30 - 24
24 - 18
18 - 12
12 - 6
6 - 0 million years ago
210 - 180
180 - 150
300 Million
30 - 0
60 - 30
30 - 0
150 - 120
1st Galactic year 250 to present
Tertiary 65 - 2.7
Quaternary
Cenozoic Era 65 - Present cenozoic
Paleogene Period 65.5 - 23
   
Rupelian
Chattian 28.4 - 23
Neogene Period 23 - 2.6
     
 
Aquitanian
23 - 20.4
Burdigalian
20.4 - 16
Langhian
16 - 13.7
Serravalian
13.7 - 11.6
Tortonian
11.6 - 7.2
Messinian
7.2 - 5.3
Zanclean
5.3 - 3.6
Piacenzian
3.6 - 2.6
 
Oligocene Epoch 34 - 23 oligocene
Miocene Epoch 23 - 5.3 miocene
Pliocene Epoch
5.3 - 2.6
Pl
Tertiary Period 65 - 1.8  tertiary
 
                                                                                                                                                                                                       
South Pole


(There are 22 more pole shifts that represented above)
- 29.7 - 29.6
- 29.3 - 28.7
- 28.5 - 28.4
- 28.2 - 27.9
- 27 - 26.5
- 26 - 25.9
- 25.8 - 25.7
- 25.5 - 25.2
- 24.9 - 24.8
- 24.7 - 24.1

Miocene Epoch 24 - 5 miocene

- Modern ocean currents are essentially established. A drop in sea level near end of Epoch isolates & dries up Mediterranean Sea, leaving evaporite deposits on its floor.
climate is generally cooler than Oligocene Epoch. A cold transantarctic ocean current isolates waters around Antarctica, & continent becomes permanently frozen.
- Mammal forms are essentially modern, & almost half of modern placental mammal families are present. ancestor of mastodons disperse into North America.
Almost all modern groups of whales are present, as well as early seals & walruses.
Many modern birds—herons, rails, ducks, eagles, hawks, crows, sparrows—are present in Europe & Asia.
Higher primates undergo substantial evolution; advanced primates, including apes, are present in southern Europe & Asia.
Carcharocles megalodon, largest predaceous shark ever to have lived, inhabits seas.
coasts are submerged & kelp forests develop. On land, grasslands replace forests over large areas on several continents.
- 33.9 - 28.4 Rupelian Age
- 30 Aegyptopithecus - Haplorrhini splits into infraorders Platyrrhini and Catarrhini. New World monkeys have prehensile tails & males are color blind. They migrated to South America Catarrhines mostly stayed in Africa as two continents drifted apart. Other ancient catarrhines include today's lemurs. Soon catarrhine males gain color vision but lose pheromone pathway.
- 25 Proconsul Catarrhini splits into 2 superfamilies, Old World monkeys (Cercopithecoidea) & apes (Hominoidea).
They had a mixture of Old World monkey & ape characteristics. Proconsul's monkey-like features include thin tooth enamel, a light build with a narrow chest & short forelimbs, & an arboreal quadrupedal lifestyle. Its ape-like features are its lack of a tail, ape-like elbows, & a slightly larger brain relative to body size.
Proconsul africanus is a possible ancestor of both great & lesser apes, & humans.
South Pole

- 24 - 23.8
- 23.7 - 23.6
- 23.4 - 23.1
- 22.9 - 22.8
- 22.7 - 22.6
- 22.5 - 22.3
- 22.2 - 21.9
- 21.8 - 21.4
- 21.1 - 20.8
- 20.6 - 20.2
- 19 - 18.8

 

Oligocene Epoch 34 - 24 oligocene

- Tectonic plate movement is still very dynamic. Africa & Europe nearly collide, closing Tethys Sea & leaving as a remnant Mediterranean Sea. Volcanism & fragmentation of western North America is associated with emplacement of major ore deposits.
southeren ocean forms & climate is generally temperate. Glaciation begins in Antarctica.
- Representatives of modern mammals become dominant vertebrate life form, including horses, pigs, true carnivores, rhinoceroses, elephants, & camels. Oreodonts diversify in North America. Early primates appear in North America, & early apes appear in Egypt. Many archaic mammals become extinct.
earliest representatives of modern cetaceans (baleen & "toothed" whales) evolve.
Grasslands expand, & forest regions diminish.
- 23 - 2.6 Neogene Period
South Pole

- 18.3 - 17.6
- 17.3 - 16.7
- 16.6 - 16.5
- 16.4 - 16.3
- 16 - 15.2
- 15.1 - 14.9
- 14.8 - 14.6
- 14.2 - 14.1
- 13.7 - 13.6
- 13.4 - 13.3
- 13.1 - 13
- 12.9 - 12.8
- 12.7 - 12.5
- 12.3 - 12.2

 

- Plate tectonics & volcanic activity form Rockies in western North America. Erosion fills basins. Continental collisions between India & Asia culminate in Alpine-Himalayan mountain system. Antarctica & Australia continue to separate & drift apart.
climate is subtropical & moist throughout North America & Europe.
- Early forms of horse, rhinoceros, camel, & other modern groups such as bats evolve in Europe & North America. Creodonts & ruminant ungulates evolve.
Archaic whales (archeocetes) evolve from terrestrial meat-eating ungulates. Sirenians (dugongs & manatees) first evolve in shallow Tethys Sea.
- 15 Human ancestors speciate from ancestors of gibbon (lesser apes).
- 13 Human ancestors speciate from ancestors of great apes.
Pierolapithecus catalaunicus is believed to be a common ancestor of humans & great apes or at least a species that brings us closer to a common ancestor than any previous fossil discovery.
Pierolapithecus had special adaptations for tree climbing, just as humans & other great apes do: a wide, flat ribcage, a stiff lower spine, flexible wrists, & shoulder blades that lie along its back.
South Pole

- 12 - 11.7
- 11.7 - .6
- 11.6 - 11.3
- 11.3 - .2
- 11.2 - 11.1
- 11.1 - 10.1
- 10.1 - 10
- 10 - 9.9
- 9.9 - 9.8
- 9.8 - .7
- 9.7 - 9.6
- 9.6 - .5
- 9.5 - 9.3
- 9.3 - .2
- 9.2 - 9
- 9 - 8.7
- 8.7 - 8.3
- 8.3 - .2
- 8.2 - 8.1
- 8.1 - 7.7
- 7.7 - 7.6
- 7.6 - .5
- 7.5 - 7.4
- 7.4 - .3
- 7.3 - 7.2
- 7.2 - .1
- 7.1 - 7
- 7 - 6.9
- 6.9 - 6.6
- 6.6 - .3
- 6.3 - 6.2
Paleocene 65 - 54.8

- During the, vast inland seas of Cretaceous Period dry up, exposing large land areas in North America & Eurasia. Australia begins to separate from Antarctica, & Greenland splits from North America. A remnant Tethys Sea persists in equatorial region.
- Mammalian life diversifies, spreading into all major environments. Placental mammals eventually dominate land, & many differentiated forms evolve, including early ungulates (hoofed animals), primates, rodents, & carnivores.
- 10 Human ancestors speciate from ancestors of gorillas.
- 7 Humans in Africa
South Pole - North Pole
- 5.9 - 5.2
- 5.2 - 5
- 5 - 4.9
- 4.9 - .8
- 4.8 - 4.7
- 4.7 - .5
- 4.5 - 4.4
- 4.4 - .3
- 4.3 - 3.6
- 3.6 - .4
- 3.4 - 3.3
- 3.3 - .2
- 3.2 - 3.1
- 3.1 - 2.6
- 2.6 - 2
- 2 - 1.9
- 1.9 - 1.2
- 1.2 - .1
- 1.1 - 900 K
- 5 - 1.8 pliocene Pliocene Epoch
- 2.7 - Present Quaternary Period
- 1.8 million - 10 K pleistocenePleistocene Epoch
60 - 54
54 - 48
48 - 42
42 - 36
36 - 30
210 - 180
180 - 150
300 Million
60 - 30
60 - 30
30 - 0
150 - 120
1st Galactic year 250 to present
Phanerozoic Era 543 - Present phanerozoic
Paleogene Period 65.5 - 23
Tertiary 65 - 2.7
Cenozoic Era 65 - Present cenozoic
Sel
Thanetian - 55.8
Ypresian 55.8 - 48.6
Lutetian 48.6 - 40.4
Bartonian
40.4 - 37.2
Priabonian
37.2 - 33.9
Rupelian Age
33.9 - 28.4
Paleocene 65 - 55.8 paleocene
Eocene 55.8 - 33.7 eocene
Oligocene
                                                                                   
South Pole

- 57.5 - 56.4
- 55.9 - 53.4
Paleocene 65 - 55.8

- During the, vast inland seas of Cretaceous Period dry up, exposing large land areas in North America & Eurasia. Australia begins to separate from Antarctica, & Greenland splits from North America. A remnant Tethys Sea persists in equatorial region.
- Mammalian life diversifies, spreading into all major environments. Placental mammals eventually dominate land, & many differentiated forms evolve, including early ungulates (hoofed animals), primates, rodents, & carnivores.
- 61.7 - 58.7 Selandian Age
- 58.7 - 55.8 Thanetian
South Pole

- 53 - 52.9
- 52.8 - 52.7
- 52.4 - 51.8
- 51.2 - 51.1
- 50.9 - 49.6
- 49 - 47.9
- 55.8 - 48.6 Ypresian
- 48.6 - 40.4 Lutetian
South Pole

- 46.3 - 43.8
- 42.6 - 41.6

 

Eocene 55.8 - 33.7 eocene

- Plate tectonics & volcanic activity form Rockies in western North America. Erosion fills basins. Continental collisions between India & Asia culminate in Alpine-Himalayan mountain system. Antarctica & Australia continue to separate & drift apart.
climate is subtropical & moist throughout North America & Europe.
- Early forms of horse, rhinoceros, camel, & other modern groups such as bats evolve in Europe & North America. Creodonts & ruminant ungulates evolve.
Archaic whales (archeocetes) evolve from terrestrial meat-eating ungulates. Sirenians (dugongs & manatees) first evolve in shallow Tethys Sea.
South Pole

- 41.3 - 40.2
- 39.6 - 39.5
- 38.4 - 38.1
- 37.9 - 37.8
- 37.6 - 37.5
- 36.6 - 36.3

 

Paleocene 65 - 54.8

- During the, vast inland seas of Cretaceous Period dry up, exposing large land areas in North America & Eurasia. Australia begins to separate from Antarctica, & Greenland splits from North America. A remnant Tethys Sea persists in equatorial region.
- Mammalian life diversifies, spreading into all major environments. Placental mammals eventually dominate land, & many differentiated forms evolve, including early ungulates (hoofed animals), primates, rodents, & carnivores.
- 40.4 - 37.2 Bartonian Age of Eocene Epoch
- 40 Primates diverge into suborders Strepsirrhini (wet-nosed primates) and Haplorrhini (dry nosed primates). Strepsirrhini contains most of prosimians; modern examples include lemurs & lorises. prosimian tarsiers, along with simian monkeys & apes are haplorrhines. One of earliest haplorrhines is Teilhardina asiatica, a mouse-sized, diurnal creature with small eyes.
South Pole

- 35.7 - 35.6
- 35.3 - 35
- 34.7 - 33.6
- 33.1 - 31
- 30.6 - 30.2

 

- 37.2 - 33.9 Priabonian
Oligocene Epoch 34 - 24 oligocene

- Tectonic plate movement is still very dynamic. Africa & Europe nearly collide, closing Tethys Sea & leaving as a remnant Mediterranean Sea. Volcanism & fragmentation of western North America is associated with emplacement of major ore deposits.
southeren ocean forms & climate is generally temperate. Glaciation begins in Antarctica.
- Representatives of modern mammals become dominant vertebrate life form, including horses, pigs, true carnivores, rhinoceroses, elephants, & camels. Oreodonts diversify in North America. Early primates appear in North America, & early apes appear in Egypt. Many archaic mammals become extinct.
earliest representatives of modern cetaceans (baleen & "toothed" whales) evolve.
Grasslands expand, & forest regions diminish.
- 33.9 - 28.4 Rupelian Age
90 - 84
84 - 78
78 - 72
72 - 66
66 - 60
210 - 180
180 - 150
300 Million
90 - 60
60 - 30
30 - 0
150 - 120
1st Galactic year 250 to present
Phanerozoic Era 543 - Present phanerozoic
 
Danian Age
65.5 - 61.7
Sel
61.7 -
 
Paleogene Period 65.5 - 23
 
Paleocene Epoch
65 - 56 paleocene
Cretaceous Period 144 - 65 cretaceous
Tertiary 65 - 2.7
Mesozoic Era (Middle Life) 248 - 65 mesozoic
Cenozoic Era 65 - Present cenozoic
                   
 
South Pole

- 83 - 79.2

South Pole

- 73.7 - 73.4
- 73.3 - 73.1
South Pole

- 71.7 - 71.4
- 71.2 - 68.9
- 67.7 - 67.6

 

Paleocene Epoch 65 - 54.8

- During the, vast inland seas of Cretaceous Period dry up, exposing large land areas in North America & Eurasia. Australia begins to separate from Antarctica, & Greenland splits from North America. A remnant Tethys Sea persists in equatorial region.
- Mammalian life diversifies, spreading into all major environments. Placental mammals eventually dominate land, & many differentiated forms evolve, including early ungulates (hoofed animals), primates, rodents, & carnivores.
South Pole

- 65.6 - 64.7
- 64 - 63.7
- 62.5 - 61.4
- 61 - 57.8

 

 

- 65 Carpolestes simpsoni, a Plesiadapis without fur.
A group of small, nocturnal & arboreal, insect-eating mammals called Euarchonta begins a speciation that will lead to primate, treeshrew & flying lemur orders. Primatomorpha is a subdivision of Euarchonta that includes primates & proto-primate Plesiadapiformes. One of early proto-primates is Plesiadapis. Plesiadapis still had claws & eyes located on each side of head, because of that they were faster on ground than on top of trees, but they begin to spend long times on lower branches of trees, feeding on fruits & leafs.
One of last Plesiadapiformes is Carpolestes simpsoni. It had grasping digits but no forward facing eyes.
- Dinosaurs became extinct.

- 65.5 - 23 Paleogene Period (Lower Tertiary)
Paleocene 65.5 - 54.8

- During the, vast inland seas of Cretaceous Period dry up, exposing large land areas in North America & Eurasia. Australia begins to separate from Antarctica, & Greenland splits from North America. A remnant Tethys Sea persists in equatorial region.
- Mammalian life diversifies, spreading into all major environments. Placental mammals eventually dominate land, & many differentiated forms evolve, including early ungulates (hoofed animals), primates, rodents, & carnivores.
- 65.5 - 61.7 Danian Age
- 61.7 - 58.7 Selandian Age
120 - 114
114 - 108
108 - 102
102 - 96
96 - 90
210 - 180
180 - 150
300 Million
120 - 90
60 - 30
30 - 0
150 - 120
1st Galactic year 250 to present
Phanerozoic Era 543 - Present phanerozoic
Cretaceous Period 144 - 65 cretaceous
Mesozoic Era (Middle Life) 248 - 65 mesozoic
      - 100 Common genetic ancestor of mice & humans.  
150 - 144
144 - 138
138 - 132
132 - 126
126 - 120
210 - 180
180 - 150
300 Million
150 - 120
60 - 30
30 - 0
150 - 120
1st Galactic year 250 to present
Phanerozoic Era 543 - Present phanerozoic
Jurassic Period 206 - 144 jurassic
Cretaceous Period 144 - 65 cretaceous
Mesozoic Era (Middle Life) 248 - 65 mesozoic
                                                                                                               
South Pole

- 149.8 - 49.3
- 148.3 - 47.4
- 146.8 - 46.7
- 146.4 - 46
- 144.9 - 44.8
- 144.7 - 44.3
South Pole

- 143.7 - 42.3
- 141.9 - 41.2
- 139.5 - 38.9
South Pole

- 138.2 - 37.4
- 137.1 - 36.6
- 136.4 - 36.3
- 135.8 - 35.6
- 135.5 - 34.7
- 134.4 - 34.3
- 133.6 - 33.2
- 133.1 - 32.6
South Pole

- 131.7 - 31.4
- 131.2 - 31.1
- 130.7 - 30.6
- 130.2 - 29.8
- 129.4 - 28.9
- 128.6 - 28.3
- 128 - 27.5
- 127.4 - 27.3
- 127 - 26.5
South Pole

- 125.4 - 23.1
- 122.3 - 21.9
- 125 Eomaia scansoria, a eutherian mammal, leads to formation of modern placental mammals. It looks like modern dormouse, climbing small shrubs in Liaoning, China.
180 - 174
174 - 168
168 - 162
162 - 156
156 - 150
210 - 180
180 - 150
300 Million
180 - 150
60 - 30
30 - 0
150 - 120
1st Galactic year 250 to present
Phanerozoic Era 543 - Present phanerozoic
Jurassic Period 206 - 144 jurassic
Mesozoic Era (Middle Life) 248 - 65 mesozoic
 
                                                                 
 
    - 158 Our Ability to measure Pole shifts starts
South Pole

- 158 - 157.9
- 157.7 - 57.6
- 157.5 - 57.4
- 157.25 - 57.2
- 157.15 - 57.1
- 156.9 - 56.8
- 156.7 - 56.6
- 156.5 - 56.3
South Pole

- 155.9 - 55.7
- 155.4 - 55.2
- 155.1 - 54.9
- 154.8 - 54.5
- 154.2 - 53.6
- 152.9 - 52.7
- 152.3 - 51.9
- 152.8 - 51.7
- 151.6 - 51.5
210 - 204
204 - 198
198 - 192
192 - 186
186 - 180
210 - 180
180 - 150
300 Million
210 - 180
60 - 30
30 - 0
150 - 120
1st Galactic year 250 to present
Phanerozoic Era 543 - Present phanerozoic
Triassic Period 248 - 206 triassic
Jurassic Period 206 - 144 jurassic
Mesozoic Era (Middle Life) 248 - 65 mesozoic
     
240 - 234
234 - 228
228 - 222
222 - 216
216 - 210
210 - 180
180 - 150
300 Million
240 - 210
60 - 30
30 - 0
150 - 120
1st Galactic year 250 to present
Phanerozoic Era 543 - Present phanerozoic
Triassic Period 248 - 206 triassic
Mesozoic Era (Middle Life) 248 - 65 mesozoic
    - 220 One sub-group of therapsids, cynodonts have evolved more mammal-like characteristics.
jaws of cynodonts resemble modern mammal jaws more closely & their teeth are multi-cusped & differentiated down jaw. Cynodonts are direct ancestors of all modern mammals.
- Repenomamus From eucynodonts ( cynodonts) came first mammals. Most early mammals were small & shrew-like animals that fed on insects. Constant body temperature. All mammals have milk glands for their young.
Neocortex has evolved in mammals. This brain region is unique to mammals.		 - 7 Humans in Africa
270 - 264
264 - 258
258 - 252
252 - 246
246 - 240
210 - 180
180 - 150
300 Million
270 - 240
60 - 30
30 - 0
150 - 120
2nd Galactic year 500 - 250
1st Galactic year 250 to present
Phanerozoic Era 543 - Present phanerozoic
Permian Period 290 - 248 permian
Triassic Period 248 - 206 triassic
   
Mesozoic Era (Middle Life) 248 - 65 mesozoic
   

Triassic Period 248 - 206 triassicGeologic - Pangaea covers nearly a quarter of Earth's surface. Triassic Period, unlike previous periods, is marked by few significant geologic events. Toward end of Triassic Period, continental rifting begins to break apart supercontinent.
general climate is warm, becoming semiarid to arid.
Biologic - first dinosaurs such as Coelophosis & Euskelosaurus, & mammals, turtles, crocodiles & frogs appeared. Life began to diversify after end-Permian extinction. Early dinosaurs evolve. Many are bipedal, fast, & relatively small. largest Triassic dinosaurs are only 20 feet (6 meters) in length—small when compared to later Mesozoic forms.
Marine reptiles evolve, such as ichthyosaurs & plesiosaurs.
Ferns, cycads, ginkgoes, & conifers flourish.
Mass extinctions occur at end of Triassic Period, reducing some marine & terrestrial groups, such as ammonites, therapsids, early reptiles, & primitive amphibians, by as much as 75 percent.

Permian Period 290 - 248 permian
Geologic - A single supercontinent, Pangaea, forms as Earth's landmasses collide & merge. Pangaea extends across all climatic zones & nearly from one pole to other. This supercontinent is surrounded by an immense world ocean.
Extensive glaciation persists in what is now India, Australia, & Antarctica. Hot, dry conditions prevail elsewhere on Pangaea, & deserts become widespread.
Biologic - first sailback reptiles such as Dimetrodon appeared. Invertebrate marine life is rich & diverse at beginning of Permian period. Toward end of this period, mass extinctions occur among large groups of corals, bryozoans, arthropods, & other invertebrates. 99% of all life perishes.
On land, insects evolve into their modern forms; dragonflies & beetles appear.
Amphibians decline in number, but reptiles undergo a spectacular evolutionary development of carnivorous & herbivorous, terrestrial & aquatic forms.
Ferns & conifers persist in cooler air.

- 256 Phtinosuchus, an early Therapsid. Shortly after appearance of first reptiles, two branches split off. One is Synapsida: they had a pair of holes in their skulls behind eyes, which were used to increase space for jaw muscles. other branch is Diapsida.
From synapsids came Therapsida, direct ancestor of mammals. They are often called mammal-like reptiles.
earliest mammal-like reptilian are pelycosaurs. pelycosaurs was first animals to have temporal fenestra.Pelycosaurs are not Therapsida but soon they gave rise to them. therapsids have temporal fenestrae larger & more mammal-like than pelycosaurs, their teeth show more serial differentiation; & later forms had evolved a secondary palate. A secondary palate enables animal to eat & breathe at same time & is a sign of a more active, perhaps warm-blooded, way of life.
 - 250 One Galactic year ago
- 248 - 65 Mesozoic Era (Middle Life) mesozoic
300 - 294
294 - 288
288 - 282
282 - 276
276 - 270
210 - 180
180 - 150
300 Million
300 - 270
60 - 30
30 - 0
150 - 120
2nd Galactic year 500 - 250
Phanerozoic Era 543 - Present phanerozoic
Pennsylvanian 323 - 290 pennsylvanian
Permian Period 290 - 248 permian
Carboniferous Period 354 - 290 carboniferous
 
Paleozoic Era (Ancient Life) 543 - 248 paleozoic
     
        - 7 Humans in Africa
Cretaceous Period
Geologic - continents, while not in their current positions on Earth, are shaped much as they are today. South America & Africa separate, & Atlantic ocean widens. A circum-equatorial sea, Tethys, forms between continents of Northern & Southern Hemisphere. westward movement of North America forms ancestral Rocky Mountains & ancestral Sierra Nevada. Sea levels rise, submerging about 30% of Earth's present land surface.
global climate is generally warm. poles are free of ice.
Biologic - Dinosaurs during this time included muttaburrasaurus, quetsalcoatlus, ankylosaurus. Dinosaurs died out towards end of this period.The first snakes & modern mammals appeared.
Dinosaurs & other large reptiles peak as dominant vertebrate life form on Earth. Dinosaurs extend their range throughout every continent. Horned dinosaurs are common, while armored ankylosaurs & spiky nodosaurs are rare.
In shallow seas, invertebrates live in great diversity. Ammonites are a dominant group. Gastropods, corals, sea urchins flourish.
early flowering plants (angiosperms), modern trees, & many modern types of insects evolve.
Near end of Cretaceous Period, several mass extinctions occur, including extinction of five major reptilian groups: dinosaurs, pterosaurs, ichthyosaurs, pleisosaurs, & mosasaurs. Extinctions also occur among ammonites, corals, & other marine invertebrates.