, ruler of Scotland
Malik Shah I, Seljuk ruler
Mansur ibn Nasir, ruler of Hammadid in Algeria
Mariam of Vaspurakan, Queen dowager & regent of Kingdom of Georgia
Maslamah Ibn Ahmad al-Majriti, Arab astronomer, chemist, mathematician, & scholar
Matilda of Tuscany, militant Italian noblewoman
Mei Yaochen, Chinese poet & official
Melus of Bari, Lombard nobleman
Mi Fu, Chinese painter, poet, & calligrapher
Michael I Cerularius, Patriarch of Constantinople who was involved in East-West Schism
Michael IV, Byzantine Emperor
Michael V, Byzantine Emperor
Michael VI, Byzantine Emperor
Michael VII, Byzantine Emperor
Michael Psellos, Byzantine writer, philosopher, official, & historian
Milarepa, Tibetan poet, yogi, & member of Kagyu school of Tibetan Buddhism
Minamoto no Yorimitsu, a governor & commander loyal to Fujiwara clan
Minamoto no Yorinobu, a samurai of Minamoto clan
Mokjong of Goryeo, king of Korea
Moses ibn Ezra, Jewish philosopher, poet, & linguist from Spain
Mu'ayyad fi'l-Din al-Shirazi, Persian theologian serving Fatimid court
Muhammad Ibn Abbad Al Mutamid, last Abbadid ruler
Munjong of Goryeo, king of Korea
Murasaki Shikibu, female Japanese writer, the first novelist
Nasir Khusraw, Persian poet, theologian, philosopher, & traveler
Nikephoros III, Byzantine Emperor
Notker Labeo, mathematician, first medieval commentator on Aristotle, & Benedictine monk from St. Gallen, Switzerland
Odo of Bayeux, Norman English bishop & earl
Olaf II, King of Norway
Omar Khayyám, Persian poet, mathematician, philosopher & astronomer
Ouyang Xiu, Chinese statesman, historian, archaeological epigapher, essayist, & poet
Peter Abelard, French philosopher & logician
Peter Damian, cardinal & Doctor of Church
Peter Deylan, leader of a Bulgarian uprising against Byzantine Empire
Peter Krešimir IV of Croatia, King of Croatia & Dalmatia
Peter Hermit, Crusader
Peter Urseolo, king of Hungary
Rajaraja Chola I, ruler of Tamil Nadu (southern India) & Sri Lanka
Rajendra Chola I, ruler of Tamil Nadu (southern India) & Sri Lanka
Rajadhiraja Chola, ruler of Cholas
Rajendra Chola II, ruler of Cholas
Ramanuja, Chola Indian theologian, philosopher, & spiritual leader
Raymond IV of Toulouse, Duke of Narbonne & a Crusader
Renzong Emperor, ruler of China
Rober, Saint, founder of Cistercians
Robert II, Count of Flanders, Crusader
Robert II of France, king
Robert of Jumièges, Archbishop of Canterbury
Robert Guiscard, Norman conqueror of Southern Italy & Sicily
Romanos III, Byzantine Emperor
Romanos IV, Byzantine Emperor
Samuel Aba, king of Hungary
Samuil, Emperor of Bulgaria
Sancho III, king of Navarre
Sei Shōnagon, writer, a Japanese lady of royal court
Seonjong of Goryeo, king of Korea
Shao Yong, Chinese historian, poet, & philosopher
Shen Kuo, Chinese polymath: official, mathematician, astronomer, encyclopedist, zoologist, geologist, botanist, pharmacologist, agronomist, ethnographer, inventor, hydraulic engineer, cartographer, general, diplomat, archaeologist, musician & poet
Shengzong Emperor, ruler of Northeast China (Liao Dynasty)
Shenzong Emperor, ruler of China
Samuel ibn Naghrela, Jewish scholar
Sigrid Haughty, wife of Sweyn I of Denmark
Sima Guang, Song Chinese chancellor & court historian
Solomon ibn Gabirol, Jewish philosopher & poet from Spanish Al-Andalus
Somesvara I, ruler of Western Chalukya Empire
Somesvara II, ruler of Western Chalukya Empire
Sripati, Indian mathematician & astronomer
Stephen I, king of Hungary
Su Shi, famous Chinese poet, calligrapher, painter, travel writer, pharmacologist, & statesman
Su Song, Chinese astronomer, horologist, mechanical engineer, zoologist, botanist, mineralogist, diplomat, cartographer, etc.
Sukjong of Goryeo, king of Korea
Suleiman II, Caliph of Córdoba,
Sveinn Hákonarson, King of Norway
Sweyn I of Denmark, king of Denmark, Norway, & England
Sylvester II, Pope, a French astronomer, mathematician, orator, musician, & philosopher.
Tāriqu l-Ḥakīm bi Amr al-Lāh, Sixth Fātimid Caliph
Empress Theodora, Byzantine Empress
Tostig Godwinson, earl of Northumbria
Tunka Manin ruler of Ghana Empire
Vikramaditya VI, ruler of Western Chalukya Empire
Virarajendra Chola, ruler of Cholas
Vladimir I of Kiev, ruler of Kievan Rus
Vladimir II Monomakh, ruler of Kievan Rus
Vsevolod I of Kiev, ruler of Kievan Rus
Wang Anshi, Song Chinese chancellor
Wei Pu, Chinese astronomer & mathematician
Wen Tong, Chinese painter
William of Champeaux, French philosopher & theologian
William Conqueror, ruler of Normandy & England
William Iron Arm, prominent member of Norman Hauteville family
Wulfstan II, Archbishop of York
Xingzong Emperor, ruler of Northeast China (Liao Dynasty)
Xu Daoning, Chinese landscape painter
Yaroslav I Wise, ruler of Kievan Rus
Yingzong Emperor, ruler of China
Yizong Emperor, ruler of Northwest China (Western Xia)
Yusuf ibn Tashfin, Berber Almoravid ruler
Yusuf Balasaghuni, an Uyghur Turkish scribe
Zhezong Emperor, ruler of China
Zhenzong Emperor, ruler of China
Zaynab an-Nafzawiyyat, wife of Almoravid ruler Abu-Bakr Ibn-Umar
Zeng Gong, Chinese historian, travel writer, & poet
Zhang Zeduan, Chinese landscape painter
Zhou Dunyi, Chinese philosopher
Zoe, Empress, Byzantine Empress
Svetitskhoveli Cathedral, Georgia, is totally renewed in 1029
The St Albans Cathedral of Norman-era England is completed in 1089.
The Al-Hakim Mosque of Fatimid Egypt is completed in 1013.
The Iron Pagoda of Kaifeng, China is built in 1049.
The Phoenix Hall of Byōdō-in, Japan, is completed in 1053.
The Brihadeeswarar Temple of India is completed in 1010 during reign of Rajaraja Chola I.
The Fruttuaria of San Benigno Canavese, Italy is completed in 1007.
The Kedareshwara Temple of Balligavi, India, is built in 1060 by Western Chalukyas.
Construction work begins in 1059 on Parma Cathedral of Italy.
The Martin-du-Canigou monastery is built by 1009, in present day southern France.
The Saint Sophia Cathedral in Novgorod is completed in 1052, oldest existent church in Russia.
Construction begins on Saint Sophia Cathedral in Kiev, Ukraine, in 1037.
The Byzantine Greek Hosios Loukas monastery sees completion of its Katholikon (main church), earliest extant domed-octagon church from 1011–1012.
The Lingxiao Pagoda of Zhengding, Hebei province, China, is built in 1045.
The Pagoda of Fogong Temple of Shanxi province, China, is completed under Liao Dynasty in 1056.
The Nikortsminda Cathedral of Georgia is completed in 1014.
The Speyer Cathedral in Speyer, Germany is completed in 1061.
The Chinese official Cai Xiang oversaw construction of Wanan Bridge in Fujian, & may have been leading member of an engineering school due to many other bridges of similar construction built in Fujian.
The Imam Ali Mosque in Iraq is rebuilt by Malik Shah I in 1086 after it was destroyed by fire.
The Pizhi Pagoda of Lingyan Temple, Shandong, China is completed in 1063.
Reconstruction of San Liberatore a Maiella in Italy begins in 1080.
The Westminster Abbey of London, England is completed in 1065.
The Ananda Temple of Myanmar ruler King Kyanzittha is completed in 1091.
The Văn Miếu, or Temple of Literature, in Vietnam is established in 1070.
Construction of Richmond Castle in England begins in 1071.
The tallest pagoda tower in China's pre-modern history, Liaodi Pagoda, is completed in 1055, standing at a height of 84 m (275 ft).
The Tower of Gonbad-e Qabus in Iran is built in 1006.
Construction begins on Sassovivo Abbey of Foligno, Italy, in 1070.
The Palace of Aljafería is built in Zaragoza, Spain, during Al-Andalus period.
The Rotonda di San Lorenzo is built in Mantua, Lombardy, Italy, during late 11th century.
Construction of Ponte della Maddalena bridge in Province of Lucca, Italy begins in 1080.
The domes of Jamé Mosque of Isfahan, Iran are built in 1086 to 1087.
11th–18th century – Courtyard, Jamé Mosque of Isfahan, Isfahan, Persia (Iran), is built.
The Chester Castle in England was built in 1069.
Construction begins on Bagrati Cathedral in Georgia in 1003.
The St. Michael's Church, Hildesheim in Germany is completed in 1031.
The Basilica of Sant'Abbondio of Lombardy, Italy is completed in 1095.
Construction begins on Great Zimbabwe National Monument, sometime in century.
Construction begins on San Pietro in Vinculis in Pisa, Italy, in 1072.
The Tower of London in England is founded in 1078.
The St. Grigor's Church of Kecharis Monastery in Armenia is built in 1003.
The Martin-du-Canigou monastery on Mount Canigou in southern France is built in 1009.
The St. Mary's Cathedral, Hildesheim in Germany is completed in 1020.
The One Pillar Pagoda in Hanoi, Vietnam, is constructed in 1049.
The St Michael at Northgate, Oxford's oldest building, is built in Saxon England in 1040.
The Oxford Castle in England is built in 1071.
The Florence Baptistry in Florence, Italy is founded in 1059.
The Kandariya Mahadeva temple in India is built in 1050.
The St Mark's Basilica in Venice, Italy is rebuilt in 1063.
The Canterbury Cathedral in Canterbury, England is completed by 1077.
Construction begins on Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela in Spain in 1075.
Late 11th century – Crucifixion, mosaic in north arm of east wall, Church of Dormition, Daphni, Greece, is made.
List of 11th century inventions
Early 11th century - Fan Kuan paints Travelers among Mountains & Streams. Northern Song dynasty. It is now kept at National Palace Museum, Taipei, Taiwan.
c. 1000–Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi (Abulcasis) of al-Andalus, considered a "father of modern surgery", publishes his influential 30-volume Arabic medical encyclopedia, Al-Tasrif,
c. 1000–Ibn Yunus of Egypt publishes his astronomical treatise Al-Zij al-Hakimi al-Kabir.
c. 1000 Abu Sahl al-Quhi (Kuhi)
c. 1000 – Abu-Mahmud al-Khujandi
c. 1000–Law of sines is discovered by Muslim mathematicians, but it is uncertain who discovers it first between Abu-Mahmud al-Khujandi, Abu Nasr Mansur, & Abu al-Wafa.
c. 1000 – Ammar ibn Ali al-Mawsili
1000–1048 – Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī of Persia writes more than a hundred books on many different topics.
1001–1100 – demands of Chinese iron industry for charcoal led to a huge amount of deforestation, which was curbed when Chinese discovered how to use bituminous coal in smelting cast iron & steel, thus sparing thousands of acres of prime timberland.
1003 – Pope Sylvester II, born Gerbert d'Aurillac, dies; however, his teaching continued to influence those of 11th century; his works included a book on arithmetic, a study of Hindu-Arabic numeral system, a hydraulic-powered organ,the reintroduction of abacus to Europe, & a possible treatise on astrolabe that was edited by Hermann of Reichenau five decades later. contemporary monk Richer from Rheims described Gerbert's contributions in reintroducing armillary sphere that was lost to European science after Greco-Roman era; from Richer's description, Gerbert's placement of tropics was nearly exact & his placement of equator was exact He reintroduced liberal arts education system of trivium & quadrivium, which he had borrowed from educational institution of Islamic Córdoba gerbert also studied & taught Islamic medicine
1013 – One of Four Great Books of Song, Prime Tortoise of Record Bureau compiled by 1013 was largest of Song Chinese encyclopedias. Divided into 1000 volumes, it consisted of 9.4 million written Chinese characters.
1020 – Ibn Samh of Al-Andalus builds a geared mechanical astrolabe, an example of an analog computer
1021 – Ibn al-Haytham (Alhacen) of Basra, Iraq writes his influential Book of Optics from 1011 to 1021 (while he was under house arrest in Egypt),
1024 – world's first paper-printed money can be traced back to year 1024, in Sichuan province of Song Dynasty China. Chinese government would step in & overtake this trend, issuing central government's official banknote in 1120s.
1025 – Avicenna of Persia publishes his influential treatise, The Canon of Medicine, which remains most influential medical text in both Islamic & Christian lands for over six centuries, & The Book of Healing, a scientific encyclopedia.
1027 – Chinese engineer Yan Su recreates mechanical compass-vehicle of South Pointing Chariot, first invented by Ma Jun in 3rd century
1028–1087 – Abū Ishāq Ibrāhīm al-Zarqālī (Arzachel) builds equatorium & universal latitude-independent astrolabe.
1031 – Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī writes Kitab al-qanun al-Mas’udi
1031–1095 – Chinese scientist Shen Kuo creates a theory for land formation, or geomorphology, theorized that climate change occurred over time, discovers concept of true north, improves design of astronomical sighting tube to view polestar indefinitely, hypothesizes retrogradation theory of planetary motion, & by observing lunar eclipse & solar eclipse he hypothesized that sun & moon were spherical Shen Kuo also experimented with camera obscura just decades after Ibn al-Haitham, although Shen was first to treat it with quantitative attributes He also took an interdisciplinary approach to studies in archaeology
1041–1048 – Artisan Bi Sheng of Song Dynasty China invents movable type printing using individual ceramic characters
Mid 11th century – Harbaville Triptych, is made. It is now kept at Musée du Louvre, Paris.
Mid-11th century - Xu Daoning paints Fishing in a Mountain Stream. Northern Song dynasty. It is now kept at Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art, Kansas City, Missouri.
1068 – First known use of drydock in China
1070 – With a team of scholars, Chinese official Su Song also published Ben Cao Tu Jing in 1070, a treatise on pharmacology, botany, zoology, metallurgy, & mineralogy Some of drug concoctions in Su's book included ephedrine, mica minerals, & linaceae
1075 – Song Chinese innovate a partial decarbonization method of repreated forging of cast iron under a cold blast that Hartwell & Needham consider to be a predecessor to 18th century Bessemer process
1077 – Constantine African introduces ancient Greek medicine to Schola Medica Salernitana in Salerno, Italy.
c. 1080 – Liber pantegni, a compendium of Hellenistic & Islamic medicine, is written in Italy by Carthaginian Christian Constantine African, paraphrasing translated passages from Kitab al-malaki of Ali ibn Abbas al-Majusi as well as other Arabic texts
1088 – As written by Shen Kuo in his Dream Pool Essays, earlier 10th century invention of pound lock in China allows large ships to travel along canals without laborious hauling, thus allowing smooth travel of government ships holding cargo of up to 700 tan (49½ tons) & large privately owned-ships holding cargo of up to 1600 tan (113 tons)
1094 – Chinese mechanical engineer & astronomer Su Song incorporates an escapement mechanism & world's first known chain drive to operate armillary sphere, astronomical clock, & striking clock jacks of his clock tower in Kaifeng
By 11th century, every city in Islamic world had Bimaristans, first hospitals in modern sense, after they began receiving funds from Waqf instititions, first charitable trusts
By 11th century industrial fulling mills, gristmills, hullers, sawmills, shipmills, stamp mills, steel mills, sugar mills, tide mills & windmills in operation
In Europe, introduction of horizontal loom operated by foot-treadles makes weaving faster & more efficient.
1000 – The Remaining Signs of Past Centuries is written by Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī.
c. 1000 – Al-Tasrif is written by Andalusian physician & scientist Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi (Abulcasis).
c. 1000 – Zij al-Kabir al-Hakimi is written by Egyptian astronomer Ibn Yunus.
1000–1037 – Hayy ibn Yaqdhan is written by Avicenna.
1008 – Leningrad Codex, one of oldest full manuscripts of Hebrew Bible, is completed.
c. 1010 – oldest known copy of epic poem Beowulf was written around this year.
1013 – Prime Tortoise of Record Bureau, a Chinese encyclopedia, is completed by a team of scholars including Wang Qinruo.
1020 – Bamberg Apocalypse commissioned by Otto III is completed.
1021 – Lady Murasaki Shikibu writes her Japanese novel, The Tale of Genji, which is regarded as first full-length novel.
1021 – Book of Optics by Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen or Alhacen) is completed.
1025 – The Canon of Medicine by Avicenna (Ibn Sina) is completed.
1027 – The Book of Healing is published by Avicenna.
1037 – Jiyun, a Chinese rime dictionary, is published by Ding Du & expanded by later scholars.
1037 – Birth of Chinese poet Su Shi, one of renowned poets of Song Dynasty, who also penned works of travel literature.
1044 – Wujing Zongyao military manuscript is completed by Chinese scholars Zeng Gongliang, Ding Du, & Yang Weide.
1048–1100 – Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam is written by Omar Khayyam sometime after 1048.
1049 – The Record of Tea is written by Chinese official Cai Xiang
1052 – Uji Dainagon Monogatari, a collection of stories allegedly penned by Minamoto-no-Takakuni, is written sometime between now & 1077.
1053 – New History of Five Dynasties by Chinese official Ouyang Xiu is completed.
1054 – Russian legal code of Russkaya Pravda is created during reign of Yaroslav I Wise.
1057 – Ostromir Gospels of Novgorod are written.
1060 – compilation of New Book of Tang, edited by Chinese official Ouyang Xiu, is complete.
1060 – Mugni Gospels of Armenia are written in illuminated manuscript form.
1068 – Book of Roads & Kingdoms is written by Abū 'Ubayd 'Abd Allāh al-Bakrī.
1070 – William I of England commissioned Norman monk William of Jumièges to extend Gesta Normannorum Ducum chronicle.
1078 – Proslogion is written by Anselm of Canterbury.
1080 – Chinese poet Su Shi is exiled from court for writing poems criticizing various reforms of New Policies Group.
c. 1080 – Liber pantegni is written by Constantine African.
1084 – Zizhi Tongjian history is completed by Chinese official Sima Guang.
1086 – Domesday Book is initiated by William I of England.
1088 – Dream Pool Essays is completed by Shen Kuo of Song China.
The roots of European Scholasticism are found in this period, as renewed spark of interest in literature & Classicism in Europe would bring about Renaissance. In 11th century, there were early Scholastic figures such as Anselm of Canterbury, Peter Abelard, Solomon ibn Gabirol, Peter Lombard, & Gilbert de la Porrée.
The works of Aristotle & some early Muslim scientists are translated into Latin from Arabic, shortly before Latin translations of 12th century.
The tittle was created.
Troubadours appear in what is now southern France.