Delhi Sultanate 1206–1527

Mamluk dynasty

• Qutb-ud-din Aybak (1206–1210), appointed Naib us Sultanat by Muhammad of Ghor, first Muslim Emperor of India, ruled with Delhi as capital
• Aram Shah (1210–1211).
• Shams ud din Iltutmish (1211–1236), son-in-law of Qut-bud-din Aybak.
• Rukn ud din Firuz (1236), son of Iltutmish.
• Raziyyat-ud-din Sultana (1236–1240), daughter of Iltutmish.
• Muiz ud din Bahram (1240–1242), son of Iltutmish.
• Ala ud din Masud (1242–1246), son of Ruk-nud-din.
• Nasir ud din Mahmud (1246–1266), son of Iltutmish.
• Ghiyas ud din Balban (1266–1286), ex-slave, son-in-law of Sultan Nasir ud din Mahmud.
• Muiz ud din Qaiqabad (1286–1290), grandson of Balban & Nasir-ud-din.

[edit] Khilji dynasty

• Jalal ud din Firuz Khilji (1290-1296)
• Alauddin Khilji (1296-1316)
• Qutb ud din Mubarak Shah (1316-1320)

[edit] Tughlaq dynasty

• Ghiyas ud din Tughluq Shah I (1321 - 1325) [3]
• Muhammad Shah II (Muhammad bin Tughluq) (1325 - 1351)
• Mahmud Ibn Muhammad (March 1351)
• Firuz Shah Tughluq (1351 - 1388)
• Ghiyas ud din Tughluq II (1388 - 1389)
• Abu Baker (1389 - 1390)
• Nasiruddin Muhammad Shah III (1390 - 1393)
• Sikander Shah I (March - April 1393)
• Mahmud Nasir ud din (Sultan Mahmud II) at Delhi (1393 - 1394)
• Nusrat Shah, grandson of Firuz Shah Tughluq, controlled west from Firozabad & Nasiruddin Mahmud Shah, son of Mahmud Nasir ud din, controlled east from Delhi (1394-1398)

[edit] Sayyid dynasty

• Khizr Khan (1414 - 1421)
• Mubarak Shah (1421 - 1434)
• Muhammad Shah (1434 - 1445)
• Alam Shah (1445 - 1451)

[edit] Lodi dynasty

• Bahlul Lodi (1451–1489)
• Sikandar Lodi (1489 - 1517)
• Ibrahim Lodi (1517–26), killed by Babur in First Battle of Panipat on April 20, 1526.

Bahmani Sultanate 1347 1527

• Aladdin Hassan Bahman Shah 1347–1358
• Mohammed Shah I 1358–1375
• Aladdin Mujahid Shah 1375–1378
• Da'ud Shah 1378
• Mohammed Shah II 1378–1397
• Ghiyath ud-Din 1397
• Shams ud-Din 1397
• Taj ud-Din Firuz Shah 1397–1422
• Ahmad Shah I Wali 1422–1436
• Aladdin Ahmad Shah II 1436–1458
• Aladdin Humayun Zalim Shah 1458–1461
• Nizam Shah 1461–1463
• Mohammed Shah III Lashkari 1463–1482
• Mohammed Shah IV (Mahmud Vira Shah) 1482–1518
• Ahmad Vira Shah III 1518–1521
• Aladdin Shah 1521–1522
• Wali-Allah Shah 1522–1525
• Kalim-Allah Shah 1525–1527
• firoz shah bahmani

Deccan sultanates 1527 - 1686

1. Malik Ahmad Nizam Shah I 1490 - 1510
2. Burhan Nizam Shah I 1510 - 1553
3. Hussain Nizam Shah I 1553 - 1565
4. Murtaza Nizam Shah 1565 - 1588
5. Miran Nizam Hussain 1588 - 1589
6. Isma'il Nizam Shah 1589 - 1591
7. Burhan Nizam Shah II 1591 - 1595
8. Ibrahim Nizam Shah 1595 - 1596
9. Ahmad Nizam Shah II 1596
10. Bahadur Nizam Shah 1596 - 1600
11. Murtaza Nizam Shah II 1600 - 1610
12. Burhan Nizam Shah III 1610 - 1631
13. Hussain Nizam Shah II 1631 - 1633
14. Murtaza Nizam Shah III 1633 - 1636[4].

Nizam of Hyderabad

mughal empire

List of Mughal emperors

Certain important particulars regarding Mughal emperors is tabulated below:

maratha

Rulers

[edit] Royal Houses

• Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj (1630–1680)
• Chhatrapati Sambhaji (1657–1689)
• Chhatrapati Rajaram (1670–1700)
• Maharani Tarabai
• Chhatrapati Shahu (alias Shivaji II, son of Chhatrapati Sambhaji)
• Chhatrapati Ramaraja (nominally, grandson of Chhatrapati Rajaram & Queen Tarabai)

Kolhapur

• Queen Tarabai (wife of Chhatrapati Rajaram) in name of her son Shivaji II
• Chhatrapati Sambhaji (son of Chhatrapati [Rajaram] from his second wife)
• Chhatrapati Shahu IV

[edit] Peshwas

• Sonopant Dabir (1640-1652)
• Shyampant Kulkarni-Ranzekar (1652-1657)
• Moropant Trimbak Pingle (1657-1683)
• Moreshwar Pingale (1683-1689)
• RamchandraPant Amatya (1689-1708)
• Bahiroji Pingale (1708-1711)
• Parshuram Tribak Kulkarni (1711-1713)
• Balaji Vishwanath (1713-1720)
• Peshwa Bajirao I (1720-1740)
• Balaji Bajirao (4 Jul.1740-23 Jun.1761) (b. 8 Dec.1721, d. 23 Jun.1761)
• Madhavrao Peshwa (1761-18 nov.1772) (b. 16 Feb. 1745, d. 18 Nov. 1772)
• Narayanrao Bajirao (13 Dec.1772-30 Aug.1773) (b.10 Aug.1755, d. 30 Aug.1773)
• Raghunathrao (5 Dec.1773-1774) (b.18 Aug.1734, d. 11 Dec.1783)
• Sawai Madhava Rao II Narayan (1774-27 Oct.1795) (b.18 Apr.1774, d. 27 Oct.1795)
• Chimnajee Madhavarao (26 May 1796 - 6 Dec 1796) (brother of Bajirao II, adopted by Madhavrao II's wife)
• Baji Rao II (6 Dec.1796-3 Jun.1818) (d. 28 Jan.1851)
• Amritrao (brother of Bajirao II), Peshwa for a short period during Yashwantrao Holkar's Rule (May 1802 - May 1803).

Bajirao was later reinstated by British.

• Nana Sahib (1 Jul.1857-1858) (b.19 May.1825, d. 24 Sep.1859)

Durrani Empire 1747–1826

Shah Durrani (1747-1772)

Timur Shah (1772-1793)
Zaman Shah (1793-1801)
Mahmud Shah (first reign, 1801-1803)
Shuja Shah (1803-1809)
Mahmud Shah (second reign, 1809-1818)
Sultan Ali Shah (1818-1819)
Ayub Shah (1819-1823?)

sikh confedaracy 1733–1805

List of Misls sovereign states

Sikh Empire 1733–1849

Kingdom of Cochin Unknown–1949

1. Unniraman Koyikal I (? to 1503)
2. Unniraman Koyikal II (1503 to 1537)
3. Veera Kerala Varma (1537–1565)
4. Keshava Rama Varma (1565–1601)
5. Veera Kerala Varma (1601–1615)
6. Ravi Varma (1615–1624)
7. Veera Kerala Varma (1624–1637)
8. Godavarma (1637–1645)
9. Veerarayira Varma (1645–1646)
10. Veera Kerala Varma (1646–1650)
11. Rama Varma (1650–1656).
12. Rani Gangadharalakshmi (1656–1658).
13. Rama Varma (1658–1662).
14. Goda Varma (1662–1663)
15. Veera Kerala Varma(1663–1687)
16. Rama Varma (1687–1693)
17. Ravi Varma (1693–1697)
18. Rama Varma (1697–1701)
19. Rama Varma (1701–1721)
20. Ravi Varma (1721–1731)
21. Rama Varma (1731–1746)
22. Veera Kerala Varma (1746–1749)
23. Rama Varma (1749–1760)
24. Veera Kerala Varma (1760–1775)
25. Rama Varma VIII (1775–1790)
26. Rama Varma IX (Shaktan Thampuran)
27. Rama Varma X (1805–1809)- Vellarapalli-yil Theepetta Thampuran (King who died in "Vellarapali")
28. Kerala Varma III (Veera Kerala Varma) (1809–1828) - Karkidaka Maasathil Theepetta Thampuran (King who died in "karkidaka" month(ME))
29. Rama Varma XI (1828–1837) - Thulam-Maasathil Theepett1a Thampuran (King who died in "Thulam" month (ME))
30. Rama Varma XII (1837–1844) - Edava-Maasathil Theepett1a Thampuran (King who died in "Edavam" month (ME))
31. Rama Varma XIII (1844–1851) - Thrishur-il Theepetta Thampuran (King who died in "Thrishivaperoor" or Thrishur)
32. Kerala Varma IV (Veera Kerala Varma) (1851–1853) - Kashi-yil Theepetta Thampuran (King who died in "Kashi" or Varanasi)
33. Ravi Varma IV (1853–1864) - Makara Maasathil Theepetta Thampuran (King who died in "Makaram" month (ME))
34. Rama Varma XIV (1864–1888) - Mithuna Maasathil Theepetta Thampuran (King who died in "Mithunam" month (ME))
35. Kerala Varma V (1888–1895) - Chingam Maasathil Theepetta Thampuran (King who died in "Chingam" month (ME))
36. Rama Varma XV (Sir Sri Rama Varma) (1895–1914) - aka Rajarshi, Abdicated Highness (died in 1932)
37. Rama Varma XVI (1914–1932) - Madrasil Theepetta Thampuran (King who died in Madras or Chennai)
38. Rama Varma XVII (1932–1941) - Dhaarmika Chakravarthi (King of Dharma), Chowara-yil Theepetta Thampuran (King who died in "Chowara")
39. Kerala Varma VI (1941–1943) - Midukkan Thampuran
40. Ravi Varma V (Ravi Varma Kunjappan Thampuran) (1943–1946) - Kunjappan Thampuran (Brother of Midukkan Thampuran)
41. Aikya Keralam Thampuran (Kerala Varma Thampuran) (1946–1948) - aka Aikya Keralam Thampuran (The King who unified Kerala)
42. Rama Varma Parikshith Thampuran (1948–1964) - Pareekshit Thampuran, title: Darsanakalanidhi, was a Sanskrit scholar of supreme rank

Kingdom of Travancore 1102–1949

Kodai Kerala Varma, Udaya Martanda Varma (1175-1195), Vira Rama Kerala Varma, & Ravi Kerala Varma,

Ravivarman Kulasekhara (1299-1314). He was a feudatory of Pandya Maravarman Kulasekara (1268 - 1311)
angramadheeran, alias Kulasekhara Ravi Varma

Kulasekhara Dynasty (1721 onwards)

2. Chithira Thirunal Balarama Varma 1931–1991
3. Uthradom Thirunal Marthanda Varma 1991–Present

Ahom Kingdom (1228–1826

Governors

Members of royal families ruled certain areas, & they were called Raja.

• Charing Raja, heir apparent to Swargadeo, administered tracts around Joypur on right bank of Burhidihing river.
• Tipam Raja is second in line.
• Namrup Raja is third in line

Members of royal families who occupy lower positions are given regions called mels, & were called meldangia or melkhowa raja. Meldangia gohains were princes of an even lesser grade, of which there were two: Majumelia gohain & Sarumelia gohain.[6]

Royal ladies were given individual mels, & by time of Rajeshwar Singha, there were twelve of them. most important of these was Raidangia mel given to chief queen.[7]

Forward governors, who were military commanders, ruled & administered forward territories. officers were usually filled from families that were eligible for three great Gohains.

• Sadiya Khowa Gohain based in Sadiya, administered regions that were acquired after conquest of Chutiya kingdom in 1523.
• Marangi khowa Gohain administered region that were contiguous to Naga groups west of Dhansiri river.
• Solal Gohain administered a great part of Nagaon & a portion of Chariduar after headquarters of Borphukan was transferred to Gauhati.
• Kajalimukhiya Gohain served under Borphukan, administered Kajalimukh & maintained relations with Jaintia & Dimarua.[8]
• Jagiyal Gohain served under Borbarua, administered Jagi at Nagoan & maintained relations with seven tribal chiefs, called Sat Raja.[9]

Lesser governors were called Rajkhowas, & some of them were:

• Bacha
• Darrang
• Solaguri
• Abhaypur

The dependent kings or vassals were also called Raja. Except for Raja of Rani, all paid an annual tribute. These Rajas were required to meet needs for resources & paiks when need arose, as during time of war.

• Darrang Raja ruled later-day Darrang district, & were descendants of Sundar Narayan, a great-grandson of Chilarai of Koch dynasty
• Rani
• Beltola ruled tracts southwest of Guwahati, & were descendants of Gaj Narayan, a grandson of Chilarai of Koch dynasty
• Luki
• Barduar
• Dimarua
• Tapakuchi

Nayakas of Chitradurga (1300 - 1779

Kala Pyada warriors

The Nayaka clan

Timmanna Nayaka of Matti: A chieften from Matti in Davangere taluk during rule of Saluva Narasimha. He ruled areas covering Davangere district & Chitradurga district[citation needed].

Obanna Nayaka (1588 - 1602) is also known as Madakari Nayaka.

Kasturi Rangappa Nayaka (1602 - 1652) was a brave soldier[citation needed] who defied Sultan of Bijapur.

Madakari Nayaka II (1652 - 1674) killed Shah Adb Allah in 1671 in a battle at Chitradurga.[citation needed]

Obanna Nayaka II (1674 - 1675) His rule saw civil unrest. He was killed by his own men.

Shoora Kantha Nayaka (1675 - 1676) His rule saw civil unrest. He was killed by his own men.

Chikkanna Nayaka (1676 - 1686)

Madakari Nayaka III (1686 - 1688)[citation needed]

Donne Rangappa Nayaka (1688 - 1689)

Bharamappa Nayaka of Bilichodu (1689 - 1721) known as greatest of Chitradurga Nayakas[citation needed] became a Maratha ally[citation needed] & fought in battle of Dodderi in 1695 but had to pay tribute later to Mughals for helping Marathas. He fought many pitched battles against Mugals & built many temples & irrigation tanks.

Madakari Nayaka IV (1721 - 1748) was a Maratha feudatory.[citation needed] He was killed during continued hostilities against Nayakas of Davangere.

Kasturi Rangappa Nayaka II (1748 - 1758)

Madakari Nayaka (1758 - 1779) was a brave soldier & a shrewd administrator (also called as Madakari Nayaka V).[citation needed] He allied himself with Haider Ali of Mysore Kingdom[citation needed] at times & at other times with Marathas. It was during his time that Haider Ali attacked Chitradurga Fort which lead to heroics of Onake Obavva. Later having been betrayed by Marathas[citation needed] & some local officers, Madakari Nayaka was defeated by Hyder Ali, taken prisoner & killed. Chitradurga Nayakas form an integral part of Kannada folklore.

Keladi Nayaka Kingdom

The Nayaka clan

Chaudappa (1499 - 1530) from Keladi was earliest chieftain to rule area surrounding Shivamogga

Sadashiva Nayaka (1530 - 1566) was an important chieftain[citation needed] in Vijayanagar Empire & earned title Kotekolahala from emperor Aliya Rama Raya for his heroics in battle of Kalyani.[citation needed] coastal provinces of Karnataka came under his direct rule. He moved capital to Ikkeri some 20 km. from Keladi.

Sankanna Nayaka (1566 - 1570)

Chikkasankanna (1570 - 1580) was an opportunistic ruler who took advantage of confusion in Vijayanagar Empire following its defeat at Tallikota[citation needed]and grabbed a few provinces in Uttara Kannada district.

Ramaraja Nayaka (1580 - 1586)

Hiriya Venkatappa Nayaka (1586 - 1629) is considered by scholars as ablest monarch of clan.[citation needed] He completely freed himself from overlordship of relocated Vijayanagar rulers of Penugonda. Italian traveller Pietro Della Valle, who visited his kingdom in 1623, called him an able soldier & administrator. In his reign kingdom expanded so that it covered coastal regions, Malnad regions, & some regions to east of western Ghats of present day Karnataka. He is also known to have defeated Adilshahis of Bijapur in Hanagal. Though a Virashaiva by faith, a valmiki nayaka king converted to veerashaivism,[citation needed] he built many temples for Vaishnavas & Jains & a mosque for Muslims.

Virabhadra Nayaka (1629 - 1645) faced many troubles from start, including competition from rival chieftains[citation needed] for throne of Ikkeri & invasion by Sultanate armies of Bijapur. Ikkeri was plundered by Bijapur army during his time.

Shivappa Nayaka (1645 - 1660) is widely considered as ablest & greatest of Keladi rulers.[citation needed] He was not only an able administrator; he also patronised literature & fine arts. His successful campaigns against Bijapur sultans, Mysore kings, Portuguese, & other Nayakas of neighbouring territories east of western ghats helped expand kingdom to its greatest extent, covering large areas of present day Karnataka.[citation needed] He gave importance to agriculture & developed new schemes for collection of taxes & revenues which earned him much praise from later British officials. A statue of him & palace built by him containing many artifacts of his times are reminders of respect he has earned even from present generation of people of region.

Chikkavenkatappa Nayaka (1660 - 1662)

Bhadrappa Nayaka (1662 - 1664)

Somashekara (1664 - 1672) King who was once a good administrator, gave up his interest in administration after his associastion with a dancer named Kalavati.[citation needed] Bharame Mavuta, a relative of Kalavati slow poisoned king which eventually led to his death.

Keladi Chennamma (1672 - 1697) was an able ruler who some scholars[citation needed]say allied with Maratha Shivaji & later his son Sambhaji to defeat all rival claimants to throne. She gave shelter to Chhatrapathi Rajaram[citation needed]when he fled from Mughal army. Chennamma of Keladi is well remembered by local people through tales of her bravery.

Basavappa (1697 - 1714)

Somashekara (1714 - 1739)

Kiriya Basavappa (1739 - 1754)

Chennabasappa (1754 - 1757)

Queen Virammaji (1757 - 1763) was defeated by Hyder Ali[citation needed] & Keladi kingdom merged with Kingdom of Mysore.

Thanjavur Nayak kingdom

Sevappa Nayak (1532–1580),

Achuthappa Nayak (1560–1614),

Ragunatha Nayak (1600–1634)

Vijaya Raghava Nayak (1633–1673),

The Ramnad Estate Kingdom of Greater Marava)

• Raghunatha Kilavan (1670–1708)
• Vijaya Raghunatha (1708–1720)
• Bhavani Shankar (1720)
• Ramalingam Sethupathy
• Muthuramalingam Sethupathy
• Court of Wards (1870–1889)
• Bhaskara Sethupathy (1889–1903)
• Raja Rajeswara Sethupathi (1903–1929)
• Shanmugha Rajeswara Sethupathi (1929–1967)
• Ramanatha Sethupathi (1967–1979)
• Rajeswari Nachiyar (1979-)

Company rule in India 1757 - 1858

British Raj 1858–1947