World 1500 - 2000
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Sections to go into main page when I have a computer with memory to paste everything together. |
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Sections to go into main page when I have a computer with memory to paste everything together. |
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- 1564 Galileo, astronomer, was born. He lived 78 years. - William Shakespeare was born. He lived 52 years.
- Artemisia 1997 - 1500 first flush toilets appeared. - 1510 Leonardo da Vinci designs a horizontal water wheel . - Pocket watch invented by Peter Henlein. - 1513 Urs Graf invents etching. - 1530 spinning wheel was invented at Brunswick. - 1568 Bottled beer invented in London. - 1569 Gerard Mercator invents Mercator map projection. - 1589 Englishmen, William Lee invents knitting machine. - 1590 Dutchmen, Zacharias Janssen invents compound microscope - 1593 Galileo invents a water thermometer. |
- 1606 Dutch discovered Australia. - 1608 Hans Lippershey invents first refracting telescope. - 1609 Galileo uses telescope to study sunspots. - 1619 Wm. Harvey, M.D. of England discovered double function of heart as a pump & supplier of oxygen from lungs. - Report of naked-eye sunspot by Chinese - 1620 earliest human-powered submarine invented. - 1621 Pierre Gassendi first uses term 'Aurora Borealis' - 1624 William Oughtred invents a slide ruler. - Report of naked-eye sunspot by Chinese - 1625 Frenchmen, Jean-Baptiste Denys invents a method for blood transfusion. - 1629 Giovanni Branca invents a steam turbine. - 1630 Rhembrantd - Rembrandt 1936 - 1631 first newspaper, Gazette De France. Still in circulation. - 1632 Galileo writes treatise on solar system
- 1638 Report of naked-eye sunspot by Chinese - 1642 Frenchmen, Blaise Pascal invents an adding machine. - 1643 Evangelista Torricelli invents barometer. - 1645 Maunder Sunspot Minimum starts
- 1656 Christian Huygens invents a pendulum clock. - 1660 Cuckoo clocks made in Furtwangen, Germany, in Black Forest region. - 1663 James Gregory invents first reflecting telescope. - 1666 Sir Isaac Newton discovered law of gravitation. - 1668 Isaac Newton invents a reflecting telescope. - 1670 first reference to a candy cane is made. Dom Pérignon invents Champagne. - 1671 Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz invents a calculating machine. - 1675 Christian Huygens patents pocket watch. - 1676 Robert Hooke invents universal joint. - 1679 Denis Papin invents pressure cooker. - 1684 George Handel was born. - 1695 Bank of England commenced business on - 1698 Englishmen, Thomas Savery invents a steam pump. |
- 1700 first piano is built - 1701 Jethro Tull invents seed drill. - 1704 Newton explains principles of Colour in Optics - 1707 Abraham Darby uses coal to smelt Iron - 1708 Jesuit missionaries make first accurate map of China - Union Pacific 1939 - 1711 Englishmen, John Shore invents tuning fork. - 1712 Thomas Newcomen patents atmospheric steam engine - 1714 Fahrenheit devises mercury thermometer - 1715 Earliest sketch of solar corona - 1716 Dramatic aurora seen in England - 1717 Edmond Halley invents diving bell. - 1722 French C. Hopffer patents fire extinguisher - George Graham discovers that compass needle always in motion. - 1723 Workhouses started - 1724 Gabriel Fahrenheit invents first mercury thermometer. - 1725 First Encyclopedia printed in China - 1728 Danish explorer Bering discovers Straits - 1730 Octant navigational aid invented - 1731 Wickliffe's New Testament was printed. - Rosetta Stone discovered - 1733 First perambulator (pram) designed - John Kay invents flying shuttle. - 1734 First fire extinguisher invented - Newcomen invents steam powered piston engine - 1735 Linnaeus develops categorisation system - 1736 Rubber discovered in Peru - 1740 Anders Celcius & Olof Hoiter discover magnetic storms - 1742 Celsius devises centigrade scale - 1745 E.G. von Kleist invents leyden jar, first electrical capacitor. - 1746 - 1828 Fransisco Goya - Volavérunt 1999 - Goya's Ghost 2006 - 1748 First blast furnace built - 1750 James Watt discovered power of steam. - 1752 Ben. Franklin discovered identity of lightening & electricity. Lightening rods were used thereafter. - Franklin proposes Theory of Electricity - Britain adopts Gregorian calender leading to riots
- 1757 Sextant invented by John Campbell
- Voltaire's Dictionnaire Philosophique - James Watt develops Steam engine - 1766 Cavendish isolates Hydrogen - 1770 - 1827 Beethoven - Beethoven's Great Love 1936 - 1770 Beethoven was born. He lived 57 years, primarily in Vienna. - 1771 First edition of Encyclopedia Britannica - 1772 Nitrogen discovered - 1773 First Iron bridge built at Coalbrookdale - 1774 Priestly discovers Oxygen - 1775 Thomas Crapper invents WC - 1777 Lavoister shows that Oxygen & Nitrogen are main components of air - Mairan proposes aurora caused by earth entering Zodiacal light - 1779 Riots against machinery - 1781 Herschel discovers Uranus - 1782 Watt patents rotary steam engine - 1784 Bifocal spectacles developed - first mail delivered by coaches left London for Bristol, August - 1786 Coal gas used to make light - 1790 Guillotine put to test - 1791 Metric system formulated in France - James Hargreaves invents Spinning Jenny - 1792 Cotton Gin invented by Eli Whitney - 1795 Hydraulic Press - 1796 Jenner succeeds in developing a smallpox vaccine - 1798 Lithography invented - 1799 Income Tax introduced - 1752 Benjamin Franklin invents lightening rod. - 1755 Samuel Johnson publishes first English language dictionary on April 15th after nine years of writing. In preface Samuel Johnson wrote, "I am not so lost in lexicography as to forget that words are daughters of earth, & that things are sons of heaven." - 1757 John Campbell invents sextant. - 1758 Dolland invents a chromatic lens. - 1761 Englishmen, John Harrison invents navigational clock or marine chronometer for measuring longitude. - 1764 James Hargreaves invents spinning jenny. - 1767 Joseph Priestley invents carbonated water - soda water. - 1768 Richard Arkwright patents spinning frame - 1769 James Watt invents an improved steam engine - 1774 Georges Louis Lesage patents electric telegraph. - 1775 Alexander Cummings invents flush toilet.Jacques Perrier invents a steamship. - 1776 David Bushnell invents a submarine. - 1779 Samuel Crompton invents spinning mule. - 1780 Benjamin Franklin invents bi-focal eyeglasses.Gervinus invents circular saw. - 1783 Louis Sebastien demonstrates first parachute.Benjamin Hanks patents self-winding clock.Joseph Michel Montgolfier & Jacques Etienne Montgolfier invent hot-air balloon.Englishmen, Henry Cort invents steel roller for steel production. - 1784 Andrew Meikle invents threshing machine.Joseph Bramah invents safety lock. - 1785 Edmund Cartwright invents power loom.Claude Berthollet invents chemical bleaching Charles Augustus Coulomb invents torsion balance.Blanchard invents a working parachute. - 1786 John Fitch invents a steamboat. - 1789 guillotine is invented. - 1790 United States issued its first patent to William Pollard of Philadelphia for a machine that roves & spins cotton. - 1791 John Barber invents gas turbine.Early bicycles invented in Scotland. - 1792 William Murdoch invents gas lighting.The first ambulance. - 1794 Eli Whitney patents cotton gin.Welshmen, Philip Vaughan invents ball bearings. - 1795 Francois Appert invents preserving jar for food. - 1796 Edward Jenner creates a smallpox vaccination. - 1797 Wittemore patents a carding machine.A British inventor, Henry Maudslay invents first metal or precision lathe. - 1798 first soft drink invented.Aloys Senefelder invents lithography. - 1799 Alessandro Volta invents battery. Louis Robert invents Fourdrinier Machine for sheet paper making. |
- 1802 Zeppelin invents his airship - First Steamship - 1803 Dalton's Atomic theory - first passenger steamboat, Clermont, performed its maiden voyage on Seine River. - 1804 first steam rail locomotive - 1807 Gaslight was introduced in London - 1808 Nobel invented dynamite. - 1809 Samuel Sommering's electric telegraph
- Chopin: Desire for Love 2000 - 1811 Luddites smash spinning & weaving machinery - 1813 - 83 Richard Wagner - Wagner 1982 - 1816 Stethoscope invented - 1819 Macadamized roads developed - Savannah is first steamship to cross Atlantic - 1821 Faraday invents electric motor - 1822 Rosetta stone deciphered by Champollion - First Iron Steamship sails - 1823 Rubberized cotton developed by Macintosh - 1825 first railway opened in England on September - 1827 photographs produced on a metal plate - 1828 Dutch manufacturer Houten develops chocolate bar - 1829 Braille invented - 1832 Morse invents code - 1833 Ross proposes aurora are light reflected from polar ice & snow - 1835 Railway Boom - 1837 Electric Telegraph - 1838 First Canadian railway starts operating - Screw propellor invented - 1839 Daguerre took first photograph. - Faraday's theory of electromagnetism - 1840 first postage stamps - First bicycle - 1842 First use of Anaesthetic in an operation - 1845 Galvanised corrugated Iron invented, - Pneumatic tyre invented - 1848 Auroral 'earth currents' disrupt telegraph lines worldwide - 1849 Safety Pin patented; - Speed of Light accurately measured by Fizeau - 1850 Kelvin's Law of conservation of energy - 1851 Heinreich Schwabe discovers 11-year sunspot cycle - 1853 Hypodermic syringe invented - 1855 Mendel's discovery - 1856 First refrigerator ship, - synthetic colours invented - Edward Sabine discovers aurora connected to sunspot cycle - Olmstead concludes aurora caused by events external to earth. - 1857 Trollope's Barchester TowersTrans Atlantic cable completed - 1858 first Atlantic cable - 1859 Oil pumped in Pennsylvania - Visible solar flare sighted by Carrington & Hodgson. - 1860 Bessemer's mass production of Steel - Elias Loomis maps out auroral oval zone on earth. - Coronal Mass Ejection first spotted during a total solar eclipse - 1861 Germ Theory of disease - First Transcontinental Telegrah - Western Union 1941 - Victor Emanuel - 1863 Maxwell's theory of electro magnetism - 1866 First successfully laid cable - Nobel invents dynamite; - Mendel published his research into Genetics - 1867 Diamonds discovered in South Africa - 1868 First Traffic signal in London - Helium discovered - 1869 Suez Canal opened - 1869 Suez Canal opened in November. - First - 1870 Cable links Australia & London - elementary education act - Periodic table developed by Mendelev - 1871 Pullman introduces Sleeper car - 1872 Secret ballot introduced - air brakes, typewriter & colour photography - Great Aurora seen in India, Cuba, Paris.. - 1873 Royal Canadian Mounted Police formed - 1875 Bell patents telephone Transcontinetnal railroad - 1877 microphone. - telephone. - Edison invented phonograph. - 1878 Lighting by electricity began to be used.
- George Ellis offers first space weather forecast - 1881 Prof. De La Rue creates artificial aurora in a vacuum tube. - 1882 First hydro electric station in US - Henry Draper reveals solar spectrum, not incandescent gas. - Balfour Stewart proposes auroral currents in upper atmosphere - 1883 Hot air balloon - 1885 Gottleb Daimer invented internal combustion engine. Karl Benz pioneered engine for automobiles. - Canadian Pacific railway completed - Daimler & Benz build automobile - unique quality of fingerprints established - 1880 First electric street light in New York - 1887 Radio waves discovered by Hertz - 1889 Eiffel Tower completed of laws of heredity - Veeder discovers that major aurora can reoccur every 27-days - 1892 George Ellery Hale invents spectroheliograph to study solar flares. - 1894 Great Aurora - 1895 Cinema, safety razors, wireless telegraphy & X-rays all invented - 1896 Olympic games started - Radioactivity of Uranium discovered - 1897 Thomson discovers electrons; - Aspirin marketed - Diesel engines invented - 1898 Kristian Berkelund proposes electrical rays from sun cause aurora |
- 1901 Vacuum cleaner
- 1902 Kennely & Heavyside propose 'ionosphere' layer
- 1905 Einstein's Special theory of relativity - Rutherford's Nuclear model of atom - 1906 Vitamins discovered by Hopkins; - first sound radio broadcasting - 1908 George Ellery Hale detects intense magnetic fields near sunspots - Great Aurora - 1909 Ford Model 'T' - Birkeland creates a Terella to mimic aurora - 1910 Seaplane invented - First air mail - Stainless steel - 1914 Panama canal opens - Zip, Traffic lights & 35mm camera are all invented - 1915 Einstein's General Theory of Relativity - 'wireless outage' in Northern Europe caused by an aurora - 1916 First Tank developed - first Jazz recordings - 1918 Sydney Chapman describes magnetic field of sun & earth as system. - 1919 League of Nations formed - Rutherford splits atom - Whistlers heard for first time in World War I. - 1920 Great Aurora - 1921 Marconi makes first Radio Broadcast - Major aurora seen world-wide. - 1922 Insecticide developed - 1923 First 'Talkie' Movie - Babcock & McLennan identify auroral 'green' light as Oxygen III - 1925 Beginning of studies of short-wave disruptions - Appleton & Barnett detect ionosphere layer - 1926 First Television - Great Aurora - 1927 Lindbergh flies Atlantic - Spirit of St. Louis 1957 - 1928 Discovery of Penicillin - Colour TV - 1930 Pluto discovered - 1931 Electron Microscope - 1933 Radar - 1934 Nylon developed - Hale publishes detailed study of solar flares - 1936 Helicopter - 1937 Photocopier - term 'solar flare' appears for first time in newspaper. - 1938 Great Aurora - 1939 DDT insecticide developed - J. Dellenger describes how short wave outages caused by solar flares acting on ionosphere. - Proton aurora discovered. - 1940 Easter Day shortwave disruption by major flare. term 'radio blackout' first appears in a New York Times article on January 14. - 1941 Aerosol can - Major shortwave disruptions during World War II activities. - 1942 S.E. Forbush detects Ground Level Event (GLE) radiation enhancement due to energetic protons associated with a solar flare. - 1943 Aqualung by Cousteau & Gagnan - Sunspots hamper radio transmission of Allied invasion of Italy on September 3. - 1945 Atom Bomb was invented & dropped on two Japanese cities by United States. - 1946 Development of Computers - 1947 Transistor invented - World-wide radio traffic is blacked out by a 'sunspot' on March 8th. Radio fadeouts are reported over Shannon Airport in Ireland on July 19th Airplane radio traffic interference is extensive but no blackouts during July 20th storm. Radio blackouts across Pacific Ocean & extending to New York are reported during August 23 storm. - Giovanelli proposes that solar flares related to solar magnetic changes. - 1948 LP's invented - 1949 Astronomer Grote Reber detects a major radio burst from a flare, 3 minutes before actual flare is detected by telescopic study - 1950 First Kidney transplant
- 1952 Britain's first atomic bomb - 1953 Mount Everest climbed - DNA unravelled - Hydrogen bomb invented - Dungey proposes that solar flares caused by opposing magnetic fields on sun. - 1954 Fortran developed; first oral contraceptives - 1955 Hovercraft - 1956 Videotape - P. A. Sweet proposes that flares originate in activity of magnetic fields above active areas of sunspots. - 1957 Soviet Sputnik flight - Waldmeier discovers coronal holes - Hannes Alfven proposes that solar wind was magnetized. - World-wide radio fadeout lasts several hours on April 16th .A 36-hour blackout cripples England on June 20th - 1958 Silicon chip - Van Allen Belts discovered by Explorer I satellite. - Severny proposes magnetic shock wave theory of flares, & that flares occur along magnetic 'neutral line'. Sweet develops a 'flux interchange' theory which shows how flaring process leads to a simpler-shaped field after flare event. - Eugene Parker predicts solar wind should exist - 1959 North Sea gas discovered - Integrated circuits developed - Shortwave blackout over North Atlantic on March 29th . Shortwave blackout over Asia, Europe & North America on August 18th, - Mariner 2 spacecraft detects solar wind - 1960 Lasers developed - Tommy Gold & Fred Hoyle propose that all of energy released in a flare was previously stored in a magnetic field. - Moreton observes time-lapse solar activity which shows that a flare explosion produces waves in solar atmosphere much like a bomb's concussion wave, & that these waves travel at 1000 km/sec & sometimes cause other solar disturbances in their wake. - 1961 Yuri Gagarin becomes first man in space - Magnetopause boundary detected by Explorer 10 spacecraft. - 1962 Communications Satellites - Warwick discovers Polar Cap Absorption events, & shows how these are related to powerful solar flare proton streams with energies of 10 MeV. - 1963 Cassette tape recorder - Eugene Parker calculates how magnetic reconnection might work in a solar flare, & concludes that it takes too long to explain sudden changes seen in typical solar flares. - Type IV radio flares are found to be related to proton acceleration. Magnetic reconnection theories get a reprieve. - Furth proposes a new 'tearing mode' which disrupts current sheets & leads to solar flares. time it takes reconnection to happen is an average time between Parker & Petschek processes. - 1964 Word Processor - Using a more detailed approach to describing magnetic reconnection than what Furth used in 1963, Petscheck recalculates how Parker's reconnection process would work, & concludes that reconnection could easily happen as fast as actual flare events are observed. - 1965 Miniskirts - 1967 Satellite navigation - Alfven & Carlquist propose a 'current disruption' process which can also act very quickly, but makes different assumptions than what Parker & Petschek made in describing release of magnetic energy. - 1968 OGO-5 satellite detects magnetic activity in geotail region - Bumba shows that flares have a statistical preference for active regions where two bipolar spot groups are merging, with one developing in central regions of another. - David Rust confirms that explosions occur at neutral points in magnetic fields of sunspots & satellite spots. vanishing magnetic energy is equal to kinetic energy of gases & electromagnetic energy in x-rays & gamma rays. These observations seem to confirm Parker/Petschek reconnection idea - 1969 U.S. astronauts land on moon. - 1970 Concorde - Floppy disk - 1971 Decimalisation of currency - Najita & Orrall & Hudson propose that white light flares are caused by bombardment of upper photosphere by down-streaming proton or electron beams from site of flare event in top of coronal loop. - Lin & Hudson propose that hard X-ray bursts during impulsive phase of a flare are evidence for 10,000 to 100,000 volt electron beams. - Brown proposes 'non thermal' flare model where magnetic energy causes an electrical current to flow down a magnetic loop until it collides with photosphere at footpoints, & heats gases to x-ray energies to cause flare. - OSO-7 satellite discovers 'Coronal transients' - 1972 Home video games - August 4 - Apollo 17 major flare - 1974 Altschuler shows that coronal magnetic field changes drastically in strength & geometry around a flare region. Low level magnetic loops disappear & this means that currents of electricity also disappear at time of a flare. - 1975 Altair 8800 is first personal computer - 1978 First test tube baby - First Apple computer - 1980 Smallpox officially eliminated - 1981 Space shuttle Columbia - first reports of AIDS - 1982 CD's on sale - US Cruise missiles installed - 1984 Genetic fingerprinting - 1985 Desk Top Publishing - 1986 Chernobyl - 1989 March - 8-13 Major solar flare, X15 - Space Shuttle pressure sensor malfunction reported, but then sensor returns to normal so flight not aborted. - 1992 Cold war ended - 1995 United Nations' Science Council Report warned of catastrophic effects across world during next hundred years as global warming rapidly accelerates. Scientists said that advancing tides caused by polar ice cap melting during this period would inundate most of world's coastal cities. Holes in ozone layer continue to widen as sun-induced skin cancer reaches near-epidemic proportions worldwide. - 1996 Rise & rise of Internet - 1997 Mars landing - 1998 Pacific Ocean's greatest "El Nino" current wreaked havoc on earth, producing mammoth fires, famine & drought in many places with huge floods in others. - 1999 world population topped 6 billion people. |
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- Diane 1956 - 1553 - 1615 Queen Margot - Queen Margot 1994
- 1530 The spinning wheel invented at Brunswick.
- 1551 Sir Edward Coke, Attorney General, who wrote Oracle of English Law, was born. - 1561 Sir Francis Bacon of England was born. He lived 65 years. - 1568 Bishop's Bible created.
- 1569 - 70 1 Rising of North Elizabeth 1 of England vs Partisans of Mary, Queen of Scots - 1585 - 1604 19 Anglo-Spanish War Spain Kingdom of Portugal Kingdom of England United Province
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- 1649 - 51 2 3rd English Civil War Part of Wars of Three Kingdoms Parliamentarians Royalists Scottish Covenanters - 1649 - 53 4 Cromwellian conquest of Ireland Part of Wars of Three Kingdoms English Parliamentarian New Model Army, Protestant colonists Irish Catholic Confederation, English Royalists - 1648 - 9 1 Second English Civil War Part of Wars of Three Kingdoms Parliamentary forces Royalist forces - 1649 - 51 2 Third English Civil War Part of Wars of Three Kingdoms Parliamentarians Royalists Scottish Covenanters
- 1688 - 97 9 Nine Years' War Grand Alliance: Dutch Republic England Holy Roman Empire Spain Piedmont-Savoy Sweden until 1691 Scotland France - 1689 - 97 8 King William's War Part of Nine Years' War France New France First Nations allies England English America Iroquois Confederacy
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- 1707 Act of Union between England & Scotland - 1714 King George I starts Georgian line of monarchy - Saraband for Dead Lovers 1948
- 1718 - 20 2 War of Quadruple Alliance Holy Roman Empire Kingdom of France Great Britain Dutch Republic Savoy Spain
- 1745 - 6 1 Jacobite Rising of 1745 Also called "The Forty-Five" Hanoverians Scottish clans loyal to Government: Clan Campbell Clan Scott Jacobites Jacobite clans: Clan Cameron Clan MacDonald of Keppoch Clan Stewart of Appin France - 1746 Charles Edward Stuart defeated - Battle of Culloden 1964
- Madness of King George III 1994 - 1793 Britain declares war against France - 1794 Scottish martyrs transported to NSW - 1798 Irish Rebellion British Army Hessian mercenaries Society of United Irishmen Defenders French First Republic - 1798 Irish rebellion suppressed - Napoleon came to power & took Pope prisoner.
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- 1803 Suppression of rebellion in Ireland - 1803 Emmet's Insurrection United Kingdom Forces of Robert Emmet - 1803 - 5 2 War of Third Coalition part of Napoleonic Wars French Empire & allies: France Batavia Italy Etruria Spain Bavaria Württemberg Austrian Empire Russian Empire United Kingdom Naples & Sicily Portugal Sweden
- 1807 - 14 7 Gunboat War part of Napoleonic Wars United Kingdom Denmark-Norway - 1807 - 12 5 Anglo-Russian War part of Napoleonic Wars United Kingdom Russian Empire - 1808 - 10 2 Rum Rebellion United Kingdom New South Wales Corps - 1812 War of 1812 - Buccaneer 1938 - Buccaneer's Girl 1950 - 1813 English East India company loses monopoly - 1815 British East India Company take Ceylon from Dutch - 1815 Napoleon banished from England after Battle of Waterloo. - 1821 Famine in Ireland - 1833 Abolition of slavery throughout Empire
- 1858 East India Company dissolved - 1881 Irish land & coercion acts |
- 1914 Egypt becomes British Protectorate - Cyprus annexed - 1922 BBC founded - 1926 Imperial conference gives Dominion status to settler colonies - 1929 Secretary of State for Dominions instituted - 1930 - 2 2 First Round Table conference between Britain & Indian parties - Coward's Private lives Jet engine - 1931 Statute of Westminster gives Dominions control over own parliaments - Great Depression - 1938 IRA bombings in England - 1940 Winston Churchill takes office - Young Winston 1972 - 1949 Ireland leaves Commonwealth - 1959 Antarctic treaty - 1962 Commonwealth immigrants act - Beatles - 1966 England wins World Cup - 1969 Ulster troubles - 1971 N. Ireland Internment policy - 1973 Britain joins European Community - 1974 IRA bombing of mainland - 1975 IMF assists Britain - 1979 Thatcher PM - Riff-Raff 1990 - Los Chicos de la Guerra 1985 - Cold war ended - 1997 Hong Kong handed back to Chinese. End of empire. |
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- 1503 - 5 2 Landshut War of Succession Duchy of Bavaria-Munich wins Duchy of Bavaria-Landshut & County Palatinate of Rhine lose - 1507 - 8 1 Third Muscovite–Lithuanian War Grand Duchy of Lithuania Kingdom of Poland Grand Duchy of Moscow Lithuanian rebels led by Michael Glinski - 1515 - 47 32 Francios I France's 1st Renassaince Monarch - Sword & Rose 1953 - 1515 Slovenian peasant revolt of 1515 Holy Roman Empire Slovenian rebels - 1519 - 21 2 Polish–Teutonic War 1519 - 21 Kingdom of Poland Teutonic Knights - 1523 Denmark & Norway separated from Sweden. - 1524 - 6 2 German Peasants' War Swabian League German Peasant Army - 1531 Second war of Kappel Catholics: Uri Schwyz Zug Protestants: Zürich - 1546 - 7 1 Schmalkaldic War Empire of Charles V: Spain Holy Roman Empire Duchy of Saxony Schmalkaldic League: Electorate of Saxony Hesse
- 1554 - 7 Russo-Swedish War - 1558 - 83 25 Livonian War Livonian Confederation Denmark–Norway Sweden Poland–Lithuania Russia Kingdom of Livonia - 1562 - 1598 French Wars of Religion Politiques Huguenots England Catholic League Spain - 1563 - 1570 Northern Seven Years' War Denmark-Norway Lübeck Poland–Lithuania Sweden - 1553 - 1615 Queen Margot - Queen Margot 1994 - 1756 Martin Guerre - Le Retour de Martin Guerre (The Return of Martin Guerre) 1982 - 1519 Hernan Cortes, First Letter from Mexico to Spanish Crown - 1530 spinning wheel was invented at Brunswick. - 1542 Alvar Nunez Cabeza de Vaca, Relation of Alvar Nunez Cabeza de Vaca (New URL) - 1552 Casas, The Very Brief Relation of Devastation of Indies, a protest against treatment of - 1556 Akbar, greatest prince of India began his 49-year reign. - 1568 Bishop's Bible was created. - 1568 - 1648 80 Yrs' War United Provinces England German Protestants Huguenots France Spanish Empire
- 1571 Russo-Crimean War - 1573 Croatian-Slovenian peasant revolt - 1583 - 1588 Cologne War - 1590 - 1595 Russo-Swedish War - 1588 Thomas Harriot, A Brief & True Report of New Found Land of Virginia - 1589 Arthur Barlow, The First Voyage Made to Coasts of America - 1592 - 1598 Japanese invasions of Korea Korea: Joseon Dynasty China: Ming Dynasty Japan: Azuchi-Momoyama period
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- 1600 - 11 11 Polish–Swedish War Sweden Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth - 1605 - 18 13 Polish–Muscovite War Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth Tsardom of Russia - 1609 - 14 5 War of Jülich succession Wolfgang William, Duke of Palatinate-Neuburg John Sigismund, Elector of Brandenburg Rudolph II, Holy Roman Emperor - 1610 - 17 7 Ingrian War Sweden vs Russia - 1611 - 3 2 Kalmar War Denmark–Norway Sweden - 1617 - 8 1 Polish–Swedish War Sweden Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
- 1621 - 5 4 Polish–Swedish War Sweden Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
- Ogniem i mieczem (With Fire & Sword) 1961 - 1651 - 1986 Three Hundred & Thirty Five Years' War Isles of Scilly Republic of Seven United Netherlands - 1652 - 1654 First Anglo-Dutch War Commonwealth of England Republic of Seven United Netherlands - 1654 - 1667 Russo-Polish War Tsardom of Russia Ukrainian Cossacks Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth Crimean Khanate - 1655 - 60 5 Second Northern War Sweden Brandenburg-Prussia Transylvania Ukrainian Cossacks Denmark–Norway Habsburg monarchy Poland-Lithuania Russia Brandenburg-Prussia Dutch Republic - 1656 - 8 2 Russo-Swedish War Part of Second Northern War Swedish Empire Tsardom of Russia - 1657 - 8 1 Dano-Swedish War Part of Second Northern War Sweden Denmark–Norway - 1658 - 60 2 Dano-Swedish War Part of Second Northern War Denmark–Norway Dutch Republic Brandenburg-Prussia Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth Sweden
- 1666 - 1671 Polish–Cossack–Tatar War - 1672 - 1678 Franco-Dutch War France England Sweden Bishopric of Münster Archbishopric of Cologne Dutch Republic Holy Roman Empire Spain Brandenburg - 1672 - 1674 Third Anglo-Dutch War Part of Franco-Dutch War Dutch Republic Denmark-Norway England France
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Poland–Lithuania 1700 - 04, 1709 - Cossack Hetmanate 1700 - 1708 Prussia 1715 - Hanover 1715 - Great Britain 1717 - Swedish Empire Holstein-Gottorp Poland–Lithuania 1704 - 09 Ottoman Empire 1710 - 14 Cossack Hetmanate 1708 - 1709
- Madame du Barry 1934 - 1718 - 20 2 War of Quadruple Alliance Holy Roman Empire Kingdom of France Great Britain Dutch Republic Savoy Spain - 1739 - 48 9 War of Jenkins' Ear Part of War of Austrian Succession Great Britain Kingdom of Spain - 1740 Frederick 2 king of Prussia; War of Austrian succession - 1740 - 8 8 War of Austrian Succession France Prussia 1740 - 42; 44 - 45 Spain Bavaria 1741-45 Saxony 1741 - 42 Naples & Sicily Genoa Sweden 1741 - 43 Habsburg Monarchy Great Britain Hanover Dutch Republic Saxony 1743 - 45 Kingdom of Sardinia Russia 1741 - 43, 1748 - 1745 - 6 1 Jacobite Rising of 1745 Also called "The Forty-Five" Hanoverians Scottish clans loyal to Government: Clan Campbell Clan Scott Jacobites Jacobite clans: Clan Cameron Clan MacDonald of Keppoch Clan Stewart of Appin France - 1746 - 8 2 First Carnatic War Part of War of Austrian Succession - 1748 Pompeii excavated - 1751 China invades Tibet - 1753 French occupy Ohio valley in North America
- Madame du Barry 1934 - 1774 - 1775 Pugachev's Rebellion Russian Empire Cossack & peasant rebels Tatar & Bashkir nobles - 1778 - 1779 War of Bavarian Succession Imperial Austria Prussia Electorate of Saxony - 1788 - 1790 Russo-Swedish War Sweden Russia - 1788 - 1789 Theater War Denmark–Norway Sweden
- 1792 French Republic proclaimed - 1792 Polish–Russian War Russia Targowica Confederates Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth - 1793 Britain declares war against France - 1794 Kościuszko Uprising Russia Prussia Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth - 1796 French campaign in Italy, Bonaparte victor
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- 1803 - 1805 War of Third Coalition
part of Napoleonic Wars French Empire & allies:
France
Batavia
Italy
Etruria
Spain
Bavaria
Württemberg Austrian Empire
Russian Empire
United Kingdom
Naples & Sicily
Portugal
Sweden
- 1807 - 12 5 Anglo-Russian War part of Napoleonic Wars United Kingdom Russian Empire - 1808 - 9 1 Finnish War Russian Empire Sweden - 1809 Dano-Swedish War part of Napoleonic Wars Denmark-Norway Sweden - 1809 War of Fifth Coalition part of Napoleonic Wars France Duchy of Warsaw Confederation of Rhine Kingdom of Bavaria Saxony Württemberg Westphalia Italy Naples Swiss Confederation Holland Austrian Empire Tyrol Hungary United Kingdom Black Brunswickers Sardinia Sicily - 1814 Norwegian-Swedish War part of Napoleonic Wars Sweden Norway
- 1815 Waterloo - Napoleon banished from England after Battle of Waterloo. - 1830 July Revolution French Revolution House of Orléans House of Bourbon - 1830 - 1 1 November Uprising Russian Empire Polish insurgents - 1830 - 1 1 Belgian Revolution Southern Provinces of Netherlands United Kingdom of Netherlands - 1837 - 98 61 Elisabeth of Bavaria - Sissi 1955 - 1848 Greater Poland Uprising - 1848 French Revolution - 1848 Revolutions in German states - 1848 - 9 1 Hungarian Revolution Austrian Empire Hungarian Rebels - 1848 - 51 3 First Schleswig War Three Years' War Denmark Schleswig-Holstein Prussia Kingdom of Saxony - 1849 Revolutions in Habsburg areas
- 1863 - 5 2 January Uprising Russian Empire Polish-Lithuanian-Ruthenian Commonwealth
- French take Madacasgar - 1889 Austrian Crown Prince Rudolph marries a commoner - Mayerling 1936 1969 1889 - 1891 Germany develops first pension scheme - 1896 Olympic games reappeared in world. They had been absent since Roman emperor, Theodosus, canceled them & closed their associated pagan temples in 396 A.D.
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- 1908 A comet struck Russia. Thousands of miles of forest were leveled. - 1914 Cyprus annexed
- 1920 Nazis formed by Hitler - 1922 USSR formed - 1926 Imperial conference gives Dominion status to settler colonies - 1927 Stalin comes to power - 1929 Secretary of State for Dominions instituted - 1930 - 2 2 Great Depression
- 1936 Reoccupation of Rhineland
- 1939 Mobilisation of Dominion & Imperial forces
- Jinnah 1998 - 1948 Berlin airlift - 1954 - present Kingdom of Netherlands - 1955 Warsaw Pact signed - 1956 Hungarian revolt - 1959 Antarctic treaty - 1961 Berlin wall erected - 1964 Brezhnev ousts Krushchev - 1968 Czechoslovakia invaded by Warpac - 1969 Ulster troubles - 1989 Berlin Wall crumbles - 1992 Break up of Yugoslavia - Welcome to Sarajevo 1997 - Communism crumbled in Soviet Union. - Berlin Wall came down - Cold war ended
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- 1499 - 1504 Italian War - 1505 - 1517 Portuguese–Mamluk naval war Portugal Mamluk Sultanate Ottoman Empire
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Duchy of Savoy Prussia Kingdom of Portugal Hungarians - 1702 - 1713 Queen Anne's War Part of War of Spanish Succession England British America Iroquois Confederacy Muscogee (Creek) Chickasaw Yamasee France New France Spain New Spain Mi'kmaq Abenaki Caughnawaga Mohawk Choctaw Timucua Apalachee Natchez - 1704 Marlborough wins battle of Blenheim - Gibralter captured - 1761 - 1763 Spanish–Portuguese War Part of Seven Years' War Portugal Great Britain Spain France
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- 1815 - 7 2 Second Serbian Uprising part of Serbian revolution Principality of Serbia Ottoman Empire
- 1821 - 1830 Greek War of Independence Greek revolutionaries European Forces United Kingdom United States of Ionian Islands Kingdom of France - - 1827 only Russian Empire 1827 only Ottoman Empire Eyalet of Egypt Vilayet of Tunisia (Only in naval battles) - 1830 France takes Algeria - 1830 - 1847 French conquest of Algeria France Algerian & Ottoman resistance - 1831 Greek Independence
- 1846 - 1848 Second Carlist War War of Madrugadores Forces of Queen Isabella II of Spain Carlists - 1848 Revolutions of 1848 in Italian states - 1848 Wallachian Revolution Romania - 1848 Sicilian revolution of independence - 1849 First Italian War of Independence Austrian Empire Kingdom of Sardinia Grand Duchy of Tuscany Papal States Kingdom of Two Sicilies - 1855 Austria invades Italy - Senso 1968 - 1959 Cyprus joins Commonwealth - 1859 Second Italian War of Independence Second French Empire Kingdom of Sardinia Austrian Empire - 1859 - 1860 Spanish–Moroccan War
- 1870 Italian Army took Rome
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- 1910 Portugese revolution
- 1920 Italian unification
- 1932 Union of Fascists formed
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- 1515 Protestantism - (Reformers) Martin Luther, Ulrich Zwingli, John Calvi - 1517 Luther, a Catholic priest in Germany, broke from Roman Catholic Church, & posted his "95 thesis" on church door. Luther decreed salvation by faith alone. He stated that theological rules couldn't save. He nullified church sacraments. Luther put Bible above both church & Pope as highest authority on earth. He decreed right of individual interpretation of scripture. He rejected Greek Old Testament & declared its books invalid. - 1521 Luther went to Diet at Worms
- 1551 Robert Stephens sectioned Bible into verses. - 1555 There were two Popes in next 4 years. - 1563 Fierce religious wars were waged between all burgeoning new faiths spread throughout Europe. Those seeking freedom from European religious turmoil speeded up colonization of America. Democracy (An ancient Greek form of rule by people) was rediscovered. - 1568 Bishop's Bible was created.
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- Devils 1971 - 1608 John Milton, a poet from England, was born. He lived 66 years. - 1611 Authorized King James Version of Holy Bible was published. - 1650 Tibetan Buddhism-Dalai Lama - 1656 (Summer) Massachusetts Bay Colony Puritans whip, imprison, & banish first Quakers to arrive in colony. - 1659 27 October. Quakers William Robinson & Marmaduke Stephenson are hanged for refusing to leave Massachusetts. - 1694 Rosicrucians- Master Kelpius, Johann Andrea
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- 1731 Wickliffe's New Testament was printed. - 1753 Jewish naturalization laws - 1755 Mayan calander enters new era - 1760 Swedenborgism - Emmanuel Swedenborg - 1767 Father Junipero Serra founds first California missions - Seven Cities of Gold 1955 - 1781 Kant's Critique of pure reason - 1784 Shakers - Mother Ann Lee |
- 1828 Hindu BrahmoSamaj sect established in India - 1830 Mormonism – Joseph Smith - Joseph Smith founded Mormon Church in Fayette, N.Y. - Cambellites-Alexander & Thomas Cambell, Barton Stone - 1838 Tenrikyo- Miki Maegawa Nakayama - 1840 - 45 Millerites 2nd day Adventists –William Miller then became 7th Day Adventists - 1844 Protestants of various fellowships experienced "Great Disappointment." They expected Second Coming of Christ to occur. - Christadelphians - Bahai- Baha'u'llah (Abul Baha)
- Wickliffe's Old Testament was printed. - 1859 Darwin's Origin of Species - 1863 Salvation Army started - 1870 Jehovah's Witnesses- Charles Taze Russell - 1875 Theosophical Society- H.P. Blavatsky, Henry Olcott - 1879 Christian Science-Mary Baker Eddy - 1889 - 1924 Unity School of Christianity- Myrtle Fillmore
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- 1900 Freud publishes his interpretations of Dreams - Freud 1962 - Rosicrucian Fellowship-Max Heindel - 1902 Anthroposophical Society –Rudolf Steiner - 1905 Jung's Psychology of Unconscious - 1906 Pentecostal Assemblies of World - 1914 Iglesia ni Cristo- Felix Manalo - Oneness Pentecostalism- Frank Ewart, G.T.Haywood, Glenn Cook - 1917 True Jesus Church. Founders Paul Wei, Lingsheng Chang & Barnabas Chang - 1927 Mind Science- Ernest Holmes - 1929 Mussolini signed a treaty that officially separated church & state. It also secularized Italy & relegated church to a tiny defined area of sovereignty in Rome. Thus Vatican City was formed. This action fundamentally cancelled final remnants of Theodosus' decree, even in Roman capitol itself. - 1930 Black Muslims (Nation of Islam) –Wallace D. Fard - 1934 World Wide Church of God- Herbert W. Armstrong - 1935 Self Realization Fellowship- Paramahansa Yogananda - 1944 AD.- Silva Mind Control –Jose Silva - 1945 Way -Victor P.Wierwille - United Pentecostal International- Howard Goss, W.T. Witherspoon (can be traced back to 1914) - 1948 Latter Rain –Franklin Hall, George Warnock. - 1950 AD.-Urantia Book- Dr. Bill Sadler - AD.-Lafayette Ronald Hubbard published his book Dianetics-SCIENTOLOGY - 1954 Unification Church- Sun Myung Moon - Atherius Society (UFO’s)- Dr. George King - 1955 Scientology- L. Ron Hubbard - 1958 Institute of Divine Metaphysical Research- Henry Kinley -Henry Kinley begins (IDMR) Institute of Divine Metaphysical Research
- 1959 Unitariarian Universalist - 1960 Transcendental meditation- Maharishi Mahesh Yogi - Enkankar- Paul Twitchell - 1961 Unitarian Universalism was officially formed. - 1964 Eckankar The Ancient Science of Soul Travel (Eck). Founded by Paul Twitchell - 1965 Assembly of Yahweh-Jacob Meyer - 1966 Church of Satan –Anton LaVey - 1968 Hare Krishna (US)- Swami Prabhupada - Children of God- David (Moses) Berg - 1970 Findhorn Community –Peter & Eileen Caddy –David Spangler - Divine light Mission- Guru Maharaj Ji - 1973 CARP was established in United States. [The Collegiate Association for Research of Principles] to introduce teachings of un Myung Moon. - 1974 Assemblies of Yahweh-Sam Suratt - 1979 Church of Christ International - Kip McKean - 1980 - 82 Tara Center-Benjamen Crème - 1980 House of Yahweh (Abilene) Jacob Hawkins - 1996 President of Russia led Easter mass in resurrected Moscow church. - 1999 Mayan Calendar enters new era |
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- 1750 - 1977 Amenokal - 1788 African Association formed to explore interior of Africa - 1798 France invades Egypt |
- 1807 - 18 Mtetwa Empire Expansion Mtetwa Paramountcy Other Tribes South Africa - 1810 - 7 Merina Conquest of Madagascar Merina Kingdom British Empire France - 1810 - 8 Amadu's Jihad Forces of Seku Amadu Bamana Empire Niger - 1810 - 3 Lamu Expansion Lamu Oman Paté Tribes Kenya - 1800's Akwa Akpa NE Nigeria
- 1815 Temne-Susu War Kingdom of Koya Susu Tribes Sierra Leon - 1817 - 1819 Ndwandwe–Zulu War Forces of Shaka Zulu Forces of King Zwide
- 1821 Sierra Leone, Gambia & Gold Coast are combined to form British West Africa - Liberia founded for freed US slaves - 1823 - 1831 First Anglo-Ashanti War United Kingdom Ashanti Empire West Africa - 1826 Seku Ahmadu conquers Timbuktu
- 1834 - 1836 The 6th Xhosa War South Africa British Empire Free Khoikhoi Xhosa Tribes - 1835 Boers start Great Trek - 1838 Zulu-Boer War' Battle of Blood River Voortrekkers Zulu kingdom - 1844 First Franco-Moroccan War France Morocco - 1846 - 1847 7th Xhosa War War of Axe British Empire Xhosa Tribes South Africa
- Mountains of Moon 1990 - Livingstone is first European to see Victoria falls
- 1880 - 1881 First Boer War South African Republic British Empire - 1884 Khartoum seige - Khartoum 1966 - 1886 Tunisia becomes French protectorate
- Chocolat 1989 - Noirs et blancs en couleur (Black & White in Color) 1976 - Coup de Torchon (Clean Slate) 1975
- 1875 Britain buys Suez canal shares
- 1879 Zulu war - 1879 Anglo-Zulu War British Empire Colony of Natal Zulu Kingdom - 1880 first boer war - 1881 French occupation of Tunisia France Tunisia - 1881 - 1899 Mahdist War Egypt British Empire Italy Belgium Mahdist Sudan - 1883 - 1885 First Madagascar expedition France Merina dynasty of Madagascar
- 1890 First Franco-Dahomean War Kingdom of Porto-Novo France Dahomey - 1892 - 1894 Second Franco-Dahomean War France Dahomey Benin - 1893 - 1894 First Rif War Kingdom of Spain Moroccan Rif Confederacy - 1893 - 1894 First Matabele War United Kingdom British South Africa Police Tswana people Northern Ndebele people - 1894 - 1896 Fourth Anglo-Ashanti War United Kingdom Ashanti Empire Ghana - 1894 - 1895 Second Madagascar expedition France Merina dynasty of Madagascar - 1895 - 1896 First Italo-Ethiopian War Ethiopia Eritrean Rebels/Remnants of army Kingdom of Italy - 1894 Uganda becomes protectorate - 1896 Sudan war - 1893 French colonise Ivory Coast - 1896 - 1897 Second Matabele War United Kingdom British South Africa Police Northern Ndebele people Shona people - 1898 - 1900 Voulet-Chanoine Mission France Regions claimed in Central Africa - 1899 - 1901 Boxer Rebellion Eight-Nation Alliance Empire of Japan Russian Empire British Empire French Third Republic United States German Empire Kingdom of Italy Austria-Hungary Righteous Harmony Society Qing Empire of China - 1899 - 1902 Second Boer War British Empire Orange Free State South African Republic Foreign volunteers
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- 1903 Britain takes Sokoto & ends Fulani Empire
- 1960 Belgian Congo gains independence - British Somaliland & Nigeria become - 1961 Sierra Leone, Tanganyika & British Cameroons become independent
- 1964 Northern Rhodesia Zambia, Nyasaland, Malawi, become independent - Malta becomes independent - 1965 Southern Rhodesia declares unilateral independence - 1966 Botswana, Lesotho & Gambia all gain independence
- 1972 Asians expelled from Uganda - 1976 Seychelles Independent
- 1984 Brunei Independent - 1985 Britain isolated in Commonwealth over South African sanctions - 1986 US bombing of Libya - 1990 South West Africa becomes Independent Namibia - Nelson Mandela freed
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- 1914 occupation of German West African colonies
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- 1500 Uzbeks cross Syr Darya river & enter Transoxiana - 1502 Golden Horde is destroyed by Crimean Khanate - Portuguese settled in India. - 1504 Babur conquers Kabul - 1505 Shaybanid Horde (Uzbeks) under Muhammad Shaybani expel Timurids from Transoxiana & capture Samarkand - 1506 Uzbek Shaybanids capture Bukhara (Uzbekistan) & Herat (Afghanistan), bringing to an end Timurid dynasty & forcing Babur to flee - 1510 Uzbek khan Muhammad Shaybani dies in battle against Safavids at Merv - 1514 under eastern Chagataid Khan Sayid capital moves from Ili to Kashgar - 1522 Babur captures Kandahar - 1526 Babur captures Delhi from Ibrahim, sultan of Delhi, & founds Mogul empire in India - 1530 Babur dies & his son Humayun succeeds him - 1538 Abdullah Shaybanid II expands Shaybanid (Uzbek) empire & moves capital to Bukhara - 1540 Babur's son Humayun loses empire to Afghan Leader Sher Shah & goes into exile in Persia - 1543 Dayan dies & Mongol empire disintegrates again - 1552 Russian conquers khanate of Kazan - 1555 Mogul king Humayun reconquers India - 1556 Russian conquers khanate of Astrakhan - Mogul king Humayun dies & his son Akbar greatest prince of India began his 49-year reign. - 1578 Altan Khan converts to Buddhism - 1598 Abdullah Shaybanid II of Uzbeks dies & Astrakhanid dynasty inherits power in Transoxiana, retaining in Bukhara |
- 1619 - 21 first diplomatic contacts between Moscow & Bukhara.
- 1644 Manchu Qing dynasty is established in China. - 1645 Russians reach Pacific Ocean. - 1646 Uzbeks begin construction of Tilla Kari madrasa in Samarkand's Registan - 1680s Clashes between Russian & Chinese troops in Manchuria.
- Peter Great 1986 - 1687 end of Shaybanid rule in Khiva. - 1689 Treaty of Nerchinsk between Russia & China ends border clashes in Manchuria. |
- 1707 Death of Moghul emperor Aurangzeb leads to end of Moghul rule in India - 1710 - 11 War with Ottoman Empire - 1710s Oyrat raids on Kazakhs. - 1715 first Russian military expedition to Kazakh Steppe under Peter Great. - 1717 first Russian military expedition to Khiva ends in a massacre of Tsarist troops. - 1718 Oyrats defeat Kazakh Middle Horde north of Lake Balkash. - 1721 French & English East India companies become serious rivals in India - 1722 Afghans invade Persia, bringing to an end Safavid dynasty. - Treaty of Kiakhta defines Russian Chinese border - 1724 Asaf Jah retires from Moghul empire to become Independent ruler of Hyderabad - 1723 - 25 Kalmuk & Oyrat raids into northern Transoxiana. - 1729 Nadir Qoli Beg (later Nadir Shah) drives Afghans out of Persia. - 1731 Kazakh Lesser Horde accepts Russian protection. - 1732 Nadir Qoli Beg takes Herat. - 1734/35 founding of Russian fort at Orenburg. - 1739 Nadir Shah takes Ghazna & Kabul & occupies Delhi. - 1740 Kazakh Middle Horde accepts Russian protection. - Astrakhanid dynasty collapses
- 1747 establishment of Durrani dynasty in Afghanistan. - Uzbek Mangit dynasty begins to rise to power in Khanate of Bukhara. - Chinese defeat Oyrats in Jungaria. - 1759 Chinese conquer Tarim Basin, resulting in Khojas fleeing to Kokand.
- 1768 Eastern (Chinese) Turkestan is officially renamed "Xinjiang" by Chinese. - 1771 Chinese attempt to bring Kazakhs into a vassal relationship. - Some Kalmuks migrate back to Jungaria & Ili Valley from Volga. - 1775 Pugachev uprising - Captain's Daughter 2000 - 1782 - 83 The Crimean Tatar Khanate is absorbed by Russia. - 1784 - 85 The Mangits succeed Astrakhanids as rulers of Khanate of Bukhara & adopt title of Emir. - 1798 establishment of Uzbek Khanate of Kokand. - 1799 Tippoo Saib, last Sultan of India killed. English, after long wars, controled India.
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- 1810 Seizure of Cape Colony - 1816 - 1828 Shaka Zulu  - Shaka Zulu 1987 - Shaka Zulu: Last Great Warrior 2005
- 1820 - 28 The Khojas revolt against Chinese rule in Altishahr (the Tarim Basin). - 1820s - 40s Kazakh revolts against Russian rule. - 1822 Khanate of Kazakh Middle Horde is abolished by Russia. - 1824 Khanate of Kazakh Lesser Horde is abolished by Russia. - 1826 establishment of Barakzai (or Mohammadzai) dynasty in Afghanistan. - 1838 - 47 Kazakh resistance to Russian rule under Kenesary Kasimov - 1802 - 47 Kenesary Kasimov - 1839 - 42 The First Anglo-Afghan War results in British capturing Kabul & Qandahar. - 1842 imprisonment & execution of Stoddart & Conolly by Emir Nasrullah of Bukhara. - 1843 - 47 revolt of Six Khojas in Altishahr. - 1848 Khanate of Kazakh Great Horde is abolished by Russia. - 1850 - 64 The Taiping Rebellion in China. - 1854 founding of Alma-Ata (then called Fort Vernoe) by Russians. - 1855 Russia is defeated in Crimean War. - Kazakhstan comes fully under Russian control, who now hold Syr Darya line (from Aral Sea to Lake Issyk Kul).
- 1857 - 60 Second Opium War, again resulting in China's defeat. - 1861 Russia abolishes Serfdom - 1863 Uprising against Russians - On Banks of Niemen 1986 - 1864 Yaqub Beg 1820 - 77 establishes an independent state in Altishahr. - 1865 Russians create Province of Turkestan. - Russians capture Tashkent. - 1867 Russians create Governorate-General of Turkestan, with Tashkent as its capital. - 1868 Russians create Governorate-General of Kazakh Steppe, with Orenburg as its capital. - Russians capture Samarkand. - Khanate of Bukhara becomes a Russian protectorate. - 1869 Russians establish a fort at Krasnovodsk on Caspian Sea. - 1871 Russian forces occupy Ili Valley. - 1873 Khanate of Khiva becomes a Russian protectorate. - 1876 Khanate of Kokand is annexed by Russia. - Chinese begin their reconquest of Xinjiang. - 1877 Queen Victoria is proclaimed "Empress of India." - Yaqub Beg dies of poisoning. - 1878 Kashgar falls to Chinese, under Tso Tsung-t'ang. - Congress of Berlin halts further Russian advancement into Afghanistan. - 1878 - 80 The Second Anglo-Afghan War. - 1880 Transcaspian Railroad is begun. - 1881 Russian slaughter of Turkmens at Battle of Gok-Tepe, resulting in creation of Transcaspian province. - Treaty of St. Petersburg between Russia & China results in return of Ili Valley to China. - 1884 Russians introduce American cotton into Turkestan. - Russians occupy Merv oasis, thus completing conquest of Turkestan. - Xinjiang officially becomes a Chinese province. - 1885 Muslim revolt in Ferghana Valley against Tsarist rule. - Trans-Caspian Railroad reaches Mary (Merv). - 1887 border between Afghanistan & Russian Turkestan is determined by British & Russians. - 1888 Trans-Caspian Railroad reaches Samarkand. - 1890 - 92 Mass immigration of Russian & Ukrainian settlers into Kazakh steppe. - 1891 Trans-Siberian railway begun - 1892 Riots in Tashkent due to a cholera epidemic. - 1898 Muslim uprising in Andijan against Russians. |
- 1905 1905 Russian Revolution. - Russo-Japanese War. - 1906 completion of Orenburg-Tashkent Railroad, linking Turkestan to European Russia. - 1909 founding of Young Bukharans in Bukhara - 1911 - 19 Outer Mongolia (Bogd Khanate) . - 1917 Bolshevik Party affirms it support of right of all nations within Russia to separate & form independent states. - First Central Asian Muslim Congress in Tashkent demands cessation of Russian colonization & return of confiscated lands. - Bolshevik "October" Revolution in Russia, resulting in Tashkent Soviet seizing power from Tashkent Committee. - Third Regional Congress of Soviets in Tashkent decides to exclude Muslims from local government. - Fourth Central Asian Muslim Congress in Kokand results in creation of Muslim Provisional Government of Autonomous Turkestan. - 1918 Muslim government in Kokand is crushed by Tashkent Soviet & Red Army, resulting in slaughter of many Muslims. - Russian Civil War begins. - Turkestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (ASSR) is established - 1919 Third Congress of Communist Party of Turkestan decides to exclude Muslims from government posts in Turkestan. - 1919 - 21 Occupation of Mongolia - 1920 Reds emerge victorious in Russian - Soviet troops capture Khiva, resulting in abolition of Khanate of Khiva & end of Kungrat dynasty. - Alash Orda government gives up resistance to Bolsheviks. - People's Republic of Khorezm (Khiva) is established under leadership of Young Khivans. - Kazakh (then called Kirghiz) ASSR is created. - Soviet troops capture Bukhara, resulting in abolition of Khanate of Bukhara & end of Mangit dynasty. - People's Republic of Bukhara is established under leadership of Young Bukharans & Bukharan Communist Party, with Faizullah Khojaev 1896 -1938 as chairman & then premier. - 1922 Turkish nationalists, under Mustafa Kemal (Atatürk) abolish Ottoman Sultanate. - Union of Soviet Socialist Republics is created, with Turkestan & Kirghiz (Kazakh) ASSRs included as parts of Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic (RSFSR). - 1923 Republic of Turkey is proclaimed, with Mustafa Kemal as its first president. - 1924 death of Lenin & subsequent rise of Stalin to full power in USSR. - Mustafa Kemal abolishes Ottoman Caliphate. - 1928 Soviet anti-Islamic campaign launched, resulting in disbanding of Islamic courts and waqfs. - 1928-30 Latin script replaces Arabic alphabet in Soviet Central Asia. - 1928 - 33 forced collectivization of Soviet Central Asians. - 1930 completion of Turkestan-Siberian Railroad. - 1937 - 38 Stalin purges Muslim Communist leaders. - 1939 - 40 Cyrillic script replaces Latin Alphabet in Soviet Central Asia.
- 1944 forced evacuation of Crimean Tatars, Meskhetian Turks, & other Caucasian Muslims to Soviet Central Asia. - 1953 death of Stalin & subsequent rise of Khrushchev. - 1962 Mass exodus of Kazakhs from Xinjiang to Soviet Central Asia. - Border clashes between Chinese & Indian forces in Kashmir. - 1965 Indo Pakistan war |
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- 1509 - 1512 Ottoman Civil War Forces of Selim I Forces of Bayezid II Janissaries Forces of Ahmed - 1512 Ottoman sultan Beyazid II dies & is succeeded by his son, Selim I. Selim would become first Ottoman caliph & would double size of Ottoman empire, mostly in Asia & Africa. - 1514 Ottomans defeat Safavids at Battle of Chaldiran - 1516 Portuguese under Alburquerque takes Harmuz on Persian Gulf - 1516 - 1517 Ottoman sultan Selim conquers Syria, Egypt & Arabia including holy cities of Mecca & Medina - 1516 Ottoman Turks overthrow Mamluk Dynasty of Egypt & capture most of country. - 1517 Holy League created. union of several European powers, Christian fighting force designed to combat growing threat of Turkish expansion. - Martin Luther’s 95 Theses at Wittemberg
- 1522 Ottomans capture Rhodes - 1526 Ottomans defeat Hungarians at Mohacs - Battle of Mohacs: Suleiman Magnificent defeats Louis II of Hungary after just two hours of fighting, leading to Ottoman annexation of much of Hungary. - 1528 Ottomans capture Buda - 1529 Ottomans besiege Vienna - Turkish calvary arrive at Bavarian town of Regensburg. farthest West Turkish forces ever reach. - Suleiman Magnificent sets off with 250,000 soldiers to lay siege to Vienna, capital of Charles V's Holy Roman Empire. gives up against 16,000 defenders. - 1535 Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, lands in Tunisia & sacks Tunis. - 1537 Imperial troops under Charles V sack Rome.
- 1556 Russians capture Tartar city of Astrakhan, far south along Volga river, giving them access to Caspian Sea. - 1558 Accession of Elizabeth I of England - English defeat Spanish Armada
- 1566 Sultan Selim II gives Janissaries permission to marry. - 1570 Luis de Requesens, vice-admiral for king Philip II of Austria, leads a campaign into Alpujarras that ends Morisco uprising by devastating entire countryside. - A royal council in Spain decides to deal with Moriscos by deporting them out of Grenada & scattering them all around Spain. - 1571 Battle of Lepanto (Aynabakhti): Muslim Turks commanded by Ali Pasha defeated in Gulf of Corinth by alliance of European forces. biggest naval battle in world since Battle of Actium in 31 BCE. Turks lose at least 200 ships, devastating their naval forces. morale of European Christians is significantly raised while that of Turks & Muslims is lowered. At least 30,000 soldiers & sailors die in about three hours, more casualties than in any other naval battle in history. battle does not, however, result in any major territorial or political shifts. - 1578 Battle of al-Aqsr al-Kabir: Moroccans defeat Portuguese, ending latter's military excursions into Africa - 1585 Ottoman Empire signs a peace treaty with Spain. This would hinder Ottomans from answering calls for help from Queen Elizabeth I of England. Elizabeth had hoped to get Ottomans to send several dozen galleys to aid in defense of England against Spanish Armada. |
- 1620 Pilgrims arrive in Massachussets - 1647 Mughal emperor Shah Jahan builds Taj Mahal at Agra - 1683 Ottomans defeated at second siege of Vienna - 1699 Treaty of Carlowitz; first permanent loss of Ottoman territory
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- 1709 Ghilzai defeat Persian empire - Afghanistan no longer obedient to Persia
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- 1805 - 1811 Egyptian Revolution
part of Napoleonic Wars Albanian forces of Muhammad Ali Ottoman Empire
Mamluk Forces Ottomans & Mamluks also fought each other - 1807 - 1808 Janissaries' Revolt Ottoman Empire Janissaries
- 1838 - 4 First Afghan war starts - Lives of a Bengal Lancer 1935 - 1876 Victoria becomes Empress of India - Famine in India - 1877 Second Afghan war - 1878 - 1880 Second Anglo-Afghan War British Empire India Afghanistan
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- 1906 Revolution in Iran - 1913 Turkey loses most of European lands - 1916 Balfour declaration promises Palestine to Jews - 1918 Palestine becomes British mandate
- 1937 Arab Jewish conflict in Palestine - 1947 Indian Independence - Lord Mountbatten - Last Viceroy 1986 - Partition of India & Pakistan - 1948 Israel created
- 1960 OPEC formed - 1961 Saudis take over defence of Kuwait from Britain - 1967 Six day war - Aden independence - 1971 Bahrain & Qatar become independent - 1974 Cyprus invade d by Turkey - 1979 USSR invades Afghanistan - Beast 1988 - Shah if Iran overthrown - Russia invades Afghanistan - Beast 1988 - 1980 - 8 Iran Iraq war - Soraya 2003 - 1982 Israel invades Lebanon - 1990 Iraq invades Kuwait - 1991 Gulf War - 1993 Palestinian Israeli peace accords
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- 1508 - 1528 Dharma Parãkramabãhu IXfrom Kotte 1509 - 1597 - 1509 - 1521 Vijayabahu VII - 1521 - 1551Bhuvanekabãhu VII - 1551 - 1597Dharmapala |
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- 1757 - 1763 Third Carnatic War Part of Seven Years' War British East India Company Nawab of Bengal French East India Company Dutch East India Company
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- 1803 - 1805 First Kandyan War British Empire Kingdom of Kandy - 1802 - 1805 Second Anglo-Maratha War British East India Company Maratha Confederacy - 1803 - 1805 First Kandyan War British Empire Kingdom of Kandy- 1815 - 1948 British Ceylon - 1806 - 1811 Vellore Mutiny British East India Company Vellore Sepoys - 1810 - 1820 Punjab War British East India Company - 1814 - 1816 Gurkha War British East India Company Forces of Chogyal Nepal - 1815 Second Kandyan War British Empire Kingdom of Kandy - 1817 - 1818 Third Anglo-Maratha War British East India Company Maratha Confederacy
- 1857 - 1858 Indian Mutiny India's First War of Independence British Empire British East India Company Nepal Jammu & Kashmir 20 Princely states Sepoys of East India Company Mughal Empire Awadh Jhansi 7 Princely states - 1864 - 1865 Bhutan War British Empire India Bhutan
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- 1707 - 1893 Dark Age of Laos
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- 1810 - 1 1 Anglo-Dutch Java War British East India Company Dutch East Indies - 1811 - 2 1 Cambodian Rebellion Cambodian Usurpation Viet Nam Khmer Kingdom Forces of Khmer Pretender Ang Snguon Siam
- 1823 - 6 3 First Anglo-Burmese War United Kingdom British East India Company Native Tribes Third Burmese Empire - 1825 - 30 5 Java War Dutch East Indies Pro-Netherlands Javanese Rebellion forces of Prince Diponegoro
- 1846 Dutch intervention in Northern Bali Netherlands Bali - 1848 Dutch intervention in Northern Bali Netherlands Bali - 1849 - 50 1 Dutch intervention in Bali Netherlands Lombok Buleleng Jembrana Klungkung
- 1884 - 1885 Sino-French War French Third Republic Annam Protectorate Qing Empire of China Remnants of Nguyễn Dynasty of Viet Nam Black Flag Army
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- 1811 - 1812 Korean Revolt Kingdom of Great Joseon Rebels
- 1860's Japanese civil wars - Last Samurai 2003
- 1863 - 4 1 Bombardments of Shimonoseki Part of Japanese Civil War British Empire Netherlands United States Second French Empire Chōshū Domain Chōfu Domain Kiheitai Volunteers - 1863 Bombardment of Kagoshima Anglo-Satsuma War Part of Japanese Civil War British Empire Satsuma Domain - 1864 - 5 1 Mito rebellion Kantō insurrection Part of Japanese Civil War Tokugawa Shogunate Mito Domain Sonnō jōi Rebels of Eastern Japan - 1864 Hamaguri Rebellion & First Chōshū expedition Part of Japanese Civil War Tokugawa Shogunate Satsuma Domain Aizu Domain Chōshū Domain Sonnō jōi Rebels - 1865 Hyōgo naval expedition Part of Japanese Civil War British Empire Forces of Emperor of Japan - 1866 French Campaign against Korea Joseon Dynasty France
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- Against Wind 1978 TV mini-series - 1788 - 1930s Australian frontier wars
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- 1804 Castle Hill convict rebellion New South Wales Convicts - 1810 Conquest of Hawaii Kingdom of Hawaii Other Hawiian Tribes
- 1846 Hutt Valley Campaign part of New Zealand land wars British Empire British Settlers Te Āti Awa Iwi Ngāti Toa Iwi - 1847 Wanganui Campaign part of New Zealand land wars British Empire British Settlers Māori Kupapa Māori Iwis - 1850 - 3 8th Xhosa War Mlanjeni's War British Empire Xhosa Tribes Khoikhoi Tribes Native Kafir Police South Africa - 1854 French conquest of Senegal - 1860 - 1 First Taranaki War Second Māori War Māori Iwis Māori King Movement Government of New Zealand British Settlers - 1863 - 6 Invasion of Waikato Third Māori War Government of New Zealand Māori Kupapa Māori King Movement - 1863 - 6 Tauranga Campaign Part of New Zealand land wars Māori Iwis of Taranaki Government of New Zealand - 1865 - 8 Basuto-Boer War Basuto Kingdom British Empire Orange Free State - 1865 - 8 East Cape War Part of New Zealand land wars Government of New Zealand British Settlers Māori Kupapa Hau-Hauist Māori - 1868 - 72 Te Kooti's War Part of New Zealand land wars Government of New Zealand British Settlers Māori Kupapa Māori Iwis
- Hawaiians 1970 |
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- 1512 Spanish Laws of Burgos forbid enslavement of Indians & advocate Christian conversion - 1514 Bartolome de las Casas petitions Spanish crown on behalf of Native Americans - 1517 Spanish first arrive on shores of Yucatan under Hernandez de Cordoba, who later dies of wounds received in battle against Maya. arrival of Spanish ushers in Old World diseases unknown among Maya, including smallpox, influenza & measles. Within a century, 90 per cent of Mesoamerica's native populations will be killed off.
- Captain from Castile 1947 - Aguirre, Wrath of God 1972 - Cortez comes to Mexico. Moctezuma II killed. - 1520 Cuitlahuac elected ruler. - 1520s Mayans - Apocalypto 2006 - 1521 Tenochtitlan destroyed.
- 1523 Huayna Capac dies & divides his empire between his two sons, Atahuallpa & Huascar - 1524 Cortes meets Itza people, last of Maya peoples to remain unconquered by Spanish. Spanish leave Itza alone until seventeenth century.
- Cabeza de Vaca 1992 - Spanish under Francisco de Montejo begin their conquest of northern Maya. Maya fight back with surprising vigour, keeping Spanish at bay for several years. - 1528 - 36 A member of Narvaez expedition, Alvar Nunez Cabeza de Vaca is shipwrecked first near Tampa Bay & later on Galveston Island off coast of what is now Texas. After six years spent among Indians of region, he & his companions travel westward across Texas & Mexico. - Expedition to Peruvian Amazon lost - 1532 Atahuallpa defeats Huascar - Spaniards, led by Francisco Pizarro, capture Atahuallpa - 1533 Conquest of Incas - Royal Hunt of Sun 1969
- 1542 Spanish establish a capital city at Merida in Yucatan. - Urged on by Bartolome de las Casas & others, Carlos V enacts "New Laws" designed to end encomienda system that enslaves native people. - 1550 Tales of La Llorona (the Weeping Woman), an important cultural figure & legend, begin to be told in Mexico City. - 1584 Sir Walter Ralegh sends a reconnaissance fleet under Captains Amadas & Barlow to future Croatoan Sound, North Carolina. Based on their glowing account, he sends out a colonizing expedition next year of 100 men who settle on Roanoke Island. Sir Francis Drake later takes colonists back to England at their request. - 1587 Ralegh sends out a fresh colony of 117 men, women, & children in three ships, with John White as governor.
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- 1600s Jesuits in Brazil - Mission 1986 - Jesuits in Canada - Black Robe 1991 - 1606 Dutch discovered Australia. - 1607 Jamestown, Virginia became first settlement of "New World." - Establishment of Jamestown - 1608 Colony of Quebec is established. - 1610 Santa Fe is established as new capital of New Mexico, with Pedro de Peralta as governor of new colony. - 1621 First Thanksgiving, at Plymouth - 1628 (May 1) Thomas Morton & colonists at Merrymount dance around a maypole & celebrate May Day, upsetting Plymouth Pilgrims. In June, Capt. Miles Standish is sent to eradicate settlement & Morton is sent back to England.
- 1636 Founding of Providence, R. I. by Roger Williams, who establishes Rhode Island as a place of religious toleration. - 1636 - 37 Pequot War. - 1637 Pequot War. Roger Williams helps to convince Narragansetts, traditional enemies of Pequots, to join New Englanders' side of conflict. - Swedish colonists establishes a settlement called New Sweden on Delaware River. - 1638 Banished from Massachusetts Bay Colony for her religious beliefs, Anne Hutchinson leaves Boston & helps to establish Pocasset, or Portsmouth, Rhode Island. - Signing of Treaty of Hartford formally ends Pequot War. Remaining members of Pequot tribe are divided up among Puritans’ Indian allies. end of Pequots as a distinct people. - 1640 - 1701 Beaver Wars Iroquois Algonquian France - 1640 - 1652 Catalan Revolt Spain Catalans France - 1640 - 1668 Portuguese Restoration War Portugal Spain - 1641 - 1644 First War of Castro Barberini Pope Urban VIII & Pamphili Pope Innocent X their papal armies & relatives. Farnese Dukes of Parma - 1641 - 1653 Irish Confederate Wars Part of Wars of Three Kingdoms English Parliamentarian troops & allied Protestants in Ireland Scottish Covenanters 1642 - 48 Irish Catholic Confederates English Royalists Scottish Covenanters 1648 - 50 - 1642 - 1646 First English Civil War Part of Wars of Three Kingdoms Parliamentarians Royalists - 1643 - 1645 Torstenson War Part of Thirty Years' War Sweden Dutch Republic Denmark-Norway Holy Roman Empire - 1646 Robert Child & others protest intolerance of Massachusetts Puritans toward those of other faiths; in response, Governor John Winthrop & others justify their policies & banish Child. - 1647 First woman barrister in colonies, Margaret Brent of Maryland, seeks & is denied right to vote in assembly. - 1648 as Cambridge Platform, which codifies & defines New England Congregationalism. - 1652 Massachusetts general court rules that territory of Maine lies within boundaries of Massachusetts Bay Colony, thus ending Maine's immediate hopes of independence. - 1660 Mary Dyer is hanged after defying an expulsion order by returning to Boston - 1661 Hanging of Massachusetts Quakers who refuse to leave colony is outlawed by Parlaiment - 1664 Maryland Colony passes a law mandating lifetime servitude for black slaves; previous precedent had allowed freedom for those who converted to Christianity & established legal residences there. - New Amsterdam becomes New York after Governor Peter Stuyvesant's surrender to English forces. - 1665 Legislation in several states tightens bonds of slavery. English law provides that slaves may be freed if they convert to Christianity & establish legal residence, but Maryland, New York, New Jersey, North Carolina, South Carolina, & Virginia pass laws allowing conversion & residence without freeing slaves. - 1670 Hudson's Bay Company is chartered. - 1673 Marquette & Joliet travel from Lake Michigan down Mississippi as far as Arkansas River, completing a 2500-mile journey of exploration. - 1675 - 78 King Philip's War in Maine - 1675 Massachusetts settlements of Deerfield & Hadley experience first of three raids from Wampanoag & Nipmuck peoples. - 1676 Bacon's Rebellion. - 1681 William Penn receives a charter for land on which he will found Pennsylvania - 1683 Penn & Native Americans negotiate a peace treaty at Shackamaxon under Treaty Elm - 1684 Charter of Massachusetts Bay Colony is revoked after critical reports reach England. This ends requirement of church membership for voting. - 1686 Governor Edmund Andros begins issuing a series of unpopular orders aimed at consolidation of colonies into one large settlement. He dissolves assemblies of New York & Connecticut, limits number of town meetings in New England to one per year, places militia under his direct control, & forces Puritans & Anglicans to worship together in Old South Church.
- Andros is ordered back to England to stand trial. colonies reestablish their previous systems of government.
- Crucible 1996 - 1693 College of William & Mary is founded. - 1695 ruins of Tikal are discovered by chance by Spanish priest Father Avedaño & his companions, who had become lost in jungle. - 1697 Massachusetts general court expresses official repentance for witchcraft trials; Samuel Sewall confesses guilt from his Boston church pew. - 1598 Don Juan Oñate establishes colony of New Mexico by taking over a pueblo, which he renames San Juan, near modern-day Santa Fe. In retaliation for an attack on settlement, he destroys Acoma pueblo, killing 800 & capturing 500. - 1699 Peace treaty at Casco Bay, Maine, brings hostilities between Abenaki Indians & Massachusetts colony to an end. |
- 1710 British capture French Acadia - 1711 Tuscarora war between settlers & Indians in North Carolina - 1711 - 5 4 Tuscarora War Colonial militia of North Carolina Colonial militia of South Carolina Yamasee Northern Tuscarora Apalachee Catawba Cherokee Southern Tuscarora Pamplico Cothechney Coree Mattamuskeet Matchepungo - 1712 - 6 First Fox War - 1712 Last execution for witchcraft - Maya of Chiapas highlands rise against Mexican government. They will continue to do so off & on until 1990s. - 1713 Utrecht treaty gives Britain Newfoundland, St. Kitts & Hudson bay. Leaves Britain dominant in force in America - 1715 Yamasee nation attacks South Carolina colony, killing hundreds of colonists - 1715 - 7 2 Yamasee War Colonial militia of South Carolina Colonial militia of North Carolina Colonial militia of Virginia Catawba (from 1715) Cherokee (from 1716) Yamasee Ochese Creeks Catawba (until 1715) Cherokee (until 1716) Waxhaw Santee - 1716 - 8 2 Blackbeard - Blackbeard Pirate 1952 - 1717 Shenandoah valley forcibly settled, Indians evicted - Spanish establish viceroyalty of New Granada in South America - 1718 New Orleans founded by Mississippi company - Franco - Spanish dispute results in Texas going to Spain
- 1726 Spanish found Montevideo in order to prevent Portugese expansion - 1727 George II First coffee plantations in Brazil - 1728 - 1733 Second Fox War Fox Indians vs French - 1729 North & South Carolina become Crown Colonies - 1732 James Oglethorpe founds Georgia for 'poor debtors' - 1735 Libel trial in New York establishes freedom of press in North America - 1739 Slave revolts in South Carolina - 1744 - 1748 King George's War Part of War of Austrian Succession Great Britain British America Iroquois Confederacy France New France First Nations allies
- 1763 - 1766 Pontiac's War Great Britain Pontiac's confederacy Seneca - 1768 Louisiana Rebellion - 1758 - 1761 Anglo-Cherokee War Part of French & Indian War - 1763 - 1766 Pontiac's War Great Britain Pontiac's confederacy Seneca - 1768 Louisiana Rebellion - 1759 Wolfe captures Quebec & Montreal - 1762 First serious criticism of Slave Trade - British expedition against Cuba seizes Havana from Spanish - 1763 Colonists move into Ohio basin - Pontiac concpiracy of Indians rising against colonists - Treaty of Paris cedes Canada, Mississippi & India to Britain - 1765 Stamp act provokes outcry in American colonies - 1773 Boston Tea Party - 1775 Constitutional Congress in America, led by Thomas Jefferson, restated a "Rule of Democracy." - 1775 - 1783 American Revolutionary War United States Kingdom of France Spain Dutch Republic Oneida (tribe of Iroquois Confederacy) Tuscarora (tribe of Iroquois Confederacy) Watauga Association Catawba LenapeGreat Britain Loyalists Anhalt-Zerbst Ansbach-Bayreuth Hanover Hesse-Hanau Hesse-Kassel Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel Waldeck-Pyrmont Iroquois Confederacy Cherokee - 1776 - 1794 Chickamauga Wars
- 1776 Declaration of Independence - 1777 British take New York & Philadelphia but defeated at Saratoga - Treaty of San Idelfonso defines Spanish & Portugese borders around Brazil - 1778 France joins America in war - 1779 Spain joins American war - 1781 Britain takes Charleston but surrenders at Yorktown; French gain supremacy of sealanes around colonies - 1781 Revolt of Comuneros (New Granada) - 1783 Treaty of Versaille: Britain accepts independence of 13 colonies but retains West Indies & Canadian colonies; Mass migration of Loyalists to Canada - 1786 Assault in slavery starts in earnest - 1787 American constitution signed - 1795 first seizure of Cape Colony from Dutch; - Mungo Park sets out to discover source of Niger - France overruns Netherlands - 1798 - 1800 2 Quasi-War United States France - 1799 - 1800 1 War of Knives Part of Haitian Revolution |
- 1800 Jefferson becomes US president - Sally Hemings: An American Scandal 2000 - 1802 - 1805 Second War of Haitian Independence Empire of Haiti French First Republic - 1803 Lousiana Purchase
- 1806 - 11 5 War of Christophe's Secession Forces of Henri Christophe Forces of Alexandre Pétion Haiti - 1810 US Occupation of West Florida United States Spain - 1810 - 1 Tecumseh's War part of War of 1812 United States Chief Black Hoof Tecumseh's Confederacy - 1810 - 21 21 Mexican War of Independence part of Spanish American wars of independence Mexican Army Monarchy of Spain - 1811 Tonquin incident United States Tla-o-qui-aht - 1812 - 5 3 War of 1812 British Empire British North America United States - 1812 - 6 4 Second Barbary War United States United Kingdom of Netherlands United Kingdom from 1815 Barbary States Ottoman Empire - 1813 - 4 1 Creek War United States Lower Creeks Cherokees Choctaws "Red Sticks" (Creek Indians) - 1813 Peoria War United States Kickapoo Nation Potawatomi Nation - 1817 - 8 1 1st Seminole War part of Seminole Wars United States Seminole Tribes - 1817 Pernambucan Revolt Brazil - 1819 - 20 1 Bolívar's campaign to liberate New Granada part of Spanish American wars of independence United Provinces of New Granada Monarchy of Spain - 1819 US purchases Florida - 1821 Mexico becomes independent from Spain. In general, life becomes more tolerable for Maya than it had been under Spanish rule. - Mexico & Peru gain independence - Juarez 1939 - 1821 - 3 2 First Mexican EmpireMexicoMexico City Preceded Second Mexican Empire which was short lived 1864 - 7. See also Mexican Imperial Orders. - 1821 - 9 8 Spanish reconquest of Mexico Mexico Spanish Empire - 1822 An account of Antonio del Rio's late eighteenth-century explorations of Palenque is published in London. book raises a great deal of interest in further exploration of "lost" Maya civilization & settlements. - 1827 Winnebago War United States Local Militia Winnebago - 1828 - 9 1 Gran Colombia – Peru War Gran Colombia Peru
- 1832 Black Hawk War United States Ho-Chunk Menominee Potawatomi Black Hawk's British Band: Sauk Fox Kickapoo - 1832 Reform act American Indians forcibly resettled - 1833 Falklands annexed
- 1835 - 6 1 Texas Revolution Republic of Texas Mexico - 1835 - 42 7 Second Seminole War part of Seminole Wars Seminole Tribes United States - 1836 Texas independent from Mexico - 1837 - 8 1 Lower Canada Rebellion United Kingdom British North America Patriote movement American Volunteers - 1837 - 8 1 Upper Canada Rebellion United Kingdom British North America Hunters' Lodges Republic of Canada - 1838 - 9 1 Cherokee War Republic of Texas Cherokee Lenape (Delaware) Shawnee - 1838 Missouri Mormon War Non-Mormon Missourians Latter Day Saint movement - 1838 - 9 1 Pastry War Kingdom of French Mexico - 1838 - 9 1 Aroostook War - 1839 Honey War Iowa Territory Missouri
- 1839 American diplomat & lawyer John Lloyd Stephens & English topographical artist Frederick Catherwood begin a series of explorations into Maya regions, revealing full splendor of classical Maya civilization to world for first time. - 1840 Canadian provinces act of Union - 1840 Texas-Comanche War Republic of Texas Texas Rangers Comanche - 1841 - 2 1 Dorr Rebellion Rhode Island - 1842 US/Canada border agreed - 1843 - 9 6 Dominican War of Independence Dominican Republic Haiti - 1845 - 6 1 Flagstaff War Northern War part of New Zealand land wars Ngāpuhi Iwi British Empire Forces of Tāmati Wāka Nene - 1845 - 75 30 Texas-Indian Wars United States Texas Rangers Comanche Kiowa - 1846 - 64 18 Navajo Wars United States Navajo
- 1847 - 55 8 Cayuse War United States Cayuse - 1847 Yucatan Maya rise up against Mexican government, rebelling against miserable conditions & cruelty they have suffered at hands of whites. rebellion is so successful that Maya almost manage to take over entire peninsula in what has become known as War of Castes. - 1848 Gold discovered in California - Roughing It 2002 - Communist Manifesto
- 1850 - 65 15 California Indian Wars United States Miwok Yokut Cahuilla Cupeno Quechan Yurok Karuk Tolowa Nomlaki Chimariko Wintun Hupa Tsnungwe Wiyot Whilkut Yurok Yuki - 1851 - 1900 49 Apache Wars United States Confederate States 1861 - 1865 Apache tribes - 1853 First railways & telegraph in India - 1854 - 60 6 Bleeding Kansas Kansas Missouri - 1855 - 8 3 Yakima War United States Yakama - 1855 - 6 1 Rogue River Wars United States Rogue River - 1855 Battle of Ash Hollow United States Brulé Sioux - 1855 - 6 1 Puget Sound War United States Nisqually Muckleshoot Puyallup Klickitat Haida Tlingit - 1855 - 8 3 Third Seminole War part of Seminole Wars United States Seminole Tribes - 1856 - 7 1 National War in Nicaragua Costa Rica Honduras Rebel Forces of Patricio Rivas British Empire Mosquito Coast Republic of Sonora Nicaragua - 1856 - 7 1 Cheyenne Expedition United States Cheyenne - 1855 Walker takes over Nicaragua - Walker 1987 - 1857 - 8 1 Utah War United States State of Deseret Utah Territory Nauvoo Legion - 1858 Spokane – Coeur d'Alene – Paloos War United States Spokane Coeur d'Alene Paloos Northern Paiute - 1858 Fraser Canyon War United States United Kingdom of Great Britain & Ireland British troops did not arrive until after war Nlaka'pamux - 1860 Yucatan Maya rebel again. - 1860 - 73 13 Paiute War United States Paiute tribes
- 1861 - 7 6 French intervention in Mexico Also known as Franco-Mexican War Mexico United States after 1865 Second Mexican Empire from 1864 Second French Empire 1862 - 1866 British Empire 1862 only Spain 1862 only - 1862 Dakota War United States Dakota Sioux - 1863 Emancipation of US slaves - 1863 - 5 2 Dominican Restoration War Dominican Republic Spain - 1863 - 5 2 Colorado War United States Cheyenne Arapaho - 1864 Red Cross founded - Workmen digging a canal on Caribbean coast of Guatemala discover a jade plaque inscribed with a date of A.D. 320. plaque becomes one of oldest known objects dated in Maya fashion. - 1864 - 8 4 Snake War Cheyenne & Arapaho War Cheyenne & Arapaho Tribes United States
- 1865 Morant Bay rebellion Jamaican Government Jamaican Rebels - 1865 - 70 5 Hualapai War United States Hualapai - 1866 Ku Klux Klan started in US - 1866 - 8 2 Red Cloud's War Lakota Tribe United States - 1867 Canada becomes a Dominion - US buys Alaska - 1867 - 75 8 Comanche Campaign United States Comanche Arapaho Kiowa Southern Cheyenne - 1868 - 78 10 Ten Years' War Great War Spain Cuba - 1869 Haitian Revolution Forces of Nissage Saget Forces of Sylvain Salnave - 1869 Red River Rebellion Dominion of Canada Métis Loyalists British Empire Métis Forces of Louis Riel - 1871 Vancouver & British Columbia join Canada - Trade Unions become legal - 1872 - 3 1 Modoc War Lava Beds War United States Modoc Tribes - 1874 Brooks–Baxter War Little Rock, Arkansas - 1874 - 5 1 Red River War United States Comanche Tribes Kiowa Tribes Souther Cheyenne Tribes Arapaho Tribes - 1876 - 7 1 Great Sioux War Black Hills War United States Shoshone Tribes Crow Nation Pawnee Tribes Arapaho Tribes Cheyenne Tribes Lakota Tribes - 1877 Nez Perce War United States Nez Perce - 1876 Battle of Little Bighorn - Custars last stand - 1878 Bannock War United States Bannock Northern Shoshone - 1878 Lincoln County War Ranchers Regulators General Store Monopoly - 1878 - 9 1 Cheyenne War United States Cheyenne - 1879 - 80 1 Little War (Cuba) Kingdom of Spain Cuba - 1879 Sheepeater Indian War United States Turakina - 1880 A new tide of government intervention in Maya life begins as governments attempt to force Maya to become laborers on cash-crop plantations. This destroys many aspects of Maya cultural traditions & agricultural methods preserved over 4,000 years. Towns which had been protected for Maya soon become a haven for mixed-race ladinos who prey economically on indigenous Maya & usurp all positions of social & economic power. - 1885 North-West Rebellion Dominion of Canada Provisional Government of Saskatchewan Cree–Assiniboine - 1888 Slavery ends in Brazil - Xica 1978
- 1888 slavery ended in Brazil - 1890 Indians massacred at Wounded Knee - Colorado becomes a state - Centennial (Vols. 1-12) 1978 - 1890 - 1891 Pine Ridge Campaign United States Sioux tribes - 1893 - 1897 War of Canudos United States of Brazil Canudos inhabitants - 1895 - 8 3 Cuban War of Independence Cuba United States Kingdom of Spain - 1898 Spanish-American war
- 1898 Spanish–American War United States Republic of Cuba First Philippine Republic Katipunan Kingdom of Spain |
- 1905 Alberta & Saskatchewan become Provinces in Canada - 1906 Cuba occupied by US
- 1916 US enters war - 1918 Women get vote
- Iron Jawed Angels 2004 - 1929 Wall Street Crash
- 1937 Amelia Earhart - Amelia Earhart: Final Flight 1994 - 1941 Pearl Harbour - 1943 Education Act - 1945 United Nations formed - 1946 American photographer Giles Healey is taken to Maya city of Bonampak by native Lacandon who live nearby. Healey becomes first non-Maya ever to see Bonampak's stunning wall-paintings, which reveal new details about Maya civilization. - Cold War begins - 1947 Marshall plan & Truman Doctrine - Truman 1995 - 1949 Newfoundland & Labrador join Canada - Nato created
- 1952 Priest-king Pacal's tomb at Palenque is discovered & excavated by Mexican archaeologist Alberto Ruz, marking first time a tomb has been found inside a Maya pyramid. Prior to this, Maya pyramids were believed to be temples with a purely religious or ceremonial purpose. - 1956 Castro & Guevara land in Cuba - 1961 Bay of pigs - 1962 Jamaica, Trinidad & Tobago, Uganda & Western Samoa all - Cuban missile crisis become independent - Maya hieroglyphic signs are first catalogued. Uncontrolled looting of Maya tombs & other sites begins around this time in southern lowlands, continuing until well into 1970s. - 1963 John F. Kennedy, President of United States was assassinated. - 1964 Gulf of Tonkin incident led United States into Vietnam War. - 1966 Millions of youth began using marijuana, heroin, LSD, etc.
- Malcolm X 1992 - Woodstock - Woodstock 1970 - 1972 Watergate - Nixon 1995 - 1973 Bahamas become Independent - Oil Shock - Skylab - Kyle Pounds born - Coup in Chile - Missing 1982 - Chilean Fascism - Of Love & Shadows 1994 - 1974 Grenada Independent - 1976 Coup in Argentina - US invades Nicaragua
- Joe Hill 1971 - 1980 Bishop Romero assasinated in El Salvador - Romero 1989 - 1981 Belize independent - "Crack" cocaine use & urban crime became rampant. - 1982 Falkland war - 1983 Grenada invaded by US - 1987 Stock Market crisis - 1989 Invasion of Panama - Noriega: God's Favorite 2000 - 1991 Gulf War broke out. |
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Haiti
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- North AmericaPort-au-Prince First Haitian Empire, Jean-Jacques Dessalines declared himself Emperor Jacques 1. |
Haiti
1811 - 1820
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Incan Empire 1533
- Cuzco, Peru. |
- 1822 - 89 67 Brazilian Empire Rio Established when Portuguese Royal Family went into exile in Brazil after French occupation of Portugal. |
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# 1582 
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