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1100's |
1200's |
1300's |
1400's |
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Age of Pisces 100 BC - 2680  |
Medieval Warm Period 950 - 1250 |
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Little Age Age 1350 - 1850
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Middle Ages 500 - 1700 |
Extensive slave trade from sub-Saharan Africa to Mediterranean 600 - 1500 |
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- 500 - 1700 Middle Ages |
- 600 - 1500 Extensive slave trade from sub-Saharan Africa to Mediterranean |
- 950 - 1250 Medieval Warm Period |
- 982 -1054 Atisha
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- 1023 First paper money printed in China.
- 1045 Movable type printing by Bi Sheng in China
- 1010 - 50 Oort Minimun of Solar Activity. |
- 1050 Crossbow invented in France.
- 1075 - 1220 Mapungubwe Kingdom
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- 1114 - 1185 Bhaskara
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- 1118 Report of naked-eye sunspot by Chinese
- 1128 First sketch of sunspot sighted in England
- 1138 Report of naked-eye sunspot by Chinese
- 1154 Leaning Tower of Pisa was built. It reached 188 feet high. A cathedral was built nearby.
- 1157 Bank of Venice was established.
- 1182 Magnetic compass invented.
- 1185 First sighting of solar prominence by Russians |
- 1200 Clothing buttons invented.
- 1202 Hindu-Arabic numbering system introduced to west by Italian mathematician, Fibonacci.
- 1220 Westminster Abbey was built.
- 1249 Rodger Bacon invented his gunpowder formula.
- 1250 Gun invented in China.
- 1268 - 89 Invention of eyeglasses.
- 1280 Mechanical clocks invented.
- Roger Bacon invented spectacles, glass mirrors & magnifying glasses.
- 1280 - 1350 Wolf minimum of solar activity |
- 1285 - 90 Windmills invented.
- 1290 Wolf Sunspot minimum & vanishing of aurora
- 1295 Modern glassmaking begins in Italy. |
- 1300 Chimneys & window glass began to be introduced in London.
- 1308 Cannons were used at Gibraltar.
- 1320 M. Schwarts invented gunpowder.
- 1326 First mention of a handgun.
- 1328 First sawmill.
- 1348 oldest clock known was put up in this year. It is now in Dover Castle.
- 1350 - 1850 Little Age Age
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- 1366 Scales for weighing invented.
- 1381 Report of naked-eye sunspot by Chinese
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- 1400 First golf balls invented.
- first piano called Spinet invented.
- Air guns & muskets invented.
- 1411 Trigger invented.
- 1420 Oil painting invented.
- The first saw mill began to operate. Initially they were violently opposed to it in England.
- 1421 In Florence, hoisting gear invented.
- 1436 Report of naked-eye sunspot by Chinese
- 1440 Sporer Sunspot Minimum
- 1448 Gutenberg invented printing press.
- 1452 - 1519 Da Vinci
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- 1455 Johannes Gutenberg invents printing press with metal movable type.
- 1460 - 1550 Sporer Minimun of solar activity |
- 1465 In Germany, drypoint engravings invented.
- 1475 Muzzle-loaded rifles invented in Italy & Germany.
- 1477 Printing was introduced in England.
- first watch was introduced in Nuremberg.
- 1485 Leonardo DaVinci designed first parachute.
- 1486 In Venice, first known copyright granted.
- 1487 Bell chimes invented.
- 1492 Leonardo da Vinci first to seriously theorize about flying machines.
- Martin Behaim invented first map globe.
- 1492 Columbus discovered America
- Christopher Columbus 1949 1992
- 1492: Conquest of Paradise 1992 |
- 1492 Spanish Inquisition begun
- 1494 Whiskey invented in Scotland.
- 1498 Columbus discovered main continent. |
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1100's |
1200's |
1300's |
1400's |
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Icelandic Sagas 1200 - 1450 |
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m |
r |
d |
Con |
m |
m |
d |
d |
m |
Mur |
m |
d |
d |
d |
d |
d |
d |
d |
Mide Ireland 743 - 1173 430 |
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Deheubarth 909 - 1197 288 |
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W |
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D2 |
Wessex |
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Plantagenet 1154 - 1399 245 |
Lancaster |
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Danish Empire 1200s - 1953 |
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Grand Duchy of Lithuania LithuaniaVilnius 1200 - 1795 595 |
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England 1
927 - 1649 722
- 1014 - 6 2 Æthelred Unready ( Æþelræd Unræd)
(second reign) 968
son of Edgar Peaceable & Ælfthryth (1) Ælflaed of Northumbria
four children
(2) Aelgifu
991
six children
(3) Emma of Normandy 1002
three children 23 April 1016
London
aged about 48
- 1016 Edmund Ironside (Eadmund) 993
son of Æthelred Unready & Ælflæd of Northumbria Edith of East Anglia
two children 1016
Glastonbury aged about 23
Norman 1066 - 1154 88 |
|
- 997 - 1005 Rí Alban An Donn,
"the Chief"/ "the Brown".
- 1005 - 1034 Malcolm 2 (Maol Chaluim mac Choinnich) Máel Coluim mac Cináeda Son of Kenneth 2 Rí Alban / Rex Scotiae Forranach,
"the Destroyer"
- 1034 - 40 7 Duncan 1 (Donnchadh mac Crìonain) ^^ Rí Alban. "the Diseased" or "the Sick". Macbethportrayed in famous play by Shakespeare
- 1040 - 57 18 Lulach Rí Alban Rí Deircc "the Red King" ^^^ Kenneth 3
- 1057 - 8 2 Rí Alban Tairbith, "the Unfortunate" Fatuus, "the Foolish" Malcolm III (Maol Chaluim mac Dhonnchaidh) Máel Coluim mac Donnchada Son of Duncan I
- 1058 - 93 35 Rí Alban/ Scottorum basileus? Cenn Mór ("Canmore")
"Great Chief" Donald III (Dòmhnall mac Dhonnchaidh) Domnall mac Donnchada Son of Duncan I
- 1093 - 7 Rí Alban Bán, "the Fair". Duncan 2 (Donnchadh mac Mhaoil Chaluim) Donnchad mac Maíl CholuimSon of Malcolm III 1094 Rí Alba n/ Rex Scottorum Edgar (Eagar mac Mhaoil Chaluim) Étgar mac Maíl Choluim Son of Malcolm III |
England 1
927 - 1649
- 978 - 1013 Æthelred Unready(first reign) 968
son of Edgar Peaceable & Ælfthryth (1) Ælflaed of Northumbria
four children
(2) Aelgifu
991
six children
(3) Emma of Normandy 1002
three children 1016
London
aged about 48 |
Deheubarth 909 - 1197 288
|
- 1022 - 5 3 Mael Sechnaill Got mac Mael Sechnaill
- 1025 - 7 2 Roen mac Muirchertaig
- 1027 - 30 3 Domnall Got
- 1030 - 73 43 Conchobar ua Mael Sechlainn
- 1073 Murchad mac Flainn Ua Mael Sechlainn
- 1073 - 87 14 Mael Sechlainn Ban mac Conchobair Ua Mael Sechlainn
- 1087 - 94 7 Domnall mac Flainn Ua Mael Sechlainn
- 1094 - 1105 11 Donnchad mac Murchada Ua Mael Sechlainn
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Osraige
Cellach mac Diarmata
996 - 1103 107 |
- 1003 - 39 36 Donnchad mac Gilla Pátraic
- 1039 - 55 16 Gilla Patráic mac Donnchada
- ???? - 1041 Muirchertach mac Gilla Patráic
- 1055 - 72 17 Domnall mac Gilla Patráic
- 1072 - 90 18 Donnchad mac Domnaill after
- 1090 - 1103 13 Gilla Patráic Ruad
|
Irish Empire
1005 - 1014 9
- Ireland Armagh Brian Boru is declared "Imperator Scottorum" or "Emperor of Irish". |
Denmark 710 - Present 1301
|
- 1014 Ard-Righ Brian Boru defeats Norse in Ireland at Battle of Clontarf, both Brian & Jarl Sigurdhr of Orkney are slain.
- 1014 Battle of Clontarf, Ireland leading to expulsion of Vikings by Irish forces under King Brian Boru.
- 1015 - 6 1 Canute Great's conquest of England
- 1035 William 2, "The Conqueror," became ruler of Normandy.
- 1064 England taken by Normandy. William I became ruler. Many significant changes made. William 1 "The Conqueror" ruled 21 years.
- 1066 Haraldr Hardrada, king of Norway, is killed during an attempted invasion of England fighting against Harold Godwinsson, English king. Post-Heathen Period
- 1066 Norman Conquest
- 1075 Adam of Bremen writes Gesta Hammaburgensis ecclesiae pontificum.
- 1078 William Conqueror & his son started building Tower of London.
Mann & Isles
1079 - 1266 187
- |
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England 1
927 - 1649 722
Plantagenet 1154 - 1399 245 |
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Gwynedd
450 - 1282 832
- 1081 - 1137 56 Gruffydd ap Cynan Aberffraw dynasty returns
- 1137 - 70 33 Owain Gwynedd ap GruffyddAfter Owain rulers of Gwynedd are styled Prince of Aberffraw & Lord of Snowdon
- 1170 Hywel ab Owain Gwynedd killed by his younger brother Dafydd ab Owain in a conspiracy hatched by his stepmother Cristen, dowager princess of Gwynedd, & her sons Dafydd & Rhodri ab Owain.
-
Dafydd ab Owain ursurped throne of Gwynedd from his brother Hywel ab Owain, & recognized as 'prince of Gwynedd' by English Crown. However, his ascendency was short lived as he was displaced by other brothers, with throne of Gwynedd returning to senior legitimate heir of Owain Gwynedd with Llywelyn Great.
- 1170 - 95 25 Dafydd Usurperdisplaced elder brother Hywel ap Owain Gwynedd, but was himself displaced between 1195 ruling only lower Gwynedd. England recognized Dafydd as Prince of Gwynedd, though Welsh jurists did not. Had rival kings Rhodri ab Owain Gwynedd 1170 - 4 4 Ruling upper Gwynedd & Maelgwn ab Owain Gwynedd 1170 - 3 3 ruling Ynys Mon & supporter of his elder brother Hywel ap Owain's claim as Prince. After Hywel's death, Maelgwn was able to retain Ynys Mon from Dafydd Usurper.
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Powys Wenwynwyn
1160 - 1283 123
|
- 1117 Thomas A. Becket, High Chancellor, Archbishop of Canterbury was born.
- 1147 - 1242 Northern Crusades Conflicts distinct from those of Crusades
- 1169 English backed Norman invasion of Ireland
- 1185 - 1223 Saxo Grammaticus writes Gesta Danorum.
Scotland 1 843 - 1707 864
- 1097 - 1107 10 Alaxandair mac Maíl Choluim Alexander 1 Valiant ^Malcolm 2
- 1107 - 24 17 Dàibhidh mac Mhaoil Chaluim David 1 "The Fierce" ^Malcolm 3
- 1124 - 53 29 Rí Alban/ Rex Scottorum "The Saint" Malcolm 4 (Maol Chaluim mac Eanraig) Máel Coluim mac Eanric Grandson of David I
- 1153 - 65 12 Rí Alban/ Rex Scottorum Virgo "The Maiden"
Cenn Mór, "Great Chief" William 1 "the Lion"
(Uilleam mac Eanraig) Uilliam mac Eanric Grandson of David I
- 1165 - 1214 49 Rí Alban / Rex Scottorum "The Lion"
Garbh, "the Rough" Alexander 2 (Alasdair mac Uilleim) Alaxandair mac Uilliam Son of William 1 |
- 1105 - 6 1 Muirchertach mac Domnaill Ua Mael Sechlainn
- 1106 - 53 47 Murchad mac Domnaill Ua Mael Sechlainn
- 1115 Mael Sechlainn mac Domnaill Ua Mael Sechlainn
- 1127 Domnall mac Murchada Ua Mael Sechlainn
- 1127 - 30 3 Diarmait mac Domnaill Ua Mael Sechlainn
- 1143 - 4 1 Conchobar Ua Conchobair
- 1144 - 52 8 Donnchad mac Muirchertaig Ua Mael Sechlainn
- 1152 - 5 3 Mael Sechlainn mac Murchada Ua Mael Sechlainn
- 1155 Donnchad mac Domnaill Ua Mael Sechlainn
- 1155 - 6 1 Diarmait mac Domnaill Ua Mael Sechlainn
- 1156 - 7 1 Donnchad mac Domnaill Ua Mael Sechlainn
- 1157 - 8 1 Diarmait mac Domnaill Ua Mael Sechlainn
- 1158 - 60 2 Donnchad mac Domnaill Ua Mael Sechlainn
- 1160 - 9 9 Diarmait mac Domnaill Ua Mael Sechlainn
- 1169 - 73 4 Domnall Bregach mac Mael Sechlainn meic Domnaill Ua Mael Sechlainn
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Osraige
- 1103 - 13 10 Cerball
- ???? - 1113 Domnall mac Donnchada Mac Gilla Patráic
- ???? - ???? Finn Ua Caellaide
- 1119 - 23 4 Donnchad Balc mac Gilla Patráic Ruaid after
- 1121 Donnchad Dub
- 1123 - 6 3 Murchad Mac Murchada
- 1123 - 6 3 Conchobar mac Cerbaill
- 1126 - 46 20 Gilla Patráic mac Domnaill Mac Gilla Patráic
- 1146 - 63 17 Cerball mac Domnaill Mac Gilla Patraic
- ???? - ???? Murchad Ua Caellaide
- 1151 - 62 11 Donnchad mac Gilla Patráic Mac Gilla Patráic after
- 1162 - 5 3 Domnall Mac Gilla Patráic
- 1165 - 76 11 Domnall Mac Gilla Patráic
- 1170 - 2 2 Diarmait Ua Caellaide
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|
England 1
927 - 1649 722
Plantagenet 1154 - 1399 245 |
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Powys Wenwynwyn
1160 - 1283 123
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Powys Fadog 1160 - 1277 117
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- 1180 - 1260 80 Robin Hood
- Robin & Marian 1976 |
- 1200 Ibn-Dihya writes his account of Al-Ghazal's embassy to king of Vikings in Ireland.
- Westminster Abbey built.
- 1213 - 4 1 Angevin-Flanders War
- 1215 - 7 2 First Barons' War civil war in Kingdom of England, between a group of rebellious barons—led by Robert Fitzwalter & supported by a French army under future Louis VIII of France—and King John of England
- 1296 - 1328 32 First War of Scottish Independence
- 1297 William Wallace revolts
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England 1
927 - 1649 722
Plantagenet 1154 - 1399 245 |
|
Powys Fadog 1160 - 1277 117
|
- 1272 - 1305 William Wallace Scottish freedom fighter
- Brave Heart 1995 |
- 1300 Chimneys & window glass began to be introduced in London.
- 1315 - 1318 Irish-Bruce Wars |
- 1332 - 1357 Second War of Scottish Independence
- 1307 - 27 Edward 2
- Edward II 1991 |
- 1320 M. Schwarts invented gunpowder.
- 1324 John Wickliffe born in Yorkshire.
- 1348 oldest clock known was put up in this year. It is now in Dover Castle.
- 1348 - 50 Black Plague
- 1383 - 5 2 Crisis
|
England 1
927 - 1649 722
Lancaster 1 1399 - 1461 62 |
|
- 1420 first saw mill began to operate. Initially they were violently opposed to it in England.
- 1455 - 1485 Wars of Roses |
- 1461 - 85 House of York
Scotland 1 843 - 1707
- 1406 - 37 31 James 1,
(Seumas I Stiùbhairt) son of Robert 3 1394 - 1437
- 1437 - 60 23 James 2 Fiery Face ^ X30
- 1460 - 88 28 James 3,
^James 2 1452 - 1488
- 1488 - 1513 25 James 4,
^ James 3 1473 - 1513
|
- 1467 - 79 12 War of Priests
- 1477 Printing introduced in England.
- 1477 first book is printed in England. |
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1100's |
1200's |
1300's |
1400's |
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100 Years War 1337 - 1453 |
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Hungarian Empire 1000 - 1918 |
Holy Roman Empire 843 – 1806 |
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100 Years War 1337 - 1453 |
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- 1000 Iceland officially converts to Christianity, although heathen practice is still permitted in private.
- 1000 - 05 Leif Eiriksson makes his voyages to Vinland (America), attempts made to settle there are prevented by opposition from Natives.
- 1014 Ard-Righ Brian Boru defeats Norse in Ireland at Battle of Clontarf, both Brian & Jarl Sigurdhr of Orkney are slain.
German K 918 - 1806 888
-
- 1002 - 24 22 Henry 2
- 1024 - 39 15 Conrad 2 ^^^ Otto 1
- 1028 - 56 28 Henry 3 ^ Conrad 2
- 1054 - 1105 51 Henry 4 ^ Henry 3
- 1087 - 1101 14 Conrad ^ Henry 4 King under father 1087 - 1098,
King of Italy 1093 - 1098, 1095 - 1101 in rebellion |
Scandinavian Empire
1016 - 1035 19
-Scandinavia Not specified See also Viking expansion. |
- 1018 Kiev Expedition Polish intervention into who would be ruler of Kiev & state of Kievan Rus'
- 1030 King Olaf Saint is killed at Stiklestad.
- 1030 Ladejarl-Fairhair succession wars Norway
- 1035 William II, "The Conqueror," became ruler of Normandy.
- 1064 England taken by Normandy. William I became ruler. Many significant changes made. William I "The Conqueror" ruled 21 years.
- 1066 Haraldr Hardrada, king of Norway, is killed during an attempted invasion of England fighting against Harold Godwinsson, English king. Post-Heathen Period
The Normans
1066 - 1154
-
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- 1066 Norman Conquest
- 1075 Adam of Bremen writes Gesta Hammaburgensis ecclesiae pontificum.
- 1078 William Conqueror & his son started building Tower of London.
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- 1117 - 18 Grágás, Icelandic law code, first written down.
- 1122 Ari Thorgilsson writes Islendingabok.
- 1100s Lumbary under German control
- Flame & Arrow 1950
- 1147 - 1242 Northern Crusades Conflicts distinct from those of Crusades
- 1157 George built Moscow. |
- 1160 - 1184 Danish-Slavic Wars |
- 1168 - 1389 Vladimin Suzdal of Russia
- 1175 First written version of Nibelungenlied is created in Germany.
- 1180 Theodoricus Monachus writes Historia de antiquitate regum Norwagiensium.
- 1185 - 1223 Saxo Grammaticus writes Gesta Danorum.
Burdundy
Salian (Frankish) under Holy Roman Empire "Arles" |
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Norway
862 - Present 1149
- 1103 - 15 12 Olaf Magnusson
-
1103 - 23 20 Eystein 1
- 1103 - 30 27 Sigurd 1
- 1130 - 5 5 Magnus 4
- 1130 - 6 6 Harald 4
- 1136 - 55 19 Sigurd 2
- 1136 - 57 21 Eystein 2
- 1136 - 61 25 Inge 1
- 1157 - 62 5 Haakon 2
-
1161 - 84 23 Magnus 5
- 1184 - 1202 18 Sverre |
-
- 1099 - 1125 26 Henry 5 ^ Henry 4 King under father 1099 - 1105, forced father to abdicate
Supplinburger
1125 - 37 12 |
- 1125 - 37 12 Lothair 3
Hohenstaufen
1137 - 1254 117 |
- 1137 - 52 15 Conrad 3 ^^ Henry 4
- 1147 - 50 3 Henry Berengar ^ Conrad 3
- 1152 - 90 38 Frederick I Barbarossa ^< Conrad 3
- 1169 - 97 28 Henry 6 ^ Frederick 1
- 1197 Frederick 2 ^ Henry 6 |
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| - 1200 - 1450 250 Icelandic Sagas written. |
- 1200s Attack on Teutonic knights in Russia
- Alexander Nevsky 1938
Danish Empire
1200s - 1953 753
- |
- Orkneyinga saga written by an unknown Icelandic author.
Grand Duchy of Lithuania
1200 - 1795 595
- LithuaniaVilnius Was largest state in Europe in 15th century. |
- 1209 - 1229 Albigensian Crusade France Catholic Church to eliminate Cathar heresy in Languedoc
Bohemia
1212 - 1918
-Czeck Republic
- 1220 Snorri Sturluson writes Prose Edda. |
- Westminster Abbey built.
- 1213 - 4 Angevin-Flanders War
- 1220 - 64 Age of Sturlungs Iceland
- 1223 Mongol invasion of Russia
- 1223 - 1480 Tatar Yoke (raids) in Russia |
- 1225 Snorri Sturluson writes Heimskringla.
- 1226 Tristams saga produced by translating Tristan of Thomas of Brittany per request of King Hakon Hakonarsson.
- 1230 Egils saga Skallagrimssonar written, probably by Snorri Sturluson (note that this is 240 years after death of Egill).
- 1236 - 40 Mongol invasion of Russia |
- 1240 Russo-Swedish War
- 1241 - 1242 Mongol invasion of Europe
- 1242 Teutonic-Novogorod War
- 1260 - 74 Great Prussian Uprising
- 1264 - 7 Second Barons' War
- 1245 Laxdaela saga written by an unknown author.
| - 1250 - 1300 Most of poems of Poetic Edda, which had previously been circulating orally since Migration Age or before, are collected & written down in Codex Regius, oldest surviving manuscript containing Eddic poems. |
Lithuania
1251 - 63 12
- & 1918
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- 1260 Stockholm was founded in Sweden.
- 1280 Brenu-Njals saga written by unknown author (written 269 years after death of Njal).
Grand Duchy of Moscow
1283 - 1547
- |
- 1287 Mongol invasion of Poland
Burdundy
Salian (Frankish) under Holy Roman Empire "Arles" |
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- 1197 - 1208 11 Philip of Swabia ^ Frederick 1 Rival to Otto 4
Rival King
Welf House
1198 - 1215 17
- 1198 - 1215 17 Otto 4 d 1218
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- 1212 - 50 38 Frederick 2 ^ Henry 6
- 1220 - 35 15 Henry ^ Frederick 2
- 1246 - 7 1 Henry Raspe Rival |
- 1237 - 54 17 Conrad 4
- 1257 - 72 15 Richard of Cornwall Plantagenet House Rival |
- 1157 - 75 18 Alfonso of Castile Burgundy House ^^ Philip |
- 1273 - 91 15 Rudolf 1
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- 1285 - 1314 King Phillip IV
- Les rois maudits (The Cursed Kings) 2005 |
- 1300 Sturlunga saga, a collection of historical sagas written by various Icelanders during 1200's, is compiled.
- Early 1390s Tokhtamysh–Timur war Tokhtamysh, khan of Golden Horde & Mongol warlord & conqueror Timur
- 1302 - 1302 Battle of Golden Spurs French attempt to subdue county of Flanders |
- 1308 Teutonic takeover of Danzig (Gdańsk)
- 1321 - 1322 Swedish–Novgorodian Wars |
- 1323 - 1328 Peasant revolt in Flanders |
- 1326 - 1332 Polish–Teutonic War
- 1337 - 1453 Hundred Years' War France
- 1341 - 1364 Breton War of Succession
Part of Hundred Years' War
- 1380 Battle of Kulikovo
- 1307 - 27 Edward 2
- Edward II 1991 |
- 1320 M. Schwarts invented gunpowder.
- 1337 - 1453 100 Years War |
- 1348 - 50 Black Plague
- 1398 - 1468 John Gutenberg German who invented printing press |
- 1383 - 1385 Crisis
Norway
862 - Present 1149
- 1299 - 1319 20 Haakon5
- 1319 - 43 24 Magnus Eriksson
- 1343 - 55 12 Håkon 6 Magnusson Under Sweden
- 1355 - 80 25 Håkon 6 Magnusson
Independant
- 1380 - 7 7 Olav 4 Håkonsson
- 1388 - 9 1 Margaret 1 Union with Denmark & Sweden |
German K 918 - 1806 888
- 1346 - 78 32 Charles 4 ^^ Henry 7 Rival to Louis 4
- 1376 - 1400 24 Wenceslaus ^ Deposed d 1419
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- 1409 - 1411 Polish–Lithuanian–Teutonic War
- 1410 Battle of Grunwald, Teutonics beaten by Polish
- Krzyzacy (Black Cross) 1960
Joan of Arc 1412 - 1431
- Messenger: Story of Joan of Arc 1999
- Joan of Arc 1999 -- Leelee Sobieski
- Joan of Arc 1948 Ingrid Bergman
- Passion of Joan of Arc 1928 -- French film |
- 1414 Hunger War allied Kingdom of Poland, & Grand Duchy of Lithuania, against Teutonic Knights
- 1434 Hussite Wars Holy Roman Empire, Royalists, Hungary, Pope, moderated Hussites (Utraquists), Serbian mercenaries
- 1431 - 1435 Polish–Teutonic War |
- 1431 - 1435 Lithuanian Civil War |
- 1454 - 1466 Thirteen Years' War between Prussian Confederation & Poland versus Teutonic Order state |
- 1431 Joan of Arc was burned at stake on May 31.
- 1448 Gutenberg invented printing press.
- 1467 - 79 War of Priests
- 1470 - 1 Dano-Swedish War- 1473 Nicolaus Copernicus was born.
- 1474 - 7 Burgundian Wars
- 1477 1st watch introduced in Nuremberg.
| - 1482 - 1698The "Czars" of Russia |
- 1483 - Martin Luther lived 63 years.
- 1492 - 1494 First Muscovite–Lithuanian War
- 1495 - 1497 Russo-Swedish War
- 1499 Swabian War Old Swiss Confederacy & House of Habsburg.
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- 1099 - 1125 26 Henry 5 ^ Henry 4 King under father 1099 - 1105, forced father to abdicate
Supplinburger
1125 - 37 12 |
- 1125 - 37 12 Lothair 3
Hohenstaufen
1137 - 1254 117 |
- 1137 - 52 15 Conrad 3 ^^ Henry 4
- 1147 - 50 3 Henry Berengar ^ Conrad 3
- 1152 - 90 38 Frederick I Barbarossa ^< Conrad 3
- 1169 - 97 28 Henry 6 ^ Frederick 1
- 1197 Frederick 2 ^ Henry 6
- 1197 - 1208 11 Philip of Swabia ^ Frederick 1 Rival to Otto 4
- 1198 - 1215 17 Otto 4 d 1218
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- 1212 - 50 38 Frederick 2 ^ Henry 6
- 1220 - 35 15 Henry ^ Frederick 2
- 1246 - 7 1 Henry Raspe Rival |
- 1237 - 54 17 Conrad 4
- 1257 - 72 15 Richard of Cornwall Plantagenet House Rival |
- 1157 - 75 18 Alfonso of Castile Burgundy House ^^ Philip |
- 1273 - 91 15 Rudolf 1
- 1346 - 78 32 Charles 4 ^^ Henry 7 Rival to Louis 4
- 1376 - 1400 24 Wenceslaus ^ Deposed d 1419
- 1400 - 10 10 Rupert of Palatinate Great-grandnephew of Louis 4
- 1410 - 37 27 Sigismund ^ Charles 4
- 1410 - 11 1 Jobst of Moravia ^< Charles 4 Rival King to Sigismund
- 1437 - 9 2 Albert 2 son-in-law of Sigismund 4th in descent from Albert 1
- 1439 - 93 54 Frederick 3 4th in descent from Albert I; 2nd cousin of Albert II Emperor from 1452 |
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1200's |
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1400's |
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Crusades 1095 - 1291 |
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Kingdom of Valencia Spain1237 - 1707 |
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Age of Roman Catholic Religious Omnipower 755 - 1529 |
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Kingdom of Murcia S Spain 1011 - 1266 |
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Kingdom of Naples South Italy 1285 - 1816 |
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Kingdom of Toledo C Spain 1065 - 1492 |
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Kingdom of Cyprus 1192 - 1489 |
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Kingdom of Sicily 1130 - 1816 |
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Kingdom of Portugal 1139 - 1910 |
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Byzantium controls Israel
1097 - 1176 |
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Portuguese Empire
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Trapezuntine Empire 1204 - 1461 |
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Nasrid dynasty in Granada. Moors. 1230 - 1492 |
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Latin
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Middle Byzantinium 843 - 1260 |
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M8 |
And2 |
M9 |
And3 |
j5 |
j6 |
m |
j5 |
J7 |
Man2 |
a5 |
J8 |
c11 |
Palaiologan
1261 - 1453 192 |
Late Byzantinium 1261 - 1453 |
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Galicia 2 1065 - 72
- 1065 - 72 7 García 2 Reigned in Galicia & Portugal until deposed in 1072, after which he lived imprisoned in a monastery until his death in 1090. When he is deposed Galicia is merged with Castile & Leon.
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Byzantinium 330 - 1453 1123
Macedonian
867 - 1056 189 |
- 1025 Death of Basil 2 & Decline of Byzantine Empire begins.
- 1025 - 41 16 Michale 4 Paphlagonian X31
- 1041 - 2 1 Micheal 5 X27
- 1042 Theodora
- 10042 - 55 13 Consantine 9 Monomachos X55
- 1055 - 6 21 Theodora X72
- 1056 - 7 1 Michael 6
Komnenid dynasty 1057 - 9 2 |
- 1057 - 9 2 Isaac 1 Komnenos
Doukid dynasty 1059 - 81 22 |
- 1059 - 67 8 Constantinte 10 Doukas X61
- 1067 - 78 11 Michael 7 Doukas X40 1090
- 1067 - 71 4 Romanos 4 Diogenes X39
- 1078 - 81 3 Nikephoros 3 Botaneiates X80
- 1081 - 1118 37 Alexios 1 Komnenos X70
- 1118 - 43 25 John 2 Komnenos X57 |
Hungary
1000 - 1946 946
- |
- 1000 - 04 Sylvestor 4 years.
|
- 1002 - 18 Emperor Basil 2 campaigns annually against Bulgarians, with object of annihilating Bulgar state. |
- 1004 - 09 John 18 5
- 1009 - 12 Bergius 4 3
- 1012 - 24 Benedict 8 12
|
Murcia 1011 - 1266 255
- S Spain passed successively under rule of Almería, Toledo & Seville. 1011 to 1014, from 1065 to 1078, in 1145, from 1147 to 1172 & finally from 1228 to 1266 when it was absorbed by Castile. |
- 1014 Bulgarian army is completely defeated at Battle of Kleidon & Basil 2 becomes known as The Bulgar Slayer.
- 1018 Bulgaria surrenders & is annexed to Byzantine empire. whole of Balkans is incorporated into Byzantine Empire, with Danube as new Imperial Frontier in north.
Popes 30 - Present 1981
- 1024 - 33 9 John 19
- 1033 - 45 12 Benedict 9
- 1045 - 51 6 Leo 9
- 1054 - 57 3 Viotor 2
- 1057 - 61 3 Nicholas 2
- 1061 - 73 12 Alexander 2
- 1073 - 85 12 Gregory 7
- 1085 - 8 3 Victor 3
- 1088 - 1100 12 Urban 2 |
- 1067 - 8 1 War of 3 Sanchos between three Spanish kingdoms
- 1031 Mahometan Spain divided into independent states of Cordove, Granada, Seville, etc.
- 1043 - 1044 Rus'-Byzantine War unsuccessful naval raid against Constantinople instigated by Yaroslav I of Kiev & led by his eldest son, Vladimir of Novgorod
Duklja 1053 - 1100 47
- Montenegro |
- 1064 Peter Hermit began preaching for Holy Wars.
Toledo
1065 - 1492 127
- C Spain |
- 1081 - 1180 Restoration of Byzantine Empire
- 1081 - 1492 Spanish Reconquista
- 1095 - 1112 Portugal gained strength during 17-year rule of Count Henry. Portugal underwent same changes as Spain after fall of Rome. Goths & then Saracens overran Portugal.
| - 1096 - 99 1st Crusade. Eight Crusades were conducted. 300,000 men were blessed by Pope Urban 2 & commanded by King Godfrey. |
- 1097 - 1176 Byzantium controls Israel
|
- 1099 Crusaders captured Jerusalem & gave Christians control of holy city.
|
Byzantinium 330 - 1453 1123
- 1143 - 80 37 Manuel 1 Komnenos X62
- 1180 - 3 3 Alexios 2 Komnenos X42
- 1183 - 5 2 Andronikos 1 Komnenos X67
- 1185 - 95 10 Isaac 2 Angelos
- 1195 - 1203 8 Alexios 2 Angelos
|
| - 1097 - 1176 Byzantine armies recapture coasts of Asia Minor from Turks, & push east towards central Anatolia; Crusader Principality of Antioch becomes Byzantine protectorate |
Popes 30 - Present 1981
- 1099 - 1117 18 Pascal 2
- 1117 - 18 Ceiastus 2 1
- 1124 - 30 6 Honorius 2
- 1130 - 44 14 Innocent 2
- 1143 Celestine 2 1
- 1144 Eugenius 3 8
- 1153 - 59 6 Adrian 4
- 1159 - 81 22 Alexander 3
- 1181 - 85 4 Lucius 3
- 1185 - 87 2 Gregory 8
- 1191 - 98 7 Celestini 3
- 1198 - 99 1 Innocent 3 |
Navarre
824 - 1620 976
Aragonese control
1076 - 1134 58 |
- 1104 - 34 30 Aflonso 1 Battler
^ Sancho Ramirez & Felicia = Urraca of Castile X 61 His death caused a succession crisis in Aragon so Navarre reestablished independence crowning ^^< of Sancho 4
- 1134 - 50 16 García Ramírez Restorer = Marguerite de l'Aigle
4 ch &
Urraca of Castile
2 ch
- 1150 - 94 44 Sancho 6 Wise ^ & Marguerite S ancha of Castile 6 ch |
- 1118 9th Council, 1st Lateran. Right of Investiture was settled by treaty between Pope Calixtus 2 & Emperor Henry 5.
- 1130 10th Council |
- 1122 Byzantium defeats Pechenegs at Battle of Beroia.
Portugal
1139 - 1910 771
- |
Thessalonica 1204 - 24 20
|
Crusades - 1147 - 49 2nd Crusade preached by St. Bernard & headed by Conrad 2 & Louis 7
- 1189 - 92 3 3rd Crusade Philip 2 & Richard 1 involved
- Lion in Winter 1968
- Lion in Winter 2003 TV
- Becket 1964
- Kingdom of Heaven 2004
- Lion-Heart 1987 - King Richard & Crusaders 1954 |
| - 1118 9th Council, (First Lateran), held. Right of Investiture was settled by treaty between Pope Calixtus II & Emperor Henry V. |
- 1154 Leaning Tower of Pisa built. Reached 188 feet. A cathedral was built nearby.
- 1157 Bank of Venice established.
- 1159 - 1176 War of Lombard League
- 1167 Byzantine armies win decisive victory over Hungarians at Battle of Sirmium; Hungary becomes Byzantine client state.
- 1176 Battle of Myriokephalon. Manuel I Komnenos attempts to capture Konya, capital of Seljuk Turks; is forced to withdraw after destruction of his siege equipment. End of Byzantine attempts to recover Anatolian plateau.
- 1180 Death of Manuel 1 Komnenos. Decline of Byzantine Empire recommences.
- 1185 Successful rebellion in Bulgaria. Byzantine lands lost in Balkans.
- 1185 - 6 1 Vlach-Bulgarian Rebellion
|
- 1198 - 1250 52 Frederick 1 ^ = Constance of Aragon 1C & Yolande of Jerusalem 2C & Isabella of England 4C X55
- 1212 - 7 5 Henry 2 ^Constance =Margaret 2C X30
- 1250 - 4 4 Conrad 1 ^Yolanda = Elisabeth of Bavaria 1C X26
- 1254 - 68 14 Conrad 2 Younger ^ =0 X16X
- 1258 - 66 8 Manfred ^I Frederick 1 =Beatrice of Savoy 1C & Helena Angelina Doukaina 5C X34 @ Battle of Benevento
- Manfred was regent of Sicily for his nephew, child Conrad 2, but took crown in 1258, & continued to fight to keep kingdom under Hohenstaufen. In 1254 pope, having declared kingdom a papal possession, offered crown to King of England's son, Edmund Crouchback, but English never succeeded in taking kingdom. In 1262 pope reversed his previous decision & granted kingdom to King of France's brother, Charles of Anjou, who succeeded in dispossessing Manfred in 1266. Conradin continued his claim to throne until his death by decapitation perpetrated by Charles of Anjou in 1268.
- 1254 - 63 9 Edmund ^ Henry 3 of England & Eleanor of Provence =Aveline de Forz 1C & Blanche of Artois 4C X51
Edmund's claim to Sicily, though taken very seriously by both him & his father, was completely ineffectual.
- 1266 - 82 16 Charles 1 ^ Louis 8 of France & Blanche of Castile = Beatrice of Provence 7C & Margaret of Burgundy 1C X58
Aragonese Kings of Sicily (Trinacria), 1282 - 1409 127 |
- 1282 - 5 3 Peter 1 Great ^ James 1 of Aragon & Yolanda of Hungary = Constantia of Sicily 6C X45
- 1285 - 96 11 James 1 Just ^ = Isabella of Castile 0C & Blanche of Anjou 10C & Marie de Lusignan 0C & Elisenda de Montcada 0C X60
|
Byzantinium 330 - 1453 1123
- 1203 - 04 1 Isaac 2 Angelos
- 1 Alexios 4 Angelos
- 1204 1 Nikolaos Kanabos
- 1 Alexios 5 Doukas
Laskarid - Nicaea 1204 - 61 57 |
- 1204 - 05 1 Constantine Laskaris
- 1205 - 21 16 Theodore I Laskaris
- 1221 - 54 33 John 3 Doukas Vatatzes
- 1254 - 8 4 Theodore 2 Laksaris
- 1258 - 61 3 John 4 Laskaris
Palaiologan
1261 - 1453 192 |
- Restored to Constantinople
- 1259 - 82 23 Michael 8 Palaiologos X59
- 1261 - 1328 67 Andronikos 2 Palolaiogos X73 1332
- 1281 - 1320 39 Michael 9 Palaiologos X43 |
Crusades
- 1201 - 04 3 4th Crusade
- 1218 - 21 3 5th Crusade Baldwin, Count of Flanders, took Constantinople.
- 1228 - 29 6th Crusade by Frederick 2 took Jerusalem into a truce for 10 years.
- 1248 - 54 6 7th Crusade Louis 9 defeated & taken prisoner.
- 1270 8th Crusade Louis 9 died at Carthage. Edward 1 followed him. |
- 1204 Constantinople conquered by Crusaders; Latin Empire formed.
Thessalonica
1204 - 24 20
- Greece |
- 1204 - 61 57 Latin (Nicaean) Empire |
- 1208 - 1227 9 Estonian Crusade
- 1215 12th Council, 4th Lateran
- 1245 13th Council @ Lyons |
Popes 30 - Present 1981
- 1216 - 27 11 Honorius 3
- 1227 - 41 14 Gregory 9
- 1241 - 54 13 Innocent 4
- 1254 Alexander 4 7 |
- 1223 - 1236 Mongol invasion of Volga Bulgaria
- 1227 Cardinal Hugo divided Bible into chapters.
| - 1225 - 1274 Thomas Aquinas |
Nasrid 1230 - 1492 262
- @ Granada Spain |
- 1284 - 1302 War of Sicilian Vespers
Marco Polo 1254 - 1324
- Adventures of Marco Polo 1938
- Marco Polo 1962
- Marco Polo 1998 |
- 1261 Constantinople reconquered by Michael 8 Palaiologos, Byzantine emperor of Nicaea
Majorca
1262 - 1349 87
- East Spain |
Popes 30 - Present 1981
- 1261 - 64 3 Urban 4
- 1264 - 69 5 Clement 4
- 1269 - 71 2 year Papal vacancy
- 1271 - 76 5 Gregory 10
- 1276 - 80 4 Four Popes in 4 yrs
- 1280 - 85 5 Martin 4
- 1285 - 87 2 Honorius 4
- 1287 - 92 5 Nicholas 4
- 1291 Christians driven out of Syria.
- 1294 - 96 2 Celestine 5
- 1296 - 1105 9 Boniface 8 |
- 1266 - 8 2 French conquest of Sicily
| - 1274 14th Council at Lyon. Temporary union of Greek & Latin churches. |
- 1291 Christians driven out of Syria
|
- 1279 - 1325 46 Dinisthe Farmer Poet-KingTroubadour-King ^
- 1325 - 57 32 Afonso 4 the Brave ^
- 1357 - 67 10 Pedro 1 the Just Cruel Vengeful ^
- 1367 - 83 16 Fernando 1the Handsom BeautifulFickleReckless
|
Majorca 1262 - 1349 87
Barcelona 1262 - 1410 148 |
|
Sicily 1130 - 1816 686
Aragonese Kings of Sicily (Trinacria), 1282 - 1409 127 |
|
Byzantinium 330 - 1453 1123
- 1321 - 41 20 Andronikos 3 Palaiologos X44
- 1341 - 47 6 John 5 Palaiologos X59 1391
- 1341 - 54 13 John 6 Kantakozenos X91 1383
- 1353 - 57 4 Matthew Kantakozenos X66 1391
- 1347 - 76 29 John 5 Palaiologos X59 1391
- 1352 - 79 27 Andronikos 4 Palaiologos
- 1379 - 90 12 John 5 Palaiologos X59
- 1376 - 90 14 John 7 Palaiologos X38 1408
- 1373 - 1425 52 Manuel 2 Palaiologos X75
|
Popes 30 - Present 1981
- 1304 - 14 10 Clement 5 |
- 1308 Cannons were used at Gibraltar.
Serbia
1346 - 71 25
Serbia Skopje, Prizren Founded by Stephen Uroš 4 (Dušan Mighty), fell into feudal disarray after his death. |
| - 1311 - 12 15th Council held at Vienna. |
Popes 30 - Present 1981
- 1314 - 16 2 year vacancy in papacy.
- 1316 - 35 19 John 12
- 1335 1 Benedict 12
- 1342 - 52 10 Clement 6
- 1352 - 62 10 Innocent 6
- 1362 - 70 8 Urban 5
- 1370 - 78 8 Gregory 11
- 1278 - 89 11 Urban 6
- 1389 - 1504 15 Boniface 9 |
- 1375 - 8 3 War of 8 Saints Pope Gregory 11 & a coalition of Italian city-states led by Florence
Naples
1285 - 1816 531
- South Italy
- 1309 - 43 34 Robert ^ = Yolanda of Aragon 2C & Sancha of Majorca 0C X66 Inherited crown in absence of his nephew, Charles Martel, who was busy claiming Hungary.
- 1343 - 82 39 Joan 1 ^^ = Andrew, Duke of Calabria 1C & Louis 1 of Naples 2C & James 4 of Majorca 0C & Otto, Duke of Brunswick-Grubenhagen 0C Dethroned by Pope Urban 6 in 1381, conquered by her cousin, Charles, Duke of Durazzo, & eventually strangled in prison X54
- 1352 - 62 10 Louis 1 = Joan 1 of Naples 2C ^^Charles 2 =Joan 1 Proclaimed king in right of his wife X42
- 1382 - 6 4 Charles 3 ^a Joan 1 ^Louis = Margaret of Durazzo 3C Conquered Joan & eventually had her strangled in prison.
His rule was contested by Louis 1 of Anjou. Inheriting Hungary, he was eventually murdered at Visegrá X41
- 1386 - 9 3 Ladislaus 1stX ^ =Constance of Clermon 0C & Marie of Lusignan 0C & Mary of Enghien 0C Deposed by Louis 2
- rule of House of Durazzo was contested, as Joan I had appointed Louis I, Duke of Anjou, as her heir. Dukes of Anjou led several military expeditions into kingdom & reached an agreement with House of Durazzo in 1426, succeeding them in 1435.
- 1389 - 99 10 Louis 2 ^Louis 1 = Yolande of Aragon 5C & X40 Continued his father's claim & drove Ladislaus from Naples in 1389. He was ousted again in 1399. |
|
Portugal 1139 - 1910 771
Aviz (Joannine) 1385 - 1495 100 |
- 1385 - 1433 48 João 1 <H
- 1433 - 8 5 Duartethe EloquentPhilosopher-King
- 1438 - 77 39 Afonso 5 the African^Abdicated in favor of his son, who has assumed duties of a regent of kingdom.
- 1477 João 2 Perfect Prince Tyrant ^ Acclaimed King by Cortes of Santarém, only to abdicate & return throne to his father.
- 1477 - 81 4 Afonso 5 restored
- 1481 - 95 14 João 2 restored
|
Majorca 1262 - 1349 87
Barcelona 1262 - 1410 148 |
|
Sicily 1130 - 1816 686
Aragonese direct rule 1409 - 1516 107 |
|
Byzantinium 330 - 1453 1123
- 1403 - 07 4 Andronikos 5 Palaiologos X7
- 1425 - 48 23 John 8 Palaiologos X56
- 1449 - 53 4 Constantine 11 Palaiologos X48
Palaiologan
claimants in exile 1453 - 1502 |
- 1453 - 60 7 Demetrios Palaiologos
- 1453 - 6512 Thomas Palaiologos
- 1465 - 1502 37 Andreas Palaiologos |
- 1400 Rosicrucians begun- Christian Rosenkreuz
- Northern provinces of Italy devise their own systems of government. Venice becomes a merchant oligarchy; Milan ruled by dynastic despotism; & Florence becomes a republic ruled by rich. three cities expand & conquer most of Northern Italy.
Spanish Empire
1402 - 1975 573
Iberian Peninsula Madrid Was founded with recapture of Canary Islands from Moors. Was one of first global empires. |
Popes 30 - Present 1981
- 1404 1 year Innocent 7
- 1406 - 10 2 in 4 yrs.
- 1410 - 16 6 John 23
- 1416 - 31 15 Martin 5
- 1431 Eugenius 4
- 1447 - 55 8 Nicholas 5
- 1455 - 58 3 Calixtus 3
- 1458 - 64 6 Pius 2
- 1464 - 73 7 Paul 2
- 1471 - 84 13 Sixtus 4
- 1484 - 92 8 Innocent 8
- 1489 - 1500 11 Alexander 6 |
Naples
1285 - 1816 531
- South Italy
- 1399 - 1414 15 Ladislaus 2ndX ^ =Constance of Clermon 0C & Marie of Lusignan 0C & Mary of Enghien 0C Deposed by Louis 2
- 1414 - 35 21 Joan 2 ^Charles 3 = William, Duke of Austria 0C & James 2,
Count of La Marche 0C X58
- 1435 - 42 7 René 1 ^Louis 3 = Isabelle of Lorraine 10C & Jeanne de Laval 0C X71
After his brother's death, he was recognised as heir by Joan 2 & succeeded her upon her death.
His rule was contested by Alfonso of Aragon, whom Joan 2 had previously appointed her heir & who conquered kingdom in 1442, forcing René to flee.
Upon René's death, claim to Naples was inherited by either his grandson, René 2 of Lorraine, or his nephew, Charles 4 of Anjou, who died in 1481, leaving his claims to Louis 11 of France.
- 1442 - 58 16 Alfonso 1 ^ Ferdinand 1 of Aragon = Maria of Castile 0C X62 Appointed heir by Joan 2 in 1421, during her conflict with Louis 3 & persisted in his claim after falling out with Joan in 1423. He invaded kingdom in 1436 & forced René to flee in 1442.
- 1458 - 94 36 Ferdinand 1 ^ = Isabella of Taranto 6C & Joanna of Aragon 2C X71 Illegitimate son of Alfonso 1 & iraldona Carlino.
Appointed heir by father but
Due to his illegitimate birth, his claim was controversial & contested by René's son John, Duke of Lorraine 1460-1464 & Charles 8 of France, who took up Angevine claims, after 1493.
- 1494 - 5 1 Alfonso 2 ^ = Ippolita Maria Sforza 3C &
Trogia Gazzela 2C X47 Abdicated in face of invasion of Charles 8 of France & retreated to a monastery
- 1495 - 6 1 Ferdinand 2 ^ = Joan of Naples 0C X27 Contested by Charles 8 of France
- 1496 -
1501 5 Frederick ^Ferdinand 1 = Anne of Savoy 1C & Isabella del Balzo 5C Conquered by Louis 12 of France & Ferdinand 2 of Aragon & died in exile at Tours.
- 1501 - 4 3 Louis 3 = Joan, Duchess of Berry 0C & Anne of Brittany 4C & Mary Tudor 0C X53 Taking up Angevine claim, he conquered kingdom but had to relinquish it to his erstwhile ally Ferdinand of Aragon after Battle of Garigliano.
His successors continued their claim until 1559.
Spanish rule 1504 - 1647 63 |
- 1504 - 16 12 Ferdinand 3 ^ John 2 of Aragon = Isabella 1 of Castile 5C & Germaine of Foix 0C X64
- 1516 - 55 39 Joan 3 ^ = Philip of Austria 6C Incapacitated due to her mental instability, rule was exercised by her son, Charles, & her grandson, Philip.
- 1516 - 54 38 Charles 5 ** & *Spain ^ = Isabella of Portugal 3C X58 1558
- 1554 - 98 44 Philip 2 ^ = Maria of Portugal 1C & Mary 1 of England & Elisabeth of Valois 2C & Anna of Austria 5C X71
- 1598 - 1621 23 Philip 3 ^Philip 2 = Margaret of Austria 5C
- 1621 -
47 26 Philip 4 ^ = Elisabeth of Bourbon 7C & Mariana of Austria 5C X60 Neapolitans rebelled
- 1647 - 8 1 Henry 2, Duke of Guise. No uncontroversial marriages. X50 Taking up Angevine claim, Henry was appointed Doge of Neapolitan Republic. He was captured when Naples was reconquered by Spanish.
Spanish rule 1647 - 1700 53 |
- 1648 - 65 17 Philip 4 ^Philip 3 = Elisabeth of Bourbon 7C & Mariana of Austria 5C
- 1665 - 1700 35 Charles 2 ^ = Maria Luisa of Orléans 0C & Maria Anna of Neuburg 0C X39
War of Spanish Succession 1701 - 14 13 |
- During War of Spanish Succession, Spanish crown was contested by Philip of Anjou, of House of Bourbon, & Charles of Austria, of House of Habsburg. was concluded with Treaty of Rastatt, which gave Spain proper to Philip but Netherlands & Naples to Charles.
Austrian rule 1714 - 34 20 |
- 1714 - 34 20 Charles 6 ^** Leopold 1 X55 ^^^Philip 2 & Habsburg claimant to Spanish *, won Naples in War of Spanish Succession, but lost it to Spain in War of Polish Succession.
House of Bourbon 1734 - 99 65 |
- 1734 - 59 Charles 7 ^ Philip 5 of Spain = Maria Amalia of Saxony 13C X72 His armies conquered Naples in 1734 during War of Polish Succession. In 1738, Treaty of Vienna recognized Naples as an independent kingdom under a cadet branch of Spanish Bourbons.
- 1759 -
99 40 Ferdinand 4 1stX ^ = Marie Caroline of Austria 7C & Lucia Migliaccio of Floridia 0C X74 Fled in face of French invasion, which installed Parthenopaean Republic.
- 1799 Installed by French army but ended by a peasant counter-revolution.
House of Bourbon 1799 - 1806 |
- 1799 -
1806 7 Ferdinand 4 Restored ^Charles 7 = Marie Caroline of Austria 7C & Lucia Migliaccio of Floridia 0C X
Napoleonic client state 1806 - 15 9 |
- 1806 - 8 2 Joseph Bonaparte ^ Carlo Buonaparte = Julie Clary 3C X76 1844 Installed by brother Napoleon Bonaparte as King of Naples, later replaced by brother-in-law, Joachim Murat
- 1808 - 15 7 Joachim Murat ^Pierre Murat-Jordy = Caroline Bonaparte 3C X48 Installed by his brother-in-law Napoleon Bonaparte. Deposed & executed after Hundred Days war.
- 1815 - 6 1 Ferdinand 4 Restored 2ndX Merged two Kingdoms of Naples & Sicily into new Kingdom of Two Sicilies in 1816, taking new title of Ferdinand 1, King of Two Sicilies.
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- 1409 16th Council held at Pisa.
- 1414 - 18 17th Council was held at Constance.
- 1423 - 24 18th Council held at Siena
- 1431 - 45 20th Council held at Basle. |
- 1409 16th Council held at Pisa.
- 1414 - 18 17th Council was held at Constance.
- 1423 - 24 18th Council held at Siena
- 1431 - 45 19th Council held at Basle. |
- 1422 Siege of Constantinople
Portuguese Empire
1415 - 1975 584
Portugal Lisbon, Rio de Janeiro 1815 - 1821 Was earliest & longest lived of colonial Western European empires. See also United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil & Algarves. |
- 1444 Battle of Torvioll Albania Skanderbeg fights for independence against Ottomans
- 1453 Ottoman Turks conquer Constantinople. Death of Constantine XI last Emperor of Byzantine Empire. End of Byzantine Empire.
- 1453 Fall of Constantinople
- 1454 Wars in Lombardy Republic of Venice & Duchy of Milan
- 1456 Siege of Belgrade
- 1456 - 76 Vlad Dracula of Transylvania fights Ottoman Turks
- Dark Prince: True Story of Dracula 2000 |
- 1462 Night Attack forces of ... Wallachia & Mehmed II of Ottoman Empire
- 1474 - 1563 Michael Angelo, architect of "St. Peter's Cathedral," & celebrated painter. |
Cesare Borgia
1475 - 1507 32
- Prince of Foxes 1949
- Il Duca Nero (The Black Duke) 1963
- Bride of Vengeance 1948 |
- 1475 - 1479 War of Castilian Succession
- 1480 Siege of Rhodes
- 1482 - 1484 War of Ferrara duke of Ferrara, & Papal forces
- 1483 - 1520 37 Raphael painter |
Columbus discovered America 1492
- Christopher Columbus 1949 1992
- 1492: Conquest of Paradise 1992 |
- 1492 Spanish Inquisition begun
- Columbus discovered America. Crossed ocean in "Santa Maria," & discovered San Salvador on Friday, October 12.
- 1494 - 1498 Italian War
- 1498 Columbus discovered main continent. |
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1100's |
1200's |
1300's |
1400's |
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Kingdom of Poland 1025 - 1569 |
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Bohemia Czeck Republic 1212 - 1918
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Crusades 1095 - 1291 |
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Grand Duchy of Moscow 1283 - 1547 |
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Tatar Yoke (raids) in Russia 1223 - 1480 |
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Novgorod Republic in Russia 1136 - 1478 |
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| - 1096 - 99 First Crusade. Eight Crusades were conducted. 300,000 men were blessed by Pope Urban II & commanded by King Godfrey. |
- 1099 Crusaders captured Jerusalem & gave Christians control of holy city.
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| - 1311 - 12 Fifteenth Council held at Vienna. |
- 1380 Wickliffe's Bible was translated.
- Monestary life
- Der Name der Rose (The Name of Rose) 1986
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- 1400 Rosicrucians-Christian Rosenkreuz
- 1471 - 1530 Cardinal Thomas Wolsey
Martin Luther
1483 - 1546 63
- Luther 1973
- Luther 2003
- Martin Luther 1953 |
Cardinal Richelieu
1585 - 1642
- Under Red Robe 1937
- Cardinal Richelieu 1935 |
- 1492 Spanish Inquisition begun
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1100's |
1200's |
1300's |
1400's |
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Songhai Empire West Africa 1340 - 1591 |
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Ajuuraan State 1300's - 1600's |
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Kitara Kingdom Lake Victoria area 1300's - 1500's |
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Bengal Sultanate 1300's - 1500's |
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Gujarat Kingdom 1297 - 1947 |
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Warsangali Sultanate 1290's - 1884 |
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Mali Empire (Keita Dynasty) West Africa 1235 - 1610 |
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Delhi Sultanate 1206 - 1527 |
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Benin Kingdom West Africa 1180 - 1897 |
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Kanem-Bornu Kingdom West Africa 1075 - 1846 |
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Kilwa Sultanate 900's - 1505 |
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Great Zimbabwe Kingdom 1100 - 1450 |
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Caliphs of Cairo 1261 - 1517
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Abyssinian Empire 1270 - 1974 |
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Shewa Sultanate 896 - 1285 |
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Mali Empire 1300s - 1600s |
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Almohad Caliphate 1121 - 1269 |
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Ghana Empire 900 - 1240 |
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Songhai Empire
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Extensive slave trade from sub-Saharan Africa to Mediterranean 600 - 1500 |
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Kongo Empire 1100 - 1884 |
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Ethiopian Empire 1137 - 1975 |
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Kingdom of Nri 1043 - 1911 |
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Ayyubid dynasty1171 - 1341 |
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Zagwe Dynasty Ethiopia 1137 - 1270 |
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- 600 - 1500 Extensive slave trade from sub-Saharan Africa to Mediterranean |
Ghana 900 - 1240 340
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- 896 - 1285 Shewa Sultanate
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- 900's - 1505 Kilwa Sultanate
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Fatimid Caliphate
909 - 1171 262
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- 1075 - 1846 Kanem-Bornu Kingdom West Africa |
Rival Fatimid 999 - 1171 172
- in North Africa  |
Kilwa Sultinate 957 - 1506
- Tanzania
- 1003 Dawud ibn Ali (son of previous) - deposed after four years by Matata Mandalima, king of Changa/Xanga. Dawud fled to Mafia island, where he died.
Khalid ibn Bakr ('Ali Bonebaquer'; said to be nephew of Matata Mandalima), installed as ruler of Kilwa by Changa. Ruled only two years, deposed in uprising by Persian colonists.
- 1005 al-Hassan ibn Suleiman ibn Ali (nephew of late Dawud) - installed by Persian colonists after uprising against Changa puppet, ruled 16 years
- 1042 - 1102 60 Ali ibn Dawud I (son of Dawud, nephew of al-Hassan)
Ali ibn Daud II (grandson of Ali ibn Dawud) - ruled 6 years, a deranged tyrant, deposed by people of Kilwa, & condemned to die in a well. |
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Fatimid Rep
909 - 1171 262
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- 1100 - 1884 Kongo Empire |
- 1100 - 1450 Great Zimbabwe Kingdom |
- 1270 Solomonic Dynasty of Ethiopia
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- 1137 - 1975 Ethiopian Empire Addis Ababa 837
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Ayyubid
1171 - 1341 170
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Benin 1180 - 1897 717
- West Africa |
Kilwa Sultinate 957 - 1506
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- 1102 - 6 4 al-Hassan ibn Dawud (brother of Ali ibn Daud II) - elevated by people of Kilwa, to replace his despised brother. Ruled 24 years.
- 1106 - 29 23 Suleiman (of royal lineage) - deposed & beheaded by people of Kilwa after only two years.
- 1129 - 31 2 Dawud ibn Suleiman (son of previous, made his fortune in Sofala, before being called to Kilwa) - ruled 40 years.
- 1131 - 70 39 Suleiman ibn al-Hassan ibn Daud (son of ninth sultan given above), one of greatest of Kilwa sultans, credited for conquering much of Swahili Coast, bringing Sofala, Pemba, & Zanzibar under Kilwa's rule; responsible for erecting many buildings in Kilwa itself, including its stone fortress & palaces, transforming city into a veritable metropolis. Ruled 18 years.
- 1170 - 89 19 Dawud ibn Suleiman (son of previous) ruled 2 years.
- 1189 - 90 1 Talut ibn Suleiman (brother of previous) ruled 1 year
- 1190 - 1 1 Hussein ibn Suleiman (brother of previous) - ruled 25 years. Died without heirs. |
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- 1224 Decline of Kingdom of Ghana
- 1261 - 1262 1 Al-Mustansir 2
- 1262 - 1302 40 Al-Hakim 1
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Imperial revival in Ethiopia
1270 - 1478
- |
Abyssinian
1270 - 1974 704
- |
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Ifat 1285 - 1332
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Warsangali 1290's - 1884 606
- @ Las Khorey, Somalia. |
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Gujarat 1297 - 1947 650
- |
Mankessim
1252 - 1873 621
- |
Kilwa Sultinate 957 - 1506
- Tanzania
- 1191 - 1215 24 Khalid ibn Suleiman ('Ali Bonij' brother of previous) - ruled 10 years
- 1215 - 25 10 ibn Suleiman ('Bone Soleiman', nephew of previous, son of ?) - ruled 40 years
- 1263 - 7 4 Ali ibn Dawud (uncertain connection) - ruled 14 years.
- End of Persian Shirazi dynasty, beginning of Mahdali dynasty of Yemeni Arab sharifs, or what Zanzibar chronicle calls 'family of Abu al-Mawahib'
Mahdali Era 1277 - 1495 218
|
- 1277 - 94 17 al-Hassan ibn Talut (grandson of Ali ibn Dawud) - ruled 18 years; had a 'reputation as a great knight'. |
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Mali
1300s - 1600s 300
- |
Bengal 1300's - 1500's 200
- |
Kitara 1300's - 1500's 200
- Lake Victoria area |
Ajuuraan 1300's - 1600's 300
- |
- 1302 - 40 38 Al-Mustakfi 1
- 1341 - 52 1 Al-Hakim 2 1
- 1352 - 62 10 Al-Mu'tadid 1
- 1362 - 83 21 Al-Mutawakkil 1
- 1383 - 6 3 Al-Wathiq 2
- 1386 - 9 3 Al-Mu'tasim
- 1389 - 1406 17 Al-Mutawakkil 1 |
- @ Gao, Niger. L Songhai of Songhai Empire West Africa 1500 1.4M KM 1550 800K KM Former vassal of Mali Empire which became one of largest African empires in history. |
Buganda 1380's - 1894 514
- Lake Victoria area |
Kaffa
1390 - 1897 507
- @ Anderaccha, Ethiopia.  Kaffa |
Kilwa Sultinate 957 - 1506 |
-
@ Tanzania.
Mahdali Era 1277 - 1495 218
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- 1294 - 1308 14 Suleiman ibn Hassan (son of previous) - ruled 14 years; murdered by conspirators upon leaving a mosque. Partisans proclaimed his son Hassan ibn Suleiman ruler, but as he was on pilgrimage in Mecca at time, throne was temporarily passed to Hassan's brother Dawud.
- 1308 - 10 2 Daud ibn Suleiman (son of previous) - ruled 2 years in name of his brother Hassan. Stepped down voluntarily.
- 1310 - 33 23 al-Hassan ibn Suleiman 'Abu al-Mawahib' (brother of previous) - acclaimed earlier while absent in Mecca; ruled 24 years. Died without heirs.
- 1333 - 56 23 Dawud ibn Suleiman (same as 21st, brother of previous) - second time on throne, this time in his own right. Ruled 24 years
- 1356 Suleiman ibn Dawud (son of previous) - first time, ruled only 20 days. Deposed by his uncle, Hussein.
- 1356 - 62 6 Hussein ibn Suleiman al-Mat'un (uncle of previous) ruled 6 years. Died in battle against "Bantu Almuli" on mainland, without heirs.
- 1362 - 4 2 Talut ibn Dawud (nephew of previous, brother of earlier Suleiman) - ruled only one year. Deposed by his brother, ex-king Suleiman
- 1364 - 6 2 Suleiman ibn Dawud (brother of previous) - second time. 2 years & 4 months. Deposed by his uncle Suleiman
- 1366 - 89 23 Suleiman ibn Suleiman ibn Hussein (uncle of previous) - ruled 24 years |
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Yoruba 1400 - Present 611
- West Africa |
Merina Kingdom 1400's
- in Madagaskar |
Loango
1400's - 1800's 400
- |
Janjero
1400's - 1894 494
- Ethiopia |
N'Goyo
1400's - 1830's 430
- Congo & Angola |
Kotoko
1400's - 1875 475
- Cameroon, Nigeria, Chad |
-
- 1406 - 14 8 Al-Musta'in
- 1414 - 41 27 Al-Mu'tadid 2
- 1441 - 51 10 Al-Mustakfi 2
- 1451 - 5 4 Al-Qa'im
- 1455 - 79 24 Al-Mustanjid
- 1479 - 97 18 Al-Mutawakkil 2
- 1497 - 1508 13 Al-Mustamsik red title to Selim 1, below) |
Ngazidja 1480's - 1900's
- (Grande Comore) |
Saalum
1490's - Present 521
- Senegal. From Gaabu. Eclipsed by Kaolack |
Askiya 1493 - 1591 97
- of Songhai Empire West Africa |
Kilwa Sultinate 957 - 1506
Mahdali Era 1277 - 1495 218
|
- 1389 - 1433 44 Hussein ibn Suleiman (son of previous) - ruled 24 years
- 1412 - 21 9 Muhammad ibn Suleiman 'al-Malik al-Adil' ( Ladil, brother of previous) - ruled 9 years
- 1421 - 42 21 Suleiman ibn Muhammad (son of previous) - ruled 22 years. Died without heirs. Said to have rebuilt mosque of Kilwa
- 1442 - 54 12 Ismail ibn Hussein (uncle of previous) - ruled 14 years. Challenged by pretender Sa'id ibn Hassan, who secured support of Hassan ibn Abu Bakr, ruler of Zanzibar. Zanzibaris assembled a coalition to seize Kilwa by force. But Ismail's ministers, vizier Suleiman & Emir Muhammad managed to bribe key organizer of expedition, who withdrew Zanzibari troops & left pretender Sa'id stranded on beach of Kilwa with only a small body of attendants. Although pardoned by Ismail, Sa'id went into hiding.
- 1454 vizier Suleiman (vizier of previous) At death of sultan Ismail, in first known usurpation by ministers, vizier Suleiman & Emir Muhammad al-Mazlum launched a coup & seized power together, with Suleiman declaring himself Sultan. However, popular opinion was strongly against vizier, so he decided to pass throne over to more popular Emir Muhammad.
- 1454 - 5 1 Muhammad ibn al-Hussein ibn Muhammad ibn Suleiman al-Mazlum ('Emir Muhammad', noble co-conspirator with previous) According to Zanzibar chronicle, after death of vizier Suleiman, Muhammad appointed old pretender Sa'id ibn Hassan to post as his own vizier. Muhammad died shortly after. Reigned for less than a year.(deposed, according to Barros).
- 1455 - 6 1 Ahmad ibn Suleiman (son of late vizier?), deposed within a year by partisans of old royal family. (Barros omits Ahmad, says partisans deposed Muhammad directly).
- 1456 - 66 10 al-Hassan ibn Ismail (son of 32nd sultan Ismail), installed by coup. Ruled ten years.
- 1466 - 76 10 Sa'id ibn al-Hassan/Hussein (son of previous, according to Barros; same old pretender (cf.32nd) according to Zanzibar chronicle) - ruled 10 years, Upon his death, Kilwa Sultanate fell into disarray. There was another ministerial coup d'état.
- 1476 - 7 1 Suleiman ibn Muhammad ibn al-Husayn ('Vizier Suleiman') vizier seized throne after death of Sa'id, declared himself sultan & elevated his own brother, Muhammad Kiwabi, to dignity of emir. But vizier-turned-sultan Suleiman's rule lasted little over a year.
- 1477 - 8 1 Abdullah ibn al-Hassan (brother of 37th sultan Sa'id) elevated by people of Kilwa against usurping vizier Suleiman. Ruled one & half years.
- 1478 - 9 1 Ali ibn Hassan (brother of previous). Ruled 1.5 years. Upon his death, Emir Muhammad Kiwabi (brother of late vizier Suleiman) seized power, & installed his nephew al-Hassan as sultan.
- 1479 - 85 6 al-Hassan ibn Suleiman (son of vizier Suleiman), first time, installed by his uncle, Emir Muhammad. But al-Hassan proved an unpopular sultan & was deposed by his own uncle after 6 years.
- 1485 - 6 1 Sabhat ibn Muhammad ibn Suleiman ( Xumbo, a scion of royal lineage, son of 31st sultan, al-Adil) installed by Emir Muhammad, after popular opposition to his first choice al-Hassan. Ruled one year, then died. According to Zanzibar chronicle, Emir Muhammad tried to install his nephew al-Hassan again.
- 1486 - 90 4 al-Hassan ibn Suleiman (second time) installed by uncle Emir Muhammad once again, but popular opposition proved too strong. Emir Muhammad decided to depose al-Hassan once again & look for a suitable sultan from royal dynasty.
- 1490 - 5 5 Ibrahim ibn Muhammad (brother of Sabhat, another son of al-Adil) installed by Emir Muhammad to replace his nephew al-Hassan. But deposed al-Hassan ibn Suleiman launched a coup attempt to depose Ibrahim, that resulted in quite some bloodshed. In end, al-Hassan's ambitions were foiled by his uncle Emir Muhammad, who, seeking to restore order, declared unambiguously that Ibrahim, a descendant of kings, had precedence over al-Hassan, who was only of a family of viziers. al-Hassan driven into exile on mainland. Ibrahim ruled for two years, until Emir Muhammad decided to depose him himself.
- 1495 Muhammad ibn Kiwab ('Emir Muhammad Kiwabi', powerful emir) declared himself sultan, only very briefly, probably just to show he can or to satisfy his curiosity or perhaps just to forestall a renewed bid by his exiled nephew al-Hassan while he sorted through other candidates. In any case, Muhammad abdicated soon after, & installed another royal family member, al-Fudail.
- 1495 al-Fudail ibn Suleiman ( Alfudail, nephew of Ibrahim, thus of royal blood) installed by Emir Muhammad, after his own abdication. This is 1495 AD (901 AH). Immediately after ascension, exiled ex-ruler Hassan ibn Suleiman returned with a mixed army of Bantus & Kilwan exiles to reclaim throne. sheikh of Zanzibar offered to mediate, and, through his good offices, al-Fudail even contemplated ceding throne to Hassan & ending quarrel. But Emir Muhammad refused to allow it. Instead, he promised al-Hassan an amnesty, but only if he returned to private life in Kilwa. While awaiting Hassan's reply to this offer, great Emir Muhammad Kiwabi died rather suddenly. In confusion, pretender Hassan infiltrated troops into Kilwa city, under command of his own son Sa'id. Caught by city authorities, Sa'id invented a story about just 'preparing house' for his father's peaceful return to Kilwa as a private citizen. To allay suspicions, Sa'id finally proposed to lead a Kilwan embassy, escorted by a squad of city troops, to his father's encampment to confirm his story. Thinking crisis had been defused, at least until embassy returned from its investigation, Kilwa let its guard down. But embassy did not return. Rather, Sa'id led it to at trap, & it was massacred. army of al-Hassan attacked that very same night. surprised city rallied frantically to its defenses, & a great & bloody battle ensued outside gates of city. Kilwans defeated al-Hassan & put an end to perennial pretender. victorious Sultan al-Fudail appointed a certain Ibrahim ibn Suleiman as emir, to replace late Emir Muhammad. But this state of affairs only lasted a few years.
- End of Mahdali dynasty, beginning of a series of usurpers & Portuguese puppets |
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1100's |
1200's |
1300's |
1400's |
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Oualo
1287 - 1855 568
- Senegal |
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Songhai 1340 - 1591 251
- Gao, Mali |
- @ Ngazargamu, Nigeria. & Chad, Niger, Cameroon. #5M 1892. 1800 50K KM 1892 129.5 K KM Continuation of Kanem Empire |
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Mali Empire 1400 - ?
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Songhai 1400s - 1500s 100
- @ Gao, Niger. 1500 1.4M KM 1550 800K KM
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Oyo
1400 - 1905 505
- Southwestern Nigeria Oyo-Ile |
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1100's |
1200's |
1300's |
1400's |
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 Angola |
 Burundi |
 Rwanda |
 Zaire |
 Congo |
 Gabon |
 ST & Princ |
 CAF |
 Cameroon |
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Kingdom of Kongo
1395 - 1914
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1100's |
1200's |
1300's |
1400's |
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Angoche 1485 - 1910 425
- Angoche & Moma, Mozambique |
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1100's |
1200's |
1300's |
1400's |
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Ottoman Empire 1281 - 1923 |
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Ghaznavid 963 - 1187 |
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Seljuk Empire |
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Arab Empire, Abassid Caliphate 630 - 1258 |
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Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia 1080 - 1375 |
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Crusades 1095 - 1291 |
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Hospitallers Crusading 1330 - 1523 |
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- 996 - 1021 Reign of Fatimid caliph al-Hakim |
- 998 - 1030 MahmudYameen o-dowleh, Abol Qasem, Soltan 971 - 1030 son of Sabuktigin
- 1030 Mohammad IJalal o-dowleh, Abu Ahmad, Soltan997 - 1040 son of Mahmud
- 1030 - 40 Mas'ud IShahab o-dowleh, Abu Sa'd, Soltan 997 - 1040 son of Mahmud
- 1040 Mohammad IJalal o-dowleh, Abu Ahmad, Soltan 997 - 1040 son of Mahmud
- 1040 - 9 MowdudShahab o-dowleh, Abolfath, Soltan 1011 - 1049 son of Mas'ud I
- 1049 Mas'ud II Soltan
- 1049 AliBaha o-dowleh, Abol Hasan, Soltanson of Mas'ud I
- 1049 Mohammad IISoltanson of Mowdud
- 1049 - 52 Abd or-RashidEzz o-dowleh, Abu Mansur, Soltan 1022 - 1052 son of Mahmud
- 1052 Toghrel Soltan Usurper
- 1052 - 9 Farrokhzad Jamal o-dowleh, Abu Shoja', Soltan 1026 - 1059 son of Mas'ud I
- 1059 - 98 Ebrahim Zaheer o-dowleh, Abol Mozaffar, Soltan
- 1040 - 1098 son of Mas'ud I
|
- 1009 al-Hakim orders destruction of church of Holy Sepulcher in Jerusalem
- 1020 Death of Firdawsi, author of Shahnama, Persian national epic
- 1030 - 48 Church of Holy Sepulcher rebuilt in Jerusalem
- 1037 Death of philisopher Ibn Sina (Avicenna)
- 1055 Tughril leads Seljuq Turks inyo Baghdad
- 1066 Norman conquest of Britain
- 1071 Battle of Manzikert
Anatolia opened to Muslim settlement
- 1092 Norman complete conquest of Sicily from Muslims
- 1095 Pope Urban calls for Crusade against Islam
| - 1096 - 99 First Crusade. Eight Crusades were conducted. 300,000 men were blessed by Pope Urban II & commanded by King Godfrey. |
- 1098 Crusaders capture Edessa
- 1099 Crusaders capture Antioch & Jerusalem & establish Latin Kingdom
Jerusalem
1099 - 1291 192
- Jerusalem |
|
- 1147 - 9 2 2nd Crusade
- 1189 - 92 3 3rd Crusade
- Lion in Winter 1968
- Lion in Winter 2003 TV
- Becket 1964
- Kingdom of Heaven 2004
- Lion-Heart 1987 - King Richard & Crusaders 1954 |
Jerusalem 1099 - 1324 225
|
Great Seljuq Empire
1037 - 1194 157
|
Cilicia in Armenia 1080 - 1375 295
|
- 1098 - 1114 Mas'ud IIIAla o-dowleh, Abu Saeed, Soltan 1061 - 1114 son of Ebrahim
- 1114 - 5 Shirzad Kamal o-dowleh, Soltan son of Mas'ud III
- 1115 - 7 Arsalanshah Soltan o-dowleh, Abol-fath, Soltan 1083 - 1117 son of Mas'ud III
- 1117 - 52 BaharmshahYameen o-dowleh, Abol Mozaffar, Soltan son of Mas'ud III
- 1152 - 60 Khosrowshah Taj o-dowleh, Abol Shoja, Soltanson of Bahramshah
- 1160 - 86 Khosrowmalek Saraj o-dowleh, Abolmolook, Soltan,
? - 1193 son of Khosrosha
|
- 1111 Death of philosopher & mystic al-Ghazali
- 1144 Zangi captures Edessa from Crusaders
- 1147 - 49
Second Crusade |
Ghurid Dynasty
1147 - 1215 67
- Afghanistan Firuzkuhyrs |
- 1154 Nur al-Din ibn Zangi captures Damascus
- 1171 Saladin becomes sultan of Egypt & founds Ayyubid dynasty
- El Naser Salah el Dine (Saladin) 1963
Damascus Hama Islamic Empire
- 1187 Saladin retakes Jerusalem defeating Franks at battle of Hattin in second crusade.
Third Crusade
1189 - 1192
- Lion in Winter 1968
- Lion in Winter 2003 TV
- Becket 1964
- Kingdom of Heaven 2004
- Lion-Heart 1987 - King Richard & Crusaders 1954 |
- 1198 Death of philisopher Ibn Rush (Averroes)
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Jerusalem 1099 - 1324 225
|
- 1201 - 04
3 4th Crusade
- 1218 - 21 3 5th Crusade at Damietta in Egypt |
- 1204 Fourth Crusade diverted to Constantinople
Latin Empire
1204 - 1261 57
- Thrace, Asia Minor Constantinople See also Latinokratia.Empire of Nicaea Bithynia Nicaea 57 Successor state of Byzantine Empire. |
Trebizond Empire
1204 - 1461 257
- Black Sea Trebizond Successor state of Byzantine Empire. |
- 1206 Temuchin takes title Genghis Khan (Universal Ruler)
- 1215 Magna Carta signed
| - 1220 - 60 Mongols invade Islamic lands |
- 1227 Death of Genghis Khan
- 1228 - 9 1 6th Crusade Frederick 2 took Jerusalem into truce for 10 yrs.
- 1248 - 54 6
7th Crusade |
- 1240 Death of philosopher Ibn Arabi
- 1250 Establishment of Mamluk (Slave) dynasty in Egypt
- 1258 Hulegu, Mongol chief, sacks Baghdad
- 1260 Battle of Ain Jalut
- 1271 Marco Polo passes throough Iran en route to China
- 1273 Death of mystic Jalal al-Din Rumi
- 1274 Death of astronomer Nasir al-Din Tusi
- 1291 Death of Persian poet Saadi
Fall of Acre, last Crusader stronghold in Levant, to Mamluks
- 636 - 51 Muslims conquer Syria, Persia & Egypt |
- 641 Muslim conquest of Egypt
- 1000 - 1500 Consolidation of states |
- 1100 - 1500 Bantu, Arab, & Indian cultures blend in Swahili civilization along eastern coastc. |
Ilkhanate 1256 - 1335 79
- Persia Maragheh, Tabriz, & Soltaniyeh |
Khilji
1290 - 1320 30
- Afghanistan Kabul, & Delhi |
- 1325 Ibn Battuta, famous North African traveler, begins 29-year, 75,000 mile world tourc.
- 1330 University of Tmbuktuc.
- 1493 - 1582 Expansion of Songhayc. |
- 1591 Decline of Songhay afer defeat by Moroccans
Ottoman Empire
1299 - 1922 623
- Anatolia Söğüt, Bursa, Edirne & lastly Constantinople Predecessor of Republic of Turkey. |
Cilicia in Armenia 1080 - 1375 295
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- 1299 - 1326 Reign of Othman, founder of Ottoman Turkish Empire. He defeats Seljuks. |
Ottoman Empire
1299 - 1922 623
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Jerusalem 1099 - 1324 225
- 1285 - 1324 39 Henry 2 in title only after 1291 < =0 X53 |
- 1300 last Muslims in Sicily are forcibly converted to Christianity.
- 1303 Mongols are defeated near Damascus, thus ending Mongol threat on Europe & Middle East.
- 1314 Battle at Bannockburn: Robert Bruce defeats armies of Edward I & gains Scottish independence.
- Thirty-Nine French Knights Templar are burned at stake.
Muzaffarids 1314 - 1393
- 1314 - 58 44 Mubariz ad-Din Muhammad ibn al-Muzaffar, Emir
- 1335 - 64 29 Abu'l Fawaris Djamal ad-Din Shah Shuja (at Yazd, 1353 at Shiraz), with...
- 1358 - 66 8 Qutb Al-Din Shah Mahmud (at Isfahan) ( d. 1375),
- 1366 - 84 18 Abu'l Fawaris Djamal ad-Din Shah Shuja (at Yazd, 1353 at Shiraz),
- 1384 - 7 3 Mujahid ad-Din Zain Al-Abidin 'Ali,
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- 1315 Bad weather & crop failures result in famines across northwestern Europe. A mixture of war, famine & plague in Late Middle Ages reduce population by half.
- 1317 Osman I, founder of Ottoman Empire, lays siege to Christian city of Bursa.
- 1319 Birth of Murad I, grandson of Osman I. Murad would be terror of Christian Europe, sending large military forces against Balkans & tripling size of Ottoman Empire.
- 1321 Inquisition burns its last Cathar.
- 1324 - 60 Reign of Ottoman sultan Orhan Ghazi |
- 1326 Ottomans take Bursa from Byzantines
-
Orkhan I, makes Bursa his capital & growth of Ottoman Empire is marked.
- 1327 With disintegration of Seljuk Empire, Arab & Persian regions are fragmented into several military kingdoms until 1500.
- 1328 England recognizes Scottish independence, with Robert Bruce as King.
| - 1330 - 1523 Although not officially supported by church hierarchy, Hospitallers continue intermittent Crusading from their base in Rhodes. |
- 1331 Ottoman Turks capture Nicaea & rename it Iznik.
- 1332 - 8 Abd al-Razzaq ibn Fazlullah
- 1338 - 43 Wajih ad-Din Masud ibn Fazlullah
- 1343 - 6 Muhammad Ay Temur
- 1346 - 7 Kaba Isfendiyar
- 1347 - 8 d.1361Lutf Allah
- 1348 - 53 Khwaja Tadj ad-Din Ali
- 1353 - 8 Yahya ibn Karawi
- 1358 - 9 Zahir ad-Din
- 1359 - 60 Haidar al-Qassab
- 1360 - 1 Lutf Allah (restored)
- 1361 - 4 Hasan al-Damghani
- 1364 - 76 d.1386 Khwaja 'Ali-yi Mu'ayyad ibn Masud
- 1376 - 9 Rukn ad-Din
- 1379 - 86 Khwaja 'Ali-yi Mu'ayyad ibn Masud (restored)
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Injuids 1335 - 1357
- 1304 - 25 Sharaf al-Din Mahmud Shah
- 1336 - 8 Amir Ghiyas al-Din Kai-Khusrau
- 1338 - 42 Amir Jalal al-Din Mas'ud Shah in opposition to Kai-Khusrau
- 1339 Shams al-Din Muhammad (in opposition to Mas'ud Shah
- 1343 - 57 Shaikh Abu Ishaq
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Cilicia in Armenia 1080 - 1375 295
Hethumids 1226 - 1341 195 |
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- 1336 Hundred Years' War between France & England begins.
- 1337 Birth of Timur-i Lang brutal ruler of Samarkand who cuts a wide swath of destruction across Persia & Middle East. Timur founds Timurid Dynasty & becomes infamous for building pyramids out of skulls of his slain enemies.
- 1340 Battle of Rio Saldo: Alfonso XI of Castile & Alfonso IV of Portugal defeat a much larger force of Muslims from Morocco.
- 1345 Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris, France, is completed.
- Ottoman Turks are asked for help by John Cantacuzene against a rival for Byzantine throne. John would become John VI & gives his sixteen-year-old daughter Theodora to Orkhan I as a wife. This is first time Muslim Turks crossed Dardanelles into Europe.
- First Ottoman campaign in Europe
- 1347 Black death reaches Constantinople & Egypt; reaches Europe following year
-
Black Death reaches Cyprus from eastern Asia.
- 1350 Renaissance begins in Italy.
- 1365 Led by Peter I of Cyprus, Crusaders sack Egyptian city of Alexandria.
- 1368 Ming Dynasty is established in China by a peasant's son who had become a monk but later led a 13-year long rebellion against corrupt & ineffectual Mongol rulers.
Timurid
1370 - 1526 156
- Persia & Central Asia Samarkand & later on Herat Persianized form of Mongolian word kürügän, Turko-Mongol Empire. |
- 1370 - 1405 Reign of Timur (Tamerlane) |
- 1370 Timur conquers Khurasan
- 1387 - 91 4 Imad ad-Din Sultan Ahmad (at Kerman), with...
- 1387 - 91 4 Mubariz ad-Din Shah Yahya (at Shiraz), and...
- 1387 - 91 4 Sultan Abu Ishaq (in Sirajan),
- 1391 - 3 2 Shah Mansur (at Isfahan),
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- 1389 Ottoman defeat Serbs at Kosovo
Death of Persian lyric poet Hafez
- 1391 - 8 7 First Ottoman siege of Constantinople |
- 1396 Ottomans defeat Venice, Hungary, Byzantium & Crusaders at Nicopolis
- 1398 - 9 Timur attacks India & sacks Delhi
- 1373 Ottoman Turks force Byzantine Empire, now under John V Palaeologus, into vassalage.
- 1380 last holdings of Byzantine Empire in Asia Minor are captured by Turks.
- 1387 Poet Geoffrey Chaucer begins work on his masterpiece Canterbury Tales.
- 1389 Death of Orhan I, son of Osman I. Orhan's son, Murad I, takes over Ottoman Empire. Murad becomes terror of Christian Europe, sending large military forces against Balkans & tripling size of Ottoman Empire.
- 1395 King Sigismund of Hungary sends emissaries to various European powers to request help to defend his borders against Ottoman Turks. Bajazet, Ottoman sultan, had boasted that he would drive through Hungary, into Italy, & turn St. Peter's Cathedral into a stable for his horses.
- 1396 Ottoman Turks conquer Bulgaria. Thousands of French knights & soldiers set out from Burgundian capital Dijon to aid Hungarians against Ottoman Turks. Battle of Nicopolis: A Crusader army of around 60,000 men & made up of from Hungarian army of Sigismund of Luxembourg along with French, German, Polish, Italian, & English forces enter Ottoman Turkish territory & lay siege to Nicopolis in Bulgaria. Ottoman sultan, Bajazet, gathers together a massive army of his own & relieves besieged city, defeating Crusaders. Bulgaria becomes a vassal state and, like Serbia, would remain one until 1878.
- 1398 Dehli is conquered by Timur Lame (Tamerlame), king of Samarkand. Timur's Turkish army devastates sultanate of Dehli, exterminates local Hindu population, & then leaves. |
Ottoman Empire
1299 - 1922 623
|
- 1401 Baghdad & Damascus are conquered by Timur.
- 1402 Battle of Ankara: Ottoman sultan Bajazet, great-grandson of Osman I, is defeated & taken prisoner by Mongol warlord Timur at Ankara.
- Timur defeats Ottoman at Ankara, captures Sultan Bayezid
- 1405 Death of Timur-i Lang (Tamerlane, Timur Lame), brutal ruler of Samarkand who had cut a wide swath of destruction across Persia & Middle East. Timur founded Timurid Dynasty & had become renowned for building pyramids out of skulls of his slain enemies.
- 1413 Mehmed I unifies Ottoman territories
-
Mahomet, son of Bajazet, becomes Ottoman sultan Mahomet I after defeating his three brothers in a civil war that had lasted over 10 years.
- 1415 Portuguese capture city of Ceuta on north coast of Morocco, first time that Crusade against Muslims was taken to northwestern region of Africa.
- 1422 Second Ottoman siege of Constantinople
- 1425 - 30 Ottoman-Venetian war |
- 1425 Death of Manuel II Palaeologus, Byzantine emperor. Shortly before dying Manuel is forced by Ottoman Turks to begin paying them a yearly tribute.
- 1429 Joan of Arc led French forces to victory over English army by raising siege at Orleans.
- 1438 Johann Gutenberg invents printing press & pioneers technology of movable type, creating first Bible printed with movable type in Mainz, Germany.
- 1444 Battle of Varna: An army of at least 100,000 Turks under sultan Murad II defeats Polish & Hungarian Crusaders numbering around 30,000 under Ladislaus III of Poland & John Hunyadi.
- 1445 Gutenberg prints first book with movable type at Mainz
- 1448 Ottomans defeat Hungarians at second battle of Kososvo
- 1451 - 81 Reign of Mehmed II
Lodi Sultanate
1451 - 1526 85
- Afghanistan Delhi |
- 1453 Ottomans besiege & capture Constantinople
- 1453 Bordeaux falls to French forces & Hundred Years' War ends without a treaty.
-
Ottoman sultan Mehmed II arrives at Constantinople. Mahomet will be successful in his siege of city largely because of acquisition of over sixty artillery pieces, making siege one of first successful uses of gunpowder in this fashion. Use of this artillery is improved with help of gunnery experts sent by Hungarian national hero John Hunyadi who is eager to end heresy of Eastern Orthodox Christianity, even if it means helping hated Turks. Seige of Constantinople begins. Sultan Mehmed II breaches walls after only 50 days. walls protecting Constantinople had stood for more than a thousand years; when they fall, Eastern Roman Empire (Byzantium) also ended.
- 1456 Athens is captured by Turks.
- 1458 Turkish soldiers sack Acropolis in Athens, Greece.
- 1463 Bosnia is conquered by Turks.
- 1464 Pope Pius II launches a short crusade against Turks in Italy, but he falls ill & dies before much can happen. This would mark death of "crusading mentality" which had been so important in Europe over previous three centuries.
- 1467 Herzegovina is conquered by Turks.
- 1469 Guru Nanak Dev Ji was born. On this date Sikhs commemorate birth of founder of Sikh faith & first of Ten Gurus.
Timurid
1380 - 1507 147
- 1369 - 1405 Timur ("Tamerlane"), , nominally under authority of Chagatai KhanateThe third era of fragmentation follows, as Timur's Empire loses cohesion & local rulers strive against each other.
- 1392 - 1407 Pir Muhammad, grandson of Timur, , effectively ruled from Qandahar
- 1405 - 8 Djalal Ud-Din Miran Shah, son of Timur, ruled Azerbaijan
- 1405 - 9 Rustam, , ruled Arabistan
- 1405 - 9 Khalil Sultan (Timurid dynasty), son of Miran Shah, , ruled in Samarkand, surrendered to Shah Rukh, became governor of Rayy until his death in - 1411
- 1405 - 47 Shah Rukh, son of Timur, , ruled first in Transoxiana
- 1414 Ayyal, , opposed Shah Rukh
- 1414 - 5 Ailankar, , opposed Shah Rukh
- 1409 - 12 Bayqara, , ruled in Fars
- 1412 - 4 Iskandar, , ruled first in Fars, then Azerbaijan & Arabistan
In 1410 Turcoman horde Kara Koyunlu (Black Sheep) captured Baghdad & their leaders ruled western parts of Timurid realm. In East however, Shah Rukh was able to secure his rule in Transoxiana & Fars.
- 1447 - 9 Ulugh Beg, son of Shah Rukh,
|
- 1463 - 79 Ottoman-Venetian war |
- 1472 Sophia Palaeologus, niece of Constantine XI Palaeologus, last Byzantine Emperor, marries Ivan II of Moscow.
- 1480 Mehmed II Conqueror sends a fleet commanded by Gedik Ahmed Pasha westward. It captures Italian port city of Otranto.
- 1487 Spanish forces capture Malaga from Moors.
- 1492 Christians expel Muslims & Jews from Spain
- Colombus sails to New World
-
Christopher Columbus discovers Americas in name of Spain, launching an era of extensive European exploration & conquest.
- Bajazet II, Sultan of Turkey, invades Hungary & defeats Hungarian army at Save River.
- Ferdinand of Aragon & Isabella of Castile, later benefactors of Christopher Columbus, end Muslim rule in Spain by conquering Granada, last Muslim stronghold. With help of Torquemada, Grand Inquisitor, they also force conversion or expulsion of all Jews in Spain.
- 1493 Dalmatia & Croatia are invaded by Turks.
- 1498 Portuguese navigator Vasco de Gama reaches India by sea
- 1499 Venice goes to war with Turks & Venetian fleet is defeated at Sapienza.
-
Francisco Jime'nez forces mass conversion of Moors in Spain despite earlier agreement of Ferdinand & Isabella that Muslims would be allowed to keep their religion & their mosques.
|
|
1100's |
1200's |
1300's |
1400's |
|
| |
Eastern Ganga Empire
1078 - 1434 |
|
|
Pala Empire
750 - 1174 424 |
|
|
|
|
|
Western Chalukya
973 - 1189 212 |
|
|
Bahmani Sultanate 1347 - 1527 |
|
| |
|
|
Delhi Sultanate
1206 - 1527 321 |
|
| |
|
Chutiya Kingdom 1187 - 1673 |
|
| |
|
Jaffna Kingdom Sri Lanka 1215 - 1619 |
|
| |
|
Ahom Bangladesh Kingdom
1228 - 1826 |
|
Eastern Chalukya 624 - 1189 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Paramara House 800 - 1305 |
|
|
|
|
|
Polonnaruwa Sri Lanka 1056 - 1236 |
|
|
|
|
|
Hoysala Empire India 1026 - 1343 |
|
|
|
|
Chola Empire India 800s - 1279 |
|
|
|
Vijayanagara Empire 1336 - 1650 |
|
|
|
Kakatiya
1083 - 1323 240
- 1000 - 30 30 Beta 1
- 1030 - 75 45 Prola 1
- 1075 - 1110 35 Beta 2 |
Eastern Ganga Empire
1078 - 1434 356
- 1078 - 1147 69 Anantavarman Chodaganga
|
Kabul Shahi
700s - 1026 320s
- 1001 - 10 9 Anandapala son of Jayapala
- 1010 - 22 12 Trilochanapala assassinated by mutinous troops
- 1022 - 6 4 Bhímapála
|
Gurjar Pratihar
650 - 1036 386
- 960 - 1018 58 Rajapala
- 1018 - 27 9 Trilochanpala
- 1024 - 36 12 Jasapala
|
Paramara
800 - 1305 505
- 995 - 1010 15 Sindhuraja
- 1010 - 55 45 Bhoja 1
- 1055 - 60 5 Jayasimha 1
- 1060 - 87 27 Udayaditya
- 1087 - 97 10 Lakshmanadeva
|
- Gujarat, India
- 995 - 1010 15 Chamundaraj
- 1010 Vallabharaj
- 1010 - 21 11 Durlabhraj
- 1021 - 63 42 Bhimdev I Son of Naagraj & Nephew of Durlabhraj.
- 1063 - 93 30 Karnadev I Son of Bhimdev 1.
- 1093 - 1143 50 "Siddhraj" Jaysinh 1
- 1143 - 73 30 KumarpalDescendant of Karandev 1.
- 1171 - 6 5 Ajavapal. Nephew of Kumarpal.
- 1176 - 8 2 Mulraj 2
|
Early Pandyan 300 - 1345 1045
Sangam age Partial list
Cholas |
- Sundara Pandya 1
- Vira Pandya 1
- Vira Pandya 2
- Amarabhujanga Tivrakopa
- Jatavarman Sundara Chola Pandya
- Maravarman Vikrama Chola Pandya
- Maravarman Parakrama Chola Pandya
- Jatavarman Chola Pandya |
Chera
400's BC - 1102 AD
Second Chera or Kulasekhara Empire
- 962 - 1019 57 Bhaskara Ravi Varman 1
- 1019 - 21 2 Bhaskara Ravi Varman 2 1
- 1021 - 8 7 Vira Kerala
- 1028 - 43 15 Rajasimha
- 1043 - 82 39 Bhaskara Ravi Varman 3
- 1090 - 1102 12 Rama Varma Kulashekhara also called Cheraman Perumal. |
|
Kakatiya
1083 - 1323 240
- 1110 - 58 Prola 2
- 1158 - 95 Rudradeva 1
- 1195 - 8 Mahadeva brother of King Rudradeva |
Eastern Ganga Empire
1078 - 1434 356
- 1170 - 98 28 Ananga Bhima Deva 2
|
Kalachuri
1130 - 84 54
- Feudatory of Kalyani Chalukyas
- Uchita
- Asaga
- Kannam
- Kiriyasaga
- Bijjala 1
- Kannama
- Jogama
- Permadi
- 1130 - 67 37 Bijjala 2 proclaimed independence in 1162.
- 1168 - 76 9 Sovideva
- Mallugi --> overthrown by brother Sankama
- 1176 - 80 4 Sankama
- 1180 - 3 3 Ahavamalla
- 1183 - 4 1 Singhana
|
- Gujarat
- 1178 - 1242 64 Bhimdev 2 |
Chutiya
1187 - 1673 486
- 0* |
Paramara
800 - 1305 505
- 1097 - 1134 37 Naravarman
- 1134 - 42 8 Yasovarman
- 1142 - 60 18 Jayavarman 1
- 1160 - 93 33 Vindhyavarman |
Early Pandyan 300 - 1345
Sangam age Partial list
- 1101 - 24 23 Srivallabha Manakulachala
- 1132 - 61 29 Maaravaramban Seervallaban
- 1161 - 2 1 Parakrama Pandiyan
- Kulasekara Pandyan 3
- Vira Pandyan 1 2
- 1175 - 80 5 Jatavarman Srivallaban
- 1190 - 1216 26 Jatavarman Kulasekaran 1
|
|
Ilkhanids 1256 - 1336
- Iran |
Kakatiya
1083 - 1323
- 1199 - 1261 62 Ganapathi deva
- 1262 - 96 34 Rudrama devi |
Eastern Ganga Empire
1078 - 1434 356
- 1211 - 38 27 Anangabhima Deva 3
- 1238 - 64 26 Narasimha 1
- 1264 - 79 15 Bhanudeva 1
- 1279 - 1306 28 Narasimha 2
|
Jaffna 1215 - 1619
- Sri Lanka |
Paramara
800 - 1305
- 1193 - 1210 17 Subhatavarman
- 1210 - 8 8 Arjunavarman 1
- 1218 - 39 21 Devapala
- 1239 - 56 17 Jaitugideva
- 1256 - 69 13 Jayavarman 2
- 1269 - 74 5 Jayasimha 2
- 1274 - 83 9 Arjunavarman 2
- 1283 - 90 7 Bhoja 2
- 1290 - 1305 15 Mahlakadeva
|
- @ Gujarat, India
- 1223 - 42 19 Jaysinh 2 co-ruler of Bhimdev 2
- 1242 - 4 2 Tribuvanpal
|
Ahom
1228 - 1826 598
- Bangladesh |
Early Pandyan 300 - 1345
Sangam age Partial list
- 1190 - 1216 Jatavarman Kulasekaran 1
13th century is greatest period in history of Pandyan Empire. Their power reached its zenith under Jatavarman Sundara Pandyan in middle of 13th century. foundation for such a great empire was laid by Maravarman Sundara Pandyan early in 13th century.
- 1216 - 38 22 Maravarman Sundara Pandyan
- 1238 - 40 2 Sundaravaramban Kulasekaran 2
- 1238 - 51 13 Maravarman Sundara Pandyan 2
- 1251 - 68 17 Jatavarman Sundara Pandyan
- 1268 - 1308 50 Maaravaramban Kulasekara Pandyan 1 |
|
Kakatiya
1083 - 1323
- 1296 - 1323 27 Prataparudra/ Rudradeva 2 Son of Queen Rudramba
|
Vijayanagara Empire
1336 - 1650 310
- Vijayanagara EmpireSouth IndiaVijayanagaraThe founding of original kingdom was based on principality of Anegondi. |
Eastern Ganga Empire
1078 - 1434 356
- 1306 - 28 22 Bhanudeva 2
- 1328 - 52 24 Narasimha 3
- 1352 - 78 26 Bhanudeva 3
- 1378 - 1414 36 Narasimha 4
|
Bahmani 1347 - 1527 80
- @ India |
Kandesh 1388 - 1888 500
- |
Early Pandyan 300 - 1345 1045
Sangam age Partial list
Pandya Revival
- 1268 - 1308 40 Maaravaramban Kulasekara Pandyan I
- 1309 - 27 18 Sundara Pandyan 4
- 1309 - 45 36 Vira Pandyan 4 |
|
Garhwal
1400 - 1814 414
- 0* |
Kachari 1400's
- Bangladesh |
- 1410 Ming–Kotte War India to stop piracy & a quest for tooth relic of Buddha
Cochin 1480's - 1949
-India |
Eastern Ganga Empire
1078 - 1434
- 1414 - 34 Bhanudeva 4
|
|
|
1100's |
1200's |
1300's |
1400's |
|
Champa Dynasties in Vietnam 192 - 1883 |
| |
|
|
Majapahit Empire Indonesia 1293 - 1500 |
|
| |
|
Ternate Sultanate
Indonesia 1257 - Present |
|
| |
|
Pasai Kingdom
Indonesia 1267 - Present |
|
| |
Bagan Kingdom Burma 1044 - 1287 |
|
|
Lan Xang Kingdom 1353 - 1707 |
|
| |
|
Ayutthaya Kingdom 1351 - 1767 |
|
Angkor Kingdom 800's - 1200's |
|
|
|
Siam Empire 1350 - 1909 |
|
| |
|
Sukhothai Kingdom 1238 - 1583 |
|
| |
|
Kedah Sultanate of Malasia 1136 - Present |
|
| |
|
Islamic growth in Indonesia 1200 - 1600 |
|
|
|
Pagaruyung Kingdom 1347 - 1833 |
|
| |
|
Hanthawaddy Kingdom
1287 - 1539 |
|
| |
|
Kelantan Kingdom Malasia
1267 - Present |
|
| |
|
Mon Kingdoms 1200's - 1500's |
|
|
Ly Dynasty of Vietnam 1009 - 1225 |
|
Tran Dynasty Vietnam 1225 - 1400 |
|
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|
| |
Kediri Kingdom 1045 - 1221 |
|
|
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|
|
Khmer Empire 802 - 1462 |
|
|
Hong Bang Dynasty in Vietnam 257 BC - 1750 |
|
|
Hong Bang 257 BC - 1750 2007
- Champa Vietnam
- 989 - 99 10 Harivarman 2
- 999 - 1007 8 Yan Pu Ku Vijaya
- 1007 - 10 3 Harivarman 3
- 1010 - 8 8 Patamesvaravarman 2
- 1018 - 30 12 Vikrantavarman 4
- 1030 - 44 14 Jaya Sinhavarman 2
- 1044 - 61 17 Jaya Paramesvaravarman 1
- 1061 Bhadravarman 3
- 1061 - 74 13 Rudravarman 3
- 1074 - 80 6 Harivarman 4
- 1080 - 1, 1086 - 1114 Jaya Indravarman 2
- 1081 - 6 Paramabhodhisatva |
Thaton
800's - 1057 250s
- Burma
|
Angkor
800's - 1200's 400
- Thailand |
Bagan
1044 - 1287 243
- 1044 - 1077 King Anawrahta of Pagan captures Mon capital & unifies Burma. Theravada Buddhism becomes official state religion. Golden Age of temple-building at Pagan. Karen drums
- 1044 - 1077 Anawrahta
- 1084 - 1112 Kyanzittha |
Kediri 1045 - 1221 176
- Indonesia |
- 1011 - 6 5 Śri Ajñadewi (queen
- 1022 - 5 3 Dharmawangsa Wardhana Marakatapangkaja (fl. ) [son of Dharma Udayana]
- 1025 - 42 17 Airlangga (c.; King in Java from 1019) [brother]
- 1049 - 77 18 Anak Wungsu (fl.) [brother]
- 1079 - 88 9 Śri Maharaja Walaprabhu (between )
- 1088 - 1101 13 Śri Maharaja Sakalendukirana Laksmidhara Wijayottunggadewi (queen |
|
Hong Bang 257 BC - 1750
- Champa Vietnam
- 1080 - 1 1 Jaya Indravarman 2
- 1081 - 6 5 Interegnum
-
1086 - 1114 28 Jaya Indravarman 2 restored
- 1114 - 39 Harivarman 5
- 1139 - 45 Jaya Indravarman 3
- 1145 - 7 3 Rudravarman 4 (Khmer vassal)
- 1147 - 67 20 Jaya Harivarman 1
- 1167 Jaya Harivarman 2
- 1167 - 90 23 d. 1192 Jaya Indravarman 4
- 1190 - 1 1 Suryajayavarman (Khmer vassal in Vijaya)
- 1191 - 1203 12 Suryavarman (Khmer vassal in Pandurang)
- 1191 Jaya Indravarman V (in Vijaya) |
1136 - Present 875 Kedah
- Malasia |
- 1170 - 1203 Khmer-Cham War
Bagan
1044 - 1287 243
- 1112 - 67 Alaungsithu
- 1173 - 1210 Narapatisithu |
- 1101 - 15 14 ?
- 1115 - 9 4 Śri Suradhipa
Jaya Dynasty 1133 - 1343 210 |
- 1133 - 50 27 Śri Jayaśakti
- 1150 - 5 5 Ragajaya
- 1155 - 78 23 ?
- 1178 - 81 3 Jayapangus
- 1181 - 1200 19 Arjayadengjayaketana Queen
- 1181 - 1200 19 Haji Ekajayalancana co-regent ^ |
|
Hong Bang 257 BC - 1750 2007
- Champa Vietnam
- 1203 - 20 17 Cam Bốt thuộc
- 1220 - 52 32 Jaya Paramesvaravarman 2
- 1252 - 65 13 Jaya Indravarman 6
- 1265 - 88 23 Indravarman 5
- 1288 - 1307 19 Jaya Sinhavarman 3 |
Islamic growth in Indonesia
1200 - 1600
- |
Shan States 1215 - 1557
- Burma
|
Mon Kingdoms
1200's - 1500's 300
-
|
Singhasari
1222 - 92 70
- Java |
Sukhothai
1238 - 1583 350
- Thailand |
Bagan
1044 - 1287
- 1254 - 87 Narathihapate |
- 1257 Viets repel Mongol invasion |
Ternate 1257 - Present 654
- @ Indonesia |
Pasai
1267 - Present 744
- Indonesia |
Kelantan
1267 - Present 744
- |
- 1287 Kublai Khan captures Pagan Thailand |
Hanthawaddy
1287 - 1539 252
- of Burma |
- 1288 Mongol invasion of Vietnam
Majapahit
1293 - 1500 207
- in Java 234 Malay Archipelago Majapahit
|
Myinsaing
1298 - 1312 14
- Burma |
Bali 914 - 1843 929
Jaya Dynasty 1133 - 1343 210 |
- 1200 - 4 4 Bhatara Guru Śri Adikuntiketana
- 1204 - 60 56 Adidewalancana
- 1260 - 84 24 A Queen
|
|
Hong Bang Dynasty
257 BC - 1750
- Champa Vietnam
- 1288 - 1307 19 Jaya Sinhavarman 3
- 1307 - 12 5 Jaya Sinhavarman 4
- 1312 - 8 6 Chế Nang (Annamite Vassal)
- 1318 - 42 24 Chế A Nan
- 1342 - 60 18 Trà Hoa Bồ Đề
- 1360 - 90 30 Chế Bồng Nga (Red king-strongest king)
- 1390 - 1400 10 Ko Cheng |
Pinya 1312 - 64 52
- Burma |
Pagaruyung 1347 - 1833 486
- Indonesia |
Siam Empire
1350 - 1909 555
- Thailand |
Ayutthaya 1351 - 1767 416
- Thailand
|
Lan Xang 1353 - 1707 353
- Laos |
Brunei 1363 - Present 648
- |
Ava 1364 - 1555 191
- Burma |
Bali 914 - 1843 929
Jaya Dynasty 1133 - 1343 210 |
|
|
Hong Bang Dynasty
257 BC - 1750
- Champa Vietnam
- 1400 - 1 1 Jaya Sinhavarman 5
- 1441 - 6 5 Maija Vijaya
- 1446 - 9 3 Moho Kouei-Lai
- 1449 - 58 9 Moho Kouei-Yeou
- 1458 - 60 2 Moho P'an-Lo-Yue
- 1460 - 71 11 P'an-Lo T'ou-Ts'iuan
- |
Majapahit 1400's - 1900's
- Malasia |
Malacca
1400 - 1511 111
- Indonesia |
- 1407 - 1427 Fourth Chinese domination
Mrauk U
1430 - 1784
- Burma |
- 1431 Thais sack Angkor, take spoils to Ayutthaya. Khmer capital moves S. to area around Phnom Penh. Laos - Lan Sang
- 1434 Emerald Buddha discovered in N
|
Charktomok 1437 - 1525 88
- @ Cambodia |
Sulu 1450 - 1899 449
- @ Malasia
|
Wajo
1450 - Present 561
- Indonesia on Buji south of Sulawesi |
Sulu 1457 - 1899 432
- @ Philipinnes |
- 1461 Lan-na captures Sukhothai Cambodia |
- 1471 Viets take over most of Champa Burma |
Demak 1475 - 1548 73
- @ Indonesia
|
Toungoo 1486 - 1752 66
- Burma |
Aceh 1496 - 1903 407
- @ Indonesia |
|
|
1100's |
1200's |
1300's |
1400's |
|
|
Buddhism translated from Sanskrit to Tibetan 1000s - 1300s |
|
|
I |
|
Buddhism translated from Sanskrit to Tibetan 1000s - 1300s |
|
|
Timurid Empire
1401 - 1505 |
|
Heian Period 794 - 1185 391
|
|
Kamakura Period of Japan 1185 - 1333 |
|
Muromachi Period (Ashikaga) 1336 - 1573 |
|
|
Western Xia 1038 - 1227 |
|
|
|
|
Liao 907 - 1125 |
|
|
|
|
|
| |
|
Jin 1115 - 1234 |
|
|
|
|
Heian period in Japan 794 - 1185 |
|
|
Fujiwara - 1086 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
 Japan |
|
|
|
|
|
Japan 660 BC - Present 2671
|
Liao 907 - 1125 218
- China |
Later Goguryeo 901 - 918
- 901 - 918 Gung-ye era Mutae
- Seongchaek
- Sudeok-Manse
- Jeong-gae
Goryeo 918 - 1392
- 997 - 1009 12 Wang Song
- 1009 - 31 22 Wang Sun
- 1031 - 4 3 Wang Heum
- 1034 - 46 12 Wang Hyeong
- 1046 - 83 37 Wang Hwi
- 1083 Wang Hun
- 1083 - 94 11 Wang Un
- 1094 - 5 1 Wang Uk
- 1095 - 1105 10 Wang Hee |
- 1010 Second Goryeo-Khitan War
- 1019 Toi invasion Japan invasion of northern Kyūshū by Jurchen pirates
- 1019 Third Goryeo-Khitan War Korea kingdom of Goryeo & Khitan
Western Xia Dynasty 1038 - 1227 189
-China, Inner Mongolia, Outer Mongolia Xingqing Also called Tangut Dynasty.
- 1032 - 1048 Lǐ Yuánhào Wǔlièdì Jǐngzōng
- 1048 - 1067 Lǐ Liàngzuò Zhāoyīngdì Yìzōng
- 1067 - 1086 Lǐ Bǐng cháng Kāngjìngdì Huìzōng
|
- 1051 - 1063 Early Nine Years' War Japan's Mutsu province
- Shangjing China
- 982 - 1031 49 Yēlǜ Lóngxùtedious Shengzong
- 1031 - 55 24 Yēlǜ Zōngzhēntedious Xingzong
- 1055 - 1101 46 Yēlǜ Hóngjītedious Daozong |
|
China
-
1100 - 25 25 Huizong
- 1125 - 27 2 Qinzong
Southern Song 1127 - 1279 152 |
|
Jin Dynasty 1115 - 1234 119
- Northern China, Manchuria Huining, Zhongdu, Kaifeng Also known as Jurchens, were ancestors of Manchus who established Qing Dynasty.
- 1115 - 23 8 Wányán Āgǔdǎ Tàizǔ
- 1123 - 34 11 Wányán Wúqǐmǎi Tàizōng
- 1135 - 49 14 Wányán Hélá or Wányán Dǎn Xīzōng
- 1149 - 61 12 Wányán Liàng Hǎilíngwáng
- 1161 - 89 28 Wányán Yōng Shìzōng
- 1190 - 1208 18 Wányán Jǐng Zhāngzōng
|
- 1000s - 1300s 300 Buddhism translated from Sanskrit to Tibetan |
|
Goryeo 918 - 1392 474
- 1105 - 22 17 Wang U
- 1122 - 46 24 Wang Hae
- 1146 - 70 24 Wang Hyeon
- 1170 - 97 27 Wang Ho |
- 1122 - 1127 Jurchen-Sung War
Japan 660 BC - Present 2671
|
Japan
- 1155 Hogen Disturbance In Japan
|
- 1180 - 1185 Genpei War Japan Taira & Minamoto clans
- 1185 - 1333 Kamakura Period of Japan |
Western Xia 1038 - 1227 189
- 1086 - 1139 53 Lǐ Qiánshùn Shèngwéndì Chóngzōng
- 1139 - 93 60 Lǐ Rénxiào Shèngzhēndì Rénzōng
- 1193 - 1206 13 Lǐ Chúnyòu Zhāojiǎnjì Huánzōng
|
Song Dynasties
960 - 1279 319
Bei (Northern) Song dynasty 北宋 960 - 1127
- 1100 - 25 25 Zhao Ji Huizong
- 1126 - 7 1 Zhao Huan Qinzong
-
1127 - 1279 152 Lin'an
|
- 1101 - 25 24 Yēlǜ Yánxǐ Tianzuodi Did not exist
|
|
China
Southern Song 1127 - 1279 152 |
|
- 1211 - 1276 Mongol invasion of China
| - 1214 Zengis Khan took Northern China. |
- 1231 - 1273 Mongol invasions of Korea
- 1254 - 1324 70 Marco Polo
- Adventures of Marco Polo 1938
- Marco Polo 1962
- Marco Polo 1998 |
- 1260 Mongols, under Kublai Khan took over China. |
Western Xia Dynasty 1038 - 1227 189
- 1206 - 11 5 Lǐ Ānquán Jǐngwǔdì Xiāngzōng
- 1211 - 23 12 Lǐ Zūnxū Yīngwéndì Shénzōng
- 1223 - 6 3 Lǐ Déwàng Did not exist Xiànzōng
- 1226 - 7 1 Lǐ Xiàn Did not exist Mòzhǔ
|
Goryeo 918 - 1392
- 1197 - 1204 7 Wang Tak
- 1204 - 11 7 Wang Yeong
- 1211 - 3 2 Wang O
- 1213 - 59 46 Wang Cheol
- 1259 - 74 15 Wang Sik
- 1274 - 1308 34 Wang Geo |
Japan 660 BC - Present 2671
|
- 1274 - 1281 Mongol invasion of Japan |
Ming
1368 - 1644 276
- 1368 - 1421 53 China Nanjing
|
Japan
- 1333 - 6 3 Kenmu Restoration of Japan
- 1336 - 1573 237 Muromachi Period (Ashikaga) of Japan
- 1336 - 92 56 Nanboku-cho period of Japan |
Josean 1392 - 1897 505
- Korea
- 1392 - 8 16 Yi Seong gye
- 1398 - 1400 2 Yi Bang-gwa
|
Goryeo 918 - 1392 474
- 1308 - 13 5 Wang Jang
- 1313 - 30 17 Wang Man
- 1330 - 2 2 Wang Jeong
- 1339 - 44 5 ?
- 1344 - 8 4 Wang Heun
- 1348 - 51 3 Wang Jeo
- 1351 - 74 23 Wang Jeon
- 1374 - 88 14 Wang U
- 1388 - 9 1 Wang Chang
- 1389 - 92 3 Wang Yo |
Japan 660 BC - Present 2671
|
|
- 1419 Ōei Invasion Korean Joseon against pirate bases on Tsushima Island
Ryūkyū 1429 - 1879 450
- Kingdom |
Sengoku Period
1467 - 1573 106
- Japan |
- 1467 - 1477 Ōnin War Japan Civil war
Josean
1392 - 1897 505
- 1400 - 18 18 Yi Bang won
- 1418 - 50 32 Yi Do
- 1450 - 2 2 Yi Hyang
- 1452 - 5 3 Yi Hong wi
- 1455 - 68 13 Yi Yu
- 1468 - 9 1 Yi Gwang
- 1469 - 94 25 Yi Hyeol
- 1494 - 1506 12 Yi Yung |
Japan 660 BC - Present 2671
|
|
|
1100's |
1200's |
1300's |
1400's |
|
Tu'i Tonga 950 - 1875? |
|
|
Mōʻī of Maui 1040 - 1795 755
-
- 1040 - 70 30 Aliʻi nui Paumakua 1st Moʻi of Maui
- 1070 - 1100 30 Haho 2nd |
Tu'i Tonga 950 - 1875
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Aliʻi Aimoku of Big Island 1125 - 1754 629
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Mōʻī of Maui 1040 - 1795 755
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Aliʻi Aimoku of Oʻahu
1100 - 1795 695
- 1100 - 33 33 Aliʻi nui Kumuhonua 1st Alii Aimoku of Oʻahu
- 1133 - 66 33 Aliʻi nui Elepuukahonua 2nd
- 1166 - 99 33 3rd
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Aliʻi Aimoku of Big Island 1125 - 1754 629
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Mōʻī of Maui 1040 - 1795 755
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Aliʻi Aimoku of Oʻahu
1100 - 1795 695
- 1199 - 1232 33 Aliʻi nui Nawele 4th
- 1232 - 65 33 Aliʻi nui Lakona 5th
- 1265 - 98 33 Aliʻi nui Kapae 6th
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Aliʻi Aimoku of Big Island 1125 - 1754 629
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Mōʻī of Maui 1040 - 1795 755
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Aliʻi Aimoku of Oʻahu
1100 - 1795 695
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Aliʻi Aimoku of Big Island 1125 - 1754 629
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Mōʻī of Maui 1040 - 1795 755
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Aliʻi Aimoku of Oʻahu
1100 - 1795 695
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1100's |
1200's |
1300's |
1400's |
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Monte alb 4 900 - 1350 450 |
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Monte alb 5 1350 - 1521 171 |
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Zapotec civilization 400 - 1521 1121 |
Early Post Classic Maya 900 - 1200 300 |
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Late Post Classic Maya 1200 - 1519 319 |
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Post Classic Maya 900 - 1500 |
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Aztec Empire 1325 - 1521 196 |
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 Mexico |
 United States of America |
 Canada |
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El Tajin 600 - 1200 600
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- 900 - 1500 Post Classic Maya |
Mayapan Maya
1002 - 1492 490
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- 1100 Aztecs left homeland in search of new home.
- 1195 Aztecs arrived in Valley of Mexico.
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- 1200 Incas migrate to Peru from Andes & begin building roads
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Northern Maya cities begin to be abandoned.
- 1200 - 1519 319 Late Post Classic Maya |
K'iche' 1200's - 1524 324
- Q'umarkaj Guatemala |
- 1224 city of Chichen Itza is abandoned by Toltecs. A people known as Uicil-abnal, which later takes name Itza, settles in desolate city.
- 1244 Itza abandon Chichen Itza for reasons unknown.
- 1250 Aztecs settled near Lake Texcoco.
- 1263 Itza begin building city of Mayapan.
- 1283 Mayapan becomes capital of Yucatan.
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- 1300 Incan Empire expands from northern Ecuador to Chile
- 1325 Tenochtitlan was founded. First temple built by Aztecs.
Aztec
1325 - 1521 196
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- 1350 Inca Rocca founds Henan Cuzco dynasty
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Causeways built with canals.
- 1370 Tenoch, Aztec Priest-Ruler, died. Aztecs ruled by Tepanecs.
- 1375 Acamapichtli becomes first ruler of Aztecs. |
- 1400 Tepanecs were defeated.
- Aztecs expand & rule whole valley.
- 1428 Aztecs joined forces with Texcoco & Tlacopan formed Triple Alliance. Atzcapotzalco conquered.
- 1438 expansion of Inca empire begins under Pachacuti
- 1440 Moctezuma started rule.
- 1441 There is a rebellion within Mayapan & city is abandoned by 1461. Shortly after this, Yucatan degenerates from a single united kingdom into sixteen rival statelets, each anxious to become most powerful.
- 1452 Tenochtitlan destroyed by flood.
- 1452 - 4 Famine.
- 1458 Moctezuma sent armies to conquer lands.
- 1469 Moctezuma I died.
- 1486 Ahuizotu became ruler.
- 1487 Great Temple at Tenochtitlan dedicated.
Aztecs expanded southward into Mayan territories.
- 1492 Columbus discovers America |
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1200's |
1300's |
1400's |
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Mongol Empire 1206 - 1502 |
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Northern Yuan Kingdom 1368 - 1635 |
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Golden Horde 1240's - 1502 |
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The Great Khans 1206 - 1388 |
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Mongol Khitans 916 - 1124 |
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Mughulistan 1227 - 1363 |
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Central: |
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Carribean: |
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  Lucayan Archipelago |
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Kievan Rus' 862 - 1349 489
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- 1010s extension of Ghaznavid rule from Iraq to Sind.
- 1021 - 1042 Byzantine-Georgian wars
Seljuk Empire
1037 - 1194
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- 1040 Seljuqs defeat Ghaznavids at Battle of Dandanqan, near Merv.
- 1050s Qarakhanid Empire splits in two: one rules over Western Turkestan (Transoxiana), other over Eastern Turkestan (the Tarim Basin).
- 1055 Seljuqs, under Tüghral Beg, capture Baghdad, Abbasid capital, from Buwayhids, establish Seljuq Sultanate, & become official protectors of Caliphate.
- 1060 pagan Oghuz, known to Byzantines as Cumans, move into Russian steppe.
- 1064 - 1308 Byzantine-Seljuk wars
- 1068 Cumans defeat South Russian princes.
- 1071 Seljuqs, under Alp-Arslan, defeat Byzantine emperor Romanus Diogenes at Battle of Manzikert & establish Turkish sultanate of Rum in Anatolia.
- 1073 Seljuqs defeat Qarakhanids.
Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia
1080 - 1375
- of Cilicia |
- 1092 death of Seljuq sultan Malik-Shah, resulting in division of Sultanate into three parts: Nicaea (Anatolia), Hamadan (Persia), & Merv (Transoxiana & Khurasan).
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Kievan Rus' 862 - 1349 489
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Grand Princes of Vladimir-Suzdal 1168 - 1389
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| - 1000s - 1300s Buddhism translated from Sanskrit to Tibetan |
- 1100 turkic-speaking Seldjuks expand in Persia, Mesopotamia & Turkey
Khamang 1100's - 1206
- in Mongolia 0* |
- 1115 Jurchen (Manchu) overrun Kitan & found Jin dynasty
- 1122 Russians defeat Cumans.
- 1124 Tungusic Juchen drive Mongol Khitans
- 916 - 1124 Liao dynasty from China, resulting in creation of Qarakhitai state in Semirechye.
White Horde
1226 - 80 54
- 1280 - 1302 22 Orda
- 1302 - 09 7 Kochu
- 1309 - 15 6 Buyan
- 1315 - 20 5 Sasibuqa
- 1320 - 44 24 Ilbasan
- 1344 - 74 30 Mubarak Khwaja
- 1374 - 6 2 Chimtay
- 1376 - 7 1 Urus
- 1378 Toqtaqiya |
- 1130 Kitan are driven southwest, defeat Seljuk & establish Karakitai state
- 1135 Mongols led by Kabul Khan raid northern China
- 1137 Qarakhitai defeat Qarakhanids (now vassals of Seljuqs) at Khojent.
- 1140 - 41 The Qarakhitais defeat Seljuq Sultan Sanjar at Battle of Qatwan Steppe, thus gaining power in Transoxiana.
- 1153 overthrow of Seljuq Sultanate of Merv by Oghuz mercenaries.
- 1155 birth of Chingiz Khan.
- 1157 death of Sultan Sanjar, resulting in breakup of remaining Seljuq Sultanate.
| - 1164 - 1214 Genghis Khan founded Mongul Empire. (An alternate spelling is Zengis Khan.) Zengis-Khan was one of bloodiest conquerors of world. Fourteen million people perished by his sword, under pretense of establishing worship of "One God & Mahomet as his Prophet." |
- 1190 Temujin (Genghis Khan) Becomes king of Mongols
- 1194 death of Tüghril III, last Persian Seljuq ruler, resulting in end of Seljuq power in Iran & rise of Turkic Khwarezmians in Transoxiana.
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Grand Princes of Vladimir-Suzdal 1168 - 1389
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Grand Princes of Tver 1246 - 1485
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- 1206 Zengis Khan took Central Asia.
The Mongol Empire
1206 - 1368
- Mongolia Karakorum 162 Split into four empires (Yuan Empire, Ilkhanate, Chagatai Khanate & Golden Horde). |
The Khans 1206 - 1294
- 1206 - 27 21 Genghis Khan
- Genghis Khan 1965
- Conqueror 1956
- Mongols 1961
- 1229 - 41 12 Ogedei Khan
- 1241 - 6 5 Toregene Khatun
- 1246 - 8 2 Guyuk Khan
- 1248 - 51 3 Oghul Ghaymish
- 1251 - 9 8 Mongke Khan
- 1260 - 94 34 Kublai Khan |
- 1214 Ghengis Khan took Northern China.
| - 1220 - 60 40 Mongols invade Islamic lands |
- 1230 - 1380 Mongol Empire- 1238 Tatar Burundi invades Poland at Volga river
- I Tartari (Tartars) 1961
Blue Horde 1227 - 56 39
- 1256 - 7 1 Batu
- 1257 - 67 10 Sartaq
- 1267 - 80 13 Berke
- 1280 - 7 7 Mongke Temur
- 1287 - 91 4 Tode Mongke
- 1291 - 1313 22 Tole Buqa
- 1313 - 41 28 Toqta
- 1341 - 2 1 Muhammad Özbeg
- 1342 - 57 15 Toni Beg
- 1357 - 9 2 Jani Beg
- 1378 Berdi Beg |
Ilkhans 1231 - 1304 73
- 1231 - 56 25 Tolui1
- 1256 - 65 9 Hulegu
- 1265 - 82 17 Abaqa
- 1282 - 4 2 Ahmad Teguder
- 1284 - 91 7 Arghun
- 1291 - 5 4 Gaykhatu
- 1295 - 1304 9 Ghazan |
Mughulistan
1227 - 1306 79
- 1227 - 44 17 Chaghatay
- 1244 - 6 2 Qara Hulegu
- 1246 - 51 5 Yesu Mongke
- 1251 - 2 1 Qara Hulegu
- 1252 - 60 8 Orqina Khatun
- 1260 - 6 6 Alughu
- 1266 - 71 5 Baraq / Ghiyath ad Dîn
- 1271 - 2 2 Negubey
- 1272 - 82 10 Buqa / Toqa Temu
- 1282 - 1306 24 Du'ar |
- 1209 Mongols defeat Kirghiz of Yenisei, forcing them to flee south to Tien Shan.
- Uighurs, under Barchuq, submit to Mongol rule.
- 1210 Khwarezmians defeat Qarakhitais.
- 1215 Mongols invade northern China, besieging & sacking Jin capital of Yanjing (later known as Beijing).
- 1218 Mongols capture Semirechye & Tarim Basin, occupying Kashgar.
- execution of Mongol envoys by Khwarezmian Shah Muhammad sets in motion first Mongol westward thrust.
- 1219 Mongols cross Jaxartes River (Syr Darya) & begin their invasion of Transoxiana.
- 1220 Mongols capture Bukhara & Samarkand, defeating Khwarezmians.
- 1221 Mongol conquest of Khurasan & Afghanistan.
- 1223/24 Mongols, in pursuit of Khwarezmian shah, encounter Russians on river Kalka, where they defeat them.
- 1227 death of Chingiz Khan, resulting in division of his empire amongst his heirs, including Batu (the Kipchak Khanate, on Russian steppe) & Chagatai (The Chagatayid Khanate, in Transoxiana, Tarim Basin, & Semirechye).
- 1231 Mongols defeat a resurrected Khwarezmian Shahdom.
- 1236 second Mongol westward thrust begins.
- 1240 Kiev falls to Mongols & Russia comes under Mongol yoke.
Golden Horde
1240's - 1502 260
- |
- 1242 Mongols stop their westward advance at gates of Vienna.
- 1243 Mongols defeat Seljuqs at Battle of Kösedagh.
- 1244 A group of Khwarezmians, fleeing from Mongols, capture Jerusalem from Crusaders.
- 1249/50 establishment of Kipchak Turkic Mamluke dynasty in Egypt.
- 1256 Mongol Il-Khanid dynasty is established in Iran under Hülegü.
- 1258 Mongols destroy Baghdad & bring Abbasid caliphate to an end.
- 1260 Mamlukes defeat Mongols at Battle of 'Ayn Jalut.
- Kipchak Khanate divides into White & Golden Hordes.
- Mongol Yüan dynasty is established in China under Kublai Khan.
- 1262 - 1267 Berke-Hulagu war
- 1270 Uighur Kingdom is defeated by rebels.
- 1284 Uighur Kingdom is absorbed into Chagatai Khanate.
- 1294/95 The Il-Khanids convert to Islam under Ghazan Khan.
- 1299 - 1300 The Seljuq Sultanate of Anatolia breaks up into smaller principalities, to be succeeded by Ottoman Turk Emirate, founded by Osman I (ruled 1290-1326).
- 1206 Temujin (Genghis Khan) unifies all mongol & tatar tribes
- 1210 Temujin (Genghis Khan) conquers kingdom of Xi Xia
- 1215 Temujin (Genghis Khan) conquers kingdom of Jin/Jurchen
- 1216 Temujin (Genghis Khan) builds a new citadel, Karakorum/Kharkhorin
- 1218 Mongols conquer kingdom of Kara-Khitai (Kitan/Liao)
- 1219 Temujin (Genghis Khan) conquers Khwarizm empire (Uzbekistan)
- 1220 Mongols conquer Merv (Turkmenistan)
- Mongol capital of Karakorum is founded (Tumen Angalant palace)
- 1221 Mongols conquer Herat (Afghanistan)
- 1223 a first Mongol horde defeats a coalition of Russian princes on Kalka river
- 1218 - 1222 Mongol invasion of Central Asia
- 1223 - 1480 Mongol invasion of Rus
- 1224 Genghis Khan splits his empire into khanates ruled by his four sons Jochi (western part), Ogodei (southern Siberia & western Mongolia), Chaghatay (Transoxania & Kara-Khitai), Tolui (the traditional Mongol lands)
- 1225 Jochi dies & his son Batu inherits his khanate & assigns eastern part to his brother Orda
- 1226 Jurchen invade northern China & Korea
- Genghis Khan attacks Soong state
- 1227 Genghis Khan dies & is succeeded by Ogodai who rules over Chaghatay's khanate in West Turkestan, Tolui's Eastern Mongolia, Batu's Blue Horde in Uzbekistan & Turkmenistan, & Orda's White Horde in Kazakhstan & Ogodai moves capital to Karakorum
- 1231 Mongols invade Korea
- 1237 Mongols, led by Batu, invade Russia
- 1240 Batu's Mongols ("blue horde") take Kiev, capital of Russia
- 1241 Batu's "Blue Horde" invade Poland, Hungary & Balkans
- Ogodai dies, Mongols retreat from Europe & Ogodai's widow T”regene takes over as regent
- Batu's younger brother Shayban raids Hungary & then splits, establishing Shaybanid Horde
- 1246 papal envoy Giovanni da Pian del Carpine visits Mongol capital Karakorum
- Ogodei's son Guyuk becomes third grand khan
- 1251 Tolui's son Mongke becomes fourth grand khan
- Mongke's brother Hulegu leads Mongol invasion of Persia & establishes Ilkhanate
- 1255 Batu dies & is succeeded by his brother Berke, a Muslim convert
- Hulegu, Ilkhan, invades Middle East & captures Bagdhad, which becomes capital of Ilkhanate
- 1257 Mongols led by Mongke's brother Kublai conquer China all way to Hanoi
- 1258 Mongols led by Hulegu conquer Mesopotamia & Syria
- 1260 Kublai is appointed Khan & declares Buddhism state religion
- Mongols are defeated for first time in Palestine (by Muslims, in battle of Ain Jalut)
- 1263 Hulegu assumes title of "Ilkhan" as ruler of Persia
- 1265 Hulegu dies
- 1267 Kublai Khan moves Mongol capital to Dadu (Beijing) & founds Yuan dynasty
- 1274 Kublai Khan fails to invade Japan
- 1277 Mongols invade Burma
- 1282 new Shaybanid khan Uzbek converts Shaybanid horde to Islam & his horde becomes known as Uzbeks
- 1282 - 1342 Khan Uzbek
- 1284 Uighur empire is absorbed into Chagatai Khanate
- 1293 Kublai Khan fails to invade Java
- 1294 Kublai Khan dies & empire fragments in khanates
- 1295 Ghazan, Ilkhan, converts to Islam |
Grand Princes of Moscow
1283 - 1547 264
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Grand Princes of Vladimir-Suzdal 1168 - 1389
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Grand Princes of Tver 1246 - 1485
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Grand Princes of Moscow 1283 - 1547 264
- 1303 - 25 22 Yuriy ^ =Konchaka (< Uzbeg Khan) X44
- 1325 - 40 15 Ivan I Kalita (the Moneybag) < =Helena 9C X52
- 1340 - 53 13 Simeon Proud ^ =Anastasia of Lithuania 0C & Maria of Tver 4S X37
- 1353 - 9 6 Ivan 2 ^Prince Ivan 1 & Helena =Fedosia Dmitrievna of Bryansk 0C & Alexandra Ivanovna Velyaminova 4C X33
- 1359 - 89 40 Dmitry 1 of Don ^Alexandra =Eudoxia a Dmitrievna of Nizhny Novgorod 12C X49
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- 1304 Oljeitu, Ilkhan, proclaims himself a shiite
- Mongols under Ali Beg invade India but are repelled by Delhi sultanate
Golden Horde 1378 - 95 17
- 1395 - 1419 24 Toqtamish
- 1395 - 1401 6 Edigu |
- 1294 - 1307 Temur Oljeytu Khan
- 1307 - 11 Hai-Shan
- 1311 - 20 Ayurbarwada
- 1320 - 3 Shidebala
- 1323 - 8 Yesun-Temur
- 1328 - 9 Jijaghatu Toq-Temur
- 1329 - 32 Jijaghatu Toq-Temur
- 1332 - 3 Irinchibal
- 1333 - 70 Toghan-Temur
- 1370 - 88 Togus-Temur
Mughulistan
1306 - 63 57
- 1306 - 8 Konchek
- 1308 - 9 Taliqu
- 1309 - 20 Esen Buqa
- 1320 - 26 Kebek
- 1326 - 34 Tarmashirin Ala ad Din
- 1334 - 38 Changshi
- 1338 - 42 Yesun Temur
- 1342 - 43 Muhammad
- 1343 - 46 Qazan
- 1346 - 58 Danishmendji
- 1359 - 63 Tughluq Temur
- 1363 Timurids |
- 1303 Mamlukes stop last Mongol invasion of Syria.
- 1310's Chagatai Khanate splits in two parts: Transoxiana (West) & Moghulistan (East).
- 1313 - 41 The rule of Golden Horde by Khan Uzbek 1282 -1342, under whom Horde converts to Islam.
- 1326 conversion of Chagatayid Khan Tarmashirin to Islam.
- 1336 end of Il-Khanid dynasty in Iran.
- 1336 birth of Timur.
- 1338 - 53 Jalayirids
- 1346 - 63 rule of Chagatai Khan Tughlug Timur in Transoxiana.
- 1363 Timur expels Khan Tughlug Timur & sets up a puppet Khan under his control.
- 1368 end of Yüan dynasty in China.
Northern Yuan Kingdom
1368 - 1635
- Post Imperial Nomadic Mongolia Shangdu, Yingchang, Karakorum
- 1368 267 Created after expulsion of Yuan Dynasty from China |
- 1370 Timur becomes sole ruler of Transoxiana.
- 1377 - 95 rule of Golden Horde by Khan Tokhtamysh.
- 1380 Russians defeat Mamay, Khan of Golden Horde, at Battle of Kulikova.
- 1380 Golden Horde is amalgamated with White Horde (together called by former name).
- 1380 - 87 Timur conquers Iran.
- 1382 Tokhtamysh sacks & burns Moscow.
- 1387 Timurids
- 1390's Turfan Uighurs accept Islam.
- 1395 Timur defeats Tokhtamysh, destroys Golden Horde capital of Sarai Berke, & briefly occupies Moscow.
- 1398 Timur defeats Delhi sultanate.
- 1316 Oljeitu, Ilkhan, builds a new capital, Sultaniyeh, & his own domed mausoleum
- 1327 Chagatay khan Tarmashirin converts to Islam
- 1328 Mongols invade India but are repelled by Delhi sultanate
- 1335 Abu Said dies & Ilkhan khanate ends
- 1342 Shaybanid khan Uzbek dies
- 1350 Shaybani horde (southeast of Urals) renames itself Uzbek
- 1365 turkic-speaking Aksak Temur/Timur/Tamerlane overthrow Chaghatai khanate & conquers Persia, establishing his capital in Samarkand
- 1368 Ming dynasty is founded by a Chinese peasant & former Buddhist monk turned rebel, Chu Yuanchang, under whose leadership China regains independence from Mongols
- 1378 union of White Horde & Blue Horde into Golden Horde (Kipchak Khanate) under Toqtamish, with capital in Sarai Berke
- 1384 Timur captures Herat & Sultaniyeh (the Ilkhan)
- 1386 - 1404 Timur's invasions of Georgia
- 1388 Ming defeat Yuan & destroy Karakorum
- 1391 Timur defeats "Golden Horde" & reaches Black Sea
- 1395 Timur sacks Baghdad
- Khazak horde seizes Khazakstan from Chagatai & Golden hordes
- 1398 Timur invades India & sacks Delhi, causing demise of Delhi Sultinate
|
- 1391 - 1474 Gendun Drup
- 1475 - 1542 Gendun Gyatso |
Golden Horde
1401 - 1502 101
- 1401 - 07 6 Temur Qutlugh
- 1407 - 10 3 Shadî Beg
- 1410 - 12 2 Pulad Khan
- 1412 - 14 2 Temur
- 1414 - 17 3 Karim Berdi
- 1417 - 19 2 Kebek
- 1419 - 22 3 Yeremferden
- 1419 - 22 3 Ulugh Muhammad
- 1422 - 33 11 Dawlat Berdi
- 1433 - 35 12 Baraq
- 1435 - 65 30 Sayyid Ahmad 1
- 1465 - 81 16 Kuchuk Muhammad
- 1481 - 98 17 Ahmad
- 1481 - 99 18 Shaykh Ahmad
- 1499 - 1502 3 Murtada
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Grand Princes of Moscow
1283 - 1547 264
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Grand Princes of Tver 1246 - 1485
|
- 1400 Timur defeats Mamlukes in Syria.
- 1401 Timur destroys Baghdad.
- 1402 Timur defeats Ottoman sultan Bayezid I at Battle of Ankara.
- Timur captures Ottoman Turk Sultan Beyazid I
- 1405 death of Timur.
- Timur dies (buried in Samarkand) on his way to conquer China & his empire disintegrates
- 1407 Timur's son Shah Rukh re-conquers most of Timur's empire
- 1407 - 47 rule of Timur's son Shah Rukh in Herat.
- 1407 - 49 rule of Shah Rukh's son Ulugh Beg 1394-1449 in Samarkand.
- 1408 emirate of Black Sheep Turks is established in western Persia.
- 1409 Shah Rukh moves Timurid capital to Herat
- 1417 Shah Rukh is succeeded by his son Ulugh Beg
- 1420 Ulugh Beg begins to build Registan in Samarkand
- 1430 part of Golden Horde splits off to form Khanate of Crimea under Hajji Giray Khan
- Part of Golden Horde splits off to form Khanate of Crimea under Hajji Giray Khan.
- 1434 rise of Oyrat (Western) Mongols in Jungaria.
- 1440 Uzbeks move south to Transoxiana under Abu al-Khayr
- 1445 Part of Golden Horde splits off to form Khanate of Kazan.
- Part of Golden Horde splits off to form Khanate of Kazan
- 1447 Shah Rukh dies & his son Ulugh Beg succeeds him
- 1449 Ulugh Beg is murdered by his own son
- 1451 Abu Said rules Timurids
- Muhammad Shaybani becomes khan of Uzbeks
- 1451/52-69 reign of Timurid ruler Abu Sa'id (1424 - 69).
- 1453 Ottoman Turks capture Constantinople.
Kingdom of Imereti
1455 - 1810
- Georgia |
- 1460 Turcomans invade Persia & Mesopotamia
- 1464 - 65 The Muscovite Prince Ivan III (the Great, reigned 1462 - 1505) sends an embassy to Abu Sa'id.
Kingdom of Kakheti
1465 - 1762
- Georgia |
- 1466 Dayan Khan unifies Mongolian tribes again in Mongolia
- Part of Golden Horde splits off to form Khanate of Astrakhan
- Part of Golden Horde splits off to form Khanate of Astrakhan.
- 1467 White Sheep Turks defeat Black Sheep Turks in Persia.
- 1478 - 1506 reign of Timurid ruler Husayn Bayqara (1438 - 1506) in Herat.
- 1469 Abu Said dies & western Timurid empire (the Ilkhan) dissolves
- 1490 - 1598 Khanate of Sibir
- 1478 Husayn Bayqara rules Timurids from Herat
- 1480 Ivan III liberates Russia from Mongols
- Ivan III throws off Mongol yoke & proclaims himself Czar of Russia.
- 1490 Husayn Bayqara sends an embassy to Moscow.
- 1490's Kazakh Empire is established on Central Asian steppes.
- The decline of overland trade routes, including Silk Road, due to a new emphasis on trade by sea.
- 1497 Babur (1483 - 1530), ruler of Ferghana, captures Samarkand.
- Babur, a Turkic descendant of both Genghis Khan & Timur, becomes ruler of Ferghana & founds Mughal (Mogul) dynasty
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1100's |
1200's |
1300's |
1400's |
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Incan Empire
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Incan Empire
1438 - 1533
(Tawantinsuyo)Andes (Peru, Bolivia, Ecuador, parts of Chile, Argentina & Colombia) Cusco 95 largest empire in pre-Columbian America. |
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