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| - YouTube - online video sharing & viewing community - was invented in 2005 by Steve Chen, Chad Hurley & Jawed Karim. YouTube was named Time Magazines Invention of year in 2006. |
- Bugatti Veyron
- Top Sat
- One laptop per child
- Water cube
- E-book readers
- HP memory spot
- Nintendo WII
- Hurriquake nail
- Custom grown bladders
- Celestron skyscout personal planetarium
- Bosch Litium Pocket Driver
- Gearwrench X-beam combination raqueting wrench
- Jeep Wrangler unlimited four door
- Venus Express prefab spaceship
- Hydro Ormen Lange pipeline
- Herman Miller Leaf Lamp
- US national whitewater center fake river
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- iPhone
- TX Active: Smog-Eating Cement
- Bionic Lens
- New Active Contact
- Flying Windmills - Wind Turbines
- Agroplast - Plastic Made from Pig Urine
- Sony's Sugar Battery
- Camera Pill
- Lab-on-a-Chip
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- 2008 Israel-Hamas war 1,300 Palestinians |
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- May 31, 2005 After more than thirty years in suspense, identity of Deep Throat, contact for reporters Woodward & Bernstein in uncovering of Watergate scandal, is revealed when W. Mark Felt, second in command at CIA at time, confirms that he was their contact.
- July 24, 2005 American cyclist Lance Armstrong wins his record 7th straight Tour de France.
- July 26, 2005 In first Space Shuttle flight since tragedy of 2003, Discovery goes into orbit on a mission that returns to earth safely on August 9.
- August 29, 2005 Hurricane Katrina strikes Gulf Coast, inundating city of New Orleans with water from Lake Pontchetrain when levees that maintain below sea level city break. Over one thousand three hundred people perish from Alabama to Louisiana in one of worst natural disasters to strike United States.
- October 26, 2005 The War of Terror continues. With elections in Iraq to confirm a new constitution vying with internal terrorism amid U.S. military presence on October 15, eleven days later a statement from Iranian President, Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, calls for destruction of Israel & condemns peace process.
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- February 22, 2006 In a continuing shift of retail industry to new platforms, one billionth song is downloaded from internet music store, Apple iTunes. This shift comes at expense of many brick & mortar chains, including Tower Records.
- September 25, 2006 In New Orleans, Louisiana Superdome reopens after repairs caused by Hurrican Katrina damage. repairs included largest reroofing project in U.S. history & took thirteen months following destruction to Gulf Coast region.
- October 17, 2006 population of United States reaches milestone of three hundred million, taking only forty-two years to gain one hundred million people since two hundredth million person was added in 1964. At same time, a vibrant debate on immigration policy, particularly illegal immigration, ensues across nation.
- November 7, 2006 In mid-term elections, both houses of Congress change back to Democratic hands for first time since 1994. This is seen as a referendum by many on Iraq policy of Bush administration as well as personal Republican scandals among some House & Senate members.
- December 1, 2006 United States manufacturing capacity & esteem wanes, signalled by sale of last shares of his General Motors stock by U.S. billionaire Kirk Kerkorian.
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- January 4, 2007 first female speaker of U.S. House of Representatives, Representative Nancy Pelosi of San Francisco, California, is sworn into office.
- January 10, 2007 President George W. Bush announces a troop surge of 21,500 for war in Iraq to stem violence at request of new commander General Petreus. This controversial policy begins to show positive signs once fully implemented during summer months, with a reduction in violent attacks against coalition forces & Iraqi civilians. Progress on political front within Iraqi national government, however, does not keep pace with positive developments on military front.
- June 2, 2007 A terror plot to blow up JFK International Airport in New York City is thwarted when four terrorists are arrested & charged with its plan.
- July 4, 2007 fifty star flag of United States of America becomes longest flying flag in history after flying over forty-seven years.
- December 13, 2007 Mitchell Report on Steroids Scandal in baseball is published. It recounted a year long investigation into use & abuse of performance enhancing drugs over a two decade period, including steroids & human growth hormone. Nearly ninety players were named, & blame for scandal was spread among players, union, & commissioner's office. Headed by former Senator George Mitchell, report urged enhanced testing to stem problem & a look forward attitude to restore integrity of game & its statistics. report comes after a season when Barry Bonds broke home run record of Hank Aaron amid suspicion of steroid use.
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- July 1, 2008 A report by U.S. embassy in Iraq states that 15 of 18 goals set for Iraqi govermnent have been met, largely due to surge implemented over last year. increase of 21,000 United States troops, commonly known as surge, reduced violence & restored order to nation, allowing government of Iraq to focus more on solving other problems needed to establish a stable nation.
- August 17, 2008 Michael Phelps, United States swimmer from Baltimore, wins his 8th Gold Medal of Beijing Summer Olympic Games, surpassing record of seven won by Mark Spitz.
- August 29, 2008 John McCain chooses Sarah Palin, 1st term Governor of Alaska, as his running mate, making contest between Barack Obama & himself, first time a presidential election included both an African-American candidate & a woman amongst Presidential & Vice Presidential nominees for president among Democratic & Republican tickets.
- October 3, 2008 The United States Congress passes legislation, signed by President Bush, for a $700 billion bailout, Emergency Economic Stabilization Act, giving Treasury Department authority to assist distressed Wall Street & banking businesses of United States due to housing, banking, & subprime mortgage crises caused by excessive greed & speculation among Wall Street firms. This economic distress, coupled with oil prices above $140 per barrel during summer, deepened world economic crises that had been brewing all year. bailout was supported by current President George W. Bush & both presidential candidates, Barack Obama & John McCain.
- November 4, 2008 Barack Obama, Democratic Senator from Illinois, land of Abraham Lincoln, wins a landslide margin in Electoral College, 365 to 173 in election for 44th President of USA over John McCain, making him first African-American president in history of United States of America. |
- January 20, 2009 Barack Obama takes oath of office for President of United States, becoming first African-American president in history of nation. The Democratic Senator from Illinois comes into office on a message of Change. The city of Washington, D.C. hosts more than one million visitors to inauguration, covering National Mall in a way reminiscent of Civil Rights March of Martin Luther King forty-six years earlier.
- April 15, 2009 After a succession of big government spending projects beginning in Bush administration & expanded under President Obama, 750 grass roots Tea Party protests spring up across nation. More than one half million citizens concerned with increased deficits due to such actions such as bailout of banking industry, car industry, potential cap & trade legislation, & other administation projects that project a ten trillion dollar deficit over next decade take part.
- June 1, 2009 H1N1 virus, named Swine Flu, is deemed a global pandemic by World Health Organization. This is first such designation since Hong Kong flu in 1967-1968.
- October 31, 2009 economic recession continues to deepen as jobless claims climb above 10.0%, reaching 10.2% with October's monthly figures. This occurs despite efforts by Obama administration to ramp up massive government spending pushed by $780 billion economic stimulus package passed earlier in year.
- December 1, 2009 President Obama announces a surge of 30,000 additional troops to Afghanistan to stem increased efforts by Taliban in country. The surge, which was suggested by military officers, was not popular with liberal base of Democratic party which had put President in power on a pledge to end both Middle Eastern wars. The war in Afghanistan, which started as a response to terror attacks on 9/11/2001, & war on terror in general, comes into focus again on December 25 when an airliner headed for Detroit is attacked by a Muslim extremist, 23-year-old Umar Farouk AbdulMutallab, who attempts to detonate a bomb, but fails. |
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- AbioCor artificial heart invented by Abiomed - Abiocor represents groundbreaking medical miniaturization technology. Nuvaring birth control invented by Organon.
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Artificial liver invented by Dr. Kenneth Matsumura & Alin Foundation.
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Fuel cell bike invented by Aprilia.
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Self-cleaning windows invented by PPG Industries.
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On October 23, 2001 Apple Computers publicly announced their portable music digital player iPod, created under project codename Dulcimer.
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- Braille Glove invented by Ryan Patterson.
- Phone tooth invented by James Auger & Jimmy Loizeau.
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Nano-tex - nanotechnology wearable fabrics invented by Nano-tex LLC.
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Birth control patch invented by Ortho McNeil Pharmaceutical.
- Foveon Camera Chip invented by Richard Merrill.
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Date Rape Drug Spotter invented by Francisco Guerra.
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Solar Tower invented by Jorg Schlaich.
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Virtual keyboard invented by Canesta & VKB.
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ICOPOD invented by Sanford Ponder.
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Time Magazine Modern Inventions of Year 2002 |
- Optical Camouflage System invented by Susumu Tachi, Masahiko Inami, & Naoki Kawakami
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Toyota's Hybrid Car
- Ice Bike invented by Dan Hanebrink
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New Toy Robots Max robotic cat invented by Omron, LUCKY, ROVING ROBO-RAPTOR invented by Walt Disney Imagineering, & Sony builds Aibo a companion called Orio.
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New Fabrics, Salmon Skin Leather invented by Claudia Escobar & Skini, & Luminex a glowing fabric invented by Luminex.
- Java Log a log for your fireplace made from used coffee grinds & invented by Rod Sprules
- Infrared Fever Screening System used in public buildings to scan for people with a high temperature from a fever or sars invented by Singapore Technologies Electronics & Singapore Defense Science & Technology Agency
- No-Contact Jacket invented by Adam Whiton & Yolita Nugent, protects wearer by electric shocking any attackers.
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- Adidas 1 thinking shoes with a built in microprocessor that decides how soft or firm support wearer needs. Chosen by Popular Science magazine as best recreation invention of 2004.
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Translucent Concrete developed by Hungarian architect Aron Losonczi & called LitraCon & is based on a matrix of parallel optical glass fibers embedded into concrete that can transmit light & color from outside. However, this is not only translucent concrete out there. Inventor Bill Price has been developing another variety.
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Ka-on or Flower Sound are plants that play music invented by Japanese based Let's Corporation. Flowers bouquets will act as loudspeakers when placed in a special vase that has electronics hidden in base.
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Intel Express Chipsets - Grantsdale & Alderwood are code names of Intel's newest chips that will provide superior & inexpensive built-in sound & video capacities for PC including ability to do high definition video editing without additional computer cards.
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SonoPrep invented by bioengineer Robert Langer, is a device that will deliver medication by sound waves rather than injection. According to Sontra Medical Corporation, SonoPrep's manufacturer: small, battery-powered device applies low-frequency ultrasonic energy to skin for 15 seconds. ultrasound temporarily rearranges lipids in skin, opening channels that let fluids be delivered or extracted. After about 24 hours, skin returns to normal. |
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- 2002 - Cote d'Ivoire's civil war 1,000 deaths |
- 2003 - 09 Sudan vs JEM/Darfur 300,000 deaths |
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| - 2000 - 03 Intifada II 700 Israelis & 2,000 Palestinians |
- 2001 - Afghanistan's liberation war - USA & UK vs Taliban 40,000 deaths |
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- 2003 Second Iraq-USA war - USA, UK & Australia vs Saddam Hussein 14,000 deaths
- 2003 - Iraq's civil war 60,000 deaths |
- 2004 - Sudan vs SPLM & Eritrea deaths
- 2004 - Yemen vs Shiite Muslims deaths
- 2004 - Thailand vs Muslim separatists 3,700 deaths |
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- April 3, 2000 ruling in case of United States versus Microsoft states that company did violate anti-trust laws by diminishing capability of its rivals to compete.
- June 1, 2000 For first time since 1851, United States of America does not participate in a major World's Fair, Hannover 2000 World Expo, despite a record number, 187, of international participants. President Bill Clinton had withdrawn U.S. participation late in 1999 after agreement to participate in 1997. Congressional apathy toward participation in world events continues a decline in U.S. involvement after fall of Soviet Union & victory in Cold War. A consequence of this policy has led to a rise, among some experts, of anti-American sentiment, & a decline of U.S. influence in diplomatic affairs. Less than half, 18.1 million, of original attendance estimate, 40 million, visit Hannover's event.
- November 7, 2000 George W. Bush, son of former President, & Vice President Al Gore hold a virtual dead-heat for presidency, with a disputed vote in Florida holding off naming of winner of President Election until Supreme Court of United States voted in favor of Bush on December 12. This ruling gave Florida to Bush camp by a 527 vote majority, & a victory in Electoral College, 271-266, despite gaining less popular votes than Gore.
- November 7, 2000 Hillary Rodham Clinton wins a seat for United States Senate from New York. It is first time a former FIrst Lady wins public office.
- December 28, 2000 Montgomery Ward, retail giant since its founding one hundred & twenty-eight years before, announces its intention to cease business. Competition from newer, low-cost retail behemoths such as Wal-Mart lead to its demise.
- 2000 census enumerates a population of 281,421,906, increasing 13.2% since 1990. As regions, South & West continued to pick up majority of increase in population, moving geographic center of U.S. population to Phelps County, Missouri. |
- January 6, 2001 Certification of Electoral College victory of 2000 United States Presidential election in U.S. Senate confirms George W. Bush as victor, with Dick Cheney as his Vice-President.
- April 1, 2001 China-U.S. incident. An American spyplane collides with a fighter plane of China & makes an emergency landing in Hainan, China. U.S. crew is detained for ten days.
- April 8, 2001 Tiger Woods becomes first golfer to hold all four major golf titles simulteneously by winning Master's tournament in Augusta, Georgia. This followed a remarkable run in 2000 when Woods claimed victory at final three majors of that season; U.S. Open, British Open, & PGA Championship.
- September 11, 2001 Islamic fundamentalist terrorists hijack four U.S. airliners & crash them into Pentagon & World Trade Center in New York City. attack of two planes levels World Trade Center & crash of one plane inflicts serious damage to Pentagon in Arlington, Virginia, causing nearly 3,000 deaths. fourth plane is heroically crashed by passengers into a Shanksville, Pennsylvania cornfield when they learn of plot, preventing destruction of another structure in Washington, D.C., supposed to be White House or Capitol building. plot is attributed to Al-Qaeda organization led by Osama Bin Laden.
- September 18, 2001 Anthrax attacks by mail from Princeton, New Jersey against news & government targets begin. Federal officials announce first case on October 4.
- October 7, 2001 In response to tragedy of September 11, United States military, with participation from its ally United Kingdom, commence first attack in War on Terrorism on Taliban & Al-Qaeda in Afghanistan. By November 12, Taliban government leaves capital, Kabul.
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- February 8, 2002 Amid tight security due to terrorism concerns, Winter Olympic Games are opened by President George W. Bush in Salt Lake City, Utah. They would continue without major incident until closing ceremony on February 24.
- May 21, 2002 United States State Department issues its report in War on Terror. It states that there are seven nations that a State-Sponsors: Iran, Iraq, Cuba, Libya, North Korea, Sudan, & Syria.
- July 5, 2002 Continuing its pattern of past several years, Iraq refuses new proposals from United Nations concerning weapons inspections. inspections were part of cease-fire agreement & terms of surrender in 1991 Gulf War. - - On September 12, U.S. President George Bush addresses United Nations & warns members that Iraq presents a grave danger to world that they must confront, or that United States & others will act unitarilly.
- October 2, 2002 the United States Congress passes a resolution giving President of U.S. authority to use military forces of country as he thinks necessary.
- November 8, 2002 United Nations passes Resolution 1441 in a unanimous Security Council vote. It forces Saddam Hussein & Iraq to disarm or face serious consequences.
- November 21, 2002 NATO invites additional members of former Soviet bloc to join its membership. Seven nations are included in invitation; Bulgaria, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Romania, Slovakia, & Slovenia.
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- February 1, 2003 A tragedy at NASA occurs when Space Shuttle Columbia explodes upon reentry over Texas. All seven astronauts inside are killed.
- March 19, 2003 War in Iraq begins with bombing of Baghdad after additional measures & mandates from United Nations & United States coalition fail to gain concessions or removal of Saddam Hussein from power. U.S. coalition, upon failure to extract authority from U.N. for action due to veto power of France, begin land operations one day later with participation from U.S., British, Australian, & Polish troops.
- April 9, 2003 U.S. coalition siezes control of Baghdad in Iraq conflict.
- July 2, 2003 International Olympic Committee votes in Prague that Winter Olympic Games are coming back to North America, selecting Vancouver, Canada as host of XXI Olympic Games in 2010.
- December 13, 2003 Saddam Hussein, former leader of Iraq, is captured in a small bunker in Tikrit by U.S. 4th Infantry Division.
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- February 3, 2004 Central Intelligence Agency admits that imminent threat from weapons of mass destruction was not present before 2003 Iraq war began.
- March 2, 2004 Mars rover MER-B (Opportunity) confirms to NASA that area of their landing was once covered in water.
- July 4, 2004 groundbreaking ceremony for Freedom Tower at Ground Zero, former site of World Trade Center complex destroyed during September 11, 2001 attacks, occurs in New York City.
- November 2, 2004 President George W. Bush wins reelection over Democratic Senator John Kerry from Massachusetts. He wins 50.7% of popular vote & 286 votes in Electoral College.
- December 26, 2004 The southeast Asian tsunami occurs following a 9.3 Richter scale earthquake in Indian Ocean. Two hundred & ninety thousand people die from Sri Lanka to Indonesia, creating one ot greatest humanitarian tragedies in history. A worldwide relief effort, led by United States & many other nations, is mobilized to assist.
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1960's |
1970's |
1980's |
1990's |
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- 1950 First Kidney transplant
- 1952 Britain's first atomic bomb
- 1953 Mount Everest climbed
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DNA unravelled
- 1954 Fortran developed
- First oral contraceptives
- 1955 Hovercraft
- 1956 Videotape
- 1957 Soviet Sputnik flight
- 1958 Silicon chip
- 1959 North Sea gas discovered
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Integrated circuits developed
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Antarctic treaty
- 1950 First Kidney transplant
- 1953 DNA unravelled
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Mount Everest climbed
- 1955 Hovercraft
- 1956 Videotape
- 1957 Soviet Sputnik flight
- 1958 Silicon chip
- 1959 North Sea gas discovered
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Integrated circuits developed |
- 1960 Lasers developed
- 1961 Yuri Gagarin becomes first man in space
- 1962 Communications Satellites
- 1963 Cassette tape recorder
- 1964 Word Processor
- 1965 Miniskirts
- 1967 Satellite navigation
- 1969 First man on moon
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Concorde |
- 1970 Concorde
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Floppy disk
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Satellite navigation
- 1971 Decimalisation of currency
- 1972 Home video games
- 1973 Skylab
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Oil Shock
- 1975 Altair 8800 is first personal computer
- 1978 First test tube baby
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First Apple computer |
- 1980 Smallpox officially eliminated
- 1981 Space shuttle Columbia
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first reports of AIDS
- 1982 CD's on sale
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US Cruise missiles
- 1984 Genetic fingerprinting
- 1985 Desk Top Publishing
- Live Aid
- 1986 Chernobyl
- 1988 Hawking's Brief History of Time |
- 1996 Rise & rise of Internet
- 1997 Mars landing |
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1960's |
1970's |
1980's |
1990's |
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Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) 1922 - 1991 |
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1960's |
1970's |
1980's |
1990's |
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Britain Vs Northern Ireland Civil War 1968 - 1994 |
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Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR)
1922 - 1991 |
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Russia-Chechnya civil war 1991 - 2009 |
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- 1950 Schumann plan
- 1952 Britain's first atomic bomb
- 1953 Death of Stalin
- 1955 Warsaw Pact signed
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- 1961 Berlin wall erected
- 1962 Beatles come out
- 1964 Brezhnev ousts Krushchev
- 1966 England wins World Cup
- 1968 Czechoslovakia invaded by Warpac
- 1969 Ulster troubles in Ireland
First man on moon 1969 
- Right Stuff 1983
- Apollo 13 1999
- From Earth to Moon 1998 |
| - 1969 - 02 IRA - Norther Ireland's civil war 2,000 deaths |
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| - 1968 - 1994 Britain Vs Northern Ireland Civil War |
- 1971 N. Ireland Internment policy
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Decimalisation of currency in Britain
- 1973 Britain joins European Community
- 1974 IRA bombing of mainland
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Three day week in Britain to conserve electricity
- 1975 IMF assists Britain
- 1976 Seychelles Independent
- 1979 Thatcher PM
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- 1982 Falkland war
- 1985 Britain isolated in Commonwealth over South African sanctions
- 1986 Chernobyl nuclear accident
- 1989 Berlin Wall crumbles
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| - 1991 - 2009 Russia-Chechnya civil war 200,000 deaths |
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1960's |
1970's |
1980's |
1990's |
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- 1951 Cyprus bids for Independence
- 1955 EOKA terrorist campaign in Cyprus
- 1956 Hungarian revolt
- 1957 Macmillan PMEEC formed
- 1959 Cyprus joins Commonwealth |
- 1964 Malta becomes independent |
- 1974 Cyprus invaded by Turkey |
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- 1992 Break up of Yugoslavia
| - 1992 - 96 Yugoslavian wars 260,000 deaths |
- 1999 Kosovo's liberation war - NATO vs Serbia 2,000 deaths |
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1960's |
1970's |
1980's |
1990's |
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| - 1953 death of Stalin & subsequent rise of Khrushchev. |
- 1962 Mass exodus of Kazakhs from Xinjiang to Soviet Central Asia.
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Border clashes between Chinese & Indian forces in Kashmir.
- 1965 Indo Pakistan war |
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| - 1991 - 94 Armenia-Azerbaijan war 35,000 deaths |
| - 1992 - 96 Tajikstan's civil war war 50,000 deaths |
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1960's |
1970's |
1980's |
1990's |
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Angolan civil war 1975 - 2002 |
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Rhodesia's civil war 1968 - 80 |
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Mozambique's civil war 1976 - 93 |
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Mozambique Frelimo vs Portugal
1962 - 75
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South Africa vs Africa National Congress
1960 - 90 |
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Ethiopian Civil War
1974 - 91
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Francisco Nguema
1969 - 79 |
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Idi Amin, Uganda 1969 - 79 |
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rebellion in Kenya
1952 - 60 |
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Sudanese civil war
1983 - 2002 |
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Mau Mau rebellion in Kenya
1952 - 60 20,000 deaths
- Something of Value 1957
- Kitchen Toto 1987
- Hemingway, Hunter of Death 2001
- Snows of Kilimanjaro 1952
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- 1953 Algerian crisis begins
- 1954 Withdrawal from Sudan
- Troops removed from Egypt
| - 1954 - 62 French-Algerian war 368,000 deaths |
- 1956 Suez crisis
- 1957 Ghana Malay states become independent
- Gold Coast becomes independent
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- 1960 Belgian Congo gains independence
- British Somaliland & Nigeria become independant
- 1960 - 90 South Africa vs Africa National Congress |
- 1961 Sierra Leone, Tanganyika & British Cameroons become independent Independent
- South Africa leaves Commonwealth
| - 1962 - 75 Mozambique Frelimo vs Portugal |
- 1963 Kenya & Zanzibar become independent
- 1964 Northern Rhodesia Zambia, Nyasaland, Malawi, become independent
- Malta becomes independent
- 1965 Southern Rhodesia declares unilateral independence
- 1966 Botswana, Lesotho & Gambia all gain independence
| - 1967 - 70 Nigeria-Biafra civil war 800,000 deaths |
- 1968 Mauritius & Swaziland gain Independence
| - 1968 - 80 Rhodesia's civil war |
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- 1969 - 79 Francisco Macias Nguema, Equatorial Guinea 50,000 deaths |
| - 1969 - 79 Idi Amin, Uganda 300,000 deaths |
- 1972 Burundi's civil war 300,000 deaths
- Asians expelled from Uganda
| - 1972 - 79 Rhodesia/Zimbabwe's civil war 30,000 deaths |
| - 1974 - 91 Ethiopian civil war 1,000,000 deaths |
| - 1975 - 78 Menghitsu, Ethiopia 1.5 million deaths |
| - 1975 - 2002 Angolan civil war 500,000 deaths |
- 1976 Seychelles Independent
| - 1976 - 93 Mozambique's civil war 900,000 deaths |
- 1979 Rhodesian settlement reached |
- 1980 New Hebrides, Vanunu; Zimbabwean Independence
| - 1982 - 90 Hissene Habre, Chad 40,000 deaths |
| - 1983 - 2002 Sudanese civil war 2 million deaths |
- 1984 Brunei Independent
- 1985 Britain isolated in Commonwealth over South African sanctions
- 1986 US bombing of Libya
| - 1988 - 2004 Somalia's civil war 550,000 deaths |
- 1989 Liberian civil war 220,000 deaths
- Uganda vs Lord's Resistance Army 30,000 deaths |
- 1990 South West Africa becomes Independent Namibia
-
Nelson Mandela freed
| - 1991 - 97 Congo's civil war 800,000 deaths |
| - 1991 - 2000 Sierra Leone's civil war 200,000 deaths |
| - 1992 - 99 Algerian civil war 150,000 deaths |
| - 1993 - 2005 Burundi's civil war 200,000 deaths |
- 1994 Rwanda's civil war 900,000 deaths
- Multi racial elections in South Africa
End of Aparteid 1994
- Mandela 1987
- Mandela & De Klerk 1997 |
- 1995 - 96 Chad civil war
- Daresalam 2000 |
- 1995 Nigeria suspended from Commonwealth
- 1996 South Africa rejoins Commonwealth
- 1998 - Congo/Zaire's war - Rwanda & Uganda vs Zimbabwe, Angola & Namibia 3.8 million deaths
| - 1998 - 2000 Ethiopia-Eritrea war 75,000 deaths |
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1970's |
1980's |
1990's |
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Kurds vs Iraq 1961 - 2003 |
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Kurds vs Turkey
1980 - 99 |
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Iraq-Iran war 1
1980 - 88 |
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Afghanistan civil war
1988 - 2001 |
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civil war in Lebanon 1975 - 90 |
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Algerian war 1954 - 1962
- Cache 2005
- Legionnaire 1998
- Outpost in Morocco 1949
- Rachida 2002
- Outremer 1990
- La Trahison (The Betrayal) 2005 |
- 1955 EOKA terrorist campaign in Cyprus
- 1956 Second Arab-Israeli war. 231 Israeli & 3,000 Egyptians die |
- 1960 OPEC formed
- 1961 Saudis take over defence of Kuwait from Britain
| - 1961 - 2003 Kurds vs Iraq 180,000 deaths |
- 1967 Six day war. Third Arab-Israeli war. 776 Israeli & 20,000 Arabs die
-
Aden independence |
- 1971 Bahrain & Qatar become independent
- 1973 Fourth Arab-Israeli war 2,688 Israeli & 18,000 Arabs die
-
Oil Shock
- 1974 Cyprus invade d by Turkey
| - 1975 - 90 civil war in Lebanon 40,000 deaths |
- 1978 Camp David Accords
- 1979 USSR invades Afghanistan 1.3 million deaths
- Beast 1988
- Shah if Iran overthrown
- Russia invades Afghanistan
- Beast 1988
-
1980 - 8 Iran Iraq war
- Soraya 2003 |
| - 1980 - 88 Iraq-Iran war 1 million deaths |
| - 1980 - 99 Kurds vs Turkey 35,000 deaths |
- 1982 Israel invades Lebanon
- 1987 Palestinian Intifada 4,500 deaths
| - 1987 - 92 First Intifada 170 Israelis & 1,000 Palestinians |
| - 1988 - 2001 Afghanistan civil war 400,000 deaths |
|
- 1990 Iraq invades Kuwait
- 1991 Gulf War - large coalition against Iraq to liberate Kuwait 85,000 deaths
- 1993 Palestinian Israeli peace accords
- 1995 - Pakistani Sunnis vs Shiites 1,300 deaths
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1960's |
1970's |
1980's |
1990's |
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1970's |
1980's |
1990's |
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1960's |
1970's |
1980's |
1990's |
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Indonesia-Aceh 1976 - 2005 |
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Indonesia-East Timor civil war 1976 - 98 |
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Laos' civil war 1975 - 87 |
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Boat people, Vietnam 1975 - 89 |
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Indonesia vs West Papua/Irian 1961 - 98 |
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| - 1949 – 1956 Generally seen as ‘good years’ of Chinese socialism. Land is redistributed to peasants & economy grows. |
| - 1950 - 53 Korean war 3 million deaths |
- 1951 ANZUS pact in Pacific
- 1954 Dien Bien Phu forces French out of Vietnam
- 1956 Hundred Flowers Campaign encourages intellectuals to give their opinions about government. Many that do are sent straight to jail.
- 1958 West Indies Federation formed
| - 1958 - 61 Mao's "Great Leap Forward" 38 million deaths. an attempt to boost production through re-redistribution of land (into enormous communes) & millions of backyard furnaces. result was two failed harvests & millions of deaths from starvation |
|
| - 1961 - 98 Indonesia vs West Papua/Irian 100,000 deaths |
- 1965 second India-Pakistan war over Kashmir
Vietnam war 1955 - 75
3 million deaths
- We Were Soldiers 2002
- Platoon 1986 |
| - 1965 - 66 Indonesian civil war 250,000 deaths |
- 1966 After a few years away from power, discredited by Great Leap Forward, Mao starts Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution. Cultural Revolution is a time of utter chaos where university students (and later, even younger students) formed into bands of ‘Red Guards’ & went round destroying anything redolent of West, capitalism, religion or tradition. Mao’s rivals within Party were purged, thousands of lives were ruined, health & education system collapsed, & most of China’s cultural heritage was destroyed.
| - 1966 - 69 Mao's "Cultural Revolution" 11 million deaths |
- 1968 Tet offensive in Vietnam
- 1969 Philippines vs New People's Army 40,000 deaths
|
- 1970 Fiji & Tongan Independence
- 1971 Pakistan-Bangladesh civil war 500,000 deaths
- 1972 Bangladesh leaves Pakistan
- Lin Biao incident sees death of Mao’s greatest ally & propagandist, Lin Biao. Historians speculate that he may have attempted a coup against Mao.
- Philippines vs Muslim separatists Moro Islamic Liberation Front, etc 120,000 deaths
- 1975 End of Vietnam war
-
Khmer Rouge take over Cambodia
-
Papua New Guinea gains Independence
| - 1975 - 79 Khmer Rouge, Cambodia 1.7 million deaths |
| - 1975 - 89 Boat people, Vietnam 250,000 deaths |
| - 1975 - 87 Laos' civil war 184,000 deaths |
- 1976 Death of Mao Zedong
- chaos of cultural revolution ends with death of Mao. Hua Guofeng takes over, but has no real powerbase.
| - 1976 - 98 Indonesia-East Timor civil war 600,000 deaths |
| - 1976 - 2005 Indonesia-Aceh (GAM) civil war 12,000 deaths |
- 1977 Deng Xiaoping leads China
- 1978 Deng Xiaoping ousts Hua Guofeng and, for almost first time in Chinese history, allows his predecessor a relatively peaceful retirement.
- 1979 Kiribati volcano
- Gilbert Islands becomes Independent
- Vietnam-China war 30,000 deaths |
- 1980 Deng begins policies of ‘reform & opening up’ which see China open up its economy & (to a much lesser degree) political life.
- New Hebrides, Vanunu; Zimbabwean Independence
- 1983 Sri Lanka's civil war 70,000 deaths
- 1984 Brunei Independent
- 1986 Indian Kashmir's civil war 60,000 deaths
- 1987 Fiji leaves Commonwealth
- 1989 Tiananmen square
- Violent suppression of Tiananmen Square protests dents hopes for further political reform & tarnishes China’s international image, but has little long term effect on economic progress. Jiang Zemin becomes leader, some speculate he gets leadership because of his firm ideological stance & successful handling of student protests in Shanghai. |
- 1995 Work begins on Three Gorges Dam.
- 1995 - Maoist rebellion in Nepal 12,000 deaths
- 1997 Deng dies
-
Hong Kong returns to China. |
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1960's |
1970's |
1980's |
1990's |
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1960's |
1970's |
1980's |
1990's |
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Kyle Pounds 1973 - Present |
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US in Vietnam War 61 - 75 |
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El Salvador's civil war 1977 - 92 |
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Argentinean fascism 76 - 83 |
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| - 1945 - 53 Harry S Truman |
- 1949 - 69 Mccarthyism
- Good Night & Good Luck 2005 |
| - 1953 - 91 Dwight D Eisenhower |
- 1951 ANZUS pact in Pacific
- 1952 Priest-king Pacal's tomb at Palenque is discovered & excavated by Mexican archaeologist Alberto Ruz, marking first time a tomb has been found inside a Maya pyramid. Prior to this, Maya pyramids were believed to be temples with a purely religious or ceremonial purpose.
- 1953 McCarthy era in US
- 1956 Castro & Guevara land in Cuba
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| - 1960 - 96 Guatemala's civil war 200,000 deaths |
- 1961 Bay of pigs
| - 1961 - 75 US in Vietnam War |
| - 1961 - 63 John F Kennedy |
- 1962 Jamaica, Trinidad & Tobago, Uganda & Western Samoa all gain independence.
- Cuban missile crisis become independent
- Maya hieroglyphic signs are first catalogued. Uncontrolled looting of Maya tombs & other sites begins around this time in southern lowlands, continuing until well into 1970s.
-
Commonwealth immigrants act in America
| - 1963 - 69 Lynden B Johnson |
| - 1961 - 75 Apollo Program |
| - 1962 - 66 Gemini Program |
- 1966 - Colombia's civil war 31,000 deaths
- 1969 Open Universities
- Malcolm X 1992
- Woodstock
- Woodstock 1970 |
- 1969 - 74 Richard Nixon
- Nixon 1995 |
- 1972 Watergate
- 1973 Bahamas become Independent
- Oil Shock
- Skylab
- Coup in Chile
- Missing 1982
- Chilean Fascism
- Of Love & Shadows 1994
- 1974 Grenada Independent
-
Watergate
- 1976 Coup in Argentina
- US invades Nicaragua
Argentinean fascism
1976 - 83 20,000 deaths
- Miss Mary 1986
- Evita 1996
- Funny Dirty Little War
- Official Story 1985
- Carla's Song 1997 |
| - 1977 - 92 El Salvador's civil war 75,000 deaths |
- 1978 Dominica Independent |
| - 1980 - 90 Eighties music |
- 1980 Bishop Romero assasinated in El Salvador
- Romero 1989
| - 1980 - 92 Sendero Luminoso Peru's civil war 69,000 deaths |
- 1981 Belize independent
| - 1981 - 90 Nicaragua vs Contras 60,000 deaths |
| - 1981 - 89 Ronald Reagan |
- 1982 Falkland war
- 1983 Grenada invaded by US
- 1986 Peak Unemployment of 3.5 m in America
- 1987 Stock Market crisis
- 1989 Invasion of Panama
- Noriega: God's Favorite 2000
| - 1989 - 93 George HW Bush |
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| - 1993 - 2001 Bill Clinton |
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1960's |
1970's |
1980's |
1990's |
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Church Universal & Triumphant 1958 - 70 |
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- 1950 AD.-Urantia Book- Dr. Bill Sadler
- AD.-Lafayette Ronald Hubbard published his book Dianetics-SCIENTOLOGY
- 1954 Atherius Society (UFO’s)- Dr. George King
-Unification Church- Sun Myung Moon
- 1955 Scientology- L. Ron Hubbard
- 1958 Institute of Divine Metaphysical Research- Henry Kinley
– Mark & E.C. Prophet
- Henry Kinley begins (IDMR) Institute of Divine Metaphysical Research
| - 1958 - 70 Church Universal & Triumphant |
- 1959 Unitariarian Universalist |
- 1960 Enkankar- Paul Twitchell
- 1961 Unitarian Universalism was officially formed.
- 1964 Eckankar The Ancient Science of Soul Travel (Eck). Founded by Paul Twitchell
- 1965 Assembly of Yahweh-Jacob Meyer
- 1966 Church of Satan – Anton LaVey
- 1968 Hare Krishna (US)- Swami Prabhupada
- Children of God- David (Moses) Berg- 1960 Transcendental meditation- Maharishi Mahesh Yogi |
- 1970 Findhorn Community –Peter & Eileen Caddy –David Spangler
- Divine light Mission- Guru Maharaj Ji
- 1973 CARP was established in United States. [The Collegiate Association for Research of Principles] to introduce teachings of un Myung Moon.
- 1974 Assemblies of Yahweh-Sam Suratt
- 1979 Church of Christ International - Kip McKean |
| - 1980 - 1982 Tara Center-Benjamen Crème |
- 1980 House of Yahweh (Abilene) Jacob Hawkins |
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1960's |
1970's |
1980's |
1990's |
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1910's |
1920's |
1930's |
1940's |
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- 1901 Vacuum cleaner
- 1903 First powered flight by Wright brothers
- 1905 Einstein's Special theory of relativity
- Rutherford's Nuclear model of atom
- 1906 Vitamins discovered by Hopkins;
- first sound radio broadcasting
- 1909 Ford Model 'T'
-
Vacuum cleaner
-
First powered flight by Wright brothers
-
Einstein's Special theory of relativity
-
Vitamins discovered by Hopkins;
- first sound radio broadcasting
|
-
Seaplane invented
-
Rutherford's Nuclear model of atom
-
First air mail
- 1910 Seaplane invented
-
First air mail
-
Stainless steel
- 1912 Stainless steel
- 1914 Panama canal opens
-
Zipper
-
Traffic lights and
-
35mm camera are all invented
| - 1914 - 18 World War I 20 million deaths |
- 1915 Einstein's General Theory of Relativity
- 1916 First Tank developed
-
first Jazz recordings
- 1919 League of Nations formed
-
Rutherford splits atom |
- 1921 Marconi makes first Radio Broadcast
- 1922 Insecticide developed
- 1923 First 'Talkie' Movie
- 1924 Insecticide developed
- 1926 First Television
- 1927 Lindbergh flies Atlantic
- Spirit of St. Louis 1957
- 1928 Discovery of Penicillin
-
Colour TV
- Mickey Mouse
|
- 1930 Pluto discovered
-
Jet engine
-
Coward's Private lives book
- 1931 Electron Microscope
- 1933 Radar
- Marconi makes first Radio Broadcast
- 1934 Nylon developed
- 1936 Helicopter
-
Nylon developed
- 1937 Photocopier
- 1939 DDT insecticide developed
-
Gone with Wind |
| - 1939 - 45 World War II 55 million including holocaust & Chinese revolution deaths |
- 1941 Aerosol can
- Citizen Kane
- 1942 Fermi builds Nuclear reactor
- 1943 Aqualung by Cousteau & Gagnan
- 1945 Atomic bombs dropped on Hiroshima & Nagasaki;
End of War
- 1946 Development of Computers
- 1947 Transistor invented
- 1948 LP's invented
- 1949 Orwell's
1984 |
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1910's |
1920's |
1930's |
1940's |
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Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) 1922 - 1991 |
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1910's |
1920's |
1930's |
1940's |
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Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) 1922 - 1991 |
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- 1901 Federated Commonwealth of Australia formed;
- 1903 Norway breaks from Sweden
|
- 1914 Imperial troops assembled for war
World War I 1914 - 18
- Day That Shook World 1977
- Guns of August 1964
- Colonel Redl 1985
- & Ship Sails On 1983
- African Queen 1951
- All Quiet on Western Front 1930
- All Quiet on Western Front 1979
- Blue Max 1966
- Crimson Romance 1934
- Dawn Patrol 1938
- Eagle & Hawk 1933
- Gallipoli 1981
- Ararat 2002
- Anzacs 1985
- Behind Lines 1998
- Light Horsemen 1987
- Forty Thousand Horsemen 1941
- Britannic 2000
- Paths of Glory 1957
- Trench 1999
- Mata Hari 1932
- Mata Hari 1972
- Untel père et fils (Heart of a Nation) 1943
- Sergeant York 1941
- Man I Killed 1932
- Fighting 69th 1940
- A Farewell to Arms 1932 1957
- In Love & War 1996
- Lost Battalion 2001
- Joyeux Noel 2006 |
Russian revolution
1917 - 21 5 million deaths
- Strike 1924
- Nicholas & Alexandra 1971
- Rasputin 1996 1985
- Agony: Life & Death of Rasputin 1975
- I Killed Rasputin 1967
- Rasputin - Mad Monk 1966
- Nights of Rasputin 1960
- Rasputin & Empress 1932
- Fall of Eagles 1974 (TV miniseries)
- Reds 1981
- Dr. Zhivago 1965
- October 1928
- End of St. Petersburg 1934
- Red & White 1967
- Anastasia 1956 1997
- Anastasia: Mystery of Anna 1986 |
- 1916 First Tank developed
- US enters war
- 1917 US enters war
- 1918 Treaty of Versaille
- 1919 Nancy Astor first Woman to sit as a Member of Parliament
-
League of Nations formed
| - 1919 - 21 Poland vs Soviet Union 27,000 deaths |
|
- 1920 Nazis formed by Hitler
Irish Civil War 1921 - 1924
- Parnell 1937
- Captain Boycott 1947
- Informer 1935
- Juno & Paycock 1930
- Michael Collins 1996
- Wind that Shakes Barley 2006
- Talk of Angels 1998
- My Left Foot 1989
- Nora 2000
- A Portrait Of Artist As A Young Man 1979 |
- 1922 BBC founded
-
USSR formed
- 1926 Imperial conference gives Dominion status to settler colonies
- 1927 Stalin comes to power
- 1929 Secretary of State for Dominions instituted
|
- 1931 Statute of Westminster gives Dominions control over own parliaments
-
Great Depression starts
| - 1932 - 33 Soviet Union vs Ukraine 10 million deaths |
- 1933 Nazis come to power in Germany
Nazis come to power in Germany 1933
- Great Dictator 1940
- Hitler 1962
- Last Lieutenant 1993 |
- 1934 Purified National Party advocates Apharteid in South Africa;
- 1936 Night of Long Knives in Germany
- 1935 British Council established
- 1939 Reoccupation of Rhineland
| - 1936 - 37 Stalin's purges 13 million deaths |
- 1938 IRA bombings in England
-
Munich peace accords
- 1939 World War II breaks out
|
Holocaust 1938 - 1945
- Conspiracy 2001
- Anne Frank Remembered 1995 |
War in Europe 1939 - 1945
- Tea with Mussolini 1999
- Big Red One 1980
-
1940 Blitz;
-
Evacuation of British forces from Dunkirk
- Dunkirk 1958
-
Fall of France, Belgium, Netherlands, Denmark & Norway to Germans
- A Rukajärven tie (Ambush) 1999
- Battle of Britain
- Dark Blue World 2001
- Angels One Five 1952
-
1943 Commonwealth troops invade Italy
- 1943 Bombing of Bremen
- Memphis Belle 1990
-
Battle of Kursk
-
1944 D - Day
- Saving Private Ryan 1998
- Battle of Bulge
- When Trumpets Fade 1998 |
- 1940 Blitz
-
Evacuation of British forces from Dunkirk
-
Fall of France, Belgium, Netherlands, Denmark & Norway to Germans
- 1941 Atlantic Charter
-
Invasion of USSR
- 1942 Fall of
El Alamein
- 1943 Battle of Kursk
- 1944 Allied Invasion of mainland
- 1945 United Nations formed
- 1946 Cold War begins
- 1947 Marshall plan & Truman Doctrine
- 1948 Berlin airlift
- 1949 Ireland leaves Commonwealth;
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1910's |
1920's |
1930's |
1940's |
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- 1903 Ottomans vs Macedonian rebels (20,000)
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- 1910 Portugese revolution
-
Palace of Knossos excavated
- Spanish Civil War
- Land & Freedom 1995
| - 1911 - 12 Italian-Ottoman war 20,000 deaths |
| - 1912 - 13 Balkan wars 150,000 deaths |
- 1913 Turkey loses most of European lands
| - 1916 - 23 Ottoman empire slaughters 350,000 Greek Pontians & 480,000 Anatolian Greeks |
| - 1917 - 19 Greece vs Turkey 45,000 deaths |
|
- 1920 Italian unification
- Leopard 1936 |
- 1932 Union of Fascists formed
- Benito: Rise & Fall of Mussolini 1993
| - 1936 - 39 Spanish civil war 600,000 deaths |
|
- 1943 Commonwealth troops invade Italy
| - 1946 - 49 Greek civil war 50,000 deaths |
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1910's |
1920's |
1930's |
1940's |
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Joseph Stalin in Power 1922 - 53 |
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Dhali Llamas
- 1876 - 1933 Thubten Gyatso
- 1935 -Present Tenzin Gyatso |
- 1900 Russia annexes eastern Pamirs.
- 1905 1905 Russian Revolution.
- Russo-Japanese War.
- 1906 completion of Orenburg-Tashkent Railroad, linking Turkestan to European Russia.
- 1909 founding of Young Bukharans in Bukhara.
|
- 1915 the Ottoman empire slaughters Armenians 1.2 million deaths
- 1916 Kyrgyz revolt against Russia 120,000 deaths
- 1917 Bolshevik Party affirms it support of right of all nations within Russia to separate & form independent states.
- First Central Asian Muslim Congress in Tashkent demands cessation of Russian colonization & return of confiscated lands.
- Bolshevik "October" Revolution in Russia, resulting in Tashkent Soviet seizing power from Tashkent Committee.
- Third Regional Congress of Soviets in Tashkent decides to exclude Muslims from local government.
- Fourth Central Asian Muslim Congress in Kokand results in creation of Muslim Provisional Government of Autonomous Turkestan.
- 1918 Muslim government in Kokand is crushed by Tashkent Soviet & Red Army, resulting in slaughter of many Muslims.
- Russian Civil War begins.
- Turkestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (ASSR) is established
- 1919 Third Congress of Communist Party of Turkestan decides to exclude Muslims from government posts in Turkestan. |
- 1920 Reds emerge victorious in Russian
-
Soviet troops capture Khiva, resulting in abolition of Khanate of Khiva & end of Kungrat dynasty.
- Alash Orda government gives up resistance to Bolsheviks.
- People's Republic of Khorezm (Khiva) is established under leadership of Young Khivans.
- Kazakh (then called Kirghiz) ASSR is created.
-
Soviet troops capture Bukhara, resulting in abolition of Khanate of Bukhara & end of Mangit dynasty.
- People's Republic of Bukhara is established under leadership of Young Bukharans & Bukharan Communist Party, with Faizullah Khojaev (1896-1938) as chairman & then premier.
- 1922 Turkish nationalists, under Mustafa Kemal (Atatürk) abolish Ottoman Sultanate.
- Union of Soviet Socialist Republics is created, with Turkestan & Kirghiz (Kazakh) ASSRs included as parts of Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic (RSFSR).
Stalin 1922 - 53
- Utomlyonnye solntsem (Burnt by Sun) 1994
- Inner Circle 1991
- Csend és kiáltás (Silence & Cry) 1967 soldiers
- A Tanú (The Witness) 1969
- Animal Farm 1955 1999
- East/West 1999 |
- 1923 Republic of Turkey is proclaimed, with Mustafa Kemal as its first president.
- 1924 death of Lenin & subsequent rise of Stalin to full power in USSR.
-
Mustafa Kemal abolishes Ottoman Caliphate.
- 1928 Soviet anti-Islamic campaign launched, resulting in disbanding of Islamic courts and waqfs.
| - 1928 - 30 Latin script replaces Arabic alphabet in Soviet Central Asia. |
| - 1928 - 33 forced collectivization of Soviet Central Asians. |
|
- 1930 completion of Turkestan-Siberian Railroad.
| - 1937 - 38 Stalin purges Muslim Communist leaders. |
| - 1939 - 40 Cyrillic script replaces Latin Alphabet in Soviet Central Asia. |
Trotsky Assasination
1939
- Assassination of Trotsky 1972
- Frida 2000 |
|
- 1942 Soviet government grants Islam official legal status in USSR & establishes four Spiritual Directorates.
- 1944 forced evacuation of Crimean Tatars, Meskhetian Turks, & other Caucasian Muslims to Soviet Central Asia.
| - 1949 - 50 Mainland China vs Tibet 1,200,000 deaths |
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1910's |
1920's |
1930's |
1940's |
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Boer War 1899 - 1902
- Untamed 1955
- Breaker Morant 1980 |
- 1900s Kenya
- Ghost & Darkness 1996
- Flame Trees of Thika 1982
- Out of Africa 1985
- 1903 Britain takes Sokoto & ends Fulani Empire
- 1904 Germany vs Namibia war 65,000 die |
- 1912 Italy conquers Libya
- 1914 occupation of German West African colonies
-
Egypt becomes British Protectorate
- 1918 British East Africa becomes Kenya |
- 1920 British East Africa becomes Kenya
- 1922 Egyptian Independence
-
Tutankhamun's tomb opened
- 1924 Northern Rhodesia becomes a protectorate |
- 1934 Purified National Party advocates Apharteid in South Africa
| - 1934 - 36 Suppression of Ghanese radicals |
- 1935 Italian invasion of Ethiopia
- Government of India act allowing limited local government
- 1936 Restriction of representation of Black South Africans
- 1936 Italy's invasion of Ethiopia 200,000 deaths |
- 1941 Ethiopia captured by Commonwealth troops
- 1945 Pan-African conference
- 1948 Afrikaner National Party win power in South Africa |
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1910's |
1920's |
1930's |
1940's |
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1940's |
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1930's |
1940's |
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1920's |
1930's |
1940's |
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- 1906 Revolution in Iran
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- 1913 Turkey loses most of European lands
- 1914 Cyprus annexed
| - 1915 - 20 the Ottoman empire slaughters 500,000 Assyrians deaths |
- 1916 Balfour declaration promises Palestine to Jews
- 1918 Palestine becomes British mandate |
- 1920 Palestine becomes British mandate
End of Ottoman Empire 1923
- Harem Suare (Last Harem) 1998
- Lawrence of Arabia 1962 |
|
- 1932 Saudi Arabia & Iraqi Independence
- 1937 Arab Jewish conflict in Palestine |
- 1948 Israel created
| - 1947 - 49 First Arab-Israeli war 6,373 Israeli & 15,000 Arabs die |
| - 1948 - 1973 Arab-Israeli wars 70,000 deaths |
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1910's |
1920's |
1930's |
1940's |
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1910's |
1920's |
1930's |
1940's |
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1910's |
1920's |
1930's |
1940's |
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Republic of China 1911 - 49 |
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Chinese civil war
1928 - 37 |
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Peoples Republic of China 1911 - 1944 |
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- 1901 Federated Commonwealth of Australia formed
- 1903 Britain takes Sokoto & ends Fulani Empire
| - 1904 - 05 Japan vs Russia 150,000 deaths |
Japan Expands
1905 - 1945
- Fall of Eagles 1974
- Sisters of Gion 1936
- Memoirs of a Geisha 2005
- Zi Hudi (Purple Butterfly) 2003 |
- 1908 Universal adult suffrage in Australia
|
- 1910 Japan annexes Korea
- 1911 Chinese revolution 2.4 million deaths
- Last Emperor 1987
- 1912 Qing dynasty never really recovered from humiliations of 1900 & finally collapses in 1912. Sun Yatsen, who has spent decades travelling world to raise funds & campaign against Qing, founds Kuomintang (Nationalist Party) & takes control of new Republican government. In an effort to avert civil war he offers Presidency to Yuan Shikai, former head of Qing armies, & warlord in control of Northern China.
- 1913 Yuan Shikai, who clearly has ambitions to found a new dynasty, dissolves new Republican government & sends Sun Yatsen into exile once again.
- 1916 Yuan Shikai’s sudden death sends Northern China into civil war, while Sun Yatsen returns to take control of a Kuomintang government in South China.
Republic of China
1911 - 49
- Soong Sisters 1997
- Shanghai Triad 1995 |
|
- 1920 Mahatma Gandhi becomes leader of Congress
- Australian Aborigines
- Rabbit-Proof Fence 2002
- 1921 CCP is formed. Early members include Mao Zedong, Zhou Enlai & Li Dazhao, a Beijing University librarian. At behest of Soviet Union, they join KMT & fight Northern warlords.
- 1925 Sun Yatsen dies. Chiang Kaishek is now in control of KMT.
- 1926 Civil war in China
- Sand Pebbles 1966
- 1927 After jointly defeating Northern warlords, CCP organise a strike against Chiang & KMT. They are brutally suppressed, around 5,000 people are killed, including Yang Kaihui, Mao’s second wife, & Li Dazhao, who is executed by slow strangulation.
- 1928 Flying Doctor service in Australia
| - 1928 - 37 Chinese civil war 2 million deaths deaths |
- 1929 Uprising of Mau in Samoa
|
- 1930 Nehru's declaration of Indian Independence
-
Gandhi's second disobedience campaign
- Gandhi 1982
| - 1930 - 32 First Round Table conference between Britain & Indian parties |
- 1931 Japanese occupation of Manchuria. Japanese Manchurian War 1.1 million deaths
- 1932 Japan invades Manchuria (Northern China)
- 1933 Australian Antarctic Territory established
- 1934 Long March – encircled & outnumbered, Communists must fight or flee. They flee, marching almost 10,000km & crossing more than a dozen mountain ranges. Many die, but succeed in regrouping & establishing a base in Yan’an, Sha’anxi. 170,000 deaths
- 1935 Government of India act allowing limited local government
- 1936 Chiang said that ‘The Japanese are a disease of skin, Communists are a disease of heart’ & wants to focus on defeating Communists first. His General Zhang Xueliang disagreed & kidnapped him, forcing him to agree to a United Front with Communists against Japanese.
- 1937 Sino-Japanese War starts. In an event known as Rape of Nanjing, Japanese troops rape, mutilate, torture & kill at least 200,000 civilians.
|
| - 1937 – 45 Japanese invasion of China 500,000 deaths. United Front ends when Chiang stops distributing US arms to Communists. During war KMT retreat westwards while KMT retreat to countryside, away from lines of transport & communication both Japanese & KMT rely on. |
- 1941 Fall of Hong Kong
War in Pacific
1941 - 1945
- 1941 Fall of Singapore, Malaya & Burma
- Merrill's Marauders 1962
- Battle of Coral Sea
- Battle of Coral Sea 1959
- Guadalcanal
- Thin Red Line 1998
- 1944 - 45 Fall of Philipines
- MacArthur 1977
- Raiders of Leyte Gulf 1963
- Walls of Hell 1965
- Kamikazees
- Battle Stations 1956
-
Midway
- Midway 1976
-
Fermi builds Nuclear reactor
- Fat Man & Little Boy 1989
- Iwo Jima
- Sands of Iwo Jima 1949
- Flags of Our Fathers 2006
- 1944 Battle of Saipan
- Battle Cry 1955
- Makin Atoll battle
- Gung Ho 1943
- Tawara beach battle
- Tarawa Beach Head 1958
- Windtalkers 2002
- Outsider 1961
- Okinawa
- Okinawa 1952
-
Atomic bombs dropped on Hiroshima & Nagasaki;
End of War
- Hiroshima 1995
- Winds of War 1983 |
- 1942 Fall of Singapore, Malaya & Burma;
-
Midway;
- 1944 Burma recaptured
- 1945 Atomic bombs dropped on Hiroshima & Nagasaki;
End of War;
| - 1945 – 49 By end of WW2 KMT had bankrupted China whilst CCP had built themselves a strong, national following from their countryside bases. |
- 1946 North Borneo becomes a colony
| - 1946 - 49 Chinese civil war 1.2 million deaths |
| - 1946 - 54 France-Vietnam war 600,000 deaths |
- 1947 Partition of India & Pakistan 1 million deaths
- Taiwan's uprising against Kuomintang 30,000 deaths
- Indian Independence
- Lord Mountbatten - Last Viceroy 1986
- Partition of India & Pakistan
- 1948 Ghandi Assasinated
-
Ceylon & Burma become Independent;
-
Communist insurgency in Malaya
- Exodus 1960
- Nine Hours to Rama 1963
- 1949 Mao took Beijing & declared foundation of People’s Republic of China.
- Indian Muslims vs Hindus 20,000 deaths
| - 1949 - Present China turns Communist & becomes Peoples Republic of China |
- 1949 - Present China turns Communist & becomes Peoples Republic of China
- 1949 China invades Tibet
- Seven Years in Tibet 1997 - Kundun 1997 |
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1930's |
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1930's |
1940's |
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Alcohol Prohibition 1920 - 33 |
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Mexican Revolution
1910 - 20 |
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Great Depression
1929 - 38 |
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Franklin Roosevelt 1933 - 45 |
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| - 1897 - 01 William Mckinley |
| - 1899 - 03 Colombian civil war 120,000 deaths |
| - 1899 - 02 Philippines vs USA war 20,000 deaths |
- 1879 - 1915 Joe Hill Labor organizer
- Joe Hill 1971
| - 1901 - 09 Theodore Roosevelt |
- 1903 Panama secedes from Columbia
- 1905 Alberta & Saskatchewan become Provinces in Canada
- 1906 Cuba occupied by US
| - 1909 - 13 William Howard Taft |
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Mexican Revolution 1910 - 20
250,000 deaths
- Zapata: Amor en Rebeldia 2004
- Zapata: El sueño de un héroe 2004
- El Compadre Mendoza 1934
- Viva Villa! 1934
- Let's Go with Pancho Villa 1936
- & Starring Pancho Villa as Himself 2003
- La Sombra del Caudillo 1960
- Villa! 1958
- Villa Rides! 1968
- Old Gringo 1989
- Reed, México insurgente 1973
- Cannon for Cordoba 1970 |
- 1911 President Diaz of Mexico overthrown
- 1913 - 21 Woodrow Wilson
- Wilson 1944 |
- 1913 Opening of Panama canal
- 1914 Panama canal opens
- 1918 Women get vote in America |
- 1920 - 33 Alcohol Prohibition
- The Untouchables 1987 |
| - 1921 - 23 Warren Harding |
| - 1923 - 29 Calvin Coolidge |
- 1928 Women over 21 given vote in America
- Iron Jawed Angels 2004
- 1929 Wall Street Crash
-
Uprising of Mau in Samoa |
| - 1929 - 33 Herbert Hoover |
Depression 1929 - 1938
- Brother Can You Spare a Dime 1975
- Grapes of Wrath 1940) |
- 1932 Ottawa agreement promotes Imperial trade
| - 1933 - 45 Franklin Delano Roosevelt |
- 1937 Amelia Earhart
- Amelia Earhart: Final Flight 1994
- 1939 Mobilisation of Dominion & Imperial forces in Canada
|
- 1941 Pearl Harbour
-
Lend Lease act
- 1943 Education Act
- 1944 Education Act
- 1945 United Nations formed
| - Harry S Truman 1945 - 53 |
- 1946 American photographer Giles Healey is taken to Maya city of Bonampak by native Lacandon who live nearby. Healey becomes first non-Maya ever to see Bonampak's stunning wall-paintings, which reveal new details about Maya civilization.
-
National Health Service started in America
- 1946 Cold War begins
- 1947 Marshall plan & Truman Doctrine
- Truman 1995
| - 1948 - 1958 Colombian civil war 250,000 deaths |
- 1948 Ceylon & Burma become Independent;
-
Communist insurgency in Malaya
- 1949 Newfoundland & Labrador join Canada
- Nato created
- French in Indochina
- Indochine 1992 |
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1910's |
1920's |
1930's |
1940's |
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- 1900 Rosicrucian Fellowship-Max Heindel
- Freud publishes his interpretations of Dreams
- Freud 1962
- Rosicrucian Fellowship-Max Heindel
- 1902 Anthroposophical Society –Rudolf Steiner
- 1905 Jung's Psychology of Unconscious
- 1906 Pentecostal Assemblies of World
- Inherit Wind (Trial on evolution) 1960 |
- 1912 Jung's Psychology of Unconscious
- 1914 Iglesia ni Cristo- Felix Manalo
- Oneness Pentecostalism- Frank Ewart, G.T.Haywood, Glenn Cook
- 1917 True Jesus Church. Founders Paul Wei, Lingsheng Chang & Barnabas Chang
- 1918 Women get vote in America |
- 1927 Mind Science - Ernest Holmes |
- 1930 Black Muslims (Nation of Islam) –Wallace D. Fard
- 1934 World Wide Church of God- Herbert W. Armstrong
- 1935 Self Realization Fellowship- Paramahansa Yogananda |
- 1944 AD.- Silva Mind Control –Jose Silva
- 1945 Way -Victor P.Wierwille
- United Pentecostal International- Howard Goss, W.T. Witherspoon (can be traced back to 1914)
- 1948 Latter Rain
- Franklin Hall, George Warnock. |
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1920's |
1930's |
1940's |
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1700's |
1800's |
1900's |
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Samuel Davis Kyle 1866 - 1939
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Little Age Age 1350 - 1850
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- 1350 - 1850 Little Age Age
|
- 1460 - 1550 Sporer Minimun of solar activity |
- 1506 Julius commenced building St. Peter's Cathedral at Rome.
- 1564 Galileo, astronomer, was born. He lived 78 years.
-
William Shakespeare was born. He lived 52 years.
- 500 - 1700 Middle Ages
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- 1593 - 1653 Artemisia Gentileschi painter
- Artemisia 1997
- 1500 first flush toilets appeared.
- 1510 Leonardo da Vinci designs a horizontal water wheel .
-
Pocket watch invented by Peter Henlein.
- 1513 Urs Graf invents etching.
- 1530 spinning wheel was invented at Brunswick.
- 1568 Bottled beer invented in London.
- 1569 Gerard Mercator invents Mercator map projection.
- 1589 Englishmen, William Lee invents knitting machine.
- 1590 Dutchmen, Zacharias Janssen invents compound microscope
- 1593 Galileo invents a water thermometer.
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- 1606 Dutch discovered Australia.
- 1608 Hans Lippershey invents first refracting telescope.
- 1609 Galileo uses telescope to study sunspots.
- 1619 Wm. Harvey, M.D. of England discovered double function of heart as a pump & supplier of oxygen from lungs.
- Report of naked-eye sunspot by Chinese
- 1620 earliest human-powered submarine invented.
- 1621 Pierre Gassendi first uses term 'Aurora Borealis'
- 1624 William Oughtred invents a slide ruler.
- Report of naked-eye sunspot by Chinese
- 1625 Frenchmen, Jean-Baptiste Denys invents a method for blood transfusion.
- 1629 Giovanni Branca invents a steam turbine.
- 1630 Rhembrantd
- Rembrandt 1936
- 1631 first newspaper, Gazette De France. Still in circulation.
- 1632 Galileo writes treatise on solar system
- 1564 - 1642 Galileo Galilae
- Galileo 1975
- Galileo Galilei 1969 -- Italian film |
- 1636 W. Gascoigne invents micrometer.
- 1638 Report of naked-eye sunspot by Chinese
- 1642 Frenchmen, Blaise Pascal invents an adding machine.
- 1643 Evangelista Torricelli invents barometer.
- 1645 Maunder Sunspot Minimum starts
- 1643 - 1727 Sir Isaac Newton |
- 1645 - 1715 Maunder Minimun almost no sunspots
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- 1650 Otto von Guericke invents a air pump.
- 1656 Christian Huygens invents a pendulum clock.
- 1660 Cuckoo clocks made in Furtwangen, Germany, in Black Forest region.
- 1663 James Gregory invents first reflecting telescope.
- 1666 Sir Isaac Newton discovered law of gravitation.
- 1668 Isaac Newton invents a reflecting telescope.
- 1670 first reference to a candy cane is made. Dom Pérignon invents Champagne.
- 1671 Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz invents a calculating machine.
- 1675 Christian Huygens patents pocket watch.
- 1676 Robert Hooke invents universal joint.
- 1679 Denis Papin invents pressure cooker.
- 1684 George Handel was born.
- 1695 Bank of England commenced business on
- 1698 Englishmen, Thomas Savery invents a steam pump.
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- 1700 first piano is built
- 1701 Jethro Tull invents seed drill.
- 1704 Newton explains principles of Colour in Optics
- 1707 Abraham Darby uses coal to smelt Iron
- 1708 Jesuit missionaries make first accurate map of China
- Union Pacific 1939
- 1711 Englishmen, John Shore invents tuning fork.
- 1712 Thomas Newcomen patents atmospheric steam engine
- 1714 Fahrenheit devises mercury thermometer
- 1715 Earliest sketch of solar corona
- 1716 Dramatic aurora seen in England
- 1717 Edmond Halley invents diving bell.
- 1722 French C. Hopffer patents fire extinguisher
- George Graham discovers that compass needle always in motion.
- 1723 Workhouses started
- 1724 Gabriel Fahrenheit invents first mercury thermometer.
- 1725 First Encyclopedia printed in China
- 1728 Danish explorer Bering discovers Straits
- 1730 Octant navigational aid invented
- 1731 Wickliffe's New Testament was printed.
- Rosetta Stone discovered
- 1733 First perambulator (pram) designed
- John Kay invents flying shuttle.
- 1734 First fire extinguisher invented - Newcomen invents steam powered piston engine
- 1735 Linnaeus develops categorisation system
- 1736 Rubber discovered in Peru
- 1740 Anders Celcius & Olof Hoiter discover magnetic storms
- 1742 Celsius devises centigrade scale
- 1745 E.G. von Kleist invents leyden jar, first electrical capacitor.
- 1746 - 1828 Fransisco Goya
- Volavérunt 1999
- Goya's Ghost 2006
- 1748 First blast furnace built
- 1750 James Watt discovered power of steam.
- 1752 Ben. Franklin discovered identity of lightening & electricity. Lightening rods were used thereafter.
-
Franklin proposes Theory of Electricity
- Britain adopts Gregorian calender leading to riots
- 1755 - 66 Solar Cycle 1 11.3 yrs March - June. Max 86.5 Min 11.2
- 1766 - 75 Cycle 2 9 yrs June - June 115.8 Max 7.2 Min
- 1775 - 84 Cycle 3 9.3 yrs June - Sept. Max 158.5 Min 9.6
- 1784 - 98 Cycle 4 13.7 yrs Sept - May Max 141.1 Min 3.2
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- 1770 Wilcke discovers aurora aligned with magnetic field of Earth,
Mozart 1756 - 1791
- Amadeus 1984
- Mozart 1956 |
- 1756 Amadeus Mozart of Germany was born. He lived 36 years.
- 1757 Sextant invented by John Campbell
- 1760 - 1830 Indrustrial rev |
- 1764 First public restaurant opens in France
-
Voltaire's Dictionnaire Philosophique
-
James Watt develops Steam engine
- 1766 Cavendish isolates Hydrogen
- 1770 - 1827 Beethoven
- Beethoven's Great Love 1936
- 1770 Beethoven was born. He lived 57 years, primarily in Vienna.
- 1771 First edition of Encyclopedia Britannica
- 1772 Nitrogen discovered
- 1773 First Iron bridge built at Coalbrookdale
- 1774 Priestly discovers Oxygen
- 1775 Thomas Crapper invents WC
- 1777 Lavoister shows that Oxygen & Nitrogen are main components of air
- Mairan proposes aurora caused by earth entering Zodiacal light
- 1779 Riots against machinery
- 1781 Herschel discovers Uranus
- 1782 Watt patents rotary steam engine
- 1784 Bifocal spectacles developed
- first mail delivered by coaches left London for Bristol, August
- 1786 Coal gas used to make light
- 1790 Guillotine put to test
- 1791 Metric system formulated in France
-
James Hargreaves invents Spinning Jenny
- 1792 Cotton Gin invented by Eli Whitney
- 1795 Hydraulic Press
- 1796 Jenner succeeds in developing a smallpox vaccine
- 1798 Lithography invented
- 1799 Income Tax introduced
- 1752 Benjamin Franklin invents lightening rod.
- 1755 Samuel Johnson publishes first English language dictionary on April 15th after nine years of writing. In preface Samuel Johnson wrote, "I am not so lost in lexicography as to forget that words are daughters of earth, & that things are sons of heaven."
- 1757 John Campbell invents sextant.
- 1758 Dolland invents a chromatic lens.
- 1761 Englishmen, John Harrison invents navigational clock or marine chronometer for measuring longitude.
- 1764 James Hargreaves invents spinning jenny.
- 1767 Joseph Priestley invents carbonated water - soda water.
- 1768 Richard Arkwright patents spinning frame
- 1769 James Watt invents an improved steam engine
- 1774 Georges Louis Lesage patents electric telegraph.
- 1775 Alexander Cummings invents flush toilet.Jacques Perrier invents a steamship.
- 1776 David Bushnell invents a submarine.
- 1779 Samuel Crompton invents spinning mule.
- 1780 Benjamin Franklin invents bi-focal eyeglasses.Gervinus invents circular saw.
- 1783 Louis Sebastien demonstrates first parachute.Benjamin Hanks patents self-winding clock.Joseph Michel Montgolfier & Jacques Etienne Montgolfier invent hot-air balloon.Englishmen, Henry Cort invents steel roller for steel production.
- 1784 Andrew Meikle invents threshing machine.Joseph Bramah invents safety lock.
- 1785 Edmund Cartwright invents power loom.Claude Berthollet invents chemical bleaching Charles Augustus Coulomb invents torsion balance.Blanchard invents a working parachute.
- 1786 John Fitch invents a steamboat.
- 1789 guillotine is invented.
- 1790 United States issued its first patent to William Pollard of Philadelphia for a machine that roves & spins cotton.
- 1791 John Barber invents gas turbine.Early bicycles invented in Scotland.
- 1792 William Murdoch invents gas lighting.The first ambulance.
- 1794 Eli Whitney patents cotton gin.Welshmen, Philip Vaughan invents ball bearings.
- 1795 Francois Appert invents preserving jar for food.
- 1796 Edward Jenner creates a smallpox vaccination.
- 1797 Wittemore patents a carding machine.A British inventor, Henry Maudslay invents first metal or precision lathe.
- 1798 first soft drink invented.Aloys Senefelder invents lithography.
- 1799 Alessandro Volta invents battery. Louis Robert invents Fourdrinier Machine for sheet paper making. |
- 1790 - 1830 Dalton Minimun Low sunspot activity. Germany had 2 degree drop in temp for 20 yrs
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- 1798 - 1810 Solar Cycle 5 12.6 yrs May - Dec Max 49.2 Min 0
- 1810 - 23 Cycle 6 12.4 yrs Dec - May Max 48.7 Min .1
- 1823 - 33 Cycle 7 10.5 yrs May - Nov Max 71.5 Min 7.3
- 1833 - 43 Cycle 8 9.8 yrs Nov - Jul Max 146.9 Min 10.6
- 1843 - 55 Cycle 9 12.4 yrs Jul - Dec Max 131.9 Min 3.2
- 1855 - 67 Cycle 10 11.3 yrs Dec - March Max 97.3 Min 5.2
- 1867 - 78 Cycle 11 11.8 yrs March - Dec Max 140.3 Min 2.2
- 1878 - 1890 Cycle 12 11.3 yrs Dec - March Max 74.6 Min 5
- 1890 - 1902 Cycle 13 11.9 yrs March - Feb Max 87.9 (Jan 1894) Min 2.7
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- 1800 Volta makes first battery
- 1802 Zeppelin invents his airship
- First Steamship
- 1803 Dalton's Atomic theory
- first passenger steamboat, Clermont, performed its maiden voyage on Seine River.
- 1804 first steam rail locomotive
- 1807 Gaslight was introduced in London
- 1808 Nobel invented dynamite.
- 1809 Samuel Sommering's electric telegraph
| - 1809 - 82 Charles Darwin |
- 1810 - 49 Fred Chopin
- Chopin: Desire for Love 2000
- 1811 Luddites smash spinning & weaving machinery
- 1813 - 83 Richard Wagner
- Wagner 1982
- 1816 Stethoscope invented
- 1819 Macadamized roads developed
- Savannah is first steamship to cross Atlantic
- 1821 Faraday invents electric motor
- 1822 Rosetta stone deciphered by Champollion
-
First Iron Steamship sails
- 1823 Rubberized cotton developed by Macintosh
- 1825 first railway opened in England on September
- 1827 photographs produced on a metal plate
- 1828 Dutch manufacturer Houten develops chocolate bar
- 1829 Braille invented
- 1832 Morse invents code
- 1833 Ross proposes aurora are light reflected from polar ice & snow
- 1835 Railway Boom
- 1837 Electric Telegraph
- 1838 First Canadian railway starts operating
-
Screw propellor invented
- 1839 Daguerre took first photograph.
-
Faraday's theory of electromagnetism
- 1840 first postage stamps
- First bicycle
- 1842 First use of Anaesthetic in an operation
- 1845 Galvanised corrugated Iron invented,
-
Pneumatic tyre invented
- 1848 Auroral 'earth currents' disrupt telegraph lines worldwide
- 1849 Safety Pin patented;
-
Speed of Light accurately measured by Fizeau
- 1850 Kelvin's Law of conservation of energy
- 1851 Heinreich Schwabe discovers 11-year sunspot cycle
- 1853 Hypodermic syringe invented
- 1855 Mendel's discovery
- 1856 First refrigerator ship,
- synthetic colours invented
- Edward Sabine discovers aurora connected to sunspot cycle
- Olmstead concludes aurora caused by events external to earth.
- 1857 Trollope's Barchester TowersTrans Atlantic cable completed
- 1858 first Atlantic cable
- 1859 Oil pumped in Pennsylvania
- Visible solar flare sighted by Carrington & Hodgson.
- 1860 Bessemer's mass production of Steel
- Elias Loomis maps out auroral oval zone on earth.
- Coronal Mass Ejection first spotted during a total solar eclipse
- 1861 Germ Theory of disease
- First Transcontinental Telegrah
- Western Union 1941
- Victor Emanuel
- 1863 Maxwell's theory of electro magnetism
- 1866 First successfully laid cable
- Nobel invents dynamite;
- Mendel published his research into Genetics
- 1867 Diamonds discovered in South Africa
- 1868 First Traffic signal in London
-
Helium discovered
- 1869 Suez Canal opened
- 1869 Suez Canal opened in November.
- First
- 1870 Cable links Australia & London
-
elementary education act
-
Periodic table developed by Mendelev
- 1871 Pullman introduces Sleeper car
- 1872 Secret ballot introduced
-
air brakes,
typewriter & colour photography
- Great Aurora seen in India, Cuba, Paris..
- 1873 Royal Canadian Mounted Police formed
- 1875 Bell patents telephone Transcontinetnal railroad
- 1877 microphone.
- telephone.
-
Edison invented phonograph.
- 1878 Lighting by electricity began to be used.
- 1880s - 1914 2nd Industrial revolution |
- 1879 First Tramways in Berlin
- George Ellis offers first space weather forecast
- 1881 Prof. De La Rue creates artificial aurora in a vacuum tube.
- 1882 First hydro electric station in US
- Henry Draper reveals solar spectrum, not incandescent gas.
- Balfour Stewart proposes auroral currents in upper atmosphere
- 1883 Hot air balloon
- 1885 Gottleb Daimer invented internal combustion engine. Karl Benz pioneered engine for automobiles.
- Canadian Pacific railway completed
-
Daimler & Benz build automobile
-
unique quality of fingerprints established
- 1880 First electric street light in New York
- 1887 Radio waves discovered by Hertz
- 1889 Eiffel Tower completed
of laws of heredity
- Veeder discovers that major aurora can reoccur every 27-days
- 1892 George Ellery Hale invents spectroheliograph to study solar flares.
- 1894 Great Aurora
- 1895 Cinema, safety razors, wireless telegraphy & X-rays all invented
- 1896 Olympic games started
-
Radioactivity of Uranium discovered
- 1897 Thomson discovers electrons;
-
Aspirin marketed
-
Diesel engines invented
- 1898 Kristian Berkelund proposes electrical rays from sun cause aurora
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- 1901 Vacuum cleaner
- 1902 Kennely & Heavyside propose 'ionosphere' layer
- 1902 - 13 Cycle 14 11.5 yrs Feb - Aug Max 64.2 Feb - 06 Min 1.5
- 1913 - 23 Cycle 15 10 yrs Aug - Aug Max 105.4 Aug 17 Min 5.6
- 1923 - 33 Cycle 16 10.1 yrs Aug - Sept Max 78.1 Apr 28 Min 3.5
- 1933 - 44 Cycle 17 10.4 yrs Sept - Feb Max 119.2 Apr 37 Min 7.7
- 1944 - 54 Cycle 18 10.2 yrs Feb - Apr Max 151.8 May 47 Min 3.4
- 1954 - 64 Cycle 19 10.5 yrs Apr - Oct Max 201.3 Mar 58 Min 9.6
- 1964 - 76 Cycle 20 11.7 yrs Oct - June Max 110.6 Nov 68 Min 12.2
- 1976 - 86 Cycle 21 10.3 yrs June - Sept Max 164.5 Dec 79 Min 12.3
- 1986 - 96 Cycle 22 9.7 yrs Sept - May Max 158.5 Jul 89 Min 8
- 1996 - 2008 Cycle 23 12.6 yrs May - Dec Max 120.8 Mar 2000 Min 1.7
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- 1903 First powered flight by Wright brothers
- 1905 Einstein's Special theory of relativity
- Rutherford's Nuclear model of atom
- 1906 Vitamins discovered by Hopkins;
- first sound radio broadcasting
- 1908 George Ellery Hale detects intense magnetic fields near sunspots
- Great Aurora
- 1909 Ford Model 'T'
- Birkeland creates a Terella to mimic aurora
- 1910 Seaplane invented
-
First air mail
-
Stainless steel
- 1914 Panama canal opens
-
Zip, Traffic lights & 35mm camera are all invented
- 1915 Einstein's General Theory of Relativity
- 'wireless outage' in Northern Europe caused by an aurora
- 1916 First Tank developed
-
first Jazz recordings
- 1918 Sydney Chapman describes magnetic field of sun & earth as system.
- 1919 League of Nations formed
-
Rutherford splits atom
- Whistlers heard for first time in World War I.
- 1920 Great Aurora
- 1921 Marconi makes first Radio Broadcast
- Major aurora seen world-wide.
- 1922 Insecticide developed
- 1923 First 'Talkie' Movie
- Babcock & McLennan identify auroral 'green' light as Oxygen III
- 1925 Beginning of studies of short-wave disruptions
- Appleton & Barnett detect ionosphere layer
- 1926 First Television
- Great Aurora
- 1927 Lindbergh flies Atlantic
- Spirit of St. Louis 1957
- 1928 Discovery of Penicillin
-
Colour TV
- 1930 Pluto discovered
- 1931 Electron Microscope
- 1933 Radar
- 1934 Nylon developed
- Hale publishes detailed study of solar flares
- 1936 Helicopter
- 1937 Photocopier
- term 'solar flare' appears for first time in newspaper.
- 1938 Great Aurora
- 1939 DDT insecticide developed
- J. Dellenger describes how short wave outages caused by solar flares acting on ionosphere.
- Proton aurora discovered.
- 1940 Easter Day shortwave disruption by major flare. term 'radio blackout' first appears in a New York Times article on January 14.
- 1941 Aerosol can
- Major shortwave disruptions during World War II activities.
- 1942 S.E. Forbush detects Ground Level Event (GLE) radiation enhancement due to energetic protons associated with a solar flare.
- 1943 Aqualung by Cousteau & Gagnan
- Sunspots hamper radio transmission of Allied invasion of Italy on September 3.
- 1945 Atom Bomb was invented & dropped on two Japanese cities by United States.
- 1946 Development of Computers
- 1947 Transistor invented
- World-wide radio traffic is blacked out by a 'sunspot' on March 8th. Radio fadeouts are reported over Shannon Airport in Ireland on July 19th Airplane radio traffic interference is extensive but no blackouts during July 20th storm. Radio blackouts across Pacific Ocean & extending to New York are reported during August 23 storm.
- Giovanelli proposes that solar flares related to solar magnetic changes.
- 1948 LP's invented
- 1949 Astronomer Grote Reber detects a major radio burst from a flare, 3 minutes before actual flare is detected by telescopic study
- 1950 First Kidney transplant
- 1950 - Present Modern Maximun of solar activity
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- 1951 L. Biermann discovers solar wind using comet tails
- 1952 Britain's first atomic bomb
- 1953 Mount Everest climbed
-
DNA unravelled
- Hydrogen bomb invented
- Dungey proposes that solar flares caused by opposing magnetic fields on sun.
- 1954 Fortran developed; first oral contraceptives
- 1955 Hovercraft
- 1956 Videotape
- P. A. Sweet proposes that flares originate in activity of magnetic fields above active areas of sunspots.
- 1957 Soviet Sputnik flight
- Waldmeier discovers coronal holes
- Hannes Alfven proposes that solar wind was magnetized.
- World-wide radio fadeout lasts several hours on April 16th .A 36-hour blackout cripples England on June 20th
- 1958 Silicon chip
- Van Allen Belts discovered by Explorer I satellite.
- Severny proposes magnetic shock wave theory of flares, & that flares occur along magnetic 'neutral line'. Sweet develops a 'flux interchange' theory which shows how flaring process leads to a simpler-shaped field after flare event.
- Eugene Parker predicts solar wind should exist
- 1959 North Sea gas discovered
-
Integrated circuits developed
- Shortwave blackout over North Atlantic on March 29th . Shortwave blackout over Asia, Europe & North America on August 18th,
- Mariner 2 spacecraft detects solar wind
- 1960 Lasers developed
- Tommy Gold & Fred Hoyle propose that all of energy released in a flare was previously stored in a magnetic field.
- Moreton observes time-lapse solar activity which shows that a flare explosion produces waves in solar atmosphere much like a bomb's concussion wave, & that these waves travel at 1000 km/sec & sometimes cause other solar disturbances in their wake.
- 1961 Yuri Gagarin becomes first man in space
- Magnetopause boundary detected by Explorer 10 spacecraft.
- 1962 Communications Satellites
- Warwick discovers Polar Cap Absorption events, & shows how these are related to powerful solar flare proton streams with energies of 10 MeV.
- 1963 Cassette tape recorder
- Eugene Parker calculates how magnetic reconnection might work in a solar flare, & concludes that it takes too long to explain sudden changes seen in typical solar flares.
- Type IV radio flares are found to be related to proton acceleration. Magnetic reconnection theories get a reprieve.
- Furth proposes a new 'tearing mode' which disrupts current sheets & leads to solar flares. time it takes reconnection to happen is an average time between Parker & Petschek processes.
- 1964 Word Processor
- Using a more detailed approach to describing magnetic reconnection than what Furth used in 1963, Petscheck recalculates how Parker's reconnection process would work, & concludes that reconnection could easily happen as fast as actual flare events are observed.
- 1965 Miniskirts
- 1967 Satellite navigation
- Alfven & Carlquist propose a 'current disruption' process which can also act very quickly, but makes different assumptions than what Parker & Petschek made in describing release of magnetic energy.
- 1968 OGO-5 satellite detects magnetic activity in geotail region
- Bumba shows that flares have a statistical preference for active regions where two bipolar spot groups are merging, with one developing in central regions of another.
- David Rust confirms that explosions occur at neutral points in magnetic fields of sunspots & satellite spots. vanishing magnetic energy is equal to kinetic energy of gases & electromagnetic energy in x-rays & gamma rays. These observations seem to confirm Parker/Petschek reconnection idea
- 1969 U.S. astronauts land on moon.
- 1970 Concorde
-
Floppy disk
- 1971 Decimalisation of currency
- Najita & Orrall & Hudson propose that white light flares are caused by bombardment of upper photosphere by down-streaming proton or electron beams from site of flare event in top of coronal loop.
- Lin & Hudson propose that hard X-ray bursts during impulsive phase of a flare are evidence for 10,000 to 100,000 volt electron beams.
- Brown proposes 'non thermal' flare model where magnetic energy causes an electrical current to flow down a magnetic loop until it collides with photosphere at footpoints, & heats gases to x-ray energies to cause flare.
- OSO-7 satellite discovers 'Coronal transients'
- 1972 Home video games
- August 4 - Apollo 17 major flare
- 1974 Altschuler shows that coronal magnetic field changes drastically in strength & geometry around a flare region. Low level magnetic loops disappear & this means that currents of electricity also disappear at time of a flare.
- 1975 Altair 8800 is first personal computer
- 1978 First test tube baby
-
First Apple computer
- 1980 Smallpox officially eliminated
- 1981 Space shuttle Columbia
-
first reports of AIDS
- 1982 CD's on sale
-
US Cruise missiles installed
- 1984 Genetic fingerprinting
- 1985 Desk Top Publishing
- 1986 Chernobyl
- 1989 March - 8-13 Major solar flare, X15 - Space Shuttle pressure sensor malfunction reported, but then sensor returns to normal so flight not aborted.
- 1992 Cold war ended
- 1995 United Nations' Science Council Report warned of catastrophic effects across world during next hundred years as global warming rapidly accelerates. Scientists said that advancing tides caused by polar ice cap melting during this period would inundate most of world's coastal cities. Holes in ozone layer continue to widen as sun-induced skin cancer reaches near-epidemic proportions worldwide.
- 1996 Rise & rise of Internet
- 1997 Mars landing
- 1998 Pacific Ocean's greatest "El Nino" current wreaked havoc on earth, producing mammoth fires, famine & drought in many places with huge floods in others.
- 1999 world population topped 6 billion people.
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1600's |
1700's |
1800's |
1900's |
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British Empire 1583 - 1997 |
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|
|
|
Hanovarians
|
|
|
|
England Kingdom
927 - 1649
|
- 1485 -1603 Tudors in control of England
|
- 1518 Murchad mac Conn
- 1518 - 37 19 Toirrdelbach Cleric
- 1537 - 9 2 Art mac Conn
- 1539 - 42 3 Felim Óg mac Felim mac Conn
- 1542 - 3 1 Rudhraighe
- 1543 - ? Caedach mac Felim mac Conn
- ? - 1548 Conn mac Art mac Conn
- 1548 - 53 5 Tadhg Ruadh mac Toirrdelbach
- - 1547 Murchad mac Toirrdelbach
- 1564 - 1600 36 An Calbhach
|
- 1505 - 72 John Knox of Scotland lived 67 years.
- 1509 - 47 Henry VIII's reign
- Henry VIII & his Six Wives 1973
- Private Life of Henry VIII 1933
- Six Wives of Henry VIII 1970 mini-series
- Anne of Thousand Days 1969
- A Man for All Seasons 1966 1988 |
Kingdom of Ireland
1541 - 1651, 1659 - 1801
- |
- 1551 Sir Edward Coke, Attorney General, who wrote Oracle of English Law, was born.
- 1540 - 1596 Francis Drake
- Drake of England 1935
- Seven Seas to Calais 1962 |
- 1558 - 1603 Queen Elizabeth I
- Elizabeth 1998
- Virgin Queen 1955
- Private Lives of Elizabeth & Essex 1939 |
- 1542 - 1567 Queen Mary, Scotland
- Mary of Scotland 1936
- Mary, Queen of Scots 1971 |
- 1547 - 59 King Henry II
- Diane 1956
- 1553 - 1615 Queen Margot
- Queen Margot 1994
- 1588 Spanish Armada
- Sea Hawk 1940
- Fire Over England 1937 |
- 1530 spinning wheel was invented at Br unswick.
- 1551 Sir Edward Coke, Attorney General, who wrote Oracle of English Law, was born.
- 1561 Sir Francis Bacon of England was born. He lived 65 years.
- 1568 Bishop's Bible was created.
- 1568 - 1648 Eighty Years' War United Provinces
England
German Protestants
Huguenots
France Spanish Empire
- 1569 - 1573 First Desmond Rebellion Kingdom of England
Kingdom of Ireland
allied Irish clans FitzGeralds of Desmond
allied Irish clans
- 1569 - 1570 Rising of North Elizabeth I of England Partisans of Mary, Queen of Scots
- 1585 - 1604 Anglo-Spanish War Spain Kingdom of Portugal Kingdom of England
United Province
British Empire
1583 - 1997 397
- |
1st Kingdom of Scotland 843 - 1707
- 1513 - 1513 James V,
(Seumas V Stiùbhairt) son of James IV 1512 - 1542
- 1542 - 1543 Mary I, Queen consort of France
(Mairi Stiùbhairt) daughter of James V 1542 - 1587
Stuart 1567 - 1651
- 1567 - 1625 James VI
(also James I of England & Ireland)
(Seumas VI Stiùbhairt) son of Mary I by Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley |
|
England Kingdom
927 - 1649
|
England Commonwealth
1649 - 1660
|
- 1603 - 49 & 1660 - 1714 Stuarts in control of
England
|
- 1610 - 1614 First Anglo-Powhatan War
- 1608 - 72 John Milton, a poet from England lived 66 years |
- 1609 - 76 Gerard Winstanley
- Winstanley 1975 |
- 1600 - 10 10 Irriel, December
|
- 1632 - 1704 John Locke of England
lived 72 years. |
| - 1642 - 1727 Sir Isaac Newton of England lived 85 years & discovered law of gravitation in 1666. |
- 1648 - 1649 Second English Civil War
Part of Wars of Three Kingdoms Parliamentary forces Royalist forces
- 1649 - 1651 Third English Civil War
Part of Wars of Three Kingdoms Parliamentarians Royalists
Scottish Covenanters
- 1649 - 1653 Cromwellian conquest of Ireland
Part of Wars of Three Kingdoms English Parliamentarian New Model Army,
Protestant colonists Irish Catholic Confederation,
English Royalists
- 1648 - 1649 Second English Civil War
Part of Wars of Three Kingdoms Parliamentary forces Royalist forces
- 1649 - 1651 Third English Civil War
Part of Wars of Three Kingdoms Parliamentarians Royalists
Scottish Covenanters
- 1649 - 1653 Cromwellian conquest of Ireland
Part of Wars of Three Kingdoms English Parliamentarian New Model Army,
Protestant colonists Irish Catholic Confederation,
English Royalists
- 1652 - 1654 First Anglo-Dutch War Commonwealth of England Republic of Seven United Netherlands
- 1653 - 1658 Oliver Cromwell
- Cromwell 1970
- To Kill a King 2003
- Crimson Blade 1963 |
2nd Kingdom of Scotland
1660 - 1707
- |
2nd Kingdom of England
1660 - 1707
House of Stuart (restored)
|
- 1660 - 1685 Charles II
- Charles II: Power & Passion 2003
- Restoration 1995
- Forever Amber 1947
- Stage Beauty 2004 |
- 1665 - 1667 Second Anglo-Dutch War Dutch Republic
Denmark Kingdom of England
- 1671 - 1734 Rob Roy
- Rob Roy 1995
- Rob Roy, Highland Rogue 1954 |
- 1672 - 1674 Third Anglo-Dutch War
Part of Franco-Dutch War Dutch Republic
Denmark-Norway England
France
- 1688 - 1697 Nine Years' War Grand Alliance:
Dutch Republic
England
Holy Roman Empire
Spain
Piedmont-Savoy
Sweden until 1691
Scotland France
- 1689 - 1697 King William's War
Part of Nine Years' War France
New France
First Nations allies England
English America
Iroquois Confederacy
- 1689 - 1691 Williamite War in Ireland
Part of Nine Years' War Williamites, including:
England
Scotland
Dutch Republic
Protestant colonists & mercenaries from various countries Irish Jacobites
France
- 1689 - 1692 Jacobite Rising in Scotland
1st Kingdom of Scotland 843 - 1707
Stuart 1567 - 1651
- 1567 - 1625 James VI
(also James I of England & Ireland)
(Seumas VI Stiùbhairt) son of Mary I by Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley
- 1625 - 1649 Charles I
(also Charles I of England & Ireland)
(Teàrlach I Stiùbhairt) son of James VI executed 1600
- 1649 - 1651 Charles II
(also Charles II of England & Ireland)
(Teàrlach II Stiùbhairt) son of Charles I 1630 - 1685
removed by conquest
House of Stuart (restored)
1660 - 1707
- 1651 - 1685 1660
restored to power Charles II (restored)
(Teàrlach II Stiùbhairt) son of Charles I
- 1685 - 1689 James VII (also James II of England & Ireland)
(Seumas VII Stiùbhairt)son of Charles I 1633 - 1701
- 1689 - 1694 with William III Mary II (also Mary II of England & Ireland)
(Mairi II Stiùbhairt) daughter of James VII 1662
- 1689 - 1702 with Mary II until 1694 William II,
(also William III of England & William I of Ireland)
(Uilleam Orains, "William of Orange") grandson of Charles I, husband of Mary II 1650
|
|
- 1702 Queen Anne
- 1707 Act of Union between England & Scotland
Kingdom of Great Britain
1707 - 1801
- |
Present United Kingdom
1707 -
- |
- 1714 King George I starts Georgian line of monarchy
- Saraband for Dead Lovers 1948
- 1714 -1901 Hanovarians in control of England
|
- 1715 First Jacobite Rising
Also called "The Fifteen" British Government forces Scottish & English Jacobite Rebels
- 1718 - 1720 War of Quadruple Alliance Holy Roman Empire
Kingdom of France
Great Britain
Dutch Republic
Savoy Spain
- 1738 - 1818 WM. Herschel lived 84 years. |
- 1739 - 1748 War of Jenkins' Ear
Part of War of Austrian Succession Great Britain Kingdom of Spain
- 1745 - 1746 Jacobite Rising of 1745
Also called "The Forty-Five" Hanoverians
Scottish clans loyal to Government: Clan Campbell Clan Scott Jacobites
Jacobite clans: Clan Cameron Clan MacDonald of Keppoch Clan Stewart of Appin France
- 1746 Charles Edward Stuart defeated
- Battle of Culloden 1964
- 1754 - 1763 Anglo - French war in North America
- The Broken Chain 1993
- Last of Mohicans 1936
- Last of Mohicans 1992
- Northwest Passage 1940
- Mohawk 1956
- Frontier Times 1987
- Barry Lyndon 1976 |
1758 - 1805 Horacio Nelson
- Nelson Affair 1973
- That Hamilton Woman 1941 |
- 1760 - 1801 King George III
- Madness of King George III 1994
- 1787 Mutiny on Bounty
- Mutiny on Bounty 1935 1962
- Bounty 1984 |
- 1788 First convict ships arrive at Botany Bay
- Against Wind 1978 TV mini-series
- 1793 Britain declares war against France
- 1794 Scottish martyrs transported to NSW
- 1798 Irish Rebellion British Army
Hessian mercenaries Society of United Irishmen
Defenders
French First Republic
- 1798 Irish rebellion suppressed
- Napoleon came to power & took Pope prisoner.
1st Kingdom of Scotland 843 - 1707
Stuart 1567 - 1651
House of Stuart (restored) 1660 - 1707
- 1702 - 1707 Anne (also Anne of England & Ireland)
(Anna Stiùbhairt) daughter of James VII 1665 - 1714 Acts of Union, creation of Great Britain
From 1707, titles King of Scots & Queen of Scots are incorrect. Hence, this list runs up to 1707; for monarchs after that date, see List of British monarchs.
|
2nd Kingdom of England
1660 - 1707
House of Stuart (restored)
|
- 1691 - 1732 ?
- 1732 - 3 1 John O'Kelly ^
- 1733 - 40 7 James Kelly ^
- 1740 - 50 10 Oliver Kelly <
- 1750 - 55 5 Matthias Kelly <
- 1755 - 60 5 William Kelly of Buckfield
- 1760 - 2 2 Edmund Kelly ^
- 1762 - 4 2 William Kelly ^
- 1764 - 6 2 Thomas Kelly ^
- 1766 - 68 2 Edmond Kelly <
- 1768 - 71 3 William Kelly ^ succeeded by his cousin, Count O'Kelly.
- Then Subsumed into Holy Roman Empire |
|
- 1801 Irish act of Union
United Kingdom
1801 - 1922
- of Great Britain & Ireland |
- 1803 Suppression of rebellion in Ireland
- 1803 Emmet's Insurrection United Kingdom Forces of Robert Emmet
- 1803 - 1805 War of Third Coalition
part of Napoleonic Wars French Empire & allies:
France
Batavia
Italy
Etruria
Spain
Bavaria
Württemberg Austrian Empire
Russian Empire
United Kingdom
Naples & Sicily
Portugal
Sweden
- 1804 - 81 Ben Disraeli
- Disraeli 1929 |
- 1807 Prohibition of shipment of slaves in British ships or to British colonies
- 1807 - 1814 Gunboat War
part of Napoleonic Wars United Kingdom Denmark-Norway
- 1807 - 1812 Anglo-Russian War
part of Napoleonic Wars United Kingdom Russian Empire
- 1808 - 1810 Rum Rebellion United Kingdom New South Wales Corps
- 1812 War of 1812
- Buccaneer 1938
- Buccaneer's Girl 1950
- 1813 English East India company loses monopoly
- 1815 British East India Company take Ceylon from Dutch
- 1815 Napoleon banished from England after Battle of Waterloo.
- 1821 Famine in Ireland
- 1833 Abolition of slavery throughout Empire
- 1837 - 1901 Queen Victoria
- Victoria Great 1937
- Sixty Glorious Years 1938
- Mrs. Brown 1997
- Mudlark 1950 |
- 1845 - 48 Irish potato famine
- 1858 East India Company dissolved
- 1881 Irish land & coercion acts
|
- 1901 - Present Windsors of England
|
- 1914 Imperial troops assembled for war
- 1914 Egypt becomes British Protectorate
-
Cyprus annexed
- 1921 - 1924 Irish Civil War
- Parnell 1937
- Captain Boycott 1947
- Informer 1935
- Juno & Paycock 1930
- Michael Collins 1996
- Wind that Shakes Barley 2006
- Talk of Angels 1998
- My Left Foot 1989
- Nora 2000
- A Portrait Of Artist As A Young Man 1979 |
- 1922 BBC founded
- 1926 Imperial conference gives Dominion status to settler colonies
- 1929 Secretary of State for Dominions instituted
- 1930 - 32 First Round Table conference between Britain & Indian parties
-
Coward's Private lives Jet engine
- 1931 Statute of Westminster gives Dominions control over own parliaments
-
Great Depression
- 1938 IRA bombings in England
- 1940 Winston Churchill takes office
- Young Winston 1972
- 1949 Ireland leaves Commonwealth
- 1959 Antarctic treaty
- 1962 Commonwealth immigrants act
- Beatles
- 1966 England wins World Cup
- 1969 Ulster troubles
- 1971 N. Ireland Internment policy
- 1973 Britain joins European Community
- 1974 IRA bombing of mainland
- 1975 IMF assists Britain
- 1979 Thatcher PM
- Riff-Raff 1990
- Los Chicos de la Guerra 1985
- Cold war ended
- 1997 Hong Kong handed back to Chinese. End of empire. |
|
1600's |
1700's |
1800's |
1900's |
|
Danish Empire 1200s - 1953 |
|
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| |
1547 - 1721 Tsardom of Russia |
|
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| |
P |
J |
A |
A |
J |
A |
J |
A |
J |
G |
M |
A |
I |
S |
A |
W |
J |
P |
P |
L |
Dutch Republic 1581 - 1795 227 |
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Oldenburg
1483 - 1814 331 |
c
H |
4 *
Ber |
|
Russian Czars 1482 - 1698 |
|
|
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|
| |
French Empire 1605 - |
|
| |
Swedish Empire 1561 - 1878 |
|
|
|
The "Czars" of Russia
1482 - 1698
- |
- 1500 - 1503 Second Muscovite–Lithuanian War Moscow wins
- 1503 - 1505 Landshut War of Succession Duchy of Bavaria-Munich wins Duchy of Bavaria-Landshut &
County Palatinate of Rhine lose
- 1507 - 1508 Third Muscovite–Lithuanian War Grand Duchy of Lithuania
Kingdom of Poland Grand Duchy of Moscow
Lithuanian rebels led by Michael Glinski
- 1515 - 47 Francios I France's 1st Renassaince Monarch
- Sword & Rose 1953
- 1515 Slovenian peasant revolt of 1515 Holy Roman Empire Slovenian rebels
- 1519 - 1521 Polish–Teutonic War 1519 - 21 Kingdom of Poland Teutonic Knights
- 1523 Denmark & Norway separated from Sweden.
- 1524 - 1526 German Peasants' War Swabian League German Peasant Army
- 1531 Second war of Kappel Catholics:
Uri
Schwyz
Zug Protestants:
Zürich
Norwegian Empire
1536 - 1814
- |
Norway
862 - Present 1149
Oldenburg
1483 - 1814 331 |
- 1513 - 23 10 Christian 2
- 1523 - 33 10 Frederick 1
- 1534 - 59 25 Christian 3
- 1559 - 88 29 Frederick 2 |
- 1546 - 1547 Schmalkaldic War Empire of Charles V:
Spain Holy Roman Empire Duchy of Saxony Schmalkaldic League:
Electorate of Saxony
Hesse
First French Empire
1546 - 1803 257
- France Paris |
- 1521 - 1523 Swedish War of Liberation Sweden
Free City of Lübeck Denmark
Kalmar Union
- 1554 - 1557 Russo-Swedish War
- 1558 - 1583 Livonian War Livonian Confederation
Denmark–Norway
Sweden
Poland–Lithuania Russia
Kingdom of Livonia
- 1562 - 1598 French Wars of Religion Politiques Huguenots
England Catholic League
Spain
- 1563 - 1570 Northern Seven Years' War Denmark-Norway
Lübeck
Poland–Lithuania Sweden
- 1553 - 1615 Queen Margot
- Queen Margot 1994
- 1756 Martin Guerre
- Le Retour de Martin Guerre (The Return of Martin Guerre) 1982
Literature
- 1502 Portuguese settled in India.
- 1519 Hernan Cortes, First Letter from Mexico to Spanish Crown
- 1530 spinning wheel was invented at Brunswick.
- 1542 Alvar Nunez Cabeza de Vaca, Relation of Alvar Nunez Cabeza de Vaca (New URL)
Tsardom of Russia
1547 - 1721
- |
- 1552 Casas, The Very Brief Relation of Devastation of Indies, a protest against treatment of
- 1556 Akbar, greatest prince of India began his 49-year reign.
- 1568 Bishop's Bible was created.
- 1568 - 1648 Eighty Years' War United Provinces
England
German Protestants
Huguenots
France Spanish Empire
Dutch Empire
1568 - 1975 407
- |
Livonia Kingdom
1570 - 1578
- Latvia |
- 1632 Bernal Diaz del Castillo writes The True History of Conquest of New Spain
- 1571 Russo-Crimean War
- 1573 Croatian-Slovenian peasant revolt
- 1583 - 1588 Cologne War
- 1590 - 1595 Russo-Swedish War
- 1588 Thomas Harriot, A Brief & True Report of New Found Land of Virginia
- 1589 Arthur Barlow, The First Voyage Made to Coasts of America
- 1592 - 1598 Japanese invasions of Korea Korea: Joseon Dynasty
China: Ming Dynasty Japan: Azuchi-Momoyama period
German K 918 - 1806 888
- 1486 - 1519 33 Maximilian 1 ^ Emp from 1508 from Pope
- 1519 - 56 37 Charles 5 ^^ Maximilian 1 Emp fm 1530 d 1558
- 1531 - 64 33 Ferdinand 1 ^^ Maximilian 1 < Charles 5 Emp fm 1558 last crowned in Aachen Cathedral
- 1562 - 76 14 Maximilian 2 ^ Ferdinand 1 Emp fm 64
- 1575 - 1612 37 Rudolf 1 ^ Emp fm 76
|
|
- 1600 - 1611 Polish–Swedish War Sweden Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
- 1605 - 1618 Polish–Muscovite War Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth Tsardom of Russia
- 1609 - 1614 War of Jülich succession Wolfgang William, Duke of Palatinate-Neuburg John Sigismund, Elector of Brandenburg Rudolph II, Holy Roman Emperor
- 1610 - 1617 Ingrian War Sweden vs Russia
- 1611 - 1613 Kalmar War Denmark–Norway Sweden
- 1617 - 1618 Polish–Swedish War Sweden Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
- 1618 - 1648 Thirty Years' War United Provinces
Sweden
Bohemia
Denmark-Norway 1625-1629
France
Saxony
Electoral Palatinate
Brunswick-Lüneburg
England Brandenburg-Prussia
Transylvania
Hungarian Anti-Habsburg Rebels Zaporozhian Cossacks Ottoman Empire Holy Roman Empire
Catholic League Austria Bavaria Kingdom of Hungary[10] Kingdom of Croatia Spain & its possessions
Denmark-Norway 1643 - 1645
- 1620 - 1621 Polish–Ottoman War Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth Ottoman Empire
- 1621 - 1625 Polish–Swedish War Sweden Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
French Empire 1605 - |
- 1610 - 1643 King Louis XIII
- 3 Musketeers 1935 1939 1948 1973 |
Swedish Empire
1611 - 1718 107
- Scandinavia Stockholm See also Swedish overseas colonies. |
- 1616 - 48 Thirty years war
- Last Valley 1971 |
- 1632 - 77 Spinoza of Amsterdam lived 45 years. |
- 1643 - 1715 King Louie XIV
- La Prise de pouvoir par Louis XIV (The Rise of Louis XIV) 1966
- Vatel 2000 |
- 1650's Kossacks against Poles
- Ogniem i mieczem (With Fire & Sword) 1961
- 1651 - 1986 Three Hundred & Thirty Five Years' War Isles of Scilly Republic of Seven United Netherlands
- 1652 - 1654 First Anglo-Dutch War Commonwealth of England Republic of Seven United Netherlands
- 1654 - 1667 Russo-Polish War Tsardom of Russia
Ukrainian Cossacks Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth
Crimean Khanate
Norway
862 - Present 1149
- 1588 - 1648 60 Christian 4
- 1648 - 70 22 Frederick 3
- 1670 - 99 29 Christian 5 |
- 1655 - 1660 Second Northern War Sweden
Brandenburg-Prussia
Transylvania
Ukrainian Cossacks Denmark–Norway
Habsburg monarchy
Poland-Lithuania
Russia
Brandenburg-Prussia
Dutch Republic
- 1656 - 1658 Russo-Swedish War
Part of Second Northern War Swedish Empire Tsardom of Russia
- 1657 - 1658 Dano-Swedish War
Part of Second Northern War Sweden Denmark–Norway
- 1658 - 1660 Dano-Swedish War
Part of Second Northern War Denmark–Norway
Dutch Republic
Brandenburg-Prussia
Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth Sweden
- 1632 - 1654 Queen Cristina of Sweden Abdicates
- Queen Christina 1933
- Abdication 1974 |
- 1660 - 1685 Charles II
- Charles II: Power & Passion 2003
- Restoration 1995
- Forever Amber 1947
- Stage Beauty 2004 |
- 1665 - 1667 Second Anglo-Dutch War Dutch Republic
Denmark Kingdom of England
- 1666 - 1671 Polish–Cossack–Tatar War
- 1672 - 1678 Franco-Dutch War France
England
Sweden
Bishopric of Münster
Archbishopric of Cologne Dutch Republic
Holy Roman Empire
Spain
Brandenburg
- 1672 - 1674 Third Anglo-Dutch War
Part of Franco-Dutch War Dutch Republic
Denmark-Norway England
France
- 1684 - 1759 George Handel German-English composer lived 75 years. |
- 1688 - 1697 Nine Years' War Grand Alliance:
Dutch Republic
England
Holy Roman Empire
Spain
Piedmont-Savoy
Sweden until 1691
Scotland France
German K 918 - 1806 888
- 1612 - 9 7 Matthias ^ Maximilian 2
- 1619 - 37 18 Ferdinand 2 ^^ Ferdinand 1
- 1636 - 57 20 Ferdinand 3 ^
- 1653 - 4 1 Ferdinand 4 ^
- 1657 - 1705 48 Leopold 1 ^
|
|
- 1700 - 21 Russia, Sweden War
- Taras Bulba 1962
- Potop (The Deluge) 1975
- Pan Tadeusz 2000 |
- 1700 - 1721 Great Northern War Tsardom of Russia
Denmark–Norway
1700, 1709 -
Electorate of Saxony
1700 - 06, 1709 -
Poland–Lithuania
1700 - 04, 1709 -
Cossack Hetmanate 1700 - 1708 Prussia 1715 -
Hanover 1715 -
Great Britain 1717 - Swedish Empire
Holstein-Gottorp
Poland–Lithuania 1704 - 09
Ottoman Empire 1710 - 14 Cossack Hetmanate 1708 - 1709
Prussian Kingdom
1701 - 1918
- |
- 1714 French take Mauritius
- 1715 - 74 King Louis XV
- Madame du Barry 1934
- 1718 - 1720 War of Quadruple Alliance Holy Roman Empire
Kingdom of France
Great Britain
Dutch Republic
Savoy Spain
- 1721 - 1917 Russian empire Saint Petersburg 196 Successor state of Tsardom of Russia.
- 1733 - 38 War of Polish succession Poland under
Stanisław Leszczyński
France (Bourbons)
Spain (Bourbons)
Duchy of Savoy Poland under
August III of Poland
Russia
Habsburg Monarchy
Saxony
- 1739 - 1748 War of Jenkins' Ear
Part of War of Austrian Succession Great Britain Kingdom of Spain
- 1740 Frederick II king of Prussia; War of Austrian succession
- 1740 - 1748 War of Austrian Succession France
Prussia 1740 - 42; 44 - 45
Spain
Bavaria 1741-45
Saxony 1741 - 42
Naples & Sicily
Genoa
Sweden 1741 - 43 Habsburg Monarchy
Great Britain
Hanover
Dutch Republic
Saxony 1743 - 45
Kingdom of Sardinia
Russia 1741 - 43, 1748
- 1745 - 1746 Jacobite Rising of 1745
Also called "The Forty-Five" Hanoverians
Scottish clans loyal to Government: Clan Campbell Clan Scott Jacobites
Jacobite clans: Clan Cameron Clan MacDonald of Keppoch Clan Stewart of Appin France
- 1746 - 1748 First Carnatic War
Part of War of Austrian Succession
- 1748 Pompeii excavated
- 1751 China invades Tibet
- 1753 French occupy Ohio valley in North America
- 1754 - 1763 Anglo - French war in North America
- The Broken Chain 1993
- Last of Mohicans 1936
- Last of Mohicans 1992
- Northwest Passage 1940
- Mohawk 1956
- Frontier Times 1987
- Barry Lyndon 1976 |
- 1768 Lousie VI
- Madame du Barry 1934
- 1774 - 1775 Pugachev's Rebellion Russian Empire Cossack & peasant rebels
Tatar & Bashkir nobles
- 1778 - 1779 War of Bavarian Succession Imperial Austria Prussia
Electorate of Saxony
- 1788 - 1790 Russo-Swedish War Sweden Russia
- 1788 - 1789 Theater War Denmark–Norway Sweden
- 1789 - 1793 French revolution
- Ridicule 1966
- Marie Antoinette 2006 1955 1938
- Affair of Necklace 2001
- Jefferson in Paris 1995
- La Marseillaise 1938
- La Révolution française 1989
- A Tale of Two Cities 1980 1958 1935
- Reign of Terror 1949
- Scaramouche 1952
- Danton 1982
- L' Anglaise et le duc 2001
- Nuit de Varennes 1982 |
- 1738 WM. Herschel was born in Hanover, Germany.
- 1792 French Republic proclaimed
- 1792 Polish–Russian War Russia
Targowica Confederates Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
- 1793 Britain declares war against France
- 1794 Kościuszko Uprising Russia
Prussia Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
- 1796 French campaign in Italy, Bonaparte victor
Norway
862 - Present 1149
- 1699 - 1730 31 Frederick 4
- 1730 - 46 16 Christian 6
- 1746 - 66 20 Frederic 5
- 1766 - 1808 42 Christian 7 |
- 1769 - 1821 Napoleon
- Napoleon 2003 1927
- Pride & Passion 1957
- Battle of Austerlitz 1960 - Napoleon
- Waterloo 1970
- Sharpe's Waterloo 2006
- Sea Devils 1953
- Conquest 1937
- Desiree 1954 |
German K 918 - 1806 888
- 1690 - 1711 21 Joseph 1 ^ Emp fm 05
- 1711 - 40 29 Charles 6 ^ Leopold 1
- 1742 - 5 3 Charles 7 Husband of Maria Amalia, ^ Joseph 1
- 1745 - 65 20 Francis 1 Stephan Husband of Maria Theresa ^ Charles 6
Hapsburg - Lorraine
1765 - 1806 |
- 1764 - 90 26 Joseph 2 ^
** 65 -
- 1790 - 2 2 Leopold 2 ^
- 1792 - 1806 14 Francis 2
< ** Austria 1804 - 35 Dissolved Holy Roman Empire
|
|
- 1801 - 05 Frist Barbary war at Tripoli
- Tripoli 1950 |
- 1803 - 1805 War of Third Coalition
part of Napoleonic Wars French Empire & allies:
France
Batavia
Italy
Etruria
Spain
Bavaria
Württemberg Austrian Empire
Russian Empire
United Kingdom
Naples & Sicily
Portugal
Sweden
2nd French Empire
1803 - 1977 170
-End of Empire was formally recognized with end of French presence in Comores. |
First French Empire
1804 - 1814 10
- France Paris |
- 1804 Napoleon Bonaparte became Emperor of France.
Austrian Empire
1804 - 1867
-
|
- 1804 - 81 Ben Disraeli
- Disraeli 1929 |
- 1805 - 1810 Franco-Swedish War
part of Napoleonic Wars First French Empire Sweden
Bavarian Kingdom
1806 - 1918
- |
Saxonian Kingdom
1806 - 1918
- |
Württembergian Kingdom
1806 - 1918
- |
Westphalian Kingdom
1807 - 1813
- |
- 1807 - 1814 Gunboat War
part of Napoleonic Wars United Kingdom Denmark-Norway
- 1807 - 1812 Anglo-Russian War
part of Napoleonic Wars United Kingdom Russian Empire
- 1808 - 1809 Finnish War Russian Empire Sweden
- 1809 Dano-Swedish War
part of Napoleonic Wars Denmark-Norway Sweden
- 1809 War of Fifth Coalition
part of Napoleonic Wars France
Duchy of Warsaw
Confederation of Rhine Kingdom of Bavaria Saxony Württemberg Westphalia Italy
Naples
Swiss Confederation
Holland Austrian Empire
Tyrol
Hungary
United Kingdom
Black Brunswickers
Sardinia
Sicily
- 1814 Norwegian-Swedish War
part of Napoleonic Wars Sweden Norway
Kingdom of Hanover
1814 - 1866
- |
Kingdom of Denmark
1814 - Present
- |
- 1815 British East India Company take Ceylon from Dutch
- 1815 Waterloo
- Napoleon banished from England after Battle of Waterloo.
- 1830 July Revolution
French Revolution House of Orléans House of Bourbon
- 1830 - 1831 November Uprising Russian Empire Polish insurgents
- 1830 - 1831 Belgian Revolution Southern Provinces of Netherlands United Kingdom of Netherlands
- 1837 - 98 Elisabeth of Bavaria
- Sissi 1955
- 1848 Greater Poland Uprising
- 1848 French Revolution
- 1848 Revolutions in German states
- 1848 - 1849 Hungarian Revolution Austrian Empire Hungarian Rebels
- 1848 - 1851 First Schleswig War Three Years' War Denmark Schleswig-Holstein
Prussia
Kingdom of Saxony
- 1849 Revolutions in Habsburg areas
Second French Empire
1852 - 1870 18
- France Paris |
1854 - 56 Crimean War
- Charge of Light Brigade 1968 1936
- Charge of Lancers 1954 |
- 1858 East India Company dissolved
- 1863 - 1865 January Uprising Russian Empire Polish-Lithuanian-Ruthenian Commonwealth
- 1867 - 1918 Austro-Hungarian Vienna & Budapest 51 yrs preceded by Austrian Empire |
- 1871 - 1919 Rosa Luxemburg, German labour reformer
- Rosa Luxemburg 1986 |
German Empire
1871 - 1918 47 yrs
-
|
Norway
862 - Present 1149
- 1808 - 14 6 Frederick 6
Holstein-Gottorp
1814 - 8 4 |
- Charles 2
Bernadotte 1818 - 1905 87 |
- 1818 - 44 26 Charles 3 John
- 1844 - 59 15 Oscar 1
- 1859 - 72 13 Charles 4
- 1872 - 1905 33 Oscar 2 |
- 1888 French Indo-China formed
-
French take Madacasgar
- 1889 Austrian Crown Prince Rudolph marries a commoner
- Mayerling 1936 1969 1889
- 1891 Germany develops first pension scheme
- 1896 Olympic games reappeared in world. They had been absent since Roman emperor, Theodosus, canceled them & closed their associated pagan temples in 396 A.D.
Netherlands Kingdom
1815 - Present 196
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North German Confederation 1867 - 71 4
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Belgium Empire
1901 - 1962
- 61 yrs |
- 1905 Norway breaks from Sweden
- 1908 A comet struck Russia. Thousands of miles of forest were leveled.
- 1914
Cyprus annexed
- 1914 - 18 World War I
- Day That Shook World 1977
- Guns of August 1964
- Colonel Redl 1985
- & Ship Sails On 1983
- African Queen 1951
- All Quiet on Western Front 1930
- All Quiet on Western Front 1979
- Blue Max 1966
- Crimson Romance 1934
- Dawn Patrol 1938
- Eagle & Hawk 1933
- Gallipoli 1981
- Ararat 2002
- Anzacs 1985
- Behind Lines 1998
- Light Horsemen 1987
- Forty Thousand Horsemen 1941
- Britannic 2000
- Paths of Glory 1957
- Trench 1999
- Mata Hari 1932
- Mata Hari 1972
- Untel père et fils (Heart of a Nation) 1943
- Sergeant York 1941
- Man I Killed 1932
- Fighting 69th 1940
- A Farewell to Arms 1932 1957
- In Love & War 1996
- Lost Battalion 2001
- Joyeux Noel 2006 |
- 1917 Russian revolution
- Strike 1924
- Nicholas & Alexandra 1971
- Rasputin 1996 1985
- Agony: Life & Death of Rasputin 1975
- I Killed Rasputin 1967
- Rasputin - Mad Monk 1966
- Nights of Rasputin 1960
- Rasputin & Empress 1932
- Fall of Eagles 1974 (TV miniseries)
- Reds 1981
- Dr. Zhivago 1965
- October 1928
- End of St. Petersburg 1934
- Red & White 1967
- Anastasia 1956 1997
- Anastasia: Mystery of Anna 1986 |
- 1917 - 91 Soviot Russia |
- 1918 Treaty of Versaille
- 1918 - 1944 Kingdom of Iceland |
- 1920 - 33 Prohibition
- 1920 Nazis formed by Hitler
- 1922 USSR formed
- 1926 Imperial conference gives Dominion status to settler colonies
- 1927 Stalin comes to power
- 1929 Secretary of State for Dominions instituted
- 1930 - 32 Great Depression
- 1933 Nazis come to power in Germany
- Great Dictator 1940
- Hitler 1962
- Last Lieutenant 1993 |
- 1933 Night of Long Knives in Germany
Greater German Reich
1933 - 1945 12
- Berlin, 1933 - 1945 Flensburg 1945 Nazi Germany signed a treaty (Tripartite Pact) with Japanese & Italian Empires. |
- 1934 Stalin's purges
- 1936 Reoccupation of Rhineland
- 1938 - 1945 Holocaust
- Conspiracy 2001
- Anne Frank Remembered 1995 |
- 1938 Munich peace accords
- 1939 Mobilisation of Dominion & Imperial forces
- 1939 - 1945 War in Europe
- Tea with Mussolini 1999
- Big Red One 1980
- 1940 Blitz;
-
Evacuation of British forces from Dunkirk
- Dunkirk 1958
-
Fall of France, Belgium, Netherlands, Denmark & Norway to Germans
- A Rukajärven tie (Ambush) 1999
- Battle of Britain
- Dark Blue World 2001
- Angels One Five 1952
- 1943 Commonwealth troops invade Italy
- Bombing of Bremen
- Memphis Belle 1990
-
Battle of Kursk
- 1944 D - Day
- Saving Private Ryan 1998
- Battle of Bulge
- When Trumpets Fade 1998 |
- 1941 Invasion of USSR
- Jinnah 1998
- 1948 Berlin airlift
- 1954 - present Kingdom of Netherlands
- 1955 Warsaw Pact signed
- 1956 Hungarian revolt
- 1959 Antarctic treaty
- 1961 Berlin wall erected
- 1964 Brezhnev ousts Krushchev
Norway
862 - Present 1149
Glucksburg
1905 - Present 106 |
- 1905 - 57 52 Haakon 7
- 1957 - 91 34 Olav 5
- 1991 - Present Harald 5 |
- 1968 Czechoslovakia invaded by Warpac
- 1969 Ulster troubles
- 1989 Berlin Wall crumbles
- 1992 Break up of Yugoslavia
- Welcome to Sarajevo 1997
- Communism crumbled in Soviet Union.
- Berlin Wall came down
- Cold war ended
Russian Federation
1992 - Present
- |
- 1994 End of Aparteid
- Mandela 1987
- Mandela & De Klerk 1997 |
- 1998 Belarus & Russia agreed to unite their countries into a single state.
Weimar Republic 1918 - 33 15
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Nazi Germany 1933 - 45 12
- 1933 - 45 12 Adolf Hitler
|
Federal Republic of Germany 1945 - Present 76
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1600's |
1700's |
1800's |
1900's |
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Venetian Empire 800s - 1797 |
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2nd Kingdom of Croatia 1527 - 1868 |
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1882 - 1918 Kingdom of Serbia |
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1832 - 1924, 1935 - 1974 Kingdom of Greece |
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Kingdom of Sardinia 1720 - 1861 |
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- 1491 - 1556 Ignatius of Loyola founder of Jesuits
- Loyola: Soldier Saint 1948 |
- 1452 - 1519 Leonardo da Vinci
- Life of Leonardo Da Vinci 1972 |
- 1475 - 1564 Michaelangelo
- Agony & Ecstasy 1965
- Titan -- Story of Michelangelo 1950 |
- 1499 - 1503 Ottoman–Venetian War
- 1499 - 1504 Italian War
- 1505 - 1517 Portuguese–Mamluk naval war Portugal Mamluk Sultanate
Ottoman Empire
Croatia 2nd Kingdom
1527 - 1868
- |
- 1593 - 1610 Caravaggio proto-Baroque
- Caravaggio 1986 |
Popes
- 1503 - 13 10 Julius 2
- 1506 Julius commenced building St. Peter's Cathedral at Rome.
- 1513 - 22 9 Leo 10
- 1522 - 3 1 Adrian 6
- 1523 - 34 11 Clement 8
- 1534 - 49 15 Paul 3
- 1549 - 55 6 Julius 3
- 1555 - 59 Two Popes in 4 years.
- 1559 - 65 6 Pius 4
- 1565 - 72 7 Pius 5
- 1572 - 85 13 Gregory 13
- 1585 - 90 5 Sixtus 5
- 1590 - 1603 13 Clement 8 |
- 1588 Spanish Armada
- Sea Hawk 1940
- Fire Over England 1937 |
|
- 1564 - 1642 Galileo Galilae
- Galileo 1975
- Galileo Galilei 1969 -- Italian film |
Popes
- 1603 - 19 Paul 5 16
- 1621 - 23 Gregory 15 2
- 1623 - 44 Urban 8 21
- 1642 - 53 Innocent 10 11
- 1655 - 67 Alexander 7 12
- 1667 - 70 Clement 9 3
- 1670 - 76 Clement 10 6
- 1676 - 89 Innocent 11 13
- 1689 - 91 Alexas 8 2
- 1691 - 1700 Innocent 12 9 |
Navarre
824 - 1620 976
- 1610 - 20 10 Louis 2 Just ^ = Marie Anne of Austria 6 ch Henry 3 of Navarre became Henry 4 of France & thereafter crown of Navarre passed to kings of France. In 1620, Kingdom was merged into France; however, French kings continued to use title King of Navarre until 1791, & it was revived again from 1814 to 1830 during Bourbon Restoration. Bourbon Carlist pretenders to throne of Spain had Spanish Navarre as a stronghold during Carlist Wars, but their claim was to all Spanish royal titles in general. |
|
- 1701 - 13 War of Spanish Succession |
- 1701 - 1714 War of Spanish Succession Kingdom of France
Kingdom of Spain
Electorate of Bavaria Habsburg Monarchy Great Britain
Dutch Republic
Duchy of Savoy
Prussia
Kingdom of Portugal
Hungarians
- 1702 - 1713 Queen Anne's War
Part of War of Spanish Succession England
British America Iroquois Confederacy
Muscogee (Creek)
Chickasaw
Yamasee France
New France Spain New Spain Mi'kmaq
Abenaki
Caughnawaga Mohawk
Choctaw
Timucua
Apalachee
Natchez
- 1704 Marlborough wins battle of Blenheim
- Gibralter captured
- 1761 - 1763 Spanish–Portuguese War
Part of Seven Years' War Portugal
Great Britain Spain
France
Sardinia Kingdom
1720 - 1861
- |
Popes
- 1700 - 21 21 Clement 11
- 1721 - 24 3 Innocent 13
- 1724 - 30 6 Benedict 13
- 1740 - 58 4 18 Benedict 1
- 1758 - 69 11 Clement 13
- 1763 - 69 6 Clement 14
- 1775 - 1800 25 Pius 16
|
- 1798 Napoleon came to power & took Pope prisoner.
Popes
- 1823 - 29 6 Leo 12
- 1825 - 27 2 Pius 8
- 1831 - 46 15 Gregory 14 "one of greatest Pontiffs."
- 1848 - 49 1 Pius 9 |
|
- 1804 - 1806 First Serbian Uprising
part of Serbian revolution Ottoman Empire
First French Empire Serbian revolutionaries
Volunteers from Habsburg Empire
Russian Empire
Italy Kingdom
1805 - 1814 1861 - 1946
- |
- 1807 - 1814 Peninsular War
part of Napoleonic Wars United Kingdom
Spain
Portugal French Empire
Two Sicilies Kingdom
1811 - 1861
- |
- 1814 Hadži Prodan's Revolt
part of Serbian revolution Ottoman Empire Forces of Hadži Prodan Gligorijević
- 1815 - 1817 Second Serbian Uprising
part of Serbian revolution Principality of Serbia Ottoman Empire
United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil & Algarves
1815 - 1822
- |
- 1820 - 1823 Spanish Civil War Monarchy of Spain
Kingdom of France Partisans of Cortes
- 1821 - 1830 Greek War of Independence Greek revolutionaries
European Forces United Kingdom United States of Ionian Islands Kingdom of France - - 1827 only Russian Empire 1827 only Ottoman Empire
Eyalet of Egypt
Vilayet of Tunisia (Only in naval battles)
- 1830 France takes Algeria
- 1830 - 1847 French conquest of Algeria France Algerian & Ottoman resistance
- 1831 Greek Independence
Kingdom of Greece
1832 - 1924, 1935 - 1974
- |
- 1833 - 1840 First Carlist War Spain Liberals & Allies:
Forces of Queen Isabella II of Spain
United Kingdom
Kingdom of French
Forces of King Pedro IV of Portugal Carlists:
Forces of Infante Carlos of Spain
Forces of King Miguel of Portugal
- 1846 - 1848 Second Carlist War
War of Madrugadores Forces of Queen Isabella II of Spain Carlists
- 1848 Revolutions of 1848 in Italian states
- 1848 Wallachian Revolution Romania
- 1848 Sicilian revolution of independence
- 1849 First Italian War of Independence Austrian Empire Kingdom of Sardinia
Grand Duchy of Tuscany
Papal States
Kingdom of Two Sicilies
- 1855 Austria invades Italy
- Senso 1968
- 1959 Cyprus joins Commonwealth
- 1859 Second Italian War of Independence Second French Empire
Kingdom of Sardinia Austrian Empire
- 1859 - 1860 Spanish–Moroccan War
Kingdom of Italy
1861 - 1946
- |
- 1866 - 1868 Third Italian War of Independence
Part of Austro-Prussian War Kingdom of Italy Austrian Empire
- 1870 Italian Army
took Rome
Romanian Kingdom
1881 - 1947
- |
Serbian Kingdom
1882 - 1918
- |
- 1885 - 1943 Italian 58 Rome
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- 1885 Serbo-Bulgarian War Principality of Bulgaria Kingdom of Serbia |
Bulgaria Kingdom
1908 - 1946
- |
Montenegro Kingdom
1910 - 1918
- |
- 1910 Portugese revolution
-
Palace of Knossos excavated
- Spanish Civil War
- Land & Freedom 1995
Yugoslavia Kingdom
1918 - 1943
- |
- 1920 Italian unification
- Leopard 1936
Albanian Kingdom
1928 - 1939
- |
- 1932 Union of Fascists formed
- Benito: Rise & Fall of Mussolini 1993
- 1936 - 39 Spanish Civil War |
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1600's |
1700's |
1800's |
1900's |
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Spanish Inquisition 1492 - 1843 |
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Mayan Calendars 5000 year age 3114 BC - 1755 |
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Mayan Calendars 250 year age 1755 - 1999 |
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Age of Pisces 100 BC - 2680 |
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- 1475 - 1542 Gendrun Drup
- 1543 - 88 Sonam Gyatso |
- 1506 Julius commenced building St. Peter's Cathedral at Rome.
| - 1512 - 14 Twentieth Council at Lateran addressed Church reform |
- 1515 Protestantism - (Reformers) Martin Luther, Ulrich Zwingli, John Calvi
- 1517 Luther, a Catholic priest in Germany, broke from Roman Catholic Church, & posted his "95 thesis" on church door. Luther decreed salvation by faith alone. He stated that theological rules couldn't save. He nullified church sacraments. Luther put Bible above both church & Pope as highest authority on earth. He decreed right of individual interpretation of scripture. He rejected Greek Old Testament & declared its books invalid.
- 1521 Luther went to Diet at Worms
- 755 - 1529 Lutheran Protest drawn up & Protestant churches were born. End of Roman Catholic Church Omnipotence age. |
- 1530 First Protestant creed written at Augsburg in Bavaria.
| - 1545 - 1563 Twenty first Council of Trent tried to reform Roman Catholic Church & quell protest, but to no avail. This Vatican Council decreed faith necessary, but retained church sacraments as essential components of Christian religion. |
- 1551 Robert Stephens sectioned Bible into verses.
- 1555 There were two Popes in next 4 years.
- 1563 Fierce religious wars were waged between all burgeoning new faiths spread throughout Europe. Those seeking freedom from European religious turmoil speeded up colonization of America. Democracy (An ancient Greek form of rule by people) was rediscovered.
- 1568 Bishop's Bible was created.
- 1585 - 1642 Cardinal Richelieu
- Under Red Robe 1937
- Cardinal Richelieu 1935 |
- 1483 - 1546 Martin Luther
- Luther 1973
- Luther 2003
- Martin Luther 1953 |
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- 1589 - 1617 Yonten Gyatso
- 1617 - 82 Ngawang Lobsong Gyatso
- 1683 - 1706 Tsangyang Gyatso |
- 1600's France witchcraft persecution
- Devils 1971
- 1608 John Milton, a poet from England, was born. He lived 66 years.
- 1611 Authorized King James Version of Holy Bible was published.
- 1650 Tibetan Buddhism-Dalai Lama
- 1656 (Summer) Massachusetts Bay Colony Puritans whip, imprison, & banish first Quakers to arrive in colony.
- 1659 27 October. Quakers William Robinson & Marmaduke Stephenson are hanged for refusing to leave Massachusetts.
- 1694 Rosicrucians- Master Kelpius, Johann Andrea
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- 1708 - 57 Kelzang Gyatso
- 1758 - 1804 Jamphel Gyatso |
- 1694 - 1778 Voltaire
- Voltaire 1933 |
- 1700 Freemasony- Albert Mackey, Albert Pike
- 1731 Wickliffe's New Testament was printed.
- 1753 Jewish naturalization laws
- 1755 Mayan calander enters new era
- 1760 Swedenborgism - Emmanuel Swedenborg
- 1767 Father Junipero Serra founds first California missions
- Seven Cities of Gold 1955
- 1781 Kant's Critique of pure reason
- 1784 Shakers - Mother Ann Lee
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- 1805 - 15 Lungtok Gyatso
- 1816 - 37 Tsultrim Gyatso
- 1838 - 56 Khendrup Gyatso
- 1857 - 75 trinley Gyatso |
- 1817 Joseph Smith introduced Book of Mormon.
- 1828 Hindu BrahmoSamaj sect established in India
- 1830 Mormonism – Joseph Smith
- Joseph Smith founded Mormon Church in Fayette, N.Y.
- Cambellites-Alexander & Thomas Cambell, Barton Stone
- 1838 Tenrikyo- Miki Maegawa Nakayama
- 1840 - 45 Millerites 2nd day Adventists –William Miller then became 7th Day Adventists
- 1844 Protestants of various fellowships experienced "Great Disappointment." They expected Second Coming of Christ to occur.
- Christadelphians
- Bahai- Baha'u'llah (Abul Baha)
| - 1844 - 1900 Friedrich Nietzsche |
- 1845 - 1870 7th Day Adventists-E.G. White |
- 1848 Spiritualism - Kate & Margaret Fox John Thomas
- Wickliffe's Old Testament was printed.
- 1859 Darwin's Origin of Species
- 1863 Salvation Army started
- 1870 Jehovah's Witnesses- Charles Taze Russell
| - 1870 – 1960 Twenty second Council at Vatican defined Papal governance |
| - 1962 – 65 Twenty third Council at Vatican addressed mdern world |
- 1875 Theosophical Society- H.P. Blavatsky, Henry Olcott
- 1879 Christian Science-Mary Baker Eddy
- 1889 - 1924 Unity School of Christianity- Myrtle Fillmore
|
- Inherit Wind (Trial on evolution) 1960
- 1900 Freud publishes his interpretations of Dreams
- Freud 1962
- Rosicrucian Fellowship-Max Heindel
- 1902 Anthroposophical Society –Rudolf Steiner
- 1905 Jung's Psychology of Unconscious
- 1906 Pentecostal Assemblies of World
- 1914 Iglesia ni Cristo- Felix Manalo
- Oneness Pentecostalism- Frank Ewart, G.T.Haywood, Glenn Cook
- 1917 True Jesus Church. Founders Paul Wei, Lingsheng Chang & Barnabas Chang
- 1927 Mind Science- Ernest Holmes
- 1929 Mussolini signed a treaty that officially separated church & state. It also secularized Italy & relegated church to a tiny defined area of sovereignty in Rome. Thus Vatican City was formed. This action fundamentally cancelled final remnants of Theodosus' decree, even in Roman capitol itself.
- 1930 Black Muslims (Nation of Islam) –Wallace D. Fard
- 1934 World Wide Church of God- Herbert W. Armstrong
- 1935 Self Realization Fellowship- Paramahansa Yogananda
- 1944 AD.- Silva Mind Control –Jose Silva
- 1945 Way -Victor P.Wierwille
- United Pentecostal International- Howard Goss, W.T. Witherspoon (can be traced back to 1914)
- 1948 Latter Rain –Franklin Hall, George Warnock.
- 1950 AD.-Urantia Book- Dr. Bill Sadler
- AD.-Lafayette Ronald Hubbard published his book Dianetics-SCIENTOLOGY
- 1954 Unification Church- Sun Myung Moon
- Atherius Society (UFO’s)- Dr. George King
- 1955 Scientology- L. Ron Hubbard
- 1958 Institute of Divine Metaphysical Research- Henry Kinley
-Henry Kinley begins (IDMR) Institute of Divine Metaphysical Research
- 1958 - 1970 Church Universal & Triumphant |
–Mark & E.C. Prophet
- 1959 Unitariarian Universalist
- 1960 Transcendental meditation- Maharishi Mahesh Yogi
- Enkankar- Paul Twitchell
- 1961 Unitarian Universalism was officially formed.
- 1964 Eckankar The Ancient Science of Soul Travel (Eck). Founded by Paul Twitchell
- 1965 Assembly of Yahweh-Jacob Meyer
- 1966 Church of Satan –Anton LaVey
- 1968 Hare Krishna (US)- Swami Prabhupada
- Children of God- David (Moses) Berg
- 1970 Findhorn Community –Peter & Eileen Caddy –David Spangler
- Divine light Mission- Guru Maharaj Ji
- 1973 CARP was established in United States. [The Collegiate Association for Research of Principles] to introduce teachings of un Myung Moon.
- 1974 Assemblies of Yahweh-Sam Suratt
- 1979 Church of Christ International - Kip McKean
- 1980 - 82 Tara Center-Benjamen Crème
- 1980 House of Yahweh (Abilene) Jacob Hawkins
- 1996 President of Russia led Easter mass in resurrected Moscow church.
- 1999 Mayan Calendar enters new era |
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1600's |
1700's |
1800's |
1900's |
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Ashante Kingdom West Africa 1600 - Present |
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Gobroon dynasty 1690's - 1890's
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Yoruba Kingdom West Africa 1400 - Present |
Angoche sultanate 1485 - 1910
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Ngazidja (Grande Comore) 1480's - 1900's
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Bamum Kingdom 1394 - 1884 |
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Buganda Kingdom Lake Victoria area 1380's - 1894 |
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Gujarat Kingdom 1297 - 1947 |
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Warsangali Sultanate 1290's - 1884 |
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Abyssinian Empire 1270 - 1974 |
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1137 - 1975 Ethiopian Empire |
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Benin Kingdom West Africa 1180 - 1897 |
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Kanem-Bornu Kingdom West Africa 1075 - 1846 |
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Kongo Empire 1100 - 1884 |
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Bijapur dynasti (Adilshahi) 1490 - 1686
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Luba Kingdom Central Africa 1585 - 1889 |
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Deccan Sultanates 1527 - 1686 |
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Bunyoro Kingdom Lake Victoria area 1520 - 1899 |
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Saadi dynasty in Morocco 1509 - 1659 |
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Mandara Kingdom 1715 - 1902 |
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Bibemi Kingdom 1770 - 1910 |
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Ajuuraan State 1300's - 1600's |
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Mandara Kingdom 1715 - 1902 |
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Dahomey Kingdom West Africa 1600 - 1900 |
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Ashante Kingdom West Africa 1600 - Present |
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West Africa
- 1075 - 1846 Kanem-Bornu Kingdom West Africa |
- 1100 - 1884 Kongo Empire |
East Africa
- 1137 - 1975 Ethiopian Empire
|
Benin Kingdom
1180 - 1897
-
- 1235 - 1610 Mali Empire (Keita Dynasty) West Africa |
- 1290's - 1884 Warsangali Sultanate
- |
- 1300's - 1500's Bengal Sultanate
- |
Kitara Kingdom
1300's - 1500's
- Lake Victoria area |
Mali Empire
1300's - 1600's
- |
Ajuuraan State
1300's - 1600's
- |
Songhai Empire
1340 - 1591
- West Africa |
Buganda Kingdom
1380's - 1894
- Lake Victoria area |
- 1394 - 1884 Bamum Kingdom
- |
Yoruba Kingdom
1400 - Present
- West Africa |
- 1415 - 1555 Adal Sultanate
- |
Ngazidja Kingdom
1480's - 1900's
- (Grande Comore) |
Angoche sultanate
1485 - 1910
- |
Bijapur dynasti
1490 - 1686
- (Adilshahi) |
Bijapur dynasti 1490 - 1686
- Adilshahi) |
Askiya Dynasty
1493 - 1591
- of Songhai Empire West Africa |
Mandara Kingdom
1499 - 1902
- Cameroon |
Mayotte Kingdom
1500 - 1832
- |
- 1500's Sakalava Kingdom Madagaskar
Igala Kingdom
1500's - 1901
- |
Kasanze Kingdom
1500 - 1648
- |
Kingdom of Koya
1505 -1896
- |
Saadi dynasty
1509 - 1659
- in Morocco |
Kingdom of Ndongo
1510's - 1671
- Angola |
Denanke Kingdom
1514 - 1776
- |
Great Fulo Empire
1514 - 1776
- Senegal Tekrur
262 yrs |
Central Africa
- 1520 - 1899 Bunyoro Kingdom Lake Victoria are
- 1585 - 1889 Luba Kingdom Central Africa |
Kingdom of Baguirmi
1522 - 1897
- |
Deccan Sultanates
1527 - 1686
- |
Kingdom of Baol
1555 - 1874
- C Senegal |
Kingdom of Garo
1567 - 1883
- Ethiopia |
Aussa Sultanate
1577 - 1672
- |
Kingdom of Matamba
1530 - 1800's
- |
Cayor Kingdom
1549 - 1879
- |
Kingdom of Whydah
1550's - 1850's
- Benin Slave trading post exported some thousand slaves a month |
Kingdom of Luba
1585 - 1889
- |
Kasa Kingdom
1590's - 1710's
- Senegal conquered by Kaabu |
Dendi Kingdom
1591 - 1901
- |
|
Ashante Kingdom
1600 - Present
- West Africa |
Dahomey Kingdom
1600 - 1900
- West Africa |
Rwanda Kingdom
1600 - 1920's
- Central Africa Lake Victoria area |
Lunda Kingdom
1665 - 1887
- in Central Africa |
Burundi Kingdom
1680 - 1885
-
Central Africa Lake Victoria area |
East Africa
- 1600's - 1700's Marehan Sultanate
- 1600's Tsitambala Kingdom in Madagaskar
- 1676 - 1912 Ndazidja (Grande Comore)
- 1688 - 1870 Pate Sultanate
- 1690's - 1890's Gobroon dynasty |
1600's Tsitambala Kingdom
- East Africa in Madagaskar
|
Ndazidja Kingdom
1676 - 1912
- East Africa Grande Comore
|
Pate Sultanate 1688 - 1870
- East Africa
|
Gobroon dynasty
1690's - 1890's
- East Africa |
North Africa
- 1631 - 1912 Alaouite dynasty in Morocco |
Kasanje Kingdom
1620 - 1910
- |
Anziku Kingdom
1620's - 1875
- Republic of Congo |
Kuba Kingdom
1625 - 1900
- |
Ouaddai Kingdom
1635 - 1912
- |
Kénédougou Kingdom
1650 - 1898
- |
Ashanti Empire
1670 - 1902 372
- Kumasi West Africa |
|
East Africa
- 1700's - 1875 Majeerteen |
West Africa
- 1715 - 1902 Mandara Kingdom
- 1770 - 1910 Bibemi Kingdom |
North Africa
- 1731 Rosetta stone discovered
- 1750 - 1977 Amenokal |
Central Africa
- 1731 - 1890's Damagaram
|
Dosso Kingdom
1750 - 1890's
- SW Nigeria |
- 1788 African Association formed to explore interior of Africa
- 1798 France invades Egypt |
- 1806 - 1807 Ashanti-Fante War Ashanti Empire
British Empire Fante Confederacy
Dutch Empire Ghana
- 1807 - 1818 Mtetwa Empire Expansion Mtetwa Paramountcy Other Tribes South Africa
- 1810 - 1817 Merina Conquest of Madagascar Merina Kingdom
British Empire France
- 1810 - 1818 Amadu's Jihad Forces of Seku Amadu Bamana Empire Niger
- 1810 - 1813 Lamu Expansion Lamu
Oman Paté Tribes Kenya
Southern Africa
- 1810 Seizure of Cape Colony
- 1816 - 1828 Shaka Zulu
- Shaka Zulu 1987
- Shaka Zulu: Last Great Warrior 2005 |
- 1800's Akwa Akpa NE Nigeria
Austrian Empire
1804 - 1867
- Vienna Austria 63 years preceded by Holy Roman Empire |
- 1814 - 1816 Ashanti–Akim–Akwapim War Ashanti Empire Akwapim Tribes
Akim Tribes West Africa
- 1815 Temne-Susu War Kingdom of Koya Susu Tribes Sierra Leon
- 1817 - 1819 Ndwandwe–Zulu War Forces of Shaka Zulu Forces of King Zwide
Zulu kingdom
1818 - 1897 79
- Shaka forms West Zimbabwe & South Africa KwaBulawayo later Ulundi |
- 1818 - 1828 Zulu Wars of Conquest Zulu Kingdom Other remnants of Mtetwa Paramountcy
- 1821 Sierra Leone, Gambia & Gold Coast are combined to form British West Africa
-
Liberia founded for freed US slaves
- 1823 - 1831 First Anglo-Ashanti War United Kingdom Ashanti Empire West Africa
- 1826 Seku Ahmadu conquers Timbuktu
Mwali Sultanate
1830 - 1909
- Moheli |
- 1832 - 1833 First Turko-Egyptian War Egypt Ottoman Empire
Russian Empire
- 1834 - 1836 The 6th Xhosa War South Africa British Empire
Free Khoikhoi Xhosa Tribes
- 1835 Boers start Great Trek
- 1838 Zulu-Boer War' Battle of Blood River Voortrekkers Zulu kingdom
- 1844 First Franco-Moroccan War France Morocco
- 1846 - 1847 7th Xhosa War War of Axe British Empire Xhosa Tribes South Africa
- 1852 - 56 Livingstone crosses Africa |
- 1853 - 1902 Cecil Rhodes
- Rhodes of Africa 1936
- Rhodes 1996 TV |
- 1855 Discovery of source of Nile
- Mountains of Moon 1990
-
Livingstone is first European to see Victoria falls
Yeke Kingdom
1856 - 1891
- |
Witu Sultanate 1858 - 1923
- |
- 1880 - 1881 Basuto Gun War Basotho Tribes Cape Colony
- 1880 - 1881 First Boer War South African Republic British Empire
- 1884 Khartoum seige
- Khartoum 1966
- 1886 Tunisia becomes French protectorate
- 1897 Zulu War
- Zulu Dawn 1979
- Zulu 1964 |
- 1800s
- Chocolat 1989
- Noirs et blancs en couleur (Black & White in Color) 1976
- Coup de Torchon (Clean Slate) 1975
- 1874 Gold Coast becomes colony
- 1875 Britain buys Suez canal shares
- 1879 Zulu war
- 1879 Anglo-Zulu War British Empire
Colony of Natal Zulu Kingdom
- 1880 first boer war
- 1881 French occupation of Tunisia France Tunisia
- 1881 - 1899 Mahdist War Egypt
British Empire
Italy
Belgium Mahdist Sudan
- 1883 - 1885 First Madagascar expedition France Merina dynasty of Madagascar
Hobyo Sultanate
1880's - 1915
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- 1883 Germans take SW Africa
- 1890 First Franco-Dahomean War Kingdom of Porto-Novo
France Dahomey
- 1892 - 1894 Second Franco-Dahomean War France Dahomey Benin
- 1893 - 1894 First Rif War Kingdom of Spain Moroccan Rif Confederacy
- 1893 - 1894 First Matabele War United Kingdom
British South Africa Police
Tswana people Northern Ndebele people
- 1894 - 1896 Fourth Anglo-Ashanti War United Kingdom Ashanti Empire Ghana
- 1894 - 1895 Second Madagascar expedition France Merina dynasty of Madagascar
- 1895 - 1896 First Italo-Ethiopian War Ethiopia
Eritrean Rebels/Remnants of army Kingdom of Italy
- 1894 Uganda becomes protectorate
- 1896 Sudan war
Dar al Kuti
1897 - Present
- |
- 1893 French colonise Ivory Coast
- 1896 - 1897 Second Matabele War United Kingdom
British South Africa Police Northern Ndebele people
Shona people
- 1898 - 1900 Voulet-Chanoine Mission France Regions claimed in Central Africa
- 1899 - 1901 Boxer Rebellion Eight-Nation Alliance
Empire of Japan
Russian Empire
British Empire
French Third Republic
United States
German Empire
Kingdom of Italy
Austria-Hungary Righteous Harmony Society
Qing Empire of China
- 1899 - 1902 Second Boer War British Empire Orange Free State
South African Republic
Foreign volunteers
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South Africa
- 1899 - 1902 Boer War
- Untamed 1955
- Breaker Morant 1980 |
- 1903 Britain takes Sokoto & ends Fulani Empire
East Africa
- 1900s Kenya
- Ghost & Darkness 1996
- Flame Trees of Thika 1982
- Out of Africa 1985 |
North Africa
- 1912 Italy conquers Libya |
West Africa
- 1914 occupation of German West African colonies |
East Africa
- 1918 British East Africa becomes Kenya |
North Africa
- 1922 Egyptian Independence
-
Tutankhamun's tomb opened |
South Africa
- 1924 Northern Rhodesia becomes a protectorate
- 1934 Purified National Party advocates Apharteid in South Africa |
- 1934 - 36 Suppression of Ghanese radicals |
East Africa
- 1935 Italian invasion of Ethiopia |
South Africa
- 1936 Restriction of representation of Black South Africans |
| - 1941 Ethiopia captured by Commonwealth troops |
- 1945 Pan-African conference
- 1948 Afrikaner National Party win power in South Africa |
- 1952 Mau Mau rebellion in Kenya |
- 1952 - 60 rebellion in Kenya
- Something of Value 1957
- Kitchen Toto 1987
- Hemingway, Hunter of Death 2001
- Snows of Kilimanjaro 1952
- 1954 Withdrawal from Sudan
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- 1954 Troops removed from Egypt
- 1956 Suez crisis |
- 1957 Ghana Malay states become independent
- 1960 Belgian Congo gains independence
- British Somaliland & Nigeria become
- 1961 Sierra Leone, Tanganyika & British Cameroons become independent
- 1961 South Africa leaves Commonwealth |
- 1963 Kenya & Zanzibar become independent
- 1964 Northern Rhodesia Zambia, Nyasaland, Malawi, become independent
- Malta becomes independent
- 1965 Southern Rhodesia declares unilateral independence
- 1966 Botswana, Lesotho & Gambia all gain independence
- 1968 Mauritius & Swaziland gain Independence
- 1972 Asians expelled from Uganda
- 1976 Seychelles Independent
Central African Empire
1976 - 79
- Central African Republic Bangui President Jean-Bédel Bokassa declared himself Emperor Bokassa I. |
- 1979 Rhodesian settlement reached |
- 1980 New Hebrides, Vanunu; Zimbabwean Independence
- 1984 Brunei Independent
- 1985 Britain isolated in Commonwealth over South African sanctions
- 1986 US bombing of Libya
- 1990 South West Africa becomes Independent Namibia
-
Nelson Mandela freed
- 1995 - 96 Chad civil war
- Daresalam 2000 |
- 1995 Nigeria suspended from Commonwealth
- 1996 South Africa rejoins Commonwealth |
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1600's |
1700's |
1800's |
1900's |
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1800's |
1900's |
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Zunghar Khanate in Mongolia |
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Russian Empire 1721 - 1917 |
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Dhali Llamas
- 1475 - 1542 Gendrun Drup
- 1543 - 88 Sonam Gyatso |
The Golden Horde
1401 - 1502
- 1499 - 1502 Murtada
- 1502 Shaykh Ahmad |
Grand Princes of Moscow 1283 - 1547 264
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- 1510's Uzbeks move south to Transoxiana under Abu al-Khayr 1413 - 69
- 1500 Uzbeks cross Syr Darya river & enter Transoxiana
- 1502 Golden Horde is destroyed by Crimean Khanate
- Portuguese settled in India.
- 1504 Babur conquers Kabul
- 1505 Shaybanid Horde (Uzbeks) under Muhammad Shaybani expel Timurids from Transoxiana & capture Samarkand
- 1506 Uzbek Shaybanids capture Bukhara (Uzbekistan) & Herat (Afghanistan), bringing to an end Timurid dynasty & forcing Babur to flee
- 1510 Uzbek khan Muhammad Shaybani dies in battle against Safavids at Merv
- 1514 under eastern Chagataid Khan Sayid capital moves from Ili to Kashgar
- 1522 Babur captures Kandahar
- 1526 Babur captures Delhi from Ibrahim, sultan of Delhi, & founds Mogul empire in India
- 1530 Babur dies & his son Humayun succeeds him
- 1538 Abdullah Shaybanid II expands Shaybanid (Uzbek) empire & moves capital to Bukhara
- 1540 Babur's son Humayun loses empire to Afghan Leader Sher Shah & goes into exile in Persia
- 1543 Dayan dies & Mongol empire disintegrates again
- 1544 - 1584 Ivan Terrible
- Ivan Terrible, Part I 1943 Part II 1946
- Tsar Ivan Grozny 1993 |
- 1552 Russian conquers khanate of Kazan
- 1555 Mogul king Humayun reconquers India
- 1556 Russian conquers khanate of Astrakhan
- Mogul king Humayun dies & his son Akbar greatest prince of India began his 49-year reign.
- 1578 Altan Khan converts to Buddhism
- 1598 Abdullah Shaybanid II of Uzbeks dies & Astrakhanid dynasty inherits power in Transoxiana, retaining in Bukhara
Khans of Crimea
- 1500 Uzbeks capture Samarkand under Muhammad Shaybani Khan 1451 - 1510, thus taking over Transoxiana from Timurids.
- 1501 - 11 Babur & Uzbeks continuously battle to control Samarkand.
- 1502 final collapse of Golden Horde at hands of khan of Crimean Tatar Khanate.
- beginning of Safavid dynasty in Persia.
- 1504 Babur establishes himself in Kabul.
- 1506 Uzbeks capture Bukhara.
- 1507 Uzbeks capture Herat, bringing to an end Timurid dynasty.
- 1510 Muhammad Shaybani Khan is killed in Battle of Merv against Shah Ismail, Safavid ruler, resulting in establishment of Shaybanid dynasty in Transoxiana, with capital in Samarkand, but political power increasingly centered in Bukhara.
- rise of Khojas in Kashgar, later split into Aq-Taghliqs (white-caps) & Qara-Taghliqs (black-caps).
- 1514 - 33 rule of Eastern Chagatayid Khan Sayid, under whom capital moves from Ili to Kashgar.
- 1517 Ottomans defeat Mamlukes, thus adding Egypt to their Empire.
- 1522 Babur captures Qandahar.
- 1526 Babur captures Delhi & founds Moghul Empire in India.
- 1552 Ivan IV (the Terrible, reigned 1533 - 84) subjugates Kazan Khanate.
- 1556 Ivan IV defeats Astrakhan Khanate.
- 1557 - 98 reign of last & greatest Shaybanid ruler in Bukhara, Abdullah Khan II (1533 - 98).
- 1558 - 59 first Russian commercial contacts with Transoxiana under Anthony Jenkinson.
- 1563 - 98 The reign of last Shaybanid ruler of Siberian Khanate, Kuchum Khan.
- 1570 height of Oyrat Mongol power in Jungaria & Mongolia.
- 1571 Crimean Tatars sack Moscow.
- 1584 Yermak, Russian Cossack leader, defeats Kuchum Khan at Battle of Tobol River.
- 1590s Kazakh Empire divides into three hordes: Great Horde (east), Middle Horde (center), & Lesser Horde(west).
- 1598 Astrakhanid dynasty, related to Shaybanids by marriage, inherits power in Transoxiana, with their power base in Khanate of Bukhara. |
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Dhali Llamas
- 1589 - 1617 Yonten Gyatso
- 1617 - 82 Ngawang Lobsong Gyatso
- 1683 - 1706 Tsangyang Gyatso |
- 1600's - 1756 Zunghar Khanate in Mongolia |
- 1619 Shaybanid (Uzbek) khan Yalangtush Bahador begins construction of Sher Dor madrasa in Samarkand's Registan
- 1619 - 21 first diplomatic contacts between Moscow & Bukhara.
- 1635 - 1911 Mongolia under Qing rule |
- 1643 Oyrats who stayed in Jungaria conquer Semirechye.
- 1644 Manchu Qing dynasty is established in China.
- 1645 Russians reach Pacific Ocean.
- 1646 Uzbeks begin construction of Tilla Kari madrasa in Samarkand's Registan
- 1680s Clashes between Russian & Chinese troops in Manchuria.
- 1680 - 1718 rule of Khan Teuke over reunited Kazakh hordes. |
- 1682 - 1725 Peter Great
- Peter Great 1986
- 1687 end of Shaybanid rule in Khiva.
- 1689 Treaty of Nerchinsk between Russia & China ends border clashes in Manchuria.
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Dhali Llamas
- 1708 - 57 Kelzang Gyatso
- 1758 - 1804 Jamphel Gyatso |
- 1707 Death of Moghul emperor Aurangzeb leads to end of Moghul rule in India
- 1710 - 11 War with Ottoman Empire
- 1710s Oyrat raids on Kazakhs.
- 1715 first Russian military expedition to Kazakh Steppe under Peter Great.
- 1717 first Russian military expedition to Khiva ends in a massacre of Tsarist troops.
- 1718 Oyrats defeat Kazakh Middle Horde north of Lake Balkash.
- 1721 French & English East India companies become serious rivals in India
- 1722 Afghans invade Persia, bringing to an end Safavid dynasty.
- Treaty of Kiakhta defines Russian Chinese border
- 1724 Asaf Jah retires from Moghul empire to become Independent ruler of Hyderabad
- 1723 - 25 Kalmuk & Oyrat raids into northern Transoxiana.
- 1729 Nadir Qoli Beg (later Nadir Shah) drives Afghans out of Persia.
- 1731 Kazakh Lesser Horde accepts Russian protection.
- 1732 Nadir Qoli Beg takes Herat.
- 1734/35 founding of Russian fort at Orenburg.
- 1739 Nadir Shah takes Ghazna & Kabul & occupies Delhi.
- 1740 Kazakh Middle Horde accepts Russian protection.
- Astrakhanid dynasty collapses
- 1740 - 47 invasion & subsequent domination of Transoxiana by Nadir Shah. |
- 1742 Part of Kazakh Great Horde accepts Russian protection.
- 1747 establishment of Durrani dynasty in Afghanistan.
- Uzbek Mangit dynasty begins to rise to power in Khanate of Bukhara.
- Chinese defeat Oyrats in Jungaria.
- 1759 Chinese conquer Tarim Basin, resulting in Khojas fleeing to Kokand.
- 1762 - 96 Catherine Great
- Young Catherine 1991
- Scarlet Empress 1934
- Catherine Great 1934
- Catherine Great 2000
- Tempest 1959 |
- 1763 Uzbek Kungrat dynasty begins to rise to power in Khanate of Khiva (or Khorezm).
- 1768 Eastern (Chinese) Turkestan is officially renamed "Xinjiang" by Chinese.
- 1771 Chinese attempt to bring Kazakhs into a vassal relationship.
- Some Kalmuks migrate back to Jungaria & Ili Valley from Volga.
- 1775 Pugachev uprising
- Captain's Daughter 2000
- 1782 - 83 The Crimean Tatar Khanate is absorbed by Russia.
- 1784 - 85 The Mangits succeed Astrakhanids as rulers of Khanate of Bukhara & adopt title of Emir.
- 1798 establishment of Uzbek Khanate of Kokand.
- 1799 Tippoo Saib, last Sultan of India killed. English, after long wars, controled India.
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- 1801 - 1849 Sikh
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Dhali Llamas
- 1805 - 15 Lungtok Gyatso
- 1816 - 37 Tsultrim Gyatso
- 1838 - 56 Khendrup Gyatso
- 1857 - 75 trinley Gyatso |
- 1804 Kungrats (in Khiva) adopt title of Khan.
- 1820 - 28 The Khojas revolt against Chinese rule in Altishahr (the Tarim Basin).
- 1820s - 40s Kazakh revolts against Russian rule.
- 1822 Khanate of Kazakh Middle Horde is abolished by Russia.
- 1824 Khanate of Kazakh Lesser Horde is abolished by Russia.
- 1826 establishment of Barakzai (or Mohammadzai) dynasty in Afghanistan.
- 1838 - 47 Kazakh resistance to Russian rule under Kenesary Kasimov
- 1802 - 47 Kenesary Kasimov
- 1839 - 42 The First Anglo-Afghan War results in British capturing Kabul & Qandahar.
- 1842 imprisonment & execution of Stoddart & Conolly by Emir Nasrullah of Bukhara.
- 1843 - 47 revolt of Six Khojas in Altishahr.
- 1848 Khanate of Kazakh Great Horde is abolished by Russia.
- 1850 - 64 The Taiping Rebellion in China.
- 1854 founding of Alma-Ata (then called Fort Vernoe) by Russians.
- 1855 Russia is defeated in Crimean War.
- Kazakhstan comes fully under Russian control, who now hold Syr Darya line (from Aral Sea to Lake Issyk Kul).
- 1855 - 73 Muslim rebellions in Yunnan & Shaanxi provinces in China. |
- 1857 Khojas revolt in Altishahr.
- 1857 - 60 Second Opium War, again resulting in China's defeat.
- 1861 Russia abolishes Serfdom
- 1863 Uprising against Russians
- On Banks of Niemen 1986
- 1864 Yaqub Beg 1820 - 77 establishes an independent state in Altishahr.
- 1865 Russians create Province of Turkestan.
- Russians capture Tashkent.
- 1867 Russians create Governorate-General of Turkestan, with Tashkent as its capital.
- 1868 Russians create Governorate-General of Kazakh Steppe, with Orenburg as its capital.
- Russians capture Samarkand.
- Khanate of Bukhara becomes a Russian protectorate.
- 1869 Russians establish a fort at Krasnovodsk on Caspian Sea.
- 1871 Russian forces occupy Ili Valley.
- 1873 Khanate of Khiva becomes a Russian protectorate.
- 1876 Khanate of Kokand is annexed by Russia.
- Chinese begin their reconquest of Xinjiang.
- 1877 Queen Victoria is proclaimed "Empress of India."
- Yaqub Beg dies of poisoning.
- 1878 Kashgar falls to Chinese, under Tso Tsung-t'ang.
- Congress of Berlin halts further Russian advancement into Afghanistan.
- 1878 - 80 The Second Anglo-Afghan War.
- 1880 Transcaspian Railroad is begun.
- 1881 Russian slaughter of Turkmens at Battle of Gok-Tepe, resulting in creation of Transcaspian province.
- Treaty of St. Petersburg between Russia & China results in return of Ili Valley to China.
- 1884 Russians introduce American cotton into Turkestan.
- Russians occupy Merv oasis, thus completing conquest of Turkestan.
- Xinjiang officially becomes a Chinese province.
- 1885 Muslim revolt in Ferghana Valley against Tsarist rule.
- Trans-Caspian Railroad reaches Mary (Merv).
- 1887 border between Afghanistan & Russian Turkestan is determined by British & Russians.
- 1888 Trans-Caspian Railroad reaches Samarkand.
- 1890 - 92 Mass immigration of Russian & Ukrainian settlers into Kazakh steppe.
- 1891 Trans-Siberian railway begun
- 1892 Riots in Tashkent due to a cholera epidemic.
- 1898 Muslim uprising in Andijan against Russians. |
Dhali Llamas
- 1876 - 1933 Thubten Gyatso
- 1935 Tenzin Gyatso |
- 1900 Russia annexes eastern Pamirs.
- 1905 1905 Russian Revolution.
- Russo-Japanese War.
- 1906 completion of Orenburg-Tashkent Railroad, linking Turkestan to European Russia.
- 1909 founding of Young Bukharans in Bukhara
- 1911 - 19 Outer Mongolia (Bogd Khanate)
.
- 1917 Bolshevik Party affirms it support of right of all nations within Russia to separate & form independent states.
- First Central Asian Muslim Congress in Tashkent demands cessation of Russian colonization & return of confiscated lands.
- Bolshevik "October" Revolution in Russia, resulting in Tashkent Soviet seizing power from Tashkent Committee.
- Third Regional Congress of Soviets in Tashkent decides to exclude Muslims from local government.
- Fourth Central Asian Muslim Congress in Kokand results in creation of Muslim Provisional Government of Autonomous Turkestan.
- 1918 Muslim government in Kokand is crushed by Tashkent Soviet & Red Army, resulting in slaughter of many Muslims.
- Russian Civil War begins.
- Turkestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (ASSR) is established
- 1919 Third Congress of Communist Party of Turkestan decides to exclude Muslims from government posts in Turkestan.
- 1919 - 21 Occupation of Mongolia
- 1920 Reds emerge victorious in Russian
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Soviet troops capture Khiva, resulting in abolition of Khanate of Khiva & end of Kungrat dynasty.
- Alash Orda government gives up resistance to Bolsheviks.
- People's Republic of Khorezm (Khiva) is established under leadership of Young Khivans.
- Kazakh (then called Kirghiz) ASSR is created.
-
Soviet troops capture Bukhara, resulting in abolition of Khanate of Bukhara & end of Mangit dynasty.
- People's Republic of Bukhara is established under leadership of Young Bukharans & Bukharan Communist Party, with Faizullah Khojaev 1896 -1938 as chairman & then premier.
- 1922 Turkish nationalists, under Mustafa Kemal (Atatürk) abolish Ottoman Sultanate.
- Union of Soviet Socialist Republics is created, with Turkestan & Kirghiz (Kazakh) ASSRs included as parts of Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic (RSFSR).
- 1922 - 53 Stalin
- Utomlyonnye solntsem (Burnt by Sun) 1994
- Inner Circle 1991
- Csend és kiáltás (Silence & Cry) 1967 soldiers
- A Tanú (The Witness) 1969
- Animal Farm 1955 1999
- East/West 1999 |
- 1923 Republic of Turkey is proclaimed, with Mustafa Kemal as its first president.
- 1924 death of Lenin & subsequent rise of Stalin to full power in USSR.
-
Mustafa Kemal abolishes Ottoman Caliphate.
- 1928 Soviet anti-Islamic campaign launched, resulting in disbanding of Islamic courts and waqfs.
- 1928-30 Latin script replaces Arabic alphabet in Soviet Central Asia.
- 1928 - 33 forced collectivization of Soviet Central Asians.
- 1930 completion of Turkestan-Siberian Railroad.
- 1937 - 38 Stalin purges Muslim Communist leaders.
- 1939 - 40 Cyrillic script replaces Latin Alphabet in Soviet Central Asia.
- 1939 Trotsky Assasination
- Assassination of Trotsky 1972
- Frida 2000 |
- 1942 Soviet government grants Islam official legal status in USSR & establishes four Spiritual Directorates.
- 1944 forced evacuation of Crimean Tatars, Meskhetian Turks, & other Caucasian Muslims to Soviet Central Asia.
- 1953 death of Stalin & subsequent rise of Khrushchev.
- 1962 Mass exodus of Kazakhs from Xinjiang to Soviet Central Asia.
-
Border clashes between Chinese & Indian forces in Kashmir.
- 1965 Indo Pakistan war |
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1600's |
1700's |
1800's |
1900's |
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Safavid Dynasty in Iran 1501 - 1732 |
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Ottoman Empire 1281 - 1923 |
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Caliphs of Cairo
1261 - 1517
- 1497 - 1508 13 Al-Mustamsik
- 1508 - 1517 9 Al-Mutawakkil III (surrendered title to Selim I, below) |
Ziyyanid dynasty
1235 - 1556
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- 1500 Moors in Granada revolt over forced conversions but are suppressed by Ferdinand of Aragon.
- 1505 Timurid prince Babur enters India, founds Mughal dynasty
- 1509 - 1512 Ottoman Civil War Forces of Selim I
Forces of Bayezid II
Janissaries Forces of Ahmed
- 1512 Ottoman sultan Beyazid II dies & is succeeded by his son, Selim I. Selim would become first Ottoman caliph & would double size of Ottoman empire, mostly in Asia & Africa.
- 1514 Ottomans defeat Safavids at Battle of Chaldiran
- 1516 Portuguese under Alburquerque takes Harmuz on Persian Gulf
- 1516 - 1517 Ottoman sultan Selim conquers Syria, Egypt & Arabia including holy cities of Mecca & Medina
- 1516 Ottoman Turks overthrow Mamluk Dynasty of Egypt & capture most of country.
- 1517 Holy League created. union of several European powers, Christian fighting force designed to combat growing threat of Turkish expansion.
- Martin Luther’s 95 Theses at Wittemberg
- 1520 - 66 Rule of Suleyman Magnificent - high point of Ottoman Empire |
- 1520 Ottomans capture Belgrade
- 1522 Ottomans capture Rhodes
- 1526 Ottomans defeat Hungarians at Mohacs
- Battle of Mohacs: Suleiman Magnificent defeats Louis II of Hungary after just two hours of fighting, leading to Ottoman annexation of much of Hungary.
- 1528 Ottomans capture Buda
- 1529 Ottomans besiege Vienna
- Turkish calvary arrive at Bavarian town of Regensburg. farthest West Turkish forces ever reach.
-
Suleiman Magnificent sets off with 250,000 soldiers to lay siege to Vienna, capital of Charles V's Holy Roman Empire. gives up against 16,000 defenders.
- 1535 Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, lands in Tunisia & sacks Tunis.
- 1537 Imperial troops under Charles V sack Rome.
- 1550 - 1557 Suleymaniye complex built in Istanbul |
- 1541 Construction of walls surrounding Old City of Jerusalem is completed.
- 1556 Russians capture Tartar city of Astrakhan, far south along Volga river, giving them access to Caspian Sea.
- 1558 Accession of Elizabeth I of England
- English defeat Spanish Armada
- 1590 - 1600 Safavids move capital to Isfahan |
- 1565 Reinforcement from Sicily finally arrive at Malta, demoralizing Turkish troops & inciting them to abandon siege of remaining Christian forts.
- 1566 Sultan Selim II gives Janissaries permission to marry.
- 1570 Luis de Requesens, vice-admiral for king Philip II of Austria, leads a campaign into Alpujarras that ends Morisco uprising by devastating entire countryside.
-
A royal council in Spain decides to deal with Moriscos by deporting them out of Grenada & scattering them all around Spain.
- 1571 Battle of Lepanto (Aynabakhti): Muslim Turks commanded by Ali Pasha defeated in Gulf of Corinth by alliance of European forces. biggest naval battle in world since Battle of Actium in 31 BCE. Turks lose at least 200 ships, devastating their naval forces. morale of European Christians is significantly raised while that of Turks & Muslims is lowered. At least 30,000 soldiers & sailors die in about three hours, more casualties than in any other naval battle in history. battle does not, however, result in any major territorial or political shifts.
- 1578 Battle of al-Aqsr al-Kabir: Moroccans defeat Portuguese, ending latter's military excursions into Africa
- 1585 Ottoman Empire signs a peace treaty with Spain. This would hinder Ottomans from answering calls for help from Queen Elizabeth I of England. Elizabeth had hoped to get Ottomans to send several dozen galleys to aid in defense of England against Spanish Armada. |
- 1620 Pilgrims arrive in Massachussets
- 1647 Mughal emperor Shah Jahan builds Taj Mahal at Agra
- 1683 Ottomans defeated at second siege of Vienna
- 1699 Treaty of Carlowitz; first permanent loss of Ottoman territory
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- 1709 Ghilzai defeat Persian empire - Afghanistan no longer obedient to Persia
- 1735 Persians defeat Ottomans at Baghavand
- 1736 - 1747 Nadhar Qoli Khan NaderShah, Sultan, Hakem-ol Hokama, Hazrat-e Ashraf1698–1747son of Imam Qoli AfsharBefore crowning his title was Tahmasp Qoli Khan
- 1747 - 1748 Ali Qoli Adel Shah 1713 - 1748 Nephew of Nader
- 1748 - 1748 Ebrahim Shah 1724 - 1748 brother of Adel
- 1748 - 1760 Shahrokhson of Reza Qoli Mirza 1730 - 1796 son of Nader. His mother was Fatemeh Soltan Beigom daughter of Sultan Hossein I Safavi |
- 1739 Shah invades India & sacks Delhi
Zand Dynasty Persia Shiraz 1750 - 1794 44
- 1760 - 1779 Mohammad Karim Khan, Vakil e-Ra'aayaa 1705 - 1779
- 1779 - 1779 Abolfat'h Khan, Vakil e-Ra'aayaa 1755 - 1787
- 1779 - 1781 Mohammad Ali Khan, Vakil e-Ra'aayaa 1760 - 1779
- 1781 - 1785 Ali Morad Khan, Vakil e-Ra'aayaa 1720 - 1785
- 1785 - 1789 Ja'far Khan, Vakil e-Ra'aayaa 1698 - 1747
- 1789 - 1794 Lotf Ali Khan, Vakil e-Ra'aayaa 1769 - 1794 |
Qajar Dynasty Persia Tehran 1794 - 1925 131
- 1794 - 1797 Agha Mohammad Khan Mohammad Khan, Shah, Khaqan 1742 - 1797 Son of Mohammad Hassan Khan Qajar
- 1797 - 1834 Baba Khan Fat'h Ali Shah, Khaqan, Soltane Saheb Qaran 1772 - 1834 son of Hosein Qoli Khan Jahansuz brother of Mohammad |
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- 1805 - 1811 Egyptian Revolution
part of Napoleonic Wars Albanian forces of Muhammad Ali Ottoman Empire
Mamluk Forces Ottomans & Mamluks also fought each other
- 1807 - 1808 Janissaries' Revolt Ottoman Empire Janissaries
- 1839 - 1842 First Anglo-Afghan War Emirate of Afghanistan British Empire
- 1838 - 4 First Afghan war starts
- Lives of a Bengal Lancer 1935
- 1876 Victoria becomes Empress of India
-
Famine in India
- 1877 Second Afghan war
- 1878 - 1880 Second Anglo-Afghan War British Empire
India Afghanistan
Qajar Dynasty Persia Tehran 1794 - 1925 131
- 1797 - 1834 Baba Khan Fat'h Ali Shah, Khaqan, Soltane Saheb Qaran 1772 - 1834 son of Hosein Qoli Khan Jahansuz brother of Mohammad
- 1834 - 1848 MohammadShah, Khaqan 1808 - 1848 son of Abbas Mirza Nayeb os-Saltaneh son of Fat'h Ali
- 1848 - 1848 Mahd-e OliaMahd-e Olia 1814 - 1888 wife of Mohammad Regent
- 1848 - 1896 Naser ed-DinShah, Khaqan, Soltane Saheb Qaran 1831 - 1896 son of Mohammad & Mahd-e Olia
- 1896 - 1907 Mozaffar ed-DinShah, Khaqan 1853 - 1907 son of Naser ed-Din |
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- 1906 Revolution in Iran
- 1913 Turkey loses most of European lands
- 1916 Balfour declaration promises Palestine to Jews
- 1918 Palestine becomes British mandate
- 1923 End of Ottoman Empire
- Harem Suare (Last Harem) 1998
- Lawrence of Arabia 1962 |
Imperial State of Iran Persia Tehran Was last Imperial dynasty of Iran.
- 1925 - 1941Reza Shahanshah 1878 - 1944 Son of Abbas Ali Deposed
- 1941 - 1979 Mohammad Reza Shahanshah, Ariamehr, Bozorg Arteshtaran, Khodaygan 1919 - 1980 son of Reza Deposed |
- 1932 Saudi Arabia & Iraqi Independence
- 1937 Arab Jewish conflict in Palestine
- 1947 Indian Independence
- Lord Mountbatten - Last Viceroy 1986
- Partition of India & Pakistan
- 1948 Israel created
Algerian war 1954 - 1962
- Cache 2005
- Legionnaire 1998
- Outpost in Morocco 1949
- Rachida 2002
- Outremer 1990
- La Trahison (The Betrayal) 2005 |
- 1955 EOKA terrorist campaign in Cyprus
- 1960 OPEC formed
- 1961 Saudis take over defence of Kuwait from Britain
- 1967 Six day war
-
Aden independence
- 1971 Bahrain & Qatar become independent
- 1974 Cyprus invade d by Turkey
- 1979 USSR invades Afghanistan
- Beast 1988
- Shah if Iran overthrown
- Russia invades Afghanistan
- Beast 1988
-
1980 - 8 Iran Iraq war
- Soraya 2003
- 1982 Israel invades Lebanon
- 1990 Iraq invades Kuwait
- 1991 Gulf War
- 1993 Palestinian Israeli peace accords
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1600's |
1700's |
1800's |
1900's |
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Mughal Empire 1526 - 1857 |
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Kingdom of Kandy Sri Lanka 1581 - 1815 |
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Kingdom of Nepal 1768 - 2008 |
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Vijayanagara Empire 1336 - 1650 |
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Maratha Empire 1674 - 1820 |
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India
- 1206 - 1527 Delhi Sultanate |
Mughal Empire
1526 - 1858 332
- India, Pakistan Agra & Delhi Founded by Babur. "Mughal" is a Persian word for Mongols. |
- 1509 - 1528 from Kelaniya
- 1508 - 1528Dharma Parãkramabãhu IXfrom Kotte 1509 - 1597
- 1509 - 1521 Vijayabahu VII
- 1521 - 1551Bhuvanekabãhu VII
- 1551 - 1597Dharmapala
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Maratha Empire
1674 - 1820
- 148 yrs Raigad, then later Pune Founded by Shivaji Maharaj, also known as Maratha Confederacy. |
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- 1737 Earthquake kills 300,000 in India
- 1757 - 1763 Third Carnatic War
Part of Seven Years' War British East India Company Nawab of Bengal
French East India Company
Dutch East India Company
India
- 1764 Victory of British at Buscar secures British revenue collecting rights in Bengal |
- 1766 - 1769 First Anglo-Mysore War British East India Company Kingdom of Mysore
Kings of Nepal 1768 - 2008
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- 1769 Famine kills 10 million in Bengal |
- 1775 - 1782 First Anglo-Maratha War East India Company Maratha Confederacy
- 1799 Tippoo Saib, last Sultan of India, was killed May 4. English, after long wars, controled India. |
|
- 1802 - 1805 Second Anglo-Maratha War British East India Company Maratha Confederacy
- 1803 - 1805 First Kandyan War British Empire Kingdom of Kandy
- 1802 - 1805 Second Anglo-Maratha War British East India Company Maratha Confederacy
- 1803 - 1805 First Kandyan War British Empire Kingdom of Kandy- 1815 - 1948 British Ceylon
- 1806 - 1811 Vellore Mutiny British East India Company Vellore Sepoys
- 1810 - 1820 Punjab War British East India Company
- 1814 - 1816 Gurkha War British East India Company
Forces of Chogyal Nepal
- 1815 Second Kandyan War British Empire Kingdom of Kandy
- 1817 - 1818 Third Anglo-Maratha War British East India Company Maratha Confederacy
Kings of Nepal 1768 - 2008
|
India
- 1822 Discovery of a Tea bush growing wild in India ends Chinese monopoly of Tea |
- 1845 - 46 First Sikh War
- 1848 - 49 Second Sikh War |
- 1849 Second Anglo-Sikh War British Empire
British East India Company Sikh Empire
- 1857 - 1858 Indian Mutiny
India's First War of Independence British Empire
British East India Company
Nepal
Jammu & Kashmir
20 Princely states Sepoys of East India Company
Mughal Empire
Awadh
Jhansi
7 Princely states
- 1864 - 1865 Bhutan War British Empire
India Bhutan
- 1857 Sepoy rebellion in India
- Bengal Brigade 1954
- 1858 - 1947 British India 89 Calcutta 1858 - 1912 New Delhi 1912 - 1947 Queen Victora was proclaimed Empress of India in 1876.
- A Passage to India 1984
- Cotton Mary 1999
- Jewel in Crown 1984
- Far Pavilions 1984
- Heat & Dust / Autobiography of a Princess 1983
- Lagaan: Once Upon a Time in India 2001
- Clive of India 1935
- Thuggee cult
- Gunga Din 1939
- French Indochina
- Lover 1992 |
- 1896 - 99 Famine in India |
|
India
- 1920 Mahatma Gandhi becomes leader of Congress |
- 1930 Nehru's declaration of Indian Independence
-
Gandhi's second disobedience campaign
- Gandhi 1982 |
- 1935 Government of India act allowing limited local government
- 1948 Ghandi Assasinated
-
Ceylon becomes independent |
- 1972 Bangladesh leaves Pakistan
|
Kings of Nepal 1768 - 2008
|
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1600's |
1700's |
1800's |
1900's |
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Colonial Era of Malasia 1541 - 1945 |
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Champa Dynasties of Vietnam 192 - 1883 |
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Vientiane Kingdom in Laos |
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Bangkok Period Thailand ( 1, 2 ) 1767 - 1932 |
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Siam Empire 1350 - 1909 |
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Maguindanao Sultanate in Philipinnes 1520 - 1991 |
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Pattani Sultanate Philipines 1516 - 1771 |
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Dutch East Indies Company |
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Banten Sultanate Kingdom of Java 1527 - 1813 |
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Portuguese occupation of Indonesia 1512 - 1850 |
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Mataram Sultanate of Indonesia 1500's - 1700's |
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Champasak Kingdom in Laos 1713 - 1946 |
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Portuguese Malacca 1511 - 1641 |
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Muang Phuan Kingdom in Laos 1707 - 1949 |
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Bendahara Kingdom in Malasia 1699 - 1877 |
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Perak Kingdom & Jahor Sultanate 1528 - Present |
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Luang Phrabang Kingdom Laos 1707 - 1949 |
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Dark Ages of Laos 1707 - 1893 |
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Namayan Kingdom
? - 1571
- Philipines |
Mataram Sultanate
1500's - 1700's
- Indonesia |
Portuguese Malacca
1511 - 1641
- Malasia |
Portuguese Indonesia
1512 - 1850
-
|
Pattani Sultanate
1516 - 1771
- Philipines
|
Maguindanao Sultanate
1520 - 1991
- Philipinnes
|
Pattani Kingdom
1516 - 1771
- Malasia |
Banten Sultanate
1527 - 1813
- Java
|
Thailand
- 1528 Suriyothai
- Legend of Suriyothai 2001 |
Perak Kingdom
1528 - Present
- Malasia
|
Johor Kingdom
1528 - 1699
- Malasia
|
Jahor Sultanate
1528 - Present
- Malasia
|
- 1528 Ang Chan I moves Cambodian capital to Lovek |
- 1541 - 1945 Colonial Era |
- 1545 - 1570 Thế Tổ Minh Khang Thái Vương
- 1570 - 1623 Bình An Vương |
- 1548 - 1549 Burmese–Siamese War Kingdom of Siam
(Ayutthaya)
Portuguese mercenaries Kingdom of Burma
(Pegu)
Portuguese mercenaries
Laos
- 1551 Emerald Buddha taken to Laos |
Burma
- 1558 Burmese capture Chiang Mai |
Pajang Sultanate 1568 - 86
- in Java
|
- 1568 - 1603 Azuchi-Momoyama period of Japan |
- 1569 Burmese sack Ayutthaya
|
Mataram Kingdom
1570 - 1812
-
|
|
Thailand
- 1600 Massacre of Spanish Garrison; unstable kingdom caught between Thailand & Vietnam |
Indonesia
- 1600's - 1816 Awak Sultanate of Indonesia
- 1602 - 1800 Dutch East India Company in Indonesia |
Malasia
- 1609 - 2008 Sambas Sultanate of Malasia |
- 1610's - Present Bima Kingdom of Java
- 1630 - 1946 Asahan Sultanate in Sumatra |
Dynasty of South
1627 - 1692
- 1627 - 1651 Po Ro Me
- 1652 - 1660 Po Niga
- 1660 - 1692 Po Saut
|
- 1641 - 1824 Dutch Malacca |
Laos
- 1752 - 1823 Konbaung dynasty unifies N & S. British, French, Dutch influence |
Lanao Sultanate
1671 - Present
- Philipinnes |
Farouksharif Sultanate
1671 - 1899
- Philipinnes |
- 1690 Lan Sang splits due to internal rivalries. S. capital at Vientiane Vietnam - Trinh (N)
Nguyen (S) Burma |
Dynasty of Po Saktiraidaputih, vassal Cham rulers under Nguyễn Lords
1695 - 1822
- 1695 - 1728 Po Saktirai da putih
- 1728 - 1730 Po Ganvuh da putih
- 1731 - 1732 Po Thuttirai
- 1732 - 1735 vacant
- 1735 - 1763 Po Rattirai
- 1763 - 1765 Po Tathun da moh-rai
- 1765 - 1780 Po Tithuntirai da paguh
- 1780 - 1781 Po Tithuntirai da parang
- 1781 - 1783 vacant
- 1783 - 1786 Chei Krei Brei
- 1786 - 1793 Po Tithun da parang
- 1793 - 1799 Po Lathun da paguh
- 1799 - 1822 Po Chong Chan
|
Bendahara Kingdom
1699 - 1877
- in Malasia |
- 1570 - 1623 Bình An Vương
- 1623 - 1652 Thanh Đô Vương
- 1653 - 1682 Tây Định Vương
- 1682 - 1709 Định Nam Vương |
|
- 1707 - 1893 Dark Ages of Laos
Luang Phrabang Kingdom
1707 - 1949
- Laos
|
Vientiane Kingdom
1707 - 1828
- Laos
|
Muang Phuan Kingdom
1707 - 1949
- Laos
|
1713 - 1946 Champasak Kingdom
- Laos
|
Tetengganu Kingdom
1725 - Present
- Malasia |
Serdang Kingdom
1728 - Present
- Indonesia |
Restored Hanthawaddy Kingdom 1740 - 1757
- Burma
|
Mon Kingdom 1700's
- Burma
|
Selangor Kingdom
1745 - Present
- Malasia |
Konbaung Dynasty
1752 - 1885
- Burma |
Yogyakarta Kingdom
1755 - Present
- |
Pahang Kingdom
1756 - Present
- Malasia
|
Thailand
- 1767 - 1932 Bangkok Period ( 1, 2 )
- 1767 Burmese sack Ayutthaya again, but are driven out in 1777
|
Thonburi Kingdom
1768 - 82
- Thailand
|
Cambodia
- 1771 Tray Son Revolution
- 1778 - 1827 Viets conquer Mekong delta. Cambodia assumes roughly its modern boundary Laos : Vientiane becomes a Thai vassal state Vietnam
|
- 1778 Emerald Buddha taken back to Thailand
- 1782 Thais move capital to Bangkok ( Wat Phra Kaeo , early phase)
- 1782 - 1932 Rattanakosin Kingdom
- 1782 - 1819 King Badawpaya conquers Arakan, builds at Mingun. Mahamuni temple Thailand
|
Tay Son Dynasty
1778 - 1802 24
- Vietnam Thanglong empire is glory of Emperor Quang Trung.
- 1778 - 1793 Nguyễn NhạcThái Đức Hoàng ĐếThái Đức
- 1788 - 1792 Nguyễn HuệThái Tổ Vũ Hoàng ĐếQuang Trung
- 1792 - 1802 Nguyễn Quang ToảnCảnh Thịnh Hoàng ĐếCảnh Thịnh
|
- 1682 - 1709 Định Nam Vương
- 1709 - 1729 An Đô Vương
- 1729 - 1740 Uy Nam Vương
- 1740 - 1767 Minh Đô Vương
- 1767 - 1782 Tĩnh Đô Vương
- 1782 (2 months) Điện Đô Vương
- 1782 - 1786 Đoan Nam Vương
- 1786 - 1787 Án Đô Vương
|
|
Burma
- 1800's Burma invades Thailand
- Bang Rajan 2000
- Deceivers 1988
- Sunghursh 1968
- Sabaka 1954 |
Indonesia
- 1800 - 1942 Dutch East Indies Company in Indonesia
- 1814 - Present Deli Sultanate of Indonesia |
Nguyễn Dynasty
1802 - 1945 143
- Vietnam Phú Xuân Was last ruling Vietnamese Dynasty.
- 1802 - 1945 Nguyễn Dynasty
- 1802 - 1819 N guyễn Phúc Ánh Gia Long Nguyễn Thế Tổ
- 1820 - 1840 20 Nguyễn Phúc Đảm Minh MạngNguyễn Thánh Tổ
- 1841 - 1847 Nguyễn Phúc Miên Tông Thiệu Trị Nguyễn Hiến Tổ
- 1848 - 1883 Nguyễn Phúc Hồng Nhậm Tự Đức Nguyễn Dực Tông
- 1883 (3 days) Nguyễn Phúc Ưng Ái (Nguyễn Phúc Ưng Chân) Dục ĐứcNguyễn Cung Tông
- 1883 Nguyễn Phúc Hồng Dật Hiệp Hoànone
- 1883 - 1884 Nguyễn Phúc Ưng Đăng Kiến PhúcNguyễn Giản Tông
- 1884 - 1885 Nguyễn Phúc Ưng Lịch Hàm Nghi
- 1885 - 1888 Đồng Khánh
- 1889 - 1907 Thành Thái
|
- 1808 Bantam Conquest Borneo & Sumatra
- 1810 - 1811 Anglo-Dutch Java War British East India Company Dutch East Indies
- 1811 - 1812 Cambodian Rebellion
Cambodian Usurpation Viet Nam
Khmer Kingdom Forces of Khmer Pretender Ang Snguon
Siam
Langkat Sultanate
1817 - Present
- Indonesia |
Malasia
- 1819 Raffles founds Singapore |
- 1821 - 1837 Padri War Dutch East Indies Indigenous Population of West Sumatra
- 1823 - 1826 First Anglo-Burmese War United Kingdom
British East India Company
Native Tribes Third Burmese Empire
- 1825 - 1830 Java War Dutch East Indies
Pro-Netherlands Javanese Rebellion forces of Prince Diponegoro
- 1824 - 1948 Colonial era of Burma
- 1824 - 26 Anglo-Burmese war |
Thailand
- 1826 - 1946 Straits Settlements |
- 1831 - 1834 First Siamese–Vietnamese War Viet Nam
Viet Nam protectorate of Cambidoa Siam
- 1841 - 1946 Sarawak Kingdom of Malasia |
- 1841 - 1845 Second Siamese–Vietnamese War Viet Nam
Viet Nam protectorate of Cambidoa Siam
Cambodian forces loyal to King Ang Duong
- 1846 Dutch intervention in Northern Bali Netherlands Bali
- 1848 Dutch intervention in Northern Bali Netherlands Bali
- 1849 - 1850 Dutch intervention in Bali Netherlands
Lombok Buleleng
Jembrana
Klungkung
- 1852 - 5 Second Anglo-Burmese War - 1852 Second Anglo-Burmese War British Empire
British East India Company Third Burmese Empire
|
Vietnam
- 1955 - 75 Republic of Vietnam |
- 1860 Anna & King
- Anna & King 2000
- Anna & King of Siam 1946 |
- 1862 French start to colonise Vietnam |
Cambodia
- 1863 - 1953 French Colonial Rule of Cambodia |
- 1873 - 1904 Aceh War
Thirty Years War Dutch East Indies Aceh Sultanate
- 1874 - 1946 British Malaya Temenggong Kingdom in Malasia |
- 1975 - 76 Provincial revolutionary government of Vietnam |
| - 1976 - Present Communist government of Vietnam |
- 1882 - 1963 North Borneo Kingdom |
- 1883 - 1886 Tonkin Campaign French Third Republic Qing Dynasty
Black Flag Army
Vietnam
- 1884 - 1885 Sino-French War French Third Republic
Annam Protectorate Qing Empire of China
Remnants of Nguyễn Dynasty of Viet Nam
Black Flag Army
- 1885 3rd Anglo-Burmese war - 1885 - 1887 Third Anglo-Burmese War British Empire
India Third Burmese Empire |
Western Vietnamese Empire
1887 - 1945
- |
French Laos 1893 - 1953
- 1893 French colonise Laos & Guinea
|
- 1893 Franco-Siamese War France
French Indochina Siam
Federated Malay States
1895 - 1946
-
|
- 1899 - 1902 Malvar surrender 1913
(Irreconcilables active) Philippine–American War United States
Philippine Constabulary
Philippine Scouts First Philippine Republic
Katipunan
Pulajanes
Sultanate of Sulu
Moro people |
Indonesia
- 1899 - 1942 National
|
Burma
- 1900's - 1948 Nationalist movement of Burma
|
Malasia
- 1909 - 46 Unfederated Malay States |
Thailand
- 1932 - 73 Military dictatorship in Thailand |
- 1941 - 45 Japanese occupation of Malasia |
- 1942 - 45 Japanese Occupation of Indonesia |
- 1942 - 46 Japanese Occupation of Burma
- 1943 - 45 State of Burma
- 1944 Burma recaptured |
- 1944 - 45 Japanese Occupation of Philipines
- MacArthur 1977
- Raiders of Leyte Gulf 1963
- Walls of Hell 1965 |
Laos
- 1945 - 49 Lao Issara in Laos |
Vietnam
- 1945 - 76 Democratic Republic Empire of Vietnam Huế 166 days short-lived Puppet state of Japanese Empire. |
- 1945 - 50 National revolution of Indonesia |
- 1946 - 48 Malasyan Union
- 1946 North Borneo becomes a colony
- 1948 - 63 Federation of Malaya
|
Union of Burma 1948 - 62
- 1948 Burma becomes Independent
|
-
1949 Communist insurgency in Malaya
- Exodus 1960
- Nine Hours to Rama 1963 |
State of Vietnam
1949 - 55
- 1949 French in Indochina
- Indochine 1992 |
Liberal Democracy in Indonesia 1950 - 57
- |
Kingdom of Laos
1954 - 75
- |
- 1954 Dien Bien Phu forces French out of Vietnam |
Vietnam war 55 - 75
- We Were Soldiers 2002
- Platoon 1986 |
- 1957 Independant Malaya |
Guided Democracy in Indonesia 1957 - 65
- |
Socialist Republic of Burma 1962 - 88
- |
Federation of Malasia
1963 - Present
-
|
- 1965 - 66 State of New Order in Indonesia
- 1966 - 98 New order in Indonesia |
Cambodia
- 1970 Coup in Cambodia
- Vietnam war incursion in Cambodia
- 1970 - 75 Khmer Republic in Cambodia |
- 1972 - Present Sultanate of Pontianak |
- 1973 Democracy in Thailand |
- 1975 End of Vietnam war |
Communist Laos
1975 - Present
- |
- 1975 - 79 Khmer Rouge in Cambodia |
- 1979 Rep of Kampuchea
- 1979 - 93 State of Cambodia. |
| - 1989 - 2010 Union of Myanmar |
- 1992 - 93 Untac in Cambodia
- 1993 - present Modern Cambodia |
- 1998 - Present Reformasi era in Indonesia
|
|
|
1600's |
1700's |
1800's |
1900's |
|
|
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Edo Period of Japan 1603 - 1868 |
|
|
Ming 1368 - 1644 |
|
Qing 1644 - 1911 |
|
|
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China
- 1498 - 1613 Portuguese traders in China |
Trinh Dynasty
1539 - 1578
- |
Kingdom of Middag
1540 - 1732
- Taiwan |
- 1543 - 1641 Nanban trade of Japan
- 1550's Japanese wars
- Taira Clan Saga 1955
- Ugetsu 1953
- Kagemusha 1980
- Ran 1985 (Akira Kurosawa) |
Josean Kingdom
1392 - 1897
- 1494 - 1506 Yi Yung
- 1506 - 1544 Yi Yeok
- 1544 - 1545 Yi Ho
- 1545 - 1567 Yi Hwan
- 1567 - 1608 Yi Yeon |
Japan 660 BC - Present 2671
|
|
Qing Dynasty
1644 - 1912 268
-China Shenyang, Beijing Last dynasty of Imperial Period. |
- 1652 - 1689 Russian–Manchu border conflicts Qing Empire
Joseon Dynasty Tsardom of Russia
Cossacks
Kingdom of Tungning
1662 - 1683
- Taiwan |
Josean Kingdom
1392 - 1897
- 1608 - 1623 Yi Hon
- 1623 - 1649 Yi Jong
- 1649 - 1659 Yi Ho
- 1659 - 1674 Yi Yeon
- 1674 - 1720 Yi Sun |
Japan 660 BC - Present 2671
|
Edo Period of Japan
1603 - 1868
Japanese civil wars
- James Clavell's Shogun 1980
- Seven Samurai 1954
- Samurai Trilogy 1967
- Life of Oharu 1952 |
|
China
- 1716 - 20 China invades Tibet |
- 1735 - 1736 Miao Rebellion Qing empire Miao rebels
- 1770 First cargoes of Bengal Opium arrive in China |
- 1795 - 1806 Miao Rebellion Qing empire Miao rebels
Josean Kingdom
1392 - 1897
- 1720 - 1724 Yi Yun
- 1724 - 1776 Yi Geum
- 1776 - 1800 Yi San |
Japan 660 BC - Present 2671
|
|
- 1801 - 1805 Temne War British Empire
Susu Tribes Kingdom of Koya
- 1811 - 1812 Korean Revolt Kingdom of Great Joseon Rebels
China
- 1814 First recorded Chinese convert to Western Christianity |
- 1834 - 43 First Opium war
- Tai Pan 1986
- 1839 - 42 The First Opium War results in China's defeat at hands of European powers. |
Josean Kingdom
1392 - 1897
- 1800 - 1834 Yi Gong
- 1834 - 1849 Yi Hwan
- 1849 - 1863 Yi Byeon
- 1863 - 1907 Yi Myeong bok |
- 1839 - 1842 First Opium War British Empire Qing Empire of China
- 1841 Hong Kong established |
- 1850 - 1864 Taiping Rebellion Qing Empire of China
British Empire
French Empire Taiping Heavenly Kingdom
Japan
- 1853 USA forces Japanese to start trading
- 1853 - 67 Bakumatsu in Japan |
- 1856 - 60 Second Chinese Opium War
Arrow War United Kingdom
French Empire
United States (1856 & 1859 only) Qing Empire of China |
- 1856 - 1873 Panthay Rebellion
Du Wenxiu Rebellion Qing Empire of China Pingnan Guo
- 1860's Japanese civil wars
- Last Samurai 2003
Japan 660 BC - Present 2671
|
Japanese Empire
1868 - 1945 77
- Japan Tokyo Emperor's government took control of country in 1868. Regional hegemony in East Asia ended in 1945.
- 1868 - 1912 Meiji period of Japan
- 1868 - 1945 Empire of Japan
|
- 1863 Naval battle of Shimonoseki
Part of Japanese Civil War United States Chōshū Domain
- 1863 - 1864 Bombardments of Shimonoseki
Part of Japanese Civil War British Empire
Netherlands
United States
Second French Empire Chōshū Domain
Chōfu Domain
Kiheitai Volunteers
- 1863 Bombardment of Kagoshima
Anglo-Satsuma War
Part of Japanese Civil War British Empire Satsuma Domain
- 1864 - 1865 Mito rebellion
Kantō insurrection
Part of Japanese Civil War Tokugawa Shogunate
Mito Domain Sonnō jōi Rebels of Eastern Japan
- 1864 Hamaguri Rebellion & First Chōshū expedition
Part of Japanese Civil War Tokugawa Shogunate
Satsuma Domain Aizu Domain Chōshū Domain
Sonnō jōi Rebels
- 1865 Hyōgo naval expedition
Part of Japanese Civil War British Empire Forces of Emperor of Japan
- 1866 French Campaign against Korea Joseon Dynasty France
- 1894 - 95 First Sino-Japanese War Empire of Japan Qing Empire of China |
- 1895 Japanese invasion of Taiwan Empire of Japan Republic of Formosa
Various militia forces
- 1898 - 1901 Boxer rebellion
- 55 Days at Peking 1963
|
Korean Empire
1897 - 1910 13
- @ Hanseong
- 1897 - 1907 Yi Myeong bok
- 1907 - 1910 Yi Cheok |
|
Japanese Empire
1905 - 1945
- Fall of Eagles 1974
- Sisters of Gion 1936
- Memoirs of a Geisha 2005
- Zi Hudi (Purple Butterfly) 2003
|
- 1910 Japan annexes Korea |
China
- 1911 Chinese revolution
- Last Emperor 1987
- 1915 - 16 Chinese Empire short-lived attempt by Yuan Shikai to reinstate Imperial Monarchy.
- 1 911 - 49 Republic of China
- Soong Sisters 1997
- Shanghai Triad 1995 |
Josean Kingdom
1392 - 1897
- 1907 - 1910 Yi Cheok |
- 1912 - 26 Taisho Period of Japan |
- 1926 - 89 Showa period of Japan |
- 1926 Civil war in China
- Sand Pebbles 1966 |
- 1931 Japanese occupation of Manchuria |
Great Manchu Empire
1932 - 1945 13
- Manchuria Hsinking Created as a Puppet state of Japanese Empire, with Emperor Puyi (the last emperor of Qing Dynasty) installed as nominal regent & emperor. |
- 1937 - 45 Japanese invasion of China |
- 1941 - 1945 War in Pacific
- 1941 Fall of Singapore, Malaya & Burma;
- Merrill's Marauders 1962
- Battle of Coral Sea
- Battle of Coral Sea 1959
- Guadalcanal
- Thin Red Line 1998
|
- 1944 Kamikazees
- Battle Stations 1956
-
Midway;
- Midway 1976
-
Fermi builds Nuclear reactor
- Fat Man & Little Boy 1989
- Iwo Jima
- Sands of Iwo Jima 1949
- Flags of Our Fathers 2006
- Battle of Saipan
- Battle Cry 1955
- Makin Atoll battle
- Gung Ho 1943
- Tawara beach battle
- Tarawa Beach Head 1958
- Windtalkers 2002
- Outsider 1961
- Okinawa
- Okinawa 1952
-
Atomic bombs dropped on Hiroshima & Nagasaki;
End of War;
- Hiroshima 1995
- Winds of War 1983 |
- 1945 - 75 Indo-china wars |
- 1949 - Present China is Communist Peoples Republic of China
- 1949 China invades Tibet
- Seven Years in Tibet 1997 - Kundun 1997 |
Korea
- 1950 - 53 Korean war |
- 1958 Great Leap Forward |
- 1966 Cultural revolution |
- 1976 Death of Mao Zedong
- 1977 Deng Xiaoping leads |
| - 1989 - Present Heisei Period of Japan |
Japan 660 BC - Present 2671
- 1867 - 1912 45 Mutsuhito Emperor MeijiFirst emperor of Empire of Japan.
- 1912 - 26 14 Yoshihito Emperor Taishō
- 1926 - 89 63 Hirohito Emperor ShōwaLast emperor of Empire of Japan.
- 1926 - 89 63 Hirohito Emperor ShōwaLast emperor of Empire of Japan.
- 1989 - present 22 AkihitoNoneReferred to as 'the Present Emperor' or Tenno Heika (i.e. His Majesty Emperor) in Japanese & as Emperor Akihito in English. After his death, he will
presumably be renamed Emperor Heisei. |
|
|
1600's |
1700's |
1800's |
1900's |
|
Tu'i Tonga 950 - 1875? |
|
|
|
|
Aliʻi Aimoku of Big Island 1125 - 1754 629
|
Aliʻi Nui of Hilo 1550 - 1819 269 |
|
Mōʻī of Maui 1040 - 1795 755
|
Aliʻi Aimoku of Oʻahu 1100 - 1795 695
|
Oceania
- 950 - 1875? Tu'i Tonga |
|
Aliʻi Aimoku of Big Island 1125 - 1754 629
|
Aliʻi Nui of Hilo 1550 - 1819 269 |
|
Mōʻī of Maui 1040 - 1795 755
|
Aliʻi Aimoku of Oʻahu 1100 - 1795 695
|
|
Aliʻi Aimoku of Big Island 1125 - 1754 629
|
Aliʻi Nui of Hilo 1550 - 1819 269 |
|
Aliʻi Nui of Kaʻū 1754 - 91 37 |
|
Aliʻi Nui of Kona 1754 - 82 28 |
|
Aliʻi Nui of Kohala 1754 - 1819 65 |
|
Mōʻī of Maui 1040 - 1795 755
|
Aliʻi Aimoku of Oʻahu 1100 - 1795 695
|
- 1722 Dutch reach Samoan Islands & Easter Island |
- 1768 - 71 Cook's voyage to Australia & NZ |
- 1770 Cook discovers Australia
- Captain James Cook 1987 |
- 1788 - 1930s Australian frontier wars
- 1793 First free settlers arrive in Australia
|
Kingdom of Hawaii
1795 - 1893
- |
|
- 1804 Castle Hill convict rebellion New South Wales Convicts
- 1810 Conquest of Hawaii Kingdom of Hawaii Other Hawiian Tribes
Australia
- 1829 Western Australia founded
- 1834 Tolpuddle martyrs transported to Australia |
Oceania
- 1840 Treaty of Waitangi in New Zealand |
- 1842 France occupies Tahiti, Guinea & Gabon |
- 1843 Wairau Affray Ngāti Toa Iwi British Settlers New Zealand
- 1846 Hutt Valley Campaign
part of New Zealand land wars British Empire
British Settlers
Te Āti Awa Iwi Ngāti Toa Iwi
- 1847 Wanganui Campaign
part of New Zealand land wars British Empire
British Settlers
Māori Kupapa Māori Iwis
- 1850 - 1853 8th Xhosa War
Mlanjeni's War British Empire Xhosa Tribes
Khoikhoi Tribes
Native Kafir Police South Africa
- 1854 French conquest of Senegal
- 1855 - 1867 Punti–Hakka Clan Wars Brazil
- 1860 - 1861 First Taranaki War
Second Māori War Māori Iwis
Māori King Movement Government of New Zealand
British Settlers
- 1863 - 1866 Invasion of Waikato
Third Māori War Government of New Zealand
Māori Kupapa Māori King Movement
- 1863 - 1866 Tauranga Campaign
Part of New Zealand land wars Māori Iwis of Taranaki Government of New Zealand
- 1865 - 1868 Basuto-Boer War Basuto Kingdom
British Empire Orange Free State
- 1865 - 1868 East Cape War
Part of New Zealand land wars Government of New Zealand
British Settlers
Māori Kupapa Hau-Hauist Māori
- 1868 - 1872 Te Kooti's War
Part of New Zealand land wars Government of New Zealand
British Settlers
Māori Kupapa Māori Iwis
- 1875 Fiji islands annexed
- New Zealand parliament formed
|
- 1893 Women's suffrage in New Zealand |
|
Australia
- 1901 Federated Commonwealth formed
|
- 1908 Universal adult suffrage in Australia
- Rabbit-Proof Fence 2002 |
- 1933 Australian Antarctic Territory established |
- 1928 Flying Doctor service in Australia |
Oceania
- 1929 Uprising of Mau in Samoa |
- 1970 Fiji & Tongan Independence |
-
1975 Papua New Guinea gains Independence |
- 1979 Gilbert Islands becomes Independent |
- 1987 Fiji leaves Commonwealth |
|
|
1600's |
1700's |
1800's |
1900's |
|
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US Indian wars 1622 - 1890 |
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Slavery 1500 - 1888 |
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New Kingdom of Granada 1500's - 1739 |
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Post Conquest Mesoamerica 1521 - 1697 |
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- 400 - 1521 Zapotec civilization
- 1350 - 1521 Monte alb 5 |
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- 1521 Aztec Empire
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- 1502 Moctezuma II became ruler. Aztec Empire at height.
New Kingdom of Granada
1500's - 1739
- |
- 1512 Spanish Laws of Burgos forbid enslavement of Indians & advocate Christian conversion
- 1514 Bartolome de las Casas petitions Spanish crown on behalf of Native Americans
- 1517 Spanish first arrive on shores of Yucatan under Hernandez de Cordoba, who later dies of wounds received in battle against Maya. arrival of Spanish ushers in Old World diseases unknown among Maya, including smallpox, influenza & measles. Within a century, 90 per cent of Mesoamerica's native populations will be killed off.
- 1519 - 21 Cortes's conquest of Aztecs in Mexico. |
- 1519 Hernan Cortes begins exploring Yucatan.
- Captain from Castile 1947
- Aguirre, Wrath of God 1972
-
Cortez comes to Mexico. Moctezuma II killed.
- 1520 Cuitlahuac elected ruler.
- 1520s Mayans
- Apocalypto 2006
- 1521 Tenochtitlan destroyed.
- 1521 - 1697 Post Conquest Mesoamerica |
- 1522 Tenochtitlan rebuilt, named Mexico City. Declared capital of Spanish colony of New Spain.
- 1523 Huayna Capac dies & divides his empire between his two sons, Atahuallpa & Huascar
- 1524 Cortes meets Itza people, last of Maya peoples to remain unconquered by Spanish. Spanish leave Itza alone until seventeenth century.
- 1525 - 32 civil war wages between Atahuallpa & Huascar |
- 1528 Cabeza de Vaca explors Mexico & US
- Cabeza de Vaca 1992
- Spanish under Francisco de Montejo begin their conquest of northern Maya. Maya fight back with surprising vigour, keeping Spanish at bay for several years.
- 1528 - 36 A member of Narvaez expedition, Alvar Nunez Cabeza de Vaca is shipwrecked first near Tampa Bay & later on Galveston Island off coast of what is now Texas. After six years spent among Indians of region, he & his companions travel westward across Texas & Mexico.
- Expedition to Peruvian Amazon lost
- 1532 Atahuallpa defeats Huascar
-
Spaniards, led by Francisco Pizarro, capture Atahuallpa
- 1533 Conquest of Incas
- Royal Hunt of Sun 1969
- 1540 - 42 Seeking gold first in city of Cibola, reportedly larger & richer than Mexico City, & then in Quivera, Francisco Vasquez de Coronado leads an expeditionary force through Texas & Oklahoma panhandles, with much loss of life among area's native peoples. He returns to Mexico City in 1542 & dies in 1544. |
- 1541 Spanish are finally able to subdue Maya & put an end to Maya resistance. Revolt continues, however, to plague Spaniards off & on for rest of century.
- 1542 Spanish establish a capital city at Merida in Yucatan.
- Urged on by Bartolome de las Casas & others, Carlos V enacts "New Laws" designed to end encomienda system that enslaves native people.
- 1550 Tales of La Llorona (the Weeping Woman), an important cultural figure & legend, begin to be told in Mexico City.
- 1584 Sir Walter Ralegh sends a reconnaissance fleet under Captains Amadas & Barlow to future Croatoan Sound, North Carolina. Based on their glowing account, he sends out a colonizing expedition next year of 100 men who settle on Roanoke Island. Sir Francis Drake later takes colonists back to England at their request.
- 1587 Ralegh sends out a fresh colony of 117 men, women, & children in three ships, with John White as governor.
- 1595 - 1617 Pocahontas
- New World 2005
- Pocahontas: Legend 1955
- Captain John Smith & Pocahontas 1953 |
|
- 1600s Jesuits in Brazil
- Mission 1986
- Jesuits in Canada
- Black Robe 1991
- 1606 Dutch discovered Australia.
- 1607 Jamestown, Virginia became first settlement of "New World."
- Establishment of Jamestown
- 1608 Colony of Quebec is established.
- 1610 Santa Fe is established as new capital of New Mexico, with Pedro de Peralta as governor of new colony.
- 1621 First Thanksgiving, at Plymouth
- 1628 (May 1) Thomas Morton & colonists at Merrymount dance around a maypole & celebrate May Day, upsetting Plymouth Pilgrims. In June, Capt. Miles Standish is sent to eradicate settlement & Morton is sent back to England.
- 1630 - 43 English Puritans immigrate to Massachusetts Bay Colony |
- 1630 Population: 3,000 colonists in Virginia; 300 at Plymouth. During 1630-1640, another 16,000 colonists will arrive.
- 1636 Founding of Providence, R. I. by Roger Williams, who establishes Rhode Island as a place of religious toleration.
- 1636 - 37 Pequot War.
- 1637 Pequot War. Roger Williams helps to convince Narragansetts, traditional enemies of Pequots, to join New Englanders' side of conflict.
- Swedish colonists establishes a settlement called New Sweden on Delaware River.
- 1638 Banished from Massachusetts Bay Colony for her religious beliefs, Anne Hutchinson leaves Boston & helps to establish Pocasset, or Portsmouth, Rhode Island.
- Signing of Treaty of Hartford formally ends Pequot War. Remaining members of Pequot tribe are divided up among Puritans’ Indian allies. end of Pequots as a distinct people.
- 1640 - 1701 Beaver Wars Iroquois Algonquian
France
- 1640 - 1652 Catalan Revolt Spain Catalans
France
- 1640 - 1668 Portuguese Restoration War Portugal Spain
- 1641 - 1644 First War of Castro Barberini Pope Urban VIII & Pamphili
Pope Innocent X their papal armies & relatives. Farnese Dukes of Parma
- 1641 - 1653 Irish Confederate Wars
Part of Wars of Three Kingdoms English Parliamentarian troops & allied Protestants in Ireland
Scottish Covenanters 1642 - 48 Irish Catholic Confederates English Royalists
Scottish Covenanters 1648 - 50
- 1642 - 1646 First English Civil War
Part of Wars of Three Kingdoms Parliamentarians Royalists
- 1643 - 1645 Torstenson War
Part of Thirty Years' War Sweden
Dutch Republic Denmark-Norway
Holy Roman Empire
- 1646 Robert Child & others protest intolerance of Massachusetts Puritans toward those of other faiths; in response, Governor John Winthrop & others justify their policies & banish Child.
- 1647 First woman barrister in colonies, Margaret Brent of Maryland, seeks & is denied right to vote in assembly.
- 1648 as Cambridge Platform, which codifies & defines New England Congregationalism.
- 1652 Massachusetts general court rules that territory of Maine lies within boundaries of Massachusetts Bay Colony, thus ending Maine's immediate hopes of independence.
- 1660 Mary Dyer is hanged after defying an expulsion order by returning to Boston
- 1661 Hanging of Massachusetts Quakers who refuse to leave colony is outlawed by Parlaiment
- 1664 Maryland Colony passes a law mandating lifetime servitude for black slaves; previous precedent had allowed freedom for those who converted to Christianity & established legal residences there.
- New Amsterdam becomes New York after Governor Peter Stuyvesant's surrender to English forces.
- 1665 Legislation in several states tightens bonds of slavery. English law provides that slaves may be freed if they convert to Christianity & establish legal residence, but Maryland, New York, New Jersey, North Carolina, South Carolina, & Virginia pass laws allowing conversion & residence without freeing slaves.
- 1670 Hudson's Bay Company is chartered.
- 1673 Marquette & Joliet travel from Lake Michigan down Mississippi as far as Arkansas River, completing a 2500-mile journey of exploration.
- 1675 - 78 King Philip's War in Maine
- 1675 Massachusetts settlements of Deerfield & Hadley experience first of three raids from Wampanoag & Nipmuck peoples.
- 1676 Bacon's Rebellion.
- 1681 William Penn receives a charter for land on which he will found Pennsylvania
- 1683 Penn & Native Americans negotiate a peace treaty at Shackamaxon under Treaty Elm
- 1684 Charter of Massachusetts Bay Colony is revoked after critical reports reach England. This ends requirement of church membership for voting.
- 1686 Governor Edmund Andros begins issuing a series of unpopular orders aimed at consolidation of colonies into one large settlement. He dissolves assemblies of New York & Connecticut, limits number of town meetings in New England to one per year, places militia under his direct control, & forces Puritans & Anglicans to worship together in Old South Church.
- 1635 - 88 Captain Morgan
- Morgan Pirate 1961
- Black Swan 1942 |
- 1689 April. Rebellious colonists force Andros to take shelter in a fort for his own protection. Cotton Mather supports rebellion.
-
Andros is ordered back to England to stand trial. colonies reestablish their previous systems of government.
| - 1689 - 1763 series of wars known as French & Indian War begins with King William's War. Schenectady, N. Y. & other areas are burned by French & Native Americans; Massachusetts colonists capture Port Royal, Nova Scotia; & Canadian forces destroy Casco, Maine. |
- 1692 Salem witchcraft trials begin. 20 people are executed.
- Crucible 1996
- 1693 College of William & Mary is founded.
- 1695 ruins of Tikal are discovered by chance by Spanish priest Father Avedaño & his companions, who had become lost in jungle.
- 1697 Massachusetts general court expresses official repentance for witchcraft trials; Samuel Sewall confesses guilt from his Boston church pew.
- 1598 Don Juan Oñate establishes colony of New Mexico by taking over a pueblo, which he renames San Juan, near modern-day Santa Fe. In retaliation for an attack on settlement, he destroys Acoma pueblo, killing 800 & capturing 500.
- 1699 Peace treaty at Casco Bay, Maine, brings hostilities between Abenaki Indians & Massachusetts colony to an end. |
- 1710 British capture French Acadia
- 1711 Tuscarora war between settlers & Indians in North Carolina
- 1711 - 1715 Tuscarora War Colonial militia of North Carolina
Colonial militia of South Carolina
Yamasee
Northern Tuscarora
Apalachee
Catawba
Cherokee Southern Tuscarora
Pamplico
Cothechney
Coree
Mattamuskeet
Matchepungo
- 1712 - 1716 First Fox War
- 1712 Last execution for witchcraft
- Maya of Chiapas highlands rise against Mexican government. They will continue to do so off & on until 1990s.
- 1713 Utrecht treaty gives Britain Newfoundland, St. Kitts & Hudson bay. Leaves Britain dominant in force in America
- 1715 Yamasee nation attacks South Carolina colony, killing hundreds of colonists
- 1715 - 1717 Yamasee War Colonial militia of South Carolina
Colonial militia of North Carolina
Colonial militia of Virginia
Catawba (from 1715)
Cherokee (from 1716) Yamasee
Ochese Creeks
Catawba (until 1715)
Cherokee (until 1716)
Waxhaw
Santee
- 1716 - 18 Blackbeard
- Blackbeard Pirate 1952
- 1717 Shenandoah valley forcibly settled, Indians evicted
-
Spanish establish viceroyalty of New Granada in South America
- 1718 New Orleans founded by Mississippi company
-
Franco - Spanish dispute results in Texas going to Spain
- 1734 - 1820 Daniel Boone
- Young Daniel Boone 1950
- Daniel Boone 1936
- Daniel Boone, Trail Blazer 1956 |
- 1724 Spanish Crown abolishes system of encomienda, which had given Spanish land barons right to forced Maya labor, as long as they agreed to convert Maya to Christianity.
- 1726 Spanish found Montevideo in order to prevent Portugese expansion
- 1727 George II First coffee plantations in Brazil
- 1728 - 1733 Second Fox War Fox Indians vs French
- 1729 North & South Carolina become Crown Colonies
- 1732 James Oglethorpe founds Georgia for 'poor debtors'
- 1735 Libel trial in New York establishes freedom of press in North America
- 1739 Slave revolts in South Carolina
- 1744 - 1748 King George's War
Part of War of Austrian Succession Great Britain
British America
Iroquois Confederacy France
New France
First Nations allies
- 1744 - 48 King George's war in America along St. Lawrence |
- 1754 - 1763 French & Indian War
Part of Seven Years' War Great Britain
British America
Iroquois Confederacy Onondaga Oneida Seneca Tuscarora Mohawk Cayuga Catawba Cherokee (before 1758) France
New France
Abenaki Algonquin Caughnawaga Mohawk Lenape Mi'kmaq Ojibwa Ottawa Shawnee Wyandot
- 1755 - 1804 Alexander Hamilton
- Alexander Hamilton 1931 |
- 1758 - 1761 Anglo-Cherokee War
Part of French & Indian War
- 1763 - 1766 Pontiac's War Great Britain Pontiac's confederacy
Seneca
- 1768 Louisiana Rebellion
- 1758 - 1761 Anglo-Cherokee War
Part of French & Indian War
- 1763 - 1766 Pontiac's War Great Britain Pontiac's confederacy
Seneca
- 1768 Louisiana Rebellion - 1759 Wolfe captures Quebec & Montreal
- 1762 First serious criticism of Slave Trade
-
British expedition against Cuba seizes Havana from Spanish
- 1763 Colonists move into Ohio basin
- Pontiac concpiracy of Indians rising against colonists
- Treaty of Paris cedes Canada, Mississippi & India to Britain
- 1765 Stamp act provokes outcry in American colonies
- 1773 Boston Tea Party
- 1775 Constitutional Congress in America, led by Thomas Jefferson, restated a "Rule of Democracy."
- 1775 - 1783 American Revolutionary War United States
Kingdom of France
Spain
Dutch Republic
Oneida (tribe of Iroquois Confederacy)
Tuscarora (tribe of Iroquois Confederacy)
Watauga Association
Catawba
LenapeGreat Britain Loyalists Anhalt-Zerbst
Ansbach-Bayreuth
Hanover
Hesse-Hanau
Hesse-Kassel
Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel
Waldeck-Pyrmont Iroquois Confederacy
Cherokee
- 1776 - 1794 Chickamauga Wars
- 1775 - 83 American war of Independence
- Howards of Virginia 1940
- April Morning 1988
- John Paul Jones 1959
- Crossing 2003
- Lafayette 1962
- Buccaneer 1938
- Drums Along Mohawk 1939
- Benedict Arnold: A Question of Honor 2003
- Patriot 2000
- Revolution 1984
- Sade 2000) -- 1794, Marquis de Sade faces execution by Robespierre's regime
- Quills 2000 |
- 1774 Second Continental congress at Philadelphia
- 1776 Declaration of Independence
- 1777 British take New York & Philadelphia but defeated at Saratoga
-
Treaty of San Idelfonso defines Spanish & Portugese borders around Brazil
- 1778 France joins America in war
- 1779 Spain joins American war
- 1781 Britain takes Charleston but surrenders at Yorktown; French gain supremacy of sealanes around colonies
- 1781 - 1781 Revolt of Comuneros (New Granada)
- 1783 Treaty of Versaille: Britain accepts independence of 13 colonies but retains West Indies & Canadian colonies; Mass migration of Loyalists to Canada
- 1786 Assault in slavery starts in earnest
- 1787 American constitution signed
- 1795 first seizure of Cape Colony from Dutch;
-
Mungo Park sets out to discover source of Niger - France overruns Netherlands
- 1798 - 1800 Quasi-War United States France
- 1799 - 1800 War of Knives
Part of Haitian Revolution |
- 1800 Jefferson becomes US president
- Sally Hemings: An American Scandal 2000
- 1802 - 1805 Second War of Haitian Independence Empire of Haiti French First Republic
- 1803 Lousiana Purchase
- 1804 Haitian Independence
- 1804 Battle of Sitka
Part of Russian colonization of Americas Russian Empire Tlingit Kiks.ádi Clan
Empire of Haiti
1804 - 1806 2
- North AmericaPort-au-Prince First Haitian Empire, Jean-Jacques Dessalines declared himself Emperor Jacques I. |
- 1806 - 1811 War of Christophe's Secession Forces of Henri Christophe Forces of Alexandre Pétion Haiti
- 1810 US Occupation of West Florida United States Spain
- 1810 - 1811 Tecumseh's War
part of War of 1812 United States
Chief Black Hoof Tecumseh's Confederacy
- 1810 - 1821 Mexican War of Independence
part of Spanish American wars of independence Mexican Army Monarchy of Spain
- 1811 Tonquin incident United States Tla-o-qui-aht
Kingdom of Haiti
1811 - 1820
- |
- 1812 - 1815 War of 1812 British Empire
British North America United States
- 1812 - 1816 Second Barbary War United States
United Kingdom of Netherlands
United Kingdom from 1815 Barbary States
Ottoman Empire
- 1813 - 1814 Creek War United States
Lower Creeks
Cherokees
Choctaws "Red Sticks" (Creek Indians)
- 1813 Peoria War United States Kickapoo Nation
Potawatomi Nation
- 1817 - 1818 First Seminole War
part of Seminole Wars United States Seminole Tribes
- 1817 Pernambucan Revolt Brazil
- 1819 - 1820 Bolívar's campaign to liberate New Granada
part of Spanish American wars of independence United Provinces of New Granada Monarchy of Spain
- 1819 US purchases Florida
- 1821 Mexico becomes independent from Spain. In general, life becomes more tolerable for Maya than it had been under Spanish rule.
-
Mexico & Peru gain independence
- Juarez 1939
- 1821 - 1823 2 First Mexican EmpireMexicoMexico City Preceded Second Mexican Empire which was short lived (1864–1867). See also Mexican Imperial Orders.
- 1821 - 1829 Spanish reconquest of Mexico Mexico Spanish Empire
- 1822 - 1844 Haitian occupation of Santo Domingo Republic of Spanish Haiti Haiti
- 1822 An account of Antonio del Rio's late eighteenth-century explorations of Palenque is published in London. book raises a great deal of interest in further exploration of "lost" Maya civilization & settlements.
- 1827 Winnebago War United States
Local Militia Winnebago
- 1828 - 1829 Gran Colombia – Peru War Gran Colombia Peru
- 1829 - 37 Andrew Jackson
- President's Lady 1953 |
- 1831 - 1832 Baptist War Jamaican military
White settlers Rebel slaves
- 1832 Black Hawk War United States
Ho-Chunk
Menominee
Potawatomi Black Hawk's British Band:
Sauk
Fox
Kickapoo
- 1832 Reform act American Indians forcibly resettled
- 1833 Falklands annexed
- 1835 - 1842 Seminole wars
- Distant Drums 1951
- Seminole 1953 |
- 1835 - 1836 Toledo War Ohio Michigan Territory
- 1835 - 1836 Texas Revolution Republic of Texas Mexico
- 1835 - 1842 Second Seminole War
part of Seminole Wars Seminole Tribes United States
- 1836 Texas independent from Mexico
- 1837 - 1838 Lower Canada Rebellion
United Kingdom
British North America Patriote movement
American Volunteers
- 1837 - 1838 Upper Canada Rebellion
United Kingdom
British North America Hunters' Lodges
Republic of Canada
- 1838 - 1839 Cherokee War Republic of Texas Cherokee
Lenape (Delaware)
Shawnee
- 1838 Missouri Mormon War Non-Mormon Missourians Latter Day Saint movement
- 1838 - 1839 Pastry War Kingdom of French Mexico
- 1838 - 1839 Aroostook War
- 1839 Honey War Iowa Territory Missouri
- 1837 Alamo
- Alamo 1960
- Last Command 1955
- Alamo: 13 Days to Glory 1987 |
- 1837 Rebellions in Canada & New Zealand.
- 1839 American diplomat & lawyer John Lloyd Stephens & English topographical artist Frederick Catherwood begin a series of explorations into Maya regions, revealing full splendor of classical Maya civilization to world for first time.
- 1840 Canadian provinces act of Union
- 1840 Texas-Comanche War Republic of Texas
Texas Rangers Comanche
- 1841 - 1842 Dorr Rebellion Rhode Island
- 1842 US/Canada border agreed
- 1843 - 1849 Dominican War of Independence Dominican Republic Haiti
- 1845 - 1846 Flagstaff War
Northern War
part of New Zealand land wars Ngāpuhi Iwi British Empire
Forces of Tāmati Wāka Nene
- 1845 - 1875 Texas-Indian Wars United States
Texas Rangers Comanche
Kiowa
- 1846 - 1864 Navajo Wars United States Navajo
- 1845 Texas Annexation
- Texas 1994
- One Man's Hero 1999 |
- 1846 - 48 Mexican-US war |
- 1846 - 1848 Mexican-American War United States Mexican Empire
- 1847 - 1855 Cayuse War United States Cayuse
- 1847 Yucatan Maya rise up against Mexican government, rebelling against miserable conditions & cruelty they have suffered at hands of whites. rebellion is so successful that Maya almost manage to take over entire peninsula in what has become known as War of Castes.
- 1848 Gold discovered in California
- Roughing It 2002
-
Communist Manifesto
Empire of Haiti
1849 - 1859 10
- North America Port-au-Prince Second Haitian Empire, Faustin Soulouque is proclaimed Emperor Faustin I. |
- 1850 A miraculous "talking cross" in a village in central Quintana Roo predicts a holy war against whites. Bolstered by arms received from British in Belize, Maya form into quasi-military companies inspired by messianic zeal. fighting continues until 1901.
- 1850 - 1865 California Indian Wars United States Miwok
Yokut
Cahuilla
Cupeno
Quechan
Yurok
Karuk
Tolowa
Nomlaki
Chimariko
Wintun
Hupa
Tsnungwe
Wiyot
Whilkut
Yurok
Yuki
- 1851 - 1900 Apache Wars United States Confederate States 1861 - 1865 Apache tribes
- 1853 First railways & telegraph in India
- 1854 - 1860 Bleeding Kansas Kansas Missouri
- 1855 - 1858 Yakima War United States Yakama
- 1855 - 1856 Rogue River Wars United States Rogue River
- 1855 Battle of Ash Hollow United States Brulé Sioux
- 1855 - 1856 Puget Sound War United States Nisqually
Muckleshoot
Puyallup
Klickitat
Haida
Tlingit
- 1855 - 1858 Third Seminole War
part of Seminole Wars United States Seminole Tribes
- 1856 - 1857 National War in Nicaragua Costa Rica
Honduras
Rebel Forces of Patricio Rivas
British Empire Mosquito Coast Republic of Sonora
Nicaragua
- 1856 - 1857 Cheyenne Expedition United States Cheyenne
- 1855 Walker takes over Nicaragua
- Walker 1987
- 1857 - 1858 Utah War United States State of Deseret
Utah Territory
Nauvoo Legion
- 1858 Spokane – Coeur d'Alene – Paloos War United States Spokane
Coeur d'Alene
Paloos
Northern Paiute
- 1858 Fraser Canyon War United States
United Kingdom of Great Britain & Ireland
British troops did not arrive until after war Nlaka'pamux
- 1860 Yucatan Maya rebel again.
- 1860 - 1873 Paiute War United States Paiute tribes
- 1861 - 1865 American Civil War
- Uncle Tom's Cabin 1987
- Dark Command 1940
- Ride with Devil 1999
- Santa Fe Trail 1940
- Abe Lincoln in Illinois 1940
- Gods & Generals 2003
- Horse Soldiers 1959
- Gettysburg 1993
- The Gangs of New York 2002
- Great Locomotive Chase 1956
- Gone With Wind 1939
- Glory 1989
- Hunley 1999
- Birth of a Nation 1915 |
- 1861 - 1865 American Civil War United States of America Confederate States of America
- 1861 - 1867 French intervention in Mexico
Also known as Franco-Mexican War Mexico
United States after 1865 Second Mexican Empire from 1864
Second French Empire 1862 - 1866
British Empire 1862 only
Spain 1862 only
- 1862 Dakota War United States Dakota Sioux
- 1863 Emancipation of US slaves
- 1863 - 1865 Dominican Restoration War Dominican Republic Spain
- 1863 - 1865 Colorado War United States Cheyenne
Arapaho
- 1864 Red Cross founded
-
Workmen digging a canal on Caribbean coast of Guatemala discover a jade plaque inscribed with a date of A.D. 320. plaque becomes one of oldest known objects dated in Maya fashion.
- 1864 - 1868 Snake War
Cheyenne & Arapaho War Cheyenne & Arapaho Tribes United States
Second Mexican Empire
1864 - 1867 3
- Mexico City Succeeded First Mexican Empire which was short lived 1821 - 1823 See also Mexican Imperial Orders. |
- 1865 Powder River Expedition United States Arapaho
Sioux
Cheyenne
- 1865 Morant Bay rebellion Jamaican Government Jamaican Rebels
- 1865 - 1870 Hualapai War United States Hualapai
- 1866 Ku Klux Klan started in US
- 1866 - 1868 Red Cloud's War Lakota Tribe United States
- 1867 Canada becomes a Dominion
-
US buys Alaska
- 1867 - 1875 Comanche Campaign United States Comanche
Arapaho
Kiowa
Southern Cheyenne
- 1868 - 1878 Ten Years' War
Great War Spain Cuba
- 1869 Haitian Revolution Forces of Nissage Saget Forces of Sylvain Salnave
- 1869 Red River Rebellion Dominion of Canada
Métis Loyalists
British Empire Métis Forces of Louis Riel
- 1871 Vancouver & British Columbia join Canada
-
Trade Unions become legal
- 1872 - 1873 Modoc War
Lava Beds War United States Modoc Tribes
- 1874 Brooks–Baxter War Little Rock, Arkansas
- 1874 - 1875 Red River War United States Comanche Tribes
Kiowa Tribes
Souther Cheyenne Tribes
Arapaho Tribes
- 1876 - 1877 Great Sioux War
Black Hills War United States
Shoshone Tribes
Crow Nation
Pawnee Tribes Arapaho Tribes
Cheyenne Tribes
Lakota Tribes
- 1877 Nez Perce War United States Nez Perce
- 1876 Battle of Little Bighorn
- Custars last stand
- 1878 Bannock War United States Bannock
Northern Shoshone
- 1878 Lincoln County War Ranchers
Regulators General Store Monopoly
- 1878 - 1879 Cheyenne War United States Cheyenne
- 1879 - 1880 Little War (Cuba) Kingdom of Spain Cuba
- 1879 Sheepeater Indian War United States Turakina
- 1880 A new tide of government intervention in Maya life begins as governments attempt to force Maya to become laborers on cash-crop plantations. This destroys many aspects of Maya cultural traditions & agricultural methods preserved over 4,000 years. Towns which had been protected for Maya soon become a haven for mixed-race ladinos who prey economically on indigenous Maya & usurp all positions of social & economic power.
- 1885 North-West Rebellion Dominion of Canada Provisional Government of Saskatchewan
Cree–Assiniboine
- 1888 Slavery ends in Brazil
- Xica 1978
- 1870's - 1880's Plains Indians Conquered
- Custer
- They Died With Their Boots On 1941
- Fort Apache 1948
- Little Big Horn 1951
- Seventh Cavalry 1956
- Great Sioux Massacre 1965
- Custer of West 1968
- Glory Guys 1965
- Little Big Man 1970
- Son of Morning Star 1991
- Chief Crazy Horse 1955
- Crazy Horse 1996
- Sitting Bull 1954
- Dances with Wolves 1990
- Jeremiah Johnson 1972
- 1843-1846 Navajo conquered
- Kit Carson 1940
- Kit Carson & Mountain Men 1977
- Comanche conquered
- Rio Grande 1950
- Comancheros 1961
- Cheyenne return from relocation
- Cheyenne Autumn 1964
- 1866-71 Buffaloe Bill
- Wild Bill 1995
- Buffalo Bill & Indian 1976 |
- 1886 Apache conquered
- Conquest of Cochise 1953
- Taza, Son of Cochise 1954
- Geronimo 1939
- Valley of Sun 1942
- I Killed Geronimo 1950
- Outpost 1951
- Indian Uprising 1952
- Battle at Apache Pass 1952
- Walk Proud Land 1956
- Geronimo 1962 1993
- Geronimo: An American Legend 1993
- Ulzana's Raid 1972
- Apache 1954
- Major Dundee 1965
- Buffalo Soldiers 1997 |
- 1886 Slavery ends in Cuba
- 1888 slavery ended in Brazil
- 1890 Indians massacred at Wounded Knee
- Colorado becomes a state
- Centennial (Vols. 1-12) 1978
- 1890 - 1891 Pine Ridge Campaign United States Sioux tribes
- 1893 - 1897 War of Canudos United States of Brazil Canudos inhabitants
- 1895 - 1898 Cuban War of Independence Cuba
United States Kingdom of Spain
- 1898 Spanish-American war
- Hawaii annexed
- Hawaiians 1970
Spanish American war 1898
- Citizen Kane 1941
- Rough Riders 1997
- Real Glory 1939 |
- 1899 - 1902 Thousand Days War Colombian Conservative Party Colombian Liberal Party
- 1898 Spanish–American War United States
Republic of Cuba
First Philippine Republic
Katipunan Kingdom of Spain |
- 1879 - 1915 Joe Hill Labor organizer |
- 1903 Panama secedes from Columbia
- 1905 Alberta & Saskatchewan become Provinces in Canada
- 1906 Cuba occupied by US
- 1910 Mexican Revolution
- Zapata: Amor en Rebeldia 2004
- Zapata: El sueño de un héroe 2004
- El Compadre Mendoza 1934
- Viva Villa! 1934
- Let's Go with Pancho Villa 1936
- & Starring Pancho Villa as Himself 2003
- La Sombra del Caudillo 1960
- Villa! 1958
- Villa Rides! 1968
- Old Gringo 1989
- Reed, México insurgente 1973
- Cannon for Cordoba 1970 |
- 1913 - 21 Woodrow Wilson
- Wilson 1944 |
- 1913 Opening of Panama canal
- 1916 US enters war
- 1918 Women get vote
- 1920 - 33 Prohibition
- Untouchables 1987 |
- 1928 Women over 21 given vote
- Iron Jawed Angels 2004
- 1929 Wall Street Crash
- 1929 - 1938 Depression
- Brother Can You Spare a Dime 1975
- Grapes of Wrath 1940) |
- 1932 Ottawa agreement promotes Imperial trade
- 1937 Amelia Earhart
- Amelia Earhart: Final Flight 1994
- 1941 Pearl Harbour
- 1943 Education Act
- 1945 United Nations formed
- 1946 American photographer Giles Healey is taken to Maya city of Bonampak by native Lacandon who live nearby. Healey becomes first non-Maya ever to see Bonampak's stunning wall-paintings, which reveal new details about Maya civilization.
-
Cold War begins
- 1947 Marshall plan & Truman Doctrine
- Truman 1995
- 1949 Newfoundland & Labrador join Canada
-
Nato created
- 1949 - 69 Mccarthyism
- Good Night & Good Luck 2005 |
- 1951 ANZUS pact in Pacific
- 1952 Priest-king Pacal's tomb at Palenque is discovered & excavated by Mexican archaeologist Alberto Ruz, marking first time a tomb has been found inside a Maya pyramid. Prior to this, Maya pyramids were believed to be temples with a purely religious or ceremonial purpose.
- 1956 Castro & Guevara land in Cuba
- 1961 Bay of pigs
- 1962 Jamaica, Trinidad & Tobago, Uganda & Western Samoa all
-
Cuban missile crisis become independent
-
Maya hieroglyphic signs are first catalogued. Uncontrolled looting of Maya tombs & other sites begins around this time in southern lowlands, continuing until well into 1970s.
- 1963 John F. Kennedy, President of United States was assassinated.
- 1964 Gulf of Tonkin incident led United States into Vietnam War.
- 1966 Millions of youth began using marijuana, heroin, LSD, etc.
First man on moon 1969
- Right Stuff 1983
- Apollo 13 1999
- From Earth to Moon 1998 |
- 1969 Open Universities
- Malcolm X 1992
-
Woodstock
- Woodstock 1970
- 1972 Watergate
- Nixon 1995
- 1973 Bahamas become Independent
-
Oil Shock
-
Skylab
- Kyle Pounds born
- Coup in Chile
- Missing 1982
- Chilean Fascism
- Of Love & Shadows 1994
- 1974 Grenada Independent
- 1976 Coup in Argentina
- US invades Nicaragua
- 1976 - Argentinean fascism
- Miss Mary 1986
- Evita 1996
- Funny Dirty Little War
- Official Story 1985
- Carla's Song 1997 |
- 1978 Dominica Independent
- Joe Hill 1971
- 1980 Bishop Romero assasinated in El Salvador
- Romero 1989
- 1981 Belize independent
- "Crack" cocaine use & urban crime became rampant.
- 1982 Falkland war
- 1983 Grenada invaded by US
- 1987 Stock Market crisis
- 1989 Invasion of Panama
- Noriega: God's Favorite 2000
- 1991 Gulf War broke out.
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1600's |
1700's |
1800's |
1900's |
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| |
| |
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1600's |
1700's |
1800's |
1900's |
|
|
- 1529 - 1532 Inca Civil War Inca Empire
Tumebamba
Tumipampa Northern Inca Empire
- 1533 Incan Empire
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|
- 1806 - 1807 British invasions of Río de la Plata Spain
River Plate Viceroyalty United Kingdom
- 1809 - 1825 Bolivian War of Independence
part of Spanish American wars of independence Bolivia Spain
- 1809 - 1824 Peruvian War of Independence
part of Spanish American wars of independence Peru Monarchy of Spain
- 1809 - 1810 Quino Revolution
part of Spanish American wars of independence Imperial Forces of Spain Rebels
- 1810 - 1826 Chilean War of Independence
part of Spanish American wars of independence Chile
Argentina Monarchy of Spain
Mapuches allies
- 1810 - 1818 Argentine War of Independence
part of Spanish American wars of independence Argentina
Chile Monarchy of Spain
- 1811 Paraguayan Revolt Paraguay Viceroyalty of Peru
- 1811 - 1823 Venezuelan War of Independence
part of Spanish American wars of independence Venezuela
Gran Colombia
Foreign volunteers: British & Irish Volunteers Monarchy of Spain
- 1820 - 1822 Ecuadorian War of Independence
part of Spanish American wars of independence Independentist Armies Monarchy of Spain
- 1821 - 1825 Brazilian War of Independence Empire of Brazil Kingdom of Portugal
- 1825 - 1828 Argentina–Brazil War United Provinces of South America
Thirty-Three Orientals Empire of Brazil
- 1829 Chilean Civil War
- 1835 - 1845 War of Farrapos
War of Tatters Empire of Brazil Rio grandense Republic
Juliana Republic
- 1836 - 1839 War of Confederation Chile
North Peru
Argentina Peru-Bolivian Confederation
- 1839 - 1851 Uruguayan Civil War Colorados
Argintine Unitarians
Kingdom of French
Riograndense Republic
British Empire
Empire of Brazil
Italian Legion Blancos
Argentine Confederation
- 1848 - 1852 Praieira revolt Brazil
- 1851 - 1852 Platine War
War against Oribe & Rosas Empire of Brazil
Uruguay
Entre Ríos
Corrientes Argentine Confederation
Blancos
- 1857 - 1860 Ecuadorian–Peruvian territorial dispute Peru Ecuador
- 1859 - 1863 Federal War Venezuelan Federalists Venezuelan Centralists
- 1861 - 1883 Occupation of Araucanía Chile Araucanía
- 1863 Ecuadorian–Colombian War United States of Colombia Ecuador
- 1864 - 1865 Uruguayan War Empire of Brazil
Colorados Uruguay
- 1864 - 1870 War of Triple Alliance
Paraguay War Uruguay
Argentina
Empire of Brazil Paraguay
- 1864 - 1866 Chincha Islands War Peru
Chile
Ecuador
Bolivia Spain
- 1879 - 1884 War of Pacific Republic of Chile Republic of Peru
Republic of Bolivia
- 1891 Chilean Civil War Congressist Junta
Navy of Chile Republic of Chile
Army of Chile |
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1100's |
1200's |
1300's |
1400's |
Monks & Invadors |
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Conquest & Plague |
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The expansion of knowledge |
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Technology |
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Buddhism translated from Sanskrit to Tibetan 1000s - 1300s |
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Atisha
982 -1054 |
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Bhaskara
1114 - 1185 |
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Thomas Aquinas
1225 - 1274 |
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Da Vinci
1452 - 1519 |
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Middle Ages 500 - 1700 |
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- 1023 First paper money printed in China.
- 1045 Movable type printing by Bi Sheng in China
- 1050 Crossbow invented in France.
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- 1154 Leaning Tower of Pisa was built. It reached 188 feet high. A cathedral was built nearby.
- 1157 Bank of Venice was established.
- 1182 Magnetic compass invented. |
- 1200 Clothing buttons invented.
- 1202 Hindu-Arabic numbering system introduced to west by Italian mathematician, Fibonacci.
- 1220 Westminster Abbey was built.
| - 1225 - 1274 Thomas Aquinas |
- 1249 Rodger Bacon invented his gunpowder formula.
- 1250 Gun invented in China.
- 1268 - 89 Invention of eyeglasses.
- 1280 Mechanical clocks invented.
- Roger Bacon invented spectacles, glass mirrors & magnifying glasses.
- 1285 - 90 Windmills invented.
- 1295 Modern glassmaking begins in Italy. |
- 1300 Chimneys & window glass began to be introduced in London.
- 1308 Cannons were used at Gibraltar.
- 1320 M. Schwarts invented gunpowder.
- 1326 First mention of a handgun.
- 1328 First sawmill.
- 1348 oldest clock known was put up in this year. It is now in Dover Castle.
- 1366 Scales for weighing invented. |
- 1400 First golf balls invented.
- first piano called Spinet invented.
- Air guns & muskets invented.
- 1411 Trigger invented.
- 1420 Oil painting invented.
- The first saw mill began to operate. Initially they were violently opposed to it in England.
- 1421 In Florence, hoisting gear invented.
- 1448 Gutenberg invented printing press.
- 1455 Johannes Gutenberg invents printing press with metal movable type.
- 1465 In Germany, drypoint engravings invented.
- 1475 Muzzle-loaded rifles invented in Italy & Germany.
- 1477 Printing was introduced in England.
- first watch was introduced in Nuremberg.
- 1485 Leonardo DaVinci designed first parachute.
- 1486 In Venice, first known copyright granted.
- 1487 Bell chimes invented.
- 1492 Leonardo da Vinci first to seriously theorize about flying machines.
- Martin Behaim invented first map globe.
Columbus discovered America 1492
- Christopher Columbus 1949 1992
- 1492: Conquest of Paradise 1992 |
- 1492 Spanish Inquisition begun
- 1494 Whiskey invented in Scotland.
- 1498 Columbus discovered main continent. |
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1100's |
1200's |
1300's |
1400's |
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Religion |
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Age of Roman Catholic Religious Omnipower 755 - 1529 |
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Crusades 1095 - 1291 |
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Age of Pisces 100 BC - 2680 |
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| - 1096 - 99 First Crusade. Eight Crusades were conducted. 300,000 men were blessed by Pope Urban II & commanded by King Godfrey. |
- 1099 Crusaders captured Jerusalem & gave Christians control of holy city.
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| - 1118 Ninth Council, (First Lateran), held. Right of Investiture was settled by treaty between Pope Calixtus II & Emperor Henry V. |
| - 1147 - 49 Second Crusade |
Third Crusade
1189 - 1192
- Lion in Winter 1968
- Lion in Winter 2003 TV
- Becket 1964
- Kingdom of Heaven 2004
- Lion-Heart 1987 - King Richard & Crusaders 1954 |
|
| - 1201 - 04 Fourth Crusade |
| - 1218 - 21 Fifth Crusade |
- 1227 Cardinal Hugo divided Bible into chapters.
| - 1228 - 29 Sixth Crusade, Frederick II took Jerusalem into a truce for 10 years. |
| - 1248 - 54 Seventh Crusade |
| - 1274 Fourteenth Council at Lyon. Temporary union of Greek & Latin churches. |
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| - 1311 - 12 Fifteenth Council held at Vienna. |
- 1380 Wickliffe's Bible was translated.
- Monestary life
- Der Name der Rose (The Name of Rose) 1986
|
- 1400 Rosicrucians-Christian Rosenkreuz
| - 1409 Sixteenth Council held at Pisa. |
| - 1414 - 18 Seventeenth Council was held at Constance. |
| - 1423 – 24 Eighteenth Council held at Siena |
| - 1431 – 45 (39) Nineteenth Council held at Basle. |
- 1471 - 1530 Cardinal Thomas Wolsey
Martin Luther
1483 - 1546
- Luther 1973
- Luther 2003
- Martin Luther 1953 |
Cardinal Richelieu
1585 - 1642
- Under Red Robe 1937
- Cardinal Richelieu 1935 |
- 1492 Spanish Inquisition begun
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1100's |
1200's |
1300's |
1400's |
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Empires |
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| |
Danish Empire 1200s - 1953 |
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Chola Empire 800s - 1200s |
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Arab Empire 630 - 1258 |
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Venetian Empire 800s - 1797 |
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Ghana Empire 900 - 1240 |
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Khmer Empire 802 - 1462 |
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Holy Roman Empire 843 – 1806 |
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Tu'i Tonga 950 – 1875? |
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Ghaznavid 963 - 1187 |
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| |
Mali Empire 1300s - 1600s |
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| |
Majapahit Empire 1293 - 1500 |
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| |
Ottoman Empire 1281 - 1923 |
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| |
Abyssinian Empire 1270 - 1974 |
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| |
Mongol Empire 1206 - 1502 |
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| |
Latin Empire
1204 – 1261 |
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Hungarian Empire 1000 - 1918 |
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| |
Seljuk Empire 1037 - 1194 |
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| |
Hoysala Empire 1026 – 1343 |
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| |
Vijayanagara Empire 1336 - 1650 |
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| |
Siam Empire 1350 – 1909 |
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| |
Kongo Empire 1100 - 1884 |
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| |
Danish Empire 1200s - 1953 |
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| |
Nicaean
1204 – 1261 |
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| |
Trapezuntine Empire 1204 – 1461 |
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| |
Aztec Empire 1375 - 1521 |
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| |
Golden Horde 1378 - 1502 |
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| |
Songhai Empire
1400s - 1500s |
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| |
Malinké Empire 1400 - ? |
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| |
Timurid Empire
1401 - 1505 |
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| |
Incan Empire
1438 - 1533 |
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| |
Portuguese Empire
1415 - 1999 |
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1100's |
1200's |
1300's |
1400's |
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Mediterranean |
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Middle Byzantine 843 - 1260 |
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Late Byzantine 1261 - 1453 |
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| |
Byzantium controls Israel
1097 - 1176 |
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Portuguese Empire
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Trapezuntine Empire 1204 – 1461 |
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Nasrid dynasty in Granada. Moors. 1230 - 1492 |
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| |
Latin Empire
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Crusades 1095 - 1291 |
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- 1010 - 34 Michale IV Paphlagonian
- 1015 - 41 Micheal V
- 984 - 105 Theodora
- 1000 - 1042 Consantine IX Monomachos
- 1056 - 57 Michael VI
- 1057 - 59 Isaac I Komnenos
- 1006 - 59 Constantinte X Doukas
- 1050 - 67 Michael VII Doukas
- 1032 - 1067 Romanos IV Diogenes
- 1001 - 78 Nikephoros III Botaneiates
- 1048 - 81 Alexios I Komnenos
- 1087 - 1118 John II Komnenos |
- 1000 - 04 Sylvestor 4 years.
|
- 1002 - 18 Emperor Basil II campaigns annually against Bulgarians, with object of annihilating Bulgar state. |
- 1004 - 09 John XVIII 5 years.
- 1009 - 12 Bergius IV 3 years.
- 1012 - 24 Benedict VIII 12 years.
|
- 1014 Bulgarian army is completely defeated at Battle of Kleidon.
- Basil II becomes known as The Bulgar Slayer.
- 1018 Bulgaria surrenders & is annexed to Byzantine empire. whole of Balkans is incorporated into Byzantine Empire, with Danube as new Imperial Frontier in north.
- 1024 - 33 John XIX 9 years. |
- 1025 Death of Basil II. Decline of Byzantine Empire begins.
- 1031 Mahometan Spain divided into independent states of Cordove, Granada, Seville, etc.
- 1033 - 45 Benedict IX governed 12 years.
- 1045 - 51 Leo IX governed 6 years.
- 1054 - 57 Viotor II governed 3 years.
- 1057 - 61 Nicholas II governed 3 years.
- 1061 - 73 Alexander II governed 12 years. |
- 1064 Peter Hermit began preaching for Holy Wars.
- 1073 - 85 Gregory VII governed 12 years.
- 1085 - 88 Victor III governed 3 years.
- 1088 - 1100 Urban II governed 12 years.
- 1095 - 1112 Portugal gained strength during 17-year rule of Count Henry. Portugal underwent same changes as Spain after fall of Rome. Goths & then Saracens overran Portugal.
| - 1096 - 99 First Crusade. Eight Crusades were conducted. 300,000 men were blessed by Pope Urban II & commanded by King Godfrey. |
- 1099 Crusaders captured Jerusalem & gave Christians control of holy city.
- 1099 - 1118 Pascal II governed for 19 years.
|
- 1118 - 43 Manuel I Komnenos
- 1169 - 80 Alexios II Komnenos
- 1118 - 83 Andronikos I Komnenos
- 1185 - 95 Isaac II Angelos
- 1195 - 1203 Alexios II Angelos
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| - 1097 - 1176 Byzantine armies recapture coasts of Asia Minor from Turks, & push east towards central Anatolia; Crusader Principality of Antioch becomes Byzantine protectorate |
- 1117 - 18 Ceiastus II 1 year. |
- 1118 - 23 Calixtus II governed 5 years.
- The Right of Investiture was settled by treaty between Pope Calixtus II & Emperor Henry V.
| - 1118 Ninth Council, (First Lateran), held. Right of Investiture was settled by treaty between Pope Calixtus II & Emperor Henry V. |
- 1122 Byzantines defeat Pechenegs at the Battle of Beroia.
- 1124 - 30 Honorius II governed 6 years.
- 1130 - 44 Innocent II governed 14 years. |
- 1143 Celestine II governed 1 year.
- 1144 Eugenius III governed 8 years. |
- 1147 - 49
Second Crusade War preached by St. Bernard and headed by Conrad II and Louis VII. |
- 1153 - 59 Adrian IV governed 6 years. |
- 1154 Leaning Tower of Pisa built. Reached 188 feet. A cathedral was built nearby.
- 1157 Bank of Venice established.
- 1159 - 81 Alexander III governed 22 years. |
- 1167 Byzantine armies win decisive victory over Hungarians at Battle of Sirmium; Hungary becomes Byzantine client state.
- 1176 Battle of Myriokephalon. Manuel I Komnenos attempts to capture Konya, capital of Seljuk Turks; is forced to withdraw after destruction of his siege equipment. End of Byzantine attempts to recover Anatolian plateau.
- 1180 Death of Manuel I Komnenos. Decline of Byzantine Empire recommences.
- 1181 - 85 Lucius III governed 4 years.
- 1185 - 87 Gregory VIII governed 2 years. |
- 1185 Successful rebellion in Bulgaria. Byzantine lands lost in Balkans.
Third Crusade
1189 - 1192 Philip II & Richard I were involved
- Lion in Winter 1968
- Lion in Winter 2003 TV
- Becket 1964
- Kingdom of Heaven 2004
- Lion-Heart 1987 - King Richard & Crusaders 1954 |
- 1191 - 98 Celestini III governed 7 years.
- 1198 - 99 Innocent III governed 18 years. |
|
| - 1201 - 04 Fourth Crusade |
- 1203 - 04 Isaac II Angelos
- Alexios IV Angelos
- 1204 Nikolaos Kanabos
- Alexios V Doukas
- 1204 - 05 Constantine Laskaris
- 1221 - 54 John III Doukas Vatatzes
- 1254 - 58 Theodore II Laksaris
- 1258 - 61 John IV Laskaris
- 1259 - 82 Michael VII Palaiologos
- 1261 - 1328 Andronikos II Palolaiogos
- 1281 - 1320 Michael IX Palaiologos |
- 1204 Constantinople conquered by Crusaders; Latin Empire formed.
- 1204 - 61 Latin (Nicaean) Empire |
- 1215 Twelfth Council, Fourth Lateran, was held Nov. 11-30 |
- 1216 - 27 Honorius III 11 years. |
| - 1218 - 21 Fifth Crusade Baldwin, Count of Flanders, took Constantinople. |
- 1227 Cardinal Hugo divided Bible into chapters.
- 1227 - 41 Gregory IX governed 14 years. |
| - 1228 - 29 Sixth Crusade by Frederick II took Jerusalem into a truce for 10 years. |
| - 1230 - 1492 Nasrid dynasty established in Spain, Granada made capital |
- 1241 - 54 Innocent IV governed 13 years. |
- 1245 Thirteenth Council held at Lyons |
- 1248 - 54
Seventh Crusade Louis IX was defeated & taken prisoner. |
- 1254 Pope Alexander IV governed church from Rome for 7 years.
Marco Polo 1254 - 1324
- Adventures of Marco Polo 1938
- Marco Polo 1962
- Marco Polo 1998
|
- 1261 Constantinople reconquered by Michael VIII Palaiologos, Byzantine emperor of Nicaea
- 1261 - 64 Urban IV governed church from Rome for 3 years.
- 1264 - 69 Clement IV governed church from Rome for 5 years.
- 1269 - 71 Papal vacancy for two years. |
| - 1270 Eighth Crusade Louis IX died at Carthage. Edward I followed him. Christians were driven out of Syria in 1291. |
- 1271 - 76 Gregory X governed 5 years. |
| - 1274 Fourteenth Council at Lyon. Temporary union of Greek & Latin churches. |
- 1276 - 80 Four Popes governed 4 years.
- 1280 - 85 Martin IV governed 5 years.
- 1285 - 87 Honorius IV governed 2 years.
- 1287 - 92 Nicholas IV governed 5 years.
- 1291 Christians driven out of Syria.
- 1294 - 96 Celestine V governed 2 years.
- 1296 - 1105 Boniface VIII governed 9 years. |
|
- 1304 - 14 Pope Clement V governed 10 years. |
- 1308 Cannons were used at Gibraltar.
- 1316 - 41 Andronikos III Palaiologos
- 1341 - 47 John V Palaiologos
- 1341 - 54 John VI Kantakozenos
- 1353 - 57 Matthew Kantakozenos
- 1352 - 76 John V Palaiologos
- 1352 - 79 Andronikos IV Palaiologos
- 1379 - 91 John V Palaiologos
- 1376 - 90 John VII Palaiologos
- 1373 - 1425 Manuel II Palaiologos
|
| - 1311 - 12 Fifteenth Council held at Vienna. |
- 1314 - 16 Two year vacancy in papacy.
- 1316 - 35 Pope John XXII governed 19 years.
- 1335 Benedict XII 1 year.
- 1342 - 52 Clement VI 10 years.
- 1352 - 62 Innocent VI 10 years.
- 1362 - 70 Urban V 8 years.
- 1370 Gregory XI 7 years.
- 1278 - 89 Urban VI 11 years.
- 1389 - 1504 Boniface IX 15 years. |
|
- 1400 Rosicrucians begun- Christian Rosenkreuz
- Northern provinces of Italy devise their own systems of government. Venice becomes a merchant oligarchy; Milan ruled by dynastic despotism; & Florence becomes a republic ruled by rich. three cities expand & conquer most of Northern Italy.
- 1403 - 07 Andronikos V Palaiologos
- 1425 - 48 John VIII Palaiologos
- 1449 - 53 Constantine XI Palaiologos
- 1453 - 60 Demetrios Palaiologos
- 1453 - 65 Thomas Palaiologos
- 1465 - 1502 Andreas Palaiologos |
- 1404 Innocent VII 1 year
- 1406 - 10 Two Popes in 4 years. |
| - 1409 Sixteenth Council held at Pisa. |
- 1410 - 16 John XXIII governed 6 years. |
| - 1414 - 18 Seventeenth Council was held at Constance. |
- 1416 - 31 Martin V governed 15 years. |
| - 1423 - 24 Eighteenth Council held at Siena |
| - 1431 - 45 (39) Nineteenth Council held at Basle. |
- 1431 Eugenius IV governed .
- 1447 - 55 Nicholas V governed 8 years. |
- 1453 Ottoman Turks conquer Constantinople. Death of Constantine XI last Emperor of Byzantine Empire. End of Byzantine Empire.
- 1455 - 58 Calixtus III governed 3 years. |
- 1456 - 76 Vlad Dracula of Transylvania fights Ottoman Turks
- Dark Prince: True Story of Dracula 2000 |
- 1458 - 64 Pius II governed 6 years.
- 1464 - 73 Paul II governed 7 years.
- 1471 - 84 Sixtus IV governed 13 years. |
- 1474 - 1563 Michael Angelo, architect of "St. Peter's Cathedral," & celebrated painter. |
Cesare Borgia
1475 - 1507
- Prince of Foxes 1949
- Il Duca Nero (The Black Duke) 1963
- Bride of Vengeance 1948 |
- 1483 - 1520 Raphael painter lived 37 years. |
- 1484 - 92 Innocent VIII governed 8 years.
- 1489 - 1500 Alexander VI governed 11 years. |
Columbus discovered America 1492
- Christopher Columbus 1949 1992
- 1492: Conquest of Paradise 1992 |
- 1492 Spanish Inquisition begun
- Columbus discovered America. Crossed ocean in "Santa Maria," & discovered San Salvador on Friday, October 12.
- 1498 Columbus discovered main continent. |
|
1100's |
1200's |
1300's |
1400's |
|
|
North Europe |
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| |
Icelandic Sagas 1200 - 1450 |
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Danish Empire 1200s - 1953 |
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Hungarian Empire 1000 - 1918 |
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Holy Roman Empire 843 – 1806 |
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100 Years War 1337 - 1453 |
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- 1000 Iceland officially converts to Christianity, although heathen practice is still permitted in private.
- 1000 - 05 Leif Eiriksson makes his voyages to Vinland (America), attempts made to settle there are prevented by opposition from Natives.
- 1014 Ard-Righ Brian Boru defeats Norse in Ireland at Battle of Clontarf, both Brian & Jarl Sigurdhr of Orkney are slain.
- 1030 King Olaf Saint is killed at Stiklestad.
- 1035 William II, "The Conqueror," became ruler of Normandy.
- 1064 England taken by Normandy. William I became ruler. Many significant changes made. William I "The Conqueror" ruled 21 years.
- 1066 Haraldr Hardrada, king of Norway, is killed during an attempted invasion of England fighting against Harold Godwinsson, English king. Post-Heathen Period
- 1075 Adam of Bremen writes Gesta Hammaburgensis ecclesiae pontificum.
- 1078 William Conqueror & his son started building Tower of London.
|
- 1117 Thomas A. Becket, High Chancellor, Archbishop of Canterbury was born.
- 1117 - 18 Grágás, Icelandic law code, first written down.
- 1122 Ari Thorgilsson writes Islendingabok.
- 1100s Lumbary under German control
- Flame & Arrow 1950
- 1157 George built Moscow.
- 1175 First written version of Nibelungenlied is created in Germany.
- 1180 Theodoricus Monachus writes Historia de antiquitate regum Norwagiensium.
- 1185 - 1223 Saxo Grammaticus writes Gesta Danorum.
|
- 1180 - 1260 Robin Hood
- Robin & Marian 1976 |
| - 1200 - 1450 Icelandic Sagas written. |
- 1200s Attack on Teutonic knights in Russia
- Alexander Nevsky 1938
- 1200 Ibn-Dihya writes his account of Al-Ghazal's embassy to king of Vikings in Ireland.
- Orkneyinga saga written by an unknown Icelandic author.
- 1220 Snorri Sturluson writes Prose Edda.
- Westminster Abbey built.
- 1225 Snorri Sturluson writes Heimskringla.
- 1226 Tristams saga produced by translating Tristan of Thomas of Brittany per request of King Hakon Hakonarsson.
- 1230 Egils saga Skallagrimssonar written, probably by Snorri Sturluson (note that this is 240 years after death of Egill).
- 1245 Laxdaela saga written by an unknown author.
| - 1250 - 1300 Most of poems of Poetic Edda, which had previously been circulating orally since Migration Age or before, are collected & written down in Codex Regius, oldest surviving manuscript containing Eddic poems. |
- 1260 Stockholm was founded in Sweden.
- 1280 Brenu-Njals saga written by unknown author (written 269 years after death of Njal).
- 1297 William Wallace revolts
|
- 1272 - 1305 William Wallace Scottish freedom fighter
- Brave Heart 1995 |
- 1285 - 1314 King Phillip IV
- Les rois maudits (The Cursed Kings) 2005
- 1300 Sturlunga saga, a collection of historical sagas written by various Icelanders during 1200's, is compiled.
- Chimneys & window glass began to be introduced in London.
- 1307 - 27 Edward II
- Edward II 1991
- 1320 M. Schwarts invented gunpowder.
- 1324 John Wickliffe born in Yorkshire.
- 1348 oldest clock known was put up in this year. It is now in Dover Castle.
- 1348 - 50 Black Plague
- 1398 - 1468 John Gutenberg German who invented printing press
|
- 1337 - 1473 Hundred years war
- Beatrice 1988 |
- 1410 Battle of Grunwald, Teutonics beaten by Polish
- Krzyzacy (Black Cross) 1960
Joan of Arc 1412 - 1431
- Messenger: Story of Joan of Arc 1999
- Joan of Arc 1999 -- Leelee Sobieski
- Joan of Arc 1948 Ingrid Bergman
- Passion of Joan of Arc 1928 -- French film |
- 1413 - 22 Henry V
- Henry V 1989 1945
- 1420 first saw mill began to operate. Initially they were violently opposed to it in England.
- 1431 Joan of Arc was burned at stake on May 31.
- 1448 Gutenberg invented printing press.
- 1461 - 85 House of York
- 1466 - 1536 Desiderius Erasmus Catholic Priest lived 69 years.
- 1461 - 83 Louis XI
- Hunchback of Notre Dame 1939
- 1477 First watch introduced in Nuremberg.
- Printing introduced in England.
Richard III 1483 - 85
- Richard III 1955
- Looking for Richard 1996 |
| - 1482 - 1698 The "Czars" of Russia |
- 1483 - Martin Luther lived 63 years.
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1100's |
1200's |
1300's |
1400's |
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Middle East |
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Ottoman Empire 1281 - 1923 |
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Ghaznavid 963 - 1187 |
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Arab Empire, Abassid Caliphate 630 - 1258 |
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Crusades 1095 - 1291 |
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Hospitallers Crusading 1330 - 1523 |
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- 996 -1021 Reign of Fatimid caliph al-Hakim
- 1009 al-Hakim orders destruction of church of Holy Sepulcher in Jerusalem
- 1020 Death of Firdawsi, author of Shahnama, Persian national epic
- 1030 - 48 Church of Holy Sepulcher rebuilt in Jerusalem
- 1037 Death of philisopher Ibn Sina (Avicenna)
- 1055 Tughril leads Seljuq Turks inyo Baghdad
- 1066 Norman conquest of Britain
- 1071 Battle of Manzikert
Anatolia opened to Muslim settlement
- 1092 Norman complete conquest of Sicily from Muslims
- 1095 Pope Urban calls for Crusade against Islam
| - 1096 - 99 First Crusade. Eight Crusades were conducted. 300,000 men were blessed by Pope Urban II & commanded by King Godfrey. |
- 1098 Crusaders capture Edessa
- 1099 Crusaders capture Antioch & Jerusalem & establish Latin Kingdom
|
- 1111 Death of philosopher & mystic al-Ghazali
- 1144 Zangi captures Edessa from Crusaders
- 1147 - 49
Second Crusade |
- 1154 Nur al-Din ibn Zangi captures Damascus
| - 1164 - 1214 Genghis Khan founded Mongul Empire. (An alternate spelling is Zengis Khan.) Zengis-Khan was one of bloodiest conquerors of world. Fourteen million people perished by his sword, under pretense of establishing worship of "One God & Mahomet as his Prophet." |
- 1171 Saladin becomes sultan of Egypt & founds Ayyubid dynasty
- El Naser Salah el Dine (Saladin) 1963
- 1187 Saladin retakes Jerusalem defeating Franks at battle of Hattin in second crusade.
Third Crusade
1189 - 1192
- Lion in Winter 1968
- Lion in Winter 2003 TV
- Becket 1964
- Kingdom of Heaven 2004
- Lion-Heart 1987 - King Richard & Crusaders 1954 |
- 1198 Death of philisopher Ibn Rush (Averroes)
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- 1201 - 04
Fourth Crusade |
- 1204 Fourth Crusade diverted to Constantinople
- 1206 Temuchin takes title Genghis Khan (Universal Ruler)
- 1215 Magna Carta signed
| - 1218 - 21 Fifth Crusade at Damietta in Egypt |
| - 1220 - 60 Mongols invade Islamic lands |
- 1227 Death of Genghis Khan
| - 1228 - 29 Sixth Crusadeby Frederick II took Jerusalem into a truce for 10 years. |
- 1240 Death of philosopher Ibn Arabi
- 1248 - 54
Seventh Crusade |
- 1250 Establishment of Mamluk (Slave) dynasty in Egypt
- 1256 - 1336 Mongol dynasty of Ilkhanids rules Iran
- 1258 Hulegu, Mongol chief, sacks Baghdad
- 1271 Marco Polo passes throough Iran en route to China
- 1273 Death of mystic Jalal al-Din Rumi
- 1274 Death of astronomer Nasir al-Din Tusi
- 1291 Death of Persian poet Saadi
Fall of Acre, last Crusader stronghold in Levant, to Mamluks
- 636 - 51 Muslims conquer Syria, Persia & Egypt
- 641 c. Muslim conquest of Egypt
- 1000 - 1500 Consolidation of statesc.
- 1100 - 1500 Bantu, Arab, & Indian cultures blend in Swahili civilization along eastern coastc.
- 1100 - 1897 Kingdom of Beninc.
- 1224 Decline of Kingdom of Ghana
- 1270 - 1478 Imperial revival in Ethiopiac.
- 1300 - 1500 Mali empire in middle Niger regionc.
- 1325 Ibn Battuta, famous North African traveler, begins 29-year, 75,000 mile world tourc.
- 1330 University of Tmbuktuc.
- 1493 - 1582 Expansion of Songhayc.
- 1591 Decline of Songhay afer defeat by Moroccans |
- 1299 - 1326 Reign of Othman, founder of Ottoman Turkish Empire. He defeats Seljuks.
- 1300 last Muslims in Sicily are forcibly converted to Christianity.
- 1303 Mongols are defeated near Damascus, thus ending Mongol threat on Europe & Middle East.
- 1314 Battle at Bannockburn: Robert Bruce defeats armies of Edward I & gains Scottish independence.
- Thirty-Nine French Knights Templar are burned at stake.
- 1315 Bad weather & crop failures result in famines across northwestern Europe. A mixture of war, famine & plague in Late Middle Ages reduce population by half.
- 1317 Osman I, founder of Ottoman Empire, lays siege to Christian city of Bursa.
- 1319 Birth of Murad I, grandson of Osman I. Murad would be terror of Christian Europe, sending large military forces against Balkans & tripling size of Ottoman Empire.
- 1321 Inquisition burns its last Cathar.
- 1324 - 60 Reign of Ottoman sultan Orhan Ghazi
- 1326 Ottomans take Bursa from Byzantines
-
Orkhan I, makes Bursa his capital & growth of Ottoman Empire is marked.
- 1327 With disintegration of Seljuk Empire, Arab & Persian regions are fragmented into several military kingdoms until 1500.
- 1328 England recognizes Scottish independence, with Robert Bruce as King.
| - 1330 - 1523 Although not officially supported by church hierarchy, Hospitallers continue intermittent Crusading from their base in Rhodes. |
- 1331 Ottoman Turks capture Nicaea & rename it Iznik.
- 1336 Hundred Years' War between France & England begins.
- 1337 Birth of Timur-i Lang brutal ruler of Samarkand who cuts a wide swath of destruction across Persia & Middle East. Timur founds Timurid Dynasty & becomes infamous for building pyramids out of skulls of his slain enemies.
- 1340 Battle of Rio Saldo: Alfonso XI of Castile & Alfonso IV of Portugal defeat a much larger force of Muslims from Morocco.
- 1345 Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris, France, is completed.
- Ottoman Turks are asked for help by John Cantacuzene against a rival for Byzantine throne. John would become John VI & gives his sixteen-year-old daughter Theodora to Orkhan I as a wife. This is first time Muslim Turks crossed Dardanelles into Europe.
- First Ottoman campaign in Europe
- 1347 Black death reaches Constantinople & Egypt; reaches Europe following year
-
Black Death reaches Cyprus from eastern Asia.
- 1350 Renaissance begins in Italy.
- 1365 Led by Peter I of Cyprus, Crusaders sack Egyptian city of Alexandria.
- 1368 Ming Dynasty is established in China by a peasant's son who had become a monk but later led a 13-year long rebellion against corrupt & ineffectual Mongol rulers.
- 1370 - 1405 Reign of TImur (Tamerlane)
- 1370 Timur conquers Khurasan
- 1389 Ottoman defeat Serbs at Kosovo
Death of Persian lyric poet Hafez
- 1391 - 98 First Ottoman siege of Constantinople
- 1396 Ottomans defeat Venice, Hungary, Byzantium & Crusaders at Nicopolis
- 1398 - 99 Timur attacks India & sacks Delhi
- 1373 Ottoman Turks force Byzantine Empire, now under John V Palaeologus, into vassalage.
- 1380 last holdings of Byzantine Empire in Asia Minor are captured by Turks.
- 1387 Poet Geoffrey Chaucer begins work on his masterpiece Canterbury Tales.
- 1389 Death of Orhan I, son of Osman I. Orhan's son, Murad I, takes over Ottoman Empire. Murad becomes terror of Christian Europe, sending large military forces against Balkans & tripling size of Ottoman Empire.
- 1395 King Sigismund of Hungary sends emissaries to various European powers to request help to defend his borders against Ottoman Turks. Bajazet, Ottoman sultan, had boasted that he would drive through Hungary, into Italy, & turn St. Peter's Cathedral into a stable for his horses.
- 1396 Ottoman Turks conquer Bulgaria. Thousands of French knights & soldiers set out from Burgundian capital Dijon to aid Hungarians against Ottoman Turks. Battle of Nicopolis: A Crusader army of around 60,000 men & made up of from Hungarian army of Sigismund of Luxembourg along with French, German, Polish, Italian, & English forces enter Ottoman Turkish territory & lay siege to Nicopolis in Bulgaria. Ottoman sultan, Bajazet, gathers together a massive army of his own & relieves besieged city, defeating Crusaders. Bulgaria becomes a vassal state and, like Serbia, would remain one until 1878.
- 1398 Dehli is conquered by Timur Lame (Tamerlame), king of Samarkand. Timur's Turkish army devastates sultanate of Dehli, exterminates local Hindu population, & then leaves. |
- 1401 Baghdad & Damascus are conquered by Timur.
- 1402 Battle of Ankara: Ottoman sultan Bajazet, great-grandson of Osman I, is defeated & taken prisoner by Mongol warlord Timur at Ankara.
- Timur defeats Ottoman at Ankara, captures Sultan Bayezid
- 1405 Death of Timur-i Lang (Tamerlane, Timur Lame), brutal ruler of Samarkand who had cut a wide swath of destruction across Persia & Middle East. Timur founded Timurid Dynasty & had become renowned for building pyramids out of skulls of his slain enemies.
- 1413 Mehmed I unifies Ottoman territories
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Mahomet, son of Bajazet, becomes Ottoman sultan Mahomet I after defeating his three brothers in a civil war that had lasted over 10 years.
- 1415 Portuguese capture city of Ceuta on north coast of Morocco, first time that Crusade against Muslims was taken to northwestern region of Africa.
- 1422 Second Ottoman siege of Constantinople
- 1425 - 30 Ottoman-Venetian war
- 1425 Death of Manuel II Palaeologus, Byzantine emperor. Shortly before dying Manuel is forced by Ottoman Turks to begin paying them a yearly tribute.
- 1429 Joan of Arc led French forces to victory over English army by raising siege at Orleans.
- 1438 Johann Gutenberg invents printing press & pioneers technology of movable type, creating first Bible printed with movable type in Mainz, Germany.
- 1444 Battle of Varna: An army of at least 100,000 Turks under sultan Murad II defeats Polish & Hungarian Crusaders numbering around 30,000 under Ladislaus III of Poland & John Hunyadi.
- 1445 Gutenberg prints first book with movable type at Mainz
- 1448 Ottomans defeat Hungarians at second battle of Kososvo
- 1451 - 81 Reign of Mehmed II
- 1453 Ottomans besiege & capture Constantinople
- 1453 Bordeaux falls to French forces & Hundred Years' War ends without a treaty.
-
Ottoman sultan Mehmed II arrives at Constantinople. Mahomet will be successful in his siege of city largely because of acquisition of over sixty artillery pieces, making siege one of first successful uses of gunpowder in this fashion. Use of this artillery is improved with help of gunnery experts sent by Hungarian national hero John Hunyadi who is eager to end heresy of Eastern Orthodox Christianity, even if it means helping hated Turks. Seige of Constantinople begins. Sultan Mehmed II breaches walls after only 50 days. walls protecting Constantinople had stood for more than a thousand years; when they fall, Eastern Roman Empire (Byzantium) also ended.
- 1456 Athens is captured by Turks.
- 1458 Turkish soldiers sack Acropolis in Athens, Greece.
- 1463 Bosnia is conquered by Turks.
- 1464 Pope Pius II launches a short crusade against Turks in Italy, but he falls ill & dies before much can happen. This would mark death of "crusading mentality" which had been so important in Europe over previous three centuries.
- 1467 Herzegovina is conquered by Turks.
- 1469 Guru Nanak Dev Ji was born. On this date Sikhs commemorate birth of founder of Sikh faith & first of Ten Gurus.
- 1463 - 79 Ottoman-Venetian war
- 1472 Sophia Palaeologus, niece of Constantine XI Palaeologus, last Byzantine Emperor, marries Ivan II of Moscow.
- 1473 Nicolaus Copernicus was born.
- 1477 first book is printed in England.
- 1480 Mehmed II Conqueror sends a fleet commanded by Gedik Ahmed Pasha westward. It captures Italian port city of Otranto.
- 1487 Spanish forces capture Malaga from Moors.
- 1492 Christians expel Muslims & Jews from Spain
- Colombus sails to New World
-
Christopher Columbus discovers Americas in name of Spain, launching an era of extensive European exploration & conquest.
- Bajazet II, Sultan of Turkey, invades Hungary & defeats Hungarian army at Save River.
- Ferdinand of Aragon & Isabella of Castile, later benefactors of Christopher Columbus, end Muslim rule in Spain by conquering Granada, last Muslim stronghold. With help of Torquemada, Grand Inquisitor, they also force conversion or expulsion of all Jews in Spain.
- 1493 Dalmatia & Croatia are invaded by Turks.
- 1498 Portuguese navigator Vasco de Gama reaches India by sea
- 1499 Venice goes to war with Turks & Venetian fleet is defeated at Sapienza.
-
Francisco Jime'nez forces mass conversion of Moors in Spain despite earlier agreement of Ferdinand & Isabella that Muslims would be allowed to keep their religion & their mosques. |
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1100's |
1200's |
1300's |
1400's |
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East Asia |
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Chola Empire 800s - 1200s |
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Majapahit Empire 1293 - 1500 |
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Hoysala Empire 1026 – 1343 |
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Vijayanagara Empire 1336 - 1650 |
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Siam Empire 1350 – 1909 |
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Khmer Empire 802 - 1462 |
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Tu'i Tonga 950 – 1875? |
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Western Xia 1038 - 1227 |
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Yuan 1279 - 1368 |
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Liao 907 - 1125 |
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Jin 1115 - 1234 |
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Song Dynasties 960 - 1279 |
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Northern Song 960 - 1127 |
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Southern Song 1127 - 1279 |
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Ming 1368 - 1644 |
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Heian period in Japan 794 - 1185 |
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Fujiwara - 1086 |
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| - 794 - 1185 Heian period in Japan |
| - 907 - 1125 Liao Dynasty |
- 1155 Hogen Disturbance In Japan
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- 960 - 1279 Song Dynasties
| - 960 - 1127 Northern Song Dynasty |
| - 1127 - 1279 Southern Song Dynasty |
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| - 1038 - 1227 Western Xia Dynasty |
| - 1115 - 1234 Jin Dynasty |
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- 1214 Zengis Khan took Northern China.
Marco Polo 1254 - 1324
- Adventures of Marco Polo 1938
- Marco Polo 1962
- Marco Polo 1998
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- 1257 Viets repel Mongol invasion
- 1260 Mongols, under Kublai Khan took over China.
- 1287 Kublai Khan captures Pagan Thailand
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Burma
- 1044 -1077 King Anawrahta of Pagan captures Mon capital & unifies Burma. Theravada Buddhism becomes official state religion. Golden Age of temple-building at Pagan. Karen drums
Bagan Kingdom
- 1044 – 1077 Anawrahta
- 1084 – 1112 Kyanzittha
- 1112 – 1167 Alaungsithu
- 1173 – 1210 Narapatisithu
- 1254 – 1287 Narathihapate
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Thailand
- 1431 Thais sack Angkor, take spoils to Ayutthaya. Khmer capital moves S. to area around Phnom Penh. Laos - Lan Sang
- 1434 Emerald Buddha discovered in N
- 1461 Lan-na captures Sukhothai Cambodia
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Vietnam
- 1407 Chinese occupy N but are expelled by Le Dynasty
- 1428 - 1539 Le Dynasty (N)
- 1471 Viets take over most of Champa Burma |
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1100's |
1200's |
1300's |
1400's |
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Central Asia |
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Mongol Empire 1206 - 1502 |
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Seljuk Empire 1037 - 1194 |
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Golden Horde 1378 - 1502 |
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The Great Khans 1206 - 1388 |
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Mongol Khitans 916 - 1124 |
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Mughulistan 1227 - 1363 |
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Buddhism translated from Sanskrit to Tibetan 1000s - 1300s |
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Timurid Empire
1401 - 1505 |
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- 1010s extension of Ghaznavid rule from Iraq to Sind.
- 1040 Seljuqs defeat Ghaznavids at Battle of Dandanqan, near Merv.
- 1050s Qarakhanid Empire splits in two: one rules over Western Turkestan (Transoxiana), other over Eastern Turkestan (the Tarim Basin).
- 1055 Seljuqs, under Tüghral Beg, capture Baghdad, Abbasid capital, from Buwayhids, establish Seljuq Sultanate, & become official protectors of Caliphate.
- 1060 pagan Oghuz, known to Byzantines as Cumans, move into Russian steppe.
- 1068 Cumans defeat South Russian princes.
- 1071 Seljuqs, under Alp-Arslan, defeat Byzantine emperor Romanus Diogenes at Battle of Manzikert & establish Turkish sultanate of Rum in Anatolia.
- 1073 Seljuqs defeat Qarakhanids.
- 1092 death of Seljuq sultan Malik-Shah, resulting in division of Sultanate into three parts: Nicaea (Anatolia), Hamadan (Persia), & Merv (Transoxiana & Khurasan).
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| - 1000s - 1300s Buddhism translated from Sanskrit to Tibetan |
- 1100 turkic-speaking Seldjuks expand in Persia, Mesopotamia & Turkey
- 1115 Jurchen (Manchu) overrun Kitan & found Jin dynasty
- 1122 Russians defeat Cumans.
- 1124 Tungusic Juchen drive Mongol Khitans (Liao dynasty: 916-1124) from China, resulting in creation of Qarakhitai state in Semirechye.
The White Horde
1226 - 1280
- 1280 - 1302 Orda
- 1302 - 09 Kochu
- 1309 - 15 Buyan
- 1315 - 20 Sasibuqa
- 1320 - 44 Ilbasan
- 1344 - 74 Mubarak Khwaja
- 1374 - 76 Chimtay
- 1376 - 77 Urus
- 1378 Toqtaqiya |
- 1130 Kitan are driven southwest, defeat Seljuk & establish Karakitai state
- 1135 Mongols led by Kabul Khan raid northern China
- 1137 Qarakhitai defeat Qarakhanids (now vassals of Seljuqs) at Khojent.
- 1140 - 41 The Qarakhitais defeat Seljuq Sultan Sanjar at Battle of Qatwan Steppe, thus gaining power in Transoxiana.
- 1153 overthrow of Seljuq Sultanate of Merv by Oghuz mercenaries.
- 1155 birth of Chingiz Khan.
- 1157 death of Sultan Sanjar, resulting in breakup of remaining Seljuq Sultanate.
| - 1164 - 1214 Genghis Khan founded Mongul Empire. (An alternate spelling is Zengis Khan.) Zengis-Khan was one of bloodiest conquerors of world. Fourteen million people perished by his sword, under pretense of establishing worship of "One God & Mahomet as his Prophet." |
- 1190 Temujin (Genghis Khan) Becomes king of Mongols
- 1194 death of Tüghril III, last Persian Seljuq ruler, resulting in end of Seljuq power in Iran & rise of Turkic Khwarezmians in Transoxiana.
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- 1206 Zengis Khan took Central Asia.
The Khans 1206 - 1294
- 1206 - 27 Genghis Khan
- Genghis Khan 1965
- Conqueror 1956
- Mongols 1961
- 1229 - 41 Ogedei Khan
- 1241 - 46 Toregene Khatun
- 1246 - 48 Guyuk Khan
- 1248 - 51 Oghul Ghaymish
- 1251 - 59 Mongke Khan
- 1260 - 94 Kublai Khan |
- 1214 Ghengis Khan took Northern China.
| - 1220 - 60 Mongols invade Islamic lands |
- 1238 Tatar Burundi invades Poland at Volga river
- I Tartari (Tartars) 1961
The Blue Horde
1227 - 1256
- 1256 -57 Batu
- 1257 - 67 Sartaq
- 1267 - 80 Berke
- 1280 - 87 Mongke Temur
- 1287 - 91 Tode Mongke
- 1291 - 1313 Tole Buqa
- 1313 - 41 Toqta
- 1341 - 42 Muhammad Özbeg
- 1342 - 57 Toni Beg
- 1357 - 59 Jani Beg
- 1378 Berdi Beg |
The Ilkhans 1231 - 1304
- 1231 - 56 Tolui1
- 1256 - 65 Hulegu
- 1265 - 82 Abaqa
- 1282 - 84 Ahmad Teguder
- 1284 - 91 Arghun
- 1291 - 95 Gaykhatu
- 1295 - 1304 Ghazan |
Mughulistan
1227 - 1306
- 1227 - 44 Chaghatay
- 1244 - 46 Qara Hulegu
- 1246 - 51 Yesu Mongke
- 1251 - 52 Qara Hulegu
- 1252 - 60 Orqina Khatun
- 1260 - 66 Alughu
- 1266 - 71 Baraq / Ghiyath ad Dîn
- 1271 - 72 Negubey
- 1272 - 82 Buqa / Toqa Temu
- 1282 - 1306 Du'ar |
- 1209 Mongols defeat Kirghiz of Yenisei, forcing them to flee south to Tien Shan.
- Uighurs, under Barchuq, submit to Mongol rule.
- 1210 Khwarezmians defeat Qarakhitais.
- 1215 Mongols invade northern China, besieging & sacking Jin capital of Yanjing (later known as Beijing).
- 1218 Mongols capture Semirechye & Tarim Basin, occupying Kashgar.
- execution of Mongol envoys by Khwarezmian Shah Muhammad sets in motion first Mongol westward thrust.
- 1219 Mongols cross Jaxartes River (Syr Darya) & begin their invasion of Transoxiana.
- 1220 Mongols capture Bukhara & Samarkand, defeating Khwarezmians.
- 1221 Mongol conquest of Khurasan & Afghanistan.
- 1223/24 Mongols, in pursuit of Khwarezmian shah, encounter Russians on river Kalka, where they defeat them.
- 1227 death of Chingiz Khan, resulting in division of his empire amongst his heirs, including Batu (the Kipchak Khanate, on Russian steppe) & Chagatai (The Chagatayid Khanate, in Transoxiana, Tarim Basin, & Semirechye).
- 1231 Mongols defeat a resurrected Khwarezmian Shahdom.
- 1236 second Mongol westward thrust begins.
- 1240 Kiev falls to Mongols & Russia comes under Mongol yoke.
- 1242 Mongols stop their westward advance at gates of Vienna.
- 1243 Mongols defeat Seljuqs at Battle of Kösedagh.
- 1244 A group of Khwarezmians, fleeing from Mongols, capture Jerusalem from Crusaders.
- 1249/50 establishment of Kipchak Turkic Mamluke dynasty in Egypt.
- 1256 Mongol Il-Khanid dynasty is established in Iran under Hülegü.
- 1258 Mongols destroy Baghdad & bring Abbasid caliphate to an end.
- 1260 Mamlukes defeat Mongols at Battle of 'Ayn Jalut.
- Kipchak Khanate divides into White & Golden Hordes.
- Mongol Yüan dynasty is established in China under Kublai Khan.
- 1270 Uighur Kingdom is defeated by rebels.
- 1284 Uighur Kingdom is absorbed into Chagatai Khanate.
- 1294/95 The Il-Khanids convert to Islam under Ghazan Khan.
- 1299 - 1300 The Seljuq Sultanate of Anatolia breaks up into smaller principalities, to be succeeded by Ottoman Turk Emirate, founded by Osman I (ruled 1290-1326).
- 1206 Temujin (Genghis Khan) unifies all mongol & tatar tribes
- 1210 Temujin (Genghis Khan) conquers kingdom of Xi Xia
- 1215 Temujin (Genghis Khan) conquers kingdom of Jin/Jurchen
- 1216 Temujin (Genghis Khan) builds a new citadel, Karakorum/Kharkhorin
- 1218 Mongols conquer kingdom of Kara-Khitai (Kitan/Liao)
- 1219 Temujin (Genghis Khan) conquers Khwarizm empire (Uzbekistan)
- 1220 Mongols conquer Merv (Turkmenistan)
- Mongol capital of Karakorum is founded (Tumen Angalant palace)
- 1221 Mongols conquer Herat (Afghanistan)
- 1223 a first Mongol horde defeats a coalition of Russian princes on Kalka river
- 1224 Genghis Khan splits his empire into khanates ruled by his four sons Jochi (western part), Ogodei (southern Siberia & western Mongolia), Chaghatay (Transoxania & Kara-Khitai), Tolui (the traditional Mongol lands)
- 1225 Jochi dies & his son Batu inherits his khanate & assigns eastern part to his brother Orda
- 1226 Jurchen invade northern China & Korea
- Genghis Khan attacks Soong state
- 1227 Genghis Khan dies & is succeeded by Ogodai who rules over Chaghatay's khanate in West Turkestan, Tolui's Eastern Mongolia, Batu's Blue Horde in Uzbekistan & Turkmenistan, & Orda's White Horde in Kazakhstan & Ogodai moves capital to Karakorum
- 1231 Mongols invade Korea
- 1237 Mongols, led by Batu, invade Russia
- 1240 Batu's Mongols ("blue horde") take Kiev, capital of Russia
- 1241 Batu's "Blue Horde" invade Poland, Hungary & Balkans
- Ogodai dies, Mongols retreat from Europe & Ogodai's widow T”regene takes over as regent
- Batu's younger brother Shayban raids Hungary & then splits, establishing Shaybanid Horde
- 1246 papal envoy Giovanni da Pian del Carpine visits Mongol capital Karakorum
- Ogodei's son Guyuk becomes third grand khan
- 1251 Tolui's son Mongke becomes fourth grand khan
- Mongke's brother Hulegu leads Mongol invasion of Persia & establishes Ilkhanate
- 1255 Batu dies & is succeeded by his brother Berke, a Muslim convert
- Hulegu, Ilkhan, invades Middle East & captures Bagdhad, which becomes capital of Ilkhanate
- 1257 Mongols led by Mongke's brother Kublai conquer China all way to Hanoi
- 1258 Mongols led by Hulegu conquer Mesopotamia & Syria
- 1260 Kublai is appointed Khan & declares Buddhism state religion
- Mongols are defeated for first time in Palestine (by Muslims, in battle of Ain Jalut)
- 1263 Hulegu assumes title of "Ilkhan" as ruler of Persia
- 1265 Hulegu dies
- 1267 Kublai Khan moves Mongol capital to Dadu (Beijing) & founds Yuan dynasty
- 1274 Kublai Khan fails to invade Japan
- 1277 Mongols invade Burma
- 1282 new Shaybanid khan Uzbek converts Shaybanid horde to Islam & his horde becomes known as Uzbeks
- 1282 - 1342 Khan Uzbek
- 1284 Uighur empire is absorbed into Chagatai Khanate
- 1293 Kublai Khan fails to invade Java
- 1294 Kublai Khan dies & empire fragments in khanates
- 1295 Ghazan, Ilkhan, converts to Islam |
- 1304 Oljeitu, Ilkhan, proclaims himself a shiite
- Mongols under Ali Beg invade India but are repelled by Delhi sultanate
The Ilkhans 1304 - 1387
- 1304 - 16 Oljeitu/ Muhammad Khudabanda
- 1316 - 35 Abu Said Ala
- 1335 - 36 Arpa Keun
- 1336 - 37 Musa
- 1337 - 38 Muhammad
- 1338 - 53 Jalayirids
- 1387 Timurids
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The Golden Horde
1378 - 1395
- 1395 - 1419 Toqtamish
- 1395 - 1401 Edigu |
- 1294 - 1307 Temur Oljeytu Khan
- 1307 - 1311 Hai-Shan
- 1311 - 1320 Ayurbarwada
- 1320 - 1323 Shidebala
- 1323 - 1328 Yesun-Temur
- 1328 - 1329 Jijaghatu Toq-Temur
- 1329 - 1332 Jijaghatu Toq-Temur
- 1332 - 1333 Irinchibal
- 1333 - 1370 Toghan-Temur
- 1370 - 1388 Togus-Temur
Mughulistan
1306 - 1363
- 1306 - 08 Konchek
- 1308 - 09 Taliqu
- 1309 - 20 Esen Buqa
- 1320 - 26 Kebek
- 1326 - 34 Tarmashirin Ala ad Din
- 1334 - 38 Changshi
- 1338 - 42 Yesun Temur
- 1342 - 43 Muhammad
- 1343 - 46 Qazan
- 1346 - 58 Danishmendji
- 1359 - 63 Tughluq Temur
- 1363 Timurids |
- 1303 Mamlukes stop last Mongol invasion of Syria.
- 1310's Chagatai Khanate splits in two parts: Transoxiana (West) & Moghulistan (East).
- 1313 - 41 The rule of Golden Horde by Khan Uzbek (1282 -1342), under whom Horde converts to Islam.
- 1326 conversion of Chagatayid Khan Tarmashirin to Islam.
- 1336 end of Il-Khanid dynasty in Iran.
- 1336 birth of Timur.
- 1346 - 63 rule of Chagatai Khan Tughlug Timur in Transoxiana.
- 1363 Timur expels Khan Tughlug Timur & sets up a puppet Khan under his control.
- 1368 end of Yüan dynasty in China.
- 1370 Timur becomes sole ruler of Transoxiana.
- 1377 - 95 rule of Golden Horde by Khan Tokhtamysh.
- 1380 Russians defeat Mamay, Khan of Golden Horde, at Battle of Kulikova.
- 1380 Golden Horde is amalgamated with White Horde (together called by former name).
- 1380-87 Timur conquers Iran.
- 1382 Tokhtamysh sacks & burns Moscow.
- 1390's Turfan Uighurs accept Islam.
- 1395 Timur defeats Tokhtamysh, destroys Golden Horde capital of Sarai Berke, & briefly occupies Moscow.
- 1398 Timur defeats Delhi sultanate.
- 1316 Oljeitu, Ilkhan, builds a new capital, Sultaniyeh, & his own domed mausoleum
- 1327 Chagatay khan Tarmashirin converts to Islam
- 1328 Mongols invade India but are repelled by Delhi sultanate
- 1335 Abu Said dies & Ilkhan khanate ends
- 1342 Shaybanid khan Uzbek dies
- 1350 Shaybani horde (southeast of Urals) renames itself Uzbek
- 1365 turkic-speaking Aksak Temur/Timur/Tamerlane overthrow Chaghatai khanate & conquers Persia, establishing his capital in Samarkand
- 1368 Ming dynasty is founded by a Chinese peasant & former Buddhist monk turned rebel, Chu Yuanchang, under whose leadership China regains independence from Mongols
- 1378 union of White Horde & Blue Horde into Golden Horde (Kipchak Khanate) under Toqtamish, with capital in Sarai Berke
- 1384 Timur captures Herat & Sultaniyeh (the Ilkhan)
- 1388 Ming defeat Yuan & destroy Karakorum
- 1391 Timur defeats "Golden Horde" & reaches Black Sea
- 1395 Timur sacks Baghdad
- Khazak horde seizes Khazakstan from Chagatai & Golden hordes
- 1398 Timur invades India & sacks Delhi, causing demise of Delhi Sultinate
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- 1391 - 1474 Gendun Drup
- 1475 - 1542 Gendun Gyatso |
The Golden Horde
1401 - 1502
- 1401 - 07 Temur Qutlugh
- 1407 - 10 Shadî Beg
- 1410 - 12 Pulad Khan
- 1412 - 14 Temur
- 1414 - 17 Karim Berdi
- 1417 - 19 Kebek
- 1419 - 22 Yeremferden
- 1419 - 22 Ulugh Muhammad
- 1422 - 33 Dawlat Berdi
- 1433 - 35 Baraq
- 1435 - 65 Sayyid Ahmad I
- 1465 - 81 Kuchuk Muhammad
- 1481 - 98 Ahmad
- 1481 - 99 Shaykh Ahmad
- 1499 - 1502 Murtada
- 1502 Shaykh Ahmad |
- 1400 Timur defeats Mamlukes in Syria.
- 1401 Timur destroys Baghdad.
- 1402 Timur defeats Ottoman sultan Bayezid I at Battle of Ankara.
- Timur captures Ottoman Turk Sultan Beyazid I
- 1405 death of Timur.
- Timur dies (buried in Samarkand) on his way to conquer China & his empire disintegrates
- 1407 Timur's son Shah Rukh re-conquers most of Timur's empire
- 1407 - 47 rule of Timur's son Shah Rukh (1377-1447) in Herat.
- 1407 - 49 rule of Shah Rukh's son Ulugh Beg (1394-1449) in Samarkand.
- 1408 emirate of Black Sheep Turks is established in western Persia.
- 1409 Shah Rukh moves Timurid capital to Herat
- 1417 Shah Rukh is succeeded by his son Ulugh Beg
- 1420 Ulugh Beg begins to build Registan in Samarkand
- 1430 part of Golden Horde splits off to form Khanate of Crimea under Hajji Giray Khan
- Part of Golden Horde splits off to form Khanate of Crimea under Hajji Giray Khan.
- 1434 rise of Oyrat (Western) Mongols in Jungaria.
- 1440 Uzbeks move south to Transoxiana under Abu al-Khayr
- 1445 Part of Golden Horde splits off to form Khanate of Kazan.
- Part of Golden Horde splits off to form Khanate of Kazan
- 1447 Shah Rukh dies & his son Ulugh Beg succeeds him
- 1449 Ulugh Beg is murdered by his own son
- 1451 Abu Said rules Timurids
- Muhammad Shaybani becomes khan of Uzbeks
- 1451/52-69 reign of Timurid ruler Abu Sa'id (1424 - 69).
- 1453 Ottoman Turks capture Constantinople.
- 1460 Turcomans invade Persia & Mesopotamia
- 1464 - 65 The Muscovite Prince Ivan III (the Great, reigned 1462 - 1505) sends an embassy to Abu Sa'id.
- 1466 Dayan Khan unifies Mongolian tribes again in Mongolia
- Part of Golden Horde splits off to form Khanate of Astrakhan
- Part of Golden Horde splits off to form Khanate of Astrakhan.
- 1467 White Sheep Turks defeat Black Sheep Turks in Persia.
- 1478 - 1506 reign of Timurid ruler Husayn Bayqara (1438 - 1506) in Herat.
- 1469 Abu Said dies & western Timurid empire (the Ilkhan) dissolves
- 1478 Husayn Bayqara rules Timurids from Herat
- 1480 Ivan III liberates Russia from Mongols
- Ivan III throws off Mongol yoke & proclaims himself Czar of Russia.
- 1490 Husayn Bayqara sends an embassy to Moscow.
- 1490's Kazakh Empire is established on Central Asian steppes.
- The decline of overland trade routes, including Silk Road, due to a new emphasis on trade by sea.
- 1497 Babur (1483 - 1530), ruler of Ferghana, captures Samarkand.
- Babur, a Turkic descendant of both Genghis Khan & Timur, becomes ruler of Ferghana & founds Mughal (Mogul) dynasty
- 1510's Uzbeks move south to Transoxiana under Abu al-Khayr (1413 - 69). |
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1100's |
1200's |
1300's |
1400's |
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The Americas |
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Incan Empire
1438 - 1533 |
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Post Classic Maya 900 - 1500 |
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Aztec Empire 1375 - 1521 |
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| |
- 1100 Aztecs left homeland in search of new home.
- 1195 Aztecs arrived in Valley of Mexico.
|
- 1200 Incas migrate to Peru from Andes & begin building roads
-
Northern Maya cities begin to be abandoned.
- 1224 city of Chichen Itza is abandoned by Toltecs. A people known as Uicil-abnal, which later takes name Itza, settles in desolate city.
- 1244 Itza abandon Chichen Itza for reasons unknown.
- 1250 Aztecs settled near Lake Texcoco.
- 1263 Itza begin building city of Mayapan.
- 1283 Mayapan becomes capital of Yucatan.
|
- 1300 Incan Empire expands from northern Ecuador to Chile
- 1325 Tenochtitlan was founded. First temple built by Aztecs.
- 1350 Inca Rocca founds Henan Cuzco dynasty
-
Causeways built with canals.
- 1370 Tenoch, Aztec Priest-Ruler, died. Aztecs ruled by Tepanecs.
- 1375 Acamapichtli becomes first ruler of Aztecs. |
- 1400 Tepanecs were defeated.
- Aztecs expand & rule whole valley.
- 1428 Aztecs joined forces with Texcoco & Tlacopan formed Triple Alliance. Atzcapotzalco conquered.
- 1438 expansion of Inca empire begins under Pachacuti
- 1440 Moctezuma started rule.
- 1441 There is a rebellion within Mayapan & city is abandoned by 1461. Shortly after this, Yucatan degenerates from a single united kingdom into sixteen rival statelets, each anxious to become most powerful.
- 1452 Tenochtitlan destroyed by flood.
- 1452 - 4 Famine.
- 1458 Moctezuma sent armies to conquer lands.
- 1469 Moctezuma I died.
- 1486 Ahuizotu became ruler.
- 1487 Great Temple at Tenochtitlan dedicated.
Aztecs expanded southward into Mayan territories.
- 1492 Columbus discovers America |
|
1100's |
1200's |
1300's |
1400's |
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Africa |
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Abyssinian Empire 1270 - 1974 |
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Mali Empire 1300s - 1600s |
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Songhai Empire
1400s - 1500s |
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Malinké Empire 1400 - ? |
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Ghana Empire 900 - 1240 |
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Extensive slave trade from sub-Saharan Africa to Mediterranean 600 - 1500 |
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Kongo Empire 1100 - 1884 |
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600's |
700's |
800's |
900's |
| |
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Technology |
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Brahmagupta 598 - 668 |
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|
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- Anno Domini system
- Backgammon (nard) in Persia by Burzoe
- Chess, as chaturanga, entered Persia from India & was modified to shatranj.
- Breast-strap horse harness in use in Frankish kingdom
- Byzantine Empire acquires silk technology from China
- Vaghbata, Indian medical books
- Vaghbata, Indian medical books |
- stirrup introduced to Persia from China, late 7th century
|
- Heavy plow in use in Rhine valley
- horsecollar in use in Northern Europe in 8th or 9th century
- papermaking introduced from China to Arabs
- 770 iron horseshoes come into common use
- Pattadakal, Chalukya Architecture |
- Vulgar Latin begins to devolve into various Romance languages
- 843 rotary grindstone in Europe (Utrecht Psalter)
- Invention of gunpowder by Chinese Taoist Alchemists |
- Hop (plant) first mentioned in connection with beer brewing
- 900 Europe was beginning to take shape as it is today. France, Austria & Germany grew strong.
- 912 Chivalry commenced. knights swore to be true to their trusts as champions of God & ladies. Chivalry flourished from eleventh to fifteenth century.
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600's |
700's |
800's |
900's |
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Religion |
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| |
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Age of Roman Catholic Religious Omnipower 755 - 1529 |
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| |
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Age of Chivalry 912 - 1400s |
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Age of Pisces 100 BC - 2680 |
|
|
- 498 - 514 Symmachus 16 years
- 514 - 23 Hormisdas 9 years
- 523 - 26 John I 3 years
- 526 - 30 Felix IV 4 years
- 530 - 32 Boniface II 2 years
- 533 - 35 John II 2 years
- 535 - 36 Agapetus I 1 year
- 536 - 37 Silverius 1 year
- 537 - 55 Vigilius 18 years
- 556 - 61 Pelagius I 5 years
- 561 - 74 John III 13 years
- 575 - 79 Benedict I 4 years
- 579 - 90 Pelagius II 11 years
- 590 - 604 Gregory I 14 years |
| - 553 Fifth Council held at Constantinople. |
- 590 Roman Catholicism after Constantine; Pope Gregory
- 596 St. Augustine arrived in England with 40 monks sent by Gregory Great.
|
- 604 - 606 Sabinian 2 years
- 607 Boniface III 1 years
- 608 - 15 Boniface IV 7 years
- 615 - 18 Adeodatus I 3 years
- 619 - 25 Boniface V 6 years
- 625 - 38 Honorius I 13 years
- 638 - 40 Severinus 2 years
- 640 - 42 John IV 2 years
- 642 - 49 Theodore I 7 years
- 649 - 55 Martin I 6 years
- 654 - 57 Eugene I 3 years
- 657 - 72 Vitalian 15 years
- 672 - 76 Adiodatus II 4 years
- 676 - 78 Donus 2 years
- 678 - 81 Agatho 3 years
- 681 - 83 Leo II 2 years
- 684 - 85 Benedict II 1 year
- 685 - 86 John V 1 year
- 686 - 87 Conon 1 year
- 687 - 701 Sergius I 14 years |
- 610 Prophet Muhammad begins receiving revelations
- 613 Prophet Muhammad begins public preaching in Mecca
- 619 Death of Prophet’s wife Khadijah & uncle Abu Thalib, leaving Prophet without a protector.
- 621 Prophet’s first contact with Medina
- 622 Migration (Hijrah) of Prophet & his followers to Medina
- First year of Islamic calendar
- 624 - 27 Series of battles between Prophet & his followers & Meccans
- 630 Prophet occupies Mecca, destroys idols in Kaaba.
- 632 Death of Prophet
- Abu Bakar becomes first caliph
- 634 - 44 Reign of 2nd Caliph Umar
| - 680 Sixth Council held at Constantinople. |
- 696 Radbod, King of Frisians, rejects attempts to convert him to Christianity. |
- 701 - 05 John VI 4 years
- 705 - 07 John VII 2 years
- 708 Sisinnius
- 708 - 15 Constantine 7 years
- 715 - 31 Gregory II 16 years
- 731 - 41 Gregory III 10 years
- 741 - 52 Zachary 9 years
- 752 Stephen |
| - 732 - 804 Padmasambhava inventor of Tibetan Buddhism |
- 755 - 1529 Age of Roman Catholic Religious Omnipower |
| - 787 Seventh Council held at Nicaea |
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| - 869 - 70 Eighth Council held at Constantinople |
|
- 912 Chivalry commenced. knights swore to be true to their trusts as champions of God & ladies. Chivalry flourished from eleventh to fifteenth century.
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600's |
700's |
800's |
900's |
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Empires |
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Aksumite 400 - 700 |
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Frankish Empire 509 – 843 |
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Tibetan Empire 600s – 1000s |
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Arab Empire 630 - 1258 |
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Bulgarian Empire 681 - 1018 |
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Chola Empire 800s - 1200s |
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Venetian Empire 800s - 1797 |
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Khmer Empire 802 - 1462 |
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| |
Great Moravian
833 - 900s |
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| |
Holy Roman Empire 843 – 1806 |
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| |
Ghana 900 - 1240 |
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| |
Tu'i Tonga
950 – 1875? |
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| |
Ghaznavid
963 - 1187 |
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600's |
700's |
800's |
900's |
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Mediterranean |
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Bulgarian Empire 681 - 1018 |
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Venetian Empire 800s - 1797 |
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Early Byzantine Empire 330 - 843 |
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Middle Byzantine 843 - 1260 |
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|
- 500 - 548 Theodora
- Teodora Imparatrice Di Bisanzio 1954
- 518 - 527 Justin I 9 years
- 527 - 65 Justinian I 38 years
- Last Roman 1968
- 565 - 78 Justin II 13 years
- 578 - 82 Tiberius II Constantine 4 years
- 582 - 602 Maurice 20 years |
| - 553 Fifth Council held at Constantinople. |
- 498 - 514 Symmachus 16 years
- 514 - 23 Hormisdas 9 years
- 523 - 26 John I 3 years
- 526 - 30 Felix IV 4 years
- 530 - 32 Boniface II 2 years
- 533 - 35 John II 2 years
- 535 - 36 Agapetus I 1 year
- 536 - 37 Silverius 1 year
- 537 - 55 Vigilius 18 years
- 556 - 61 Pelagius I 5 years
- 561 - 74 John III 13 years
- 575 - 79 Benedict I 4 years
- 579 - 90 Pelagius II 11 years
- 590 - 604 Gregory I 14 years |
- 568 Lombard Kingdom of Italy began. Lombards (of Vandal origin, from north), under Alboin, took over Ostrogothic monarchy of Italy. Ostrogothic nation disappeared from history.
- 596 St. Augustine arrived in England with 40 monks. He was sent by Gregory Great.
|
- 602 - 10 Phocas 8 years
- 610 - 41 Heraclius 31 years
- 641 Constantine III
- Heraclianus
- 641 - 68 Constans II 27 years
- 668 - 69 Mezezius 1 year
- 652 - 85 Constantine IV 35 years
- 685 - 95 Justinian II 10 years
- 695 - 98 Leontios 3 years
- 698 - 705 Tiberios III 7 years
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| - 680 Sixth Council held at Constantinople. |
- 604 - 606 Sabinian 2 years
- 607 Boniface III 1 years
- 608 - 15 Boniface IV 7 years
- 615 - 18 Adeodatus I 3 years
- 619 - 25 Boniface V 6 years
- 625 - 38 Honorius I 13 years
- 638 - 40 Severinus 2 years
- 640 - 42 John IV 2 years
- 642 - 49 Theodore I 7 years
- 649 - 55 Martin I 6 years
- 654 - 57 Eugene I 3 years
- 657 - 72 Vitalian 15 years
- 672 - 76 Adiodatus II 4 years
- 676 - 78 Donus 2 years
- 678 - 81 Agatho 3 years
- 681 - 83 Leo II 2 years
- 684 - 85 Benedict II 1 year
- 685 - 86 John V 1 year
- 686 - 87 Conon 1 year
- 687 - 701 Sergius I 14 years |
|
- 705 - 11 Justinian II 6 years
- 711 - 13 Phillipikos 2 years
- 713 - 15 Anastasios II 2 years
- 715 - 17 Theodosios III 2 years
- 717 - 41 Leo III Isaurian 24 years
- 741 - 75 Constantine V 4 years
- 741 - 43 Artapasdos 2 years
- 751 - 80 Leo IV Khazar 29 years
- 776 - 97 Constantine VI 21 years
- 797 - 802 Irene of Athens 5 years
- 802 - 11 Nikephoros I 9 years |
- 714 Mahometan Spain emerged under Emirs.
- 732 During Battle of Tours, Charles Martel defeated Saracens & saved Europe from Asiatic civilization.
- 755 Papal Rome began.
- 752 - 57 Stephen II 5 years
- 758 - 68 Paul I 10 years.
- 768 - 72 Stephen III 4 years.
- 772 - 95 Adrian I 23 years
- 795 - 815 Leo III 20 years. |
-
Astolphus, King of Italy, surrendered Exarchate (or Reavenna) to Pepin. He gave it to Stephen III who thus obtained civil power. Naples, Sicily & Lower Italy were retained by Eastern Empire.
| - 787 Seventh Council held at Nicaea |
|
- 811 Staurakios
- 811 - 13 Michael I Rangabe 2 years
- 813 - 20 Leo V Armenian
& Constantine 7 years
- 770 - 820 Michael II 50 years
- 813 - 29 Theophilos 26 years
- 840 - 42 Michael III 2 years
- 811 - 67 Basil I Macedonian 55 years
- 866 - 86 Leo VI Wise 20 years
- 870 - 912 Alexander III 42 years
- 905 - 08 Constantine VII Porphyrogennetos 3 years
- 870 - 920 Romanos I Lekopenos 50 years
|
- 800 Charlemagne proclaimed emperor in Rome
- 816 - 17 Stephen IV 2 years
- 817 - 24 Pascal I 7 years.
- 824 - 27 Eugenius 3 years.
- 827 - 43 Gregory IV 16 years.
- 844 - 47 Sergius 3 years.
- 846 - 52 Leo IV 6 years.
- 853 - 58 Benediot III 5 years.
- 858 - 67 Nicholas 9 years.
- 867 - 72 Adrian II 5 years. |
| - 869 - 70 Eighth Council held at Constantinople |
- 872 - 82 John VIII 10 years.
- 882 - 85 Two Popes 3 years.
- 885 - 91 Stephen VI 6 years.
- 891 - 94 Formosus 3 years.
- 896 - 905 Seven Popes 9 years |
|
- 900 Europe was beginning to take shape as it is today. France, Austria & Germany grew strong.
- 938 - 59 Romanos II Porphyrogennetos 21 years
- 912 - 63 Nikephoros II Phokas 51 years
- 925 - 69 John I Tzimiskes 44 years
- 958 - 76 Basil II Bulgar Slayer 18 years
- 960 - 1025 Constantine VIII 65 years
- 978 - 1018 Zoe 40 years
- 968 - 1028 Romanos III Argyros 60 years
|
- 905 - 10 Sergius III 5 years.
- 911 - 14 Two Popes 3 years, Anastasius III & Lando.
- 913 - 18 John X 5 years.
- 936 - 39 Leo VII 3 years.
- 939 - 42 Stephen IX 3 years.
- 942 - 46 Marin II 4 years.
- 946 - 56 Agapetus II 10 years.
- 956 - 64 John XII 8 years.
- 964 - 72 John XIII 8 years.
- 973 - 83 Benedict VII 10 years.
- 984 - 86 John XIV 2 years.
- 986 - 96 John XVI 10 years.
- 996 - 99 Gregory V 3 years. |
- Normandy broke away from France under leadership of Robert, First Duke of Normandy.
- 912 Chivalry commenced. knights swore to be true to their trusts as champions of God & ladies. Chivalry flourished from eleventh to fifteenth century.
- 997 Venice became independent of Eastern Empire & acquired Dalmatian & Istria.
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600's |
700's |
800's |
900's |
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North Europe |
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Frankish Empire 509 – 843 |
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Charlamagne
768 - 814 |
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Great Moravian
833 - 900s |
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Holy Roman Empire 843 – 1806 |
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Building of Danevirke 737 - 1160 |
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Viking Age 793 - 1066 |
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| - 493 - 526 King Theodoric Great, later a prominent hero in Germanic tales, rules in Rome until his death. |
| - 500 - 30 Lives of historical antecedents of Beowulf, Hrothgar, Hrolf Kraki. |
- 596 St. Augustine arrived in England with 40 monks. He was sent by Gregory Great.
|
- 630 Olaf became King of Norway.
- 639 Date of Sutton-Hoo ship-burial, a rich Germanic grave containing artifacts of Swedish manufacture.
- 659 Penda, last heathen king of England, dies in battle.
- 696 Radbod, King of Frisians, rejects attempts to convert him to Christianity.
|
- 700 Primitive Norse (or Runic Norse) gives way to Old Norse.
- 762 Ruric, a Varangian Chief established first government of Russia.
- 768 - 814 Charlamagne (Charles Great, son of Pepin) came to power in Europe. He was considered a great prince. He was strongest & tallest man of his time, but plain in dress & diet.
- Charlemagne, Charles Prince 1995 |
- 772 Charlemagne begins his war of extermination against heathen Saxons, destroying Irminsul.
- 790 Sweden emerged under Ragnor Lodbrog.
- 793 Norse sea-raiders sack Anglo-Celtic monastary at Lindisfarne.
- 794 Denmark emerged under Sigurd.
- 795 Norse raids on Ireland begin.
Alfred Great
871 - 899
- Alfred Great 1969
- King Arthur
- King Arthur 2004
- Camelot 1967
- Knights of Round Table 1953
- Sword of Lancelot 1963
- Excalibur 1981
- First Knight 1995
- Arthur King 1985
- World of Lancelot 1963 |
|
- 800 Charlemagne proclaimed emperor in Rome
- Elder Futhark is replaced by Younger or Sixteen-Rune Futhark.
- 800 - 10 Reign of King Godfrid of Denmark.
- 810 Death of Charlemagne.
- 810 - 27 Reign of King Harald Klak of Denmark.
- 827 - 53 Reign of King Horik Godfredsson of Denmark.
- 835 Danish raiders ally with Cornish against rule of King Ecgbehrt of Wessex.
- 840 - 70 Reign of King Halfdan Black of Norway.
| - 843 – 1806 Holy Roman Empire |
- 844 - 45 Norse raids on Moorish Spain begin.
- 845 Al-Ghazal's embassy to Turgeis, King of Vikings in Ireland.
- 851 First Norse raid on Wales recorded in Welsh chronicles Annales Cambriae, Brut y Tywysogion & Brut y Saeson stating that a certain Cyngen or Cinnen died on swords of "the Heathen".
- 852 Swedish Rus become dominant among Volga.
- 853 - 73 Reign of King Rorik of Denmark.
- 860 Norse discovery of Iceland.
- 870 Settlement of Iceland begins.
- 870 - 945 Reign of King Harald Harfagra of Norway.
- 873 - 91 Kings Sigfred & Halfdan are co-rulers of Denmark.
- 878 Alfred Great defeats Guthrum/Guthorm & forces Viking forces to accept Christianity in return for English for settlement.
Harald Harfagra completes his conquest & unification of Norway & Orkney Islands, many Norwegians flee to Iceland.
- 890's Reign of King Helgi of Denmark, followed by Swedish rule of Denmark under King Olaf Swede. |
| - 910 - 90 Life of poet/warrior Egill Skallagrimsson. |
- 912 Gongu-Hrolf and his men take lands in Normandy as vassals of French king. Their descendants become Normans.
- 920 Ulfljotr Norwegian brings Gulathing Law to Iceland, where it is used as a model upon which Icelandic Law is based.
- 922 Ibn-Fadlan, an Arab ambassador to Scandinavian Rus along Volga, writes his account of their customs, including a full description of a ship/cremation funeral.
- 930 First Althing held at Thingvellir in Iceland, establishment of Icelandic Free State.
- 930 - 1011 Life of Njal of Berthorsknoll.
- 935 - 950 Reign of King Gorm Old of Denmark.
- 946 Reign of King Hakon Good of Norway.
- 947 Start of reign of King Olafr Tryggvasson of Norway, Norway adopts Christianity.
- 950 - 83 Reign of King Haraldr Bluetooth of Denmark, Denmark adopts Christianity.
- 982 Eirikr inn Rauda (Eric Red) discovers Greenland.
- 983 Start of reign of King Svein Forkbeard of Denmark.
- 986 Settlement of Greenland.
- 992 Poland became a kingdom.
Viking Age 793 - 1066
- Vikings
- Vikings 1958
- Norseman 1978
- Viking Sagas 1995 - Vikings go to Russia
- Thirteenth Warrior 1999 |
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600's |
700's |
800's |
900's |
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Middle East |
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| |
Arab Empire 630 - 1258 |
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Rashidun |
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Umayyad 661 - 750 |
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Abassid, Civilization unfolding 750 - 1258 |
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Ghaznavid 963 - 1187 |
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Sassanian Empire 224 - 651 |
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- Backgammon (nard) in Persia by Burzoe
- Chess, as chaturanga, entered Persia from India & was modified to shatranj.
Sassanid dynasty
- 499 - 531 Kavad I (restored)
- 531 - 79 Khusrau I
- 579 - 90 Hormizd IV
- 590 - 91 Bahram VI |
- Mohammed, Messenger of God 1977
- 539 - 62 & 572 - 91 war between Byzantium & Persia
|
Sassanid dynasty
- 590 - 628 Khusrau II
- 628 Kravad II
- 328 - 630 Ardashir III
- 630 Shahrbaraz
- 630 - 31 Boran
- 631 - 32 Azarmedukht
- 632 - 51 Yazdgard III |
- stirrup introduced to Persia from China, late 7th century
- 610 Prophet Muhammad begins receiving revelations
- 613 Prophet Muhammad s.a.w begins public preaching in Mecca
- 619 Death of Prophet’s (s.a.w) wife Khadijah & uncle Abu Thalib, leaving Prophet s.a.w without a protector.
- 621 Prophet’s (s.a.w) first contact with Medina
- 622 Migration (Hijrah) of Prophet & his followers to Medina
First yr of Islamic calendar
- 624 - 27 Series of battles between Prophet (s.a.w) & his followers & Meccans
- 630 Prophet s.a.w occupies Mecca, destroys idols in Kaaba.
- 632 Death of Prophet s.a.w
Abu Bakar r.a becomes first caliph
- 634 - 44 Reign of 2nd Caliph Umar r.a
- 634 - 38 Muslim campaign in Syria & Palestine against Byzantines
- 635 Muslims occupy Damascus
- 638 Muslims conquer Jerusalem
- 641 First Muslim settlement in Egypt at Fustat (near Cairo)
- 642 Defeat of Sassanian dynasty of Persia
- 644 - 56 Caliphate of Uthman r.a
- 651 Arab conquest of Sassanid Empire
- 656 - 61 Caliphate of Ali ibn Abu Talib, Prophet Muhammad’s (s.a.w) cousin & son-in-law
- 661 - 750 Caliphate of Umyyad dynasty
Capital moved to Damascus
Muslim conquests extended through Iran acrss Northen Africa
- 670 Establishment of Kairouan in Tunisa
- 674 - 79 First siege of Constantinopole
- 680 Martyrdom of Ali’s Husayn at Kerbela, Iraq
- 692 Dome of Rock begun in Jerusalem |
- 705 - 15 Great Mosque of Damascus built
- 711 Muslim armies enter Spain
Establish capital of Cordoba
- 711 - 13 Conquest of Sind & Tansaxiana
- 717 - 18 Second siege of Constatinopole
- 732 Battle of Tours
Charles Martel, King of Franks, defeats Muslim army
- 747 Abbasid revolt begins
- 749 First Abbasid Caliph proclaimed
- 750 Defeat & massacre of Umayyads; only survivor flees to Spain where he establishes Umayyad principality
- 751 Battle of Talas; Muslim armies face Chinese in Central Aisa
- 756 - 1031 Umayyad dynasty in Spain
- 762 Abbasids establish Madinat-al-Salam as their new capital in Mesopotamia, known as Baghdad
- 767 Death of Abu Hanifa; founder of Hanafi school of law
- 786 - 809 Caliphate of Harun al-Rashid; later immortalized in 1001 Nights
- 793 Death of Malik ibn Anas; founder of Maliki school of law |
- 800 - 09 Aghlabid dynasty of governors in Tunisaa
- 813 - 33 Caliphate of Mamum
- 820 Death of al-Shafii; founder of Shafii school of law
- 830 Mamun establishes “House of Wisdom” at Baghdad, responsible for translation of manuscripts from Greek, Syriac, Persian & Sanskrit into Arabic
- 836 Great mosque at Kairouan built
- 836 - 39 Abbasids move capital to Samarra, upriver from Baghdad
- 855 Death of Ahmad ibn Hanbal; founder Hanbali school of law
- 870 Death of al-Bukhari, collecter of Prophetic traditions
- 873 Death of philosopher al-Kindi
- 879 Mosque of Ibn Tulun founded in Cairo |
- 931 - 70 Count of Castille of Spain
- El valle de las espadas (Castilian) 1963
- 945 - 1055 Buyids occupy baghdad
- 950 Death of Philisopher al-Farabi
- 969 Fatimids conquer Egypt; move their capital to Cairo
- 970 Foundation of al-Azhar mosque in Cairo, often considered first university
- 999 - 1171 Rival Fatimid caliphate established in North Africa
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600's |
700's |
800's |
900's |
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East Asia |
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Shailendra dynasty Indonesia
775 - 874 |
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Early Period in Burma 850 - 1120 |
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Chola Empire 800s - 1200s |
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Khmer Empire 802 - 1462 |
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Tang Dynasty in China 618 - 908 |
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Tu'i Tonga
950 – 1875? |
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Fujiwara dynasti 856 - 1086 |
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South & North Dnsts
420 - 588 |
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Five Dnsts
907 - 960 |
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Southern & Northern Dynasties
Southern Dynasties
420 - 588
- 420 - 78 Lui Song
- 479 -501 Southern Qi
- 502 - 56 Liang
- 557 - 88 Chen |
Northern Dynasties
386 - 588
- 386 - 533 Northern Wei
- 534 - 49 Eastern Wei
- 535 - 57 Western Wei
- 550 - 77 Northern Qi
- 557 - 88 Northern Zhou |
|
- Vaghbata, Indian medical books |
Indonesia - Shrivijaya (Sumatra)
- 683 Jayanasa |
Burma Pyu kingdom (N)
Mon kingdom (S) |
| Thailand Dvaravati Mon kingdom |
- 624 - 705 Wu Zetian only female Emperess
| Cambodia Early Kingdoms period. "Chenla." Sambor Prei Kuk (Ishanapura). Hindu, Buddhist sculptures. Old City at Lingaparvata (later site of Wat Phu) |
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- 762 Tai Tsong became Emperor of China.
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Indonesia
- 775 - 864 Shailendra dynasty (central Java).
- 800 Borobudur, Mendut
- 900 Lara Jonggrang (central Java) |
Burma
- 832 Thais conquer Pyu capital
- Burmese peoples migrate from S. China into N. Burma
- 850 - 1120 Early Period (Pagan) |
Thailand
- 802 - 35 Dvaravati Mon kingdom (S) Jayavarman II founds Khmer empire.
- 877 - 89 Indravarman I (Bakong).
- 889 - 900 Yasovarman I founds Angkor (East Baray)
|
Vietnam
- 890's Dong Duong monastery complex
- 939 Viets (N) expel China |
|
Five Dynasties & Ten Kingdoms 907 - 960
- 907 - 23 Liang
- 923 - 36 Tang
- 936 - 46 Jin
- 947 - 50 Han
- 951 - 60 Zhou
- 907 - 79 Ten Kingdoms |
| - 907 - 1125 Liao Dynasty |
- 928 - 41 Tai peoples migrate from S. China into N. Thailand Jayavarman IV, capital at Koh Ker.
- 944 - 68 Rajendravarman.
- 968 Banteay Srei |
- 950 – 1875? Tu'i Tonga
|
| - 960 - 1279 Song Dynasties |
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|
600's |
700's |
800's |
900's |
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Central Asia |
|
|
| |
Tibetan Empire 600s – 1000s |
|
|
- 552 turkic-speaking khanate of Boumin or Kok ("Khan of blue Turks") defeats Mongols & extends its empire from Manchuria to Aral sea (Western & Eastern Khanate)
- Turks destroy Juan-juan Empire & establish Turkic Khaganate, nominally divided into Western & Eastern Khanates.
- 553 - 68 Turks & Sassanians ally to destroy Hephthalite Empire.
- late 500's Hephthalites move west to Russian steppe to form Avar Khanate.
- 570 birth of Muhammad.
- 572 - 91 Turks & Byzantines ally against Sassanians.
- 576 Turks invade Caucasus & establish Khazar Khanate.
- 580 Tardu unifies Turks
- 582 Turkic Khaganate officially breaks up into Western & Eastern Khanates.
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- 601 Turks under command of Tardu siege China's capital Xian
- 617 - 649 Songtsän Gampo
- 618 Tang dynasty is established in China.
- 618 Namri Songtsen
- 618 - 50 Songtsän Gampo
- 650 - 76 Mangsong Mangtsän
- 677 - 704 Tridu Songtsän |
- 629 Chinese Tang begin anti-Turk campaigns
- 630 Chinese occupy Mongolia (Eastern Turkic Khanate).
- 630 - 40 Chinese subdue Tarim Basin.
- 632 death of Muhammad & beginning of expansion of Arab Muslim Empire.
- 641 King Songtsen Gampo Unifies Tibet
- 642 Sassanian Shah Yazdigird is defeated by Arabs at Battle of Nahavand.
- 642 - 51 collapse of Sassanian Empire under pressure of Arab raids.
- 650 Khazars defeat Alans & Bulgars, resulting in their domination of Caucasus & Volga region.
- 651 Tang annex Western Khanate
- 652 Arabs first capture Khurasan.
- 659 Chinese forces penetrate into Transoxiana (Western Turkic Khanate).
- 661 establishment of Arabic Umayyad Caliphate in Damascus & origin of Sunni-Shi'ite split in Islam.
- 667 Arabs defeat Peroz, last Sassanian shah, & first cross Oxus River(Amu Darya).
- 673 -704 Arab raids across Oxus in an attempt to capture Bukhara & Soghd.
- 682/83 revolt of Turks against Chinese & re-establishment of Turkic Khanate in Mongolia.
- 686 mongolian Kitan from Manchuria raid China
- 689 Arab occupation of Termez.
- 691 reestablishment of Eastern Turkic Khanate in Tarim Basin. |
- 704 - 54 Tride Tsuktsän
- 756 - 97 or 804 Trisong Detsän
- 797 - 99 Muné Tsenpo |
- 705 Arabs, under Qutayba ibn Muslim, launch a holy war against Transoxiana from Merv.
- 709 Arabs capture Bukhara & Samarkand.
- 711 Arabs capture Khiva.
- 712 Arabs subdue Khwarezm & recapture Samarkand.
- 713 Arabs sack Kashgar.
- 714 Chinese, under emperor T'ai-tsong, defeat Turks at Lake Issuk-kul.
- 715 end of Arab conquest of Transoxiana as a result of death of Qutaiba.
- 728 Arab attempt to forcibly convert Transoxiana to Islam, resulting in general revolt.
| - 732 - 804 Padmasambhava inventor of Tibetan Buddhism |
- 744 Chinese Tang dismantle Turk empire
- turkic-speaking Uigurs, thanks to their alliance with Tang, conquer Eastern Khanate & expand from Lake Balkash to Lake Baykal, with capital in Kara-Balgasun (first turkic alphabet)
- Uighurs defeat Turks in Mongolia & establish Uighur Empire.
- 745 turkic-speaking Uigur empire is founded in Mongolia
- 748 Chinese invade Ferghana Valley.
- 749 Abbasids seize Caliphate from Umayyads & subsequently transfer capital to Baghdad.
- 750's Semirechye & eastern Syr Darya come under rule of Qarluqs while western Syr Darya comes under rule of Oghuz (Ghuzz).
- 751 Arabs defeat Chinese at Battle of Talas River.
- 755 - 804 Trisong Detsäns reign. First Emperor of Tibet
- 759 - 80 The Uighurs convert to Manichaeism under Khan Mei-yu
- 774 Padmasambhava enters Tibet |
- 799 - 815 Tride Songtsän
- 815 - 838 Tritsu Detsen
- 838 - 842 Langdarma |
- 820 rise of Tahirid Emirate in Khurasan, extending into Transoxiana.
- 840 Kirghiz replace Uighurs in Mongolia, who flee to Turfan to establish Uighur Kingdom.
- 846 Kirghiz drive Uighurs west to Tarim Basin
- 867 - 69 rise of Saffarid dynasty (Shi'ite) in Persia.
- 875 Persian Samanid dynasty (Sunni) obtains administration of Transoxiana, with its capital in Bukhara, from Caliph. |
- 900 Samanids overthrow Saffarids, thus extending their rule into all of Persia.
- 906 end of Tang dynasty in China.
- 924 Mongol Khitans defeat Kirghiz.
- 925 mongolian Kitan expand towards eastern Mongolia (driving away kyrgiz), most of Manchuria (their homeland, where they ruled over Jurchen), & most of northern China, & establish Liao dynasty
- 932 Turkic Qarakhanid dynasty is established, with its initial center in Kashgar.
- 950's conversion of Qarakhanids & Uighurs from Buddhism to Islam under Satuq Bughra Khan (d.955).
- 962 Turkic Ghaznavid dynasty is established in Afghanistan.
- 965 Kievan ruler Svyatoslav crushes Khazar political power in Russian steppe region.
- 985 Seljuq Turks, a ruling tribe of Oghuz, move to vicinity of Bukhara.
- 986 Russians, in search of a religion, contact Muslim missionaries from Khwarezm, but decide not to adopt Islam.
- 988 conversion of Russians to Orthodox Christianity.
- 990 pro-Shi'ite Persian Buwayhids end political power of Abbasid Caliphate by seizing control of Iraq & much of Iran.
- 999 Ghaznavids defeat Samanids in Khurasan & Qarakhanids capture Bukhara, Samanid capital. |
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600's |
700's |
800's |
900's |
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The Americas |
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Late Classic Maya 600 - 900 |
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- 500 Maya city of Tikal becomes first great Maya city, as citizens from Teotihuacan make their way to Tikal, introducing new ideas involving weaponry, captives, ritual practices & human sacrifice.
- 486 – 508 Chak Tok Ich'aak II,
- 511 – 27 Kaloomte' B'alam Lady of Tikal, Curl Head
- ? Bird Claw Lady of Tikal, Animal Skull I
- 537 – 62 Wak Chan K'awiil, Double Bird |
|
- 593 – 628 Animal Skull
- 628 – 50 K'inich Muwaan Jol II
- 650 – 79 Nuun Ujol Chaak, Shield Skull, Nun Bak Chak |
- 600 An unknown event destroys civilization at Teotihuacan, along with empire it supported. Tikal becomes largest city-state in Mesoamerica, with as many as 500,000 inhabitants within city & its hinterland.
- 683 Emperor Pacal dies at age of 80 & is buried in Temple of Inscriptions at Palenque. |
- 682 – 734 Jasaw Chan K'awiil I
- 734 – 66 Yik'in Chan K'awiil, Ruler B, Yaxkin Caan Chac, Sun Sky Rain
- 766 – 68 Ruler 28
- 768 – 94 Yax Nuun Ayiin II |
- 738 when Uaxaclajuun Ub'aah K'awiil, one of greatest kings in Copán's dynastic history, was captured & executed by his former vassal, king of Quiriguá
- 751 Long-standing Maya alliances begin to break down. Trade between Maya city-states declines, & inter-state conflict increases. |
- 800 Nuun Ujol K'inich
- ? - 810+ Dark Sun
- 849+ Jewel K'awiil
- 869+ Jasaw Chan K'awiil II |
- 869 Construction ceases in Tikal, marking beginning of city's decline.
- 875 - 900 Uxmal dominant
- 899 Tikal is abandoned.
|
- 900 Classic Period of Maya history ends, with collapse of southern lowland cities. Maya cities in northern Yucatan continue to thrive.
- 987 Topiltzin Ce Acatl Quetzalcoatl, Toltec King, moves to Chitzen Itza |
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600's |
700's |
800's |
900's |
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Africa |
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Ghana 900 - 1240 |
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Aksumite 400 - 700 |
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| |
Extensive slave trade from sub-Saharan Africa to Mediterranean 600 - 1500 |
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| |
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- 868 - 905 Tulunid dynasty in Egypt |
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100's |
200's |
300's |
400's |
| |
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Technology |
|
|
| |
- 79 Codex (book)
- Book binding |
- 105 Cai Lun invents paper in China
- First star chart Ptolemy
- 114 Trajan's Column built. 140 feet high.
- 121 Adrian's Wall was built from Rhine River to Danube River.
- 131 - 216 Claudius Galenus, (Galen) Greek Physician was born. Wrote 500 books on Medicine & 250 on other subjects.
- 132 Seismeter in China
- 192 Septimius Severus bult a wall at York |
- 200 Camels first used for trans-Saharan transport
- First glasses in Syria
- Compass in China
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|
- Stirrup China
- Heavy Plow in Slavia
- Anglo Saxon Futhoric alphabet in England
- Armenian Alphabet
- 476 Odoacer overthrows Romulus Augustulus. End of Roman Empire. "Middle Ages" began & rise of feudal system. There was a Feudal Alliance between Odoacer, king of Western Empire & Euric. Euric formally resigned his provinces & received them again as fiefs of Rome.
- 493 Ostrogoths invaded Western Empire under Theodoric Great. One third of lands were given to his 500,000 troops. He married Clovis' sister. Roman or Western Empire came under Ostrogothic monarchy of Italy with capitals at Ravenna & Verona.
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100's |
200's |
300's |
400's |
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Religion |
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Christian Persecutions 64 - 275 |
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Age of Pisces 100 BC - 2680 |
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5000 year long Mayan age |
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Jesus Christ 6 BC - 33
- Passion of Christ 2004
- Jesus of Nazareth 1977
- Jesus 1979
- King of Kings 1961
- Mary & Joseph 1979
- Greatest Story Ever Told 1965
- Barabbas 1961
- Robe 1953 |
- 30 - 67 Peter 37 years
- 64 - 67 Linus 3
- 77 - 88 Anacletus 11
- 88 - 97 Clement I 11 |
| - 52 - 96 New Testament written. Eight authors wrote twenty-seven books |
| - 64 - 68 First Persecution by Nero began |
| - 81 Second Persecution by Domitian |
- 95 apostle John banished to Patmos. |
| - 106 - 107 Third Persecution by Trajan |
- 137 Christmas began to be observed.
| - 150 - 250 Modalism (Monarchianism) –Sabellius, Praxeus, Noetus, Paul of Samosata |
| - 162 - 177 Fourth Persecution by Marcus Aurelius |
- 178 Christian missionaries preached in Britain with success.
- 179 Lucius, first Christian king, ruled in Britain. He founded Archbishopric of York |
- 199 - 217 Zephyrinus 18 years
- 217 - 23 Callixtus I 6 years
- 223 - 30 Urban I 7 years
- 230 - 35 Pontian 5 years
- 235 - 36 Anterus 1 years
- 236 - 50 Fabian 14 years
- 251 - 53 Cornelius 2 years
- 253 - 54 Lucius I 1 year
- 254 - 57 Stephen I 3 years
- 257 - 58 Sixtus II 1 year
- 259 - 68 Dionysus 9 years
- 269 - 74 Felix I 5 years
- 275 - 83 Eutychian 8 years
- 283 - 96 Caius 13 years
- 296 - 304 Marcellinus 8 years |
| - 200 - 11 Fifth Persecution by Severus |
| - 235 - 7 Sixth Persecution by Maximus |
- 245 Seven missionaries enter Gaul.
| - 250 - 53 Seventh Persecution by
Decius who proposed to extirpate Christianity from earth by sword & fire, wild beasts, wheel, red-hot iron chairs, & every variety of torture. |
| - 257 - 60 Eighth Persecution |
| - 275 Ninth Persecution by Aurelian. |
|
- 308 - 09 Marcellus I 1 years
- 309 - 10 Eusebius 1 years
- 311 - 14 Miltiades 3 years
- 314 - 35 Sylvester I 21 years
- 336 Mark 1 year
- 337 - 52 Julius I 15 years
- 352 - 66 Liberius 14 years
- 366 - 84 Damascus 18 years
- 384 - 99 Siricius 15 years
- 399 - 401 Anastasius I 2 years |
- 300 Kingdom of Axum (Ethiopia) accepts Christianity
- 313 Constantine's conversion came by a vision of a luminous cross in sky.
- 325 After being persecuted for almost 200 years Constantine made Church becomes a legal religion, compromise begins to enter.
- First Christian Bible
- Kama Sutra
| - 325 Council of Nicea. First Ecumenical Council held. It was called by Constantine, Emperor of Rome, & held at Nice, Bithynia. 318 Bishops & 2,048 Ecclesiastics. "Nicene Creed" was formed at this council. |
- 340 Pachomius draws up code of monastic behavior in Luxor, Egypt.
- 361 Julian ruled Rome. He publicly abandoned Christianity & adopted paganism.
| - 381 Second Council was held at Constantinople from May to July. Three hundred fifty Bishops attended. |
|
- 401 - 17 Innocent I 16 years
- 417 - 18 Zosimus 1 year
- 418 - 22 Boniface I 4 years
- 422 - 32 Celestine I 10 years
- 432 - 40 Sixtus III 8 years
- 440 - 61 Leo I 21 years
- 461 - 68 Hilarius 7 years
- 468 - 83 Simplicius 15 years
- 483 - 92 Felix III 9 years
- 492 - 96 Gelasius I 4 years
- 496 - 98 Anastasius II 2 years |
| - 431 Third Council held at Ephesus. |
| - 451 Fourth Council held at Chalcedon. |
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100's |
200's |
300's |
400's |
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Empires |
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100 B.C. - 500 A.D. practice of sacrificing/executing people in bogs is carried out regularly in Scandinavia, especially Denmark. |
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Chinese Empire 221 - 1912 |
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Early Byzantine Empire 330 - 843 |
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Sassanian Empire 224 - 651 |
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Late Preclassic Maya 300 B.C. - A.D. 250 |
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Early Classic Maya 250 - 600 |
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Teotihuacano Empire 300 - 600/700 |
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Gupta Empire 320 - 550 |
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Aksumite 400 - 700 |
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Byzantine Empire 323 - 1453 |
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Roman Empire 27 - 476 |
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100's |
200's |
300's |
400's |
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Mediterranean |
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Roman Empire 27 - 476 |
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Early Byzantine Empire
330 - 843 |
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Christian Persecutions 64 - 311 |
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Julio - Claudians
27 - 68 |
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5 Good Emperors
96 - 180 |
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Severan Dynasty
192 - 235 |
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Constantinian Dynasty
284 - 363 |
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Valentinian Dnsy
364 - 92 |
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Theodosian Dnsy
379 - 457 |
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Last Emp of West
455 - 76 |
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Julio - Claudian Dynasty
30 BC - 68
- 27 BC - 14 Augustus.
- 14 - 37 Tiberius.
- 37 - 41 Caligula.
- 41 - 68 Claudian Emperors.
- 41 - 54 Claudius.
- 54 - 68 Nero.
- 68 - 9 Galba.
- 69 Otho
- 69 - 96 Flavian Emperors.
- 69 - 79 Vespasian.
- 79 Eruption of Mt. Vesuivius.
- 79 - 81 Titus.
- 81 - 96 Domitian.
- 96 - 108 Nerva.
- Imperium: Augustus 2003
- Empire 2005 -- rise of Octavius (Augustus)
- Caligula 1980
- I, Claudius 1976
- Imperium: Nerone (Nero) 2004
- Quo Vadis 1951
- Sign of Cross 1932 |
- 32 John Baptist beheaded.
- 33 Jesus Christ crucified.
| - 64 - 68 First Persecution by Nero began |
- 68 Apostle Paul martyred.
- Peter & Paul 1981
- 70 Titus took Jerusalem with 60,000. 1,100,000 perished. Men crucified until wood for crosses no longer found.
- Masada 1981
Mt. Vesuvius blows 70
- Last Days of Pompeii 1984 1935
- Ultimi giorni di Pompei, Gli 1960 |
- 79 Destruction of Jerusalem.
| - 81 Second Persecution by Domitian |
- 95 Apostle John banished to Patmos.
- 98 Roman Empire at greatest extent.
|
5 Good Emperors
96 - 180
- 96 - 108 Nerva.
- 98 - 117 Trajan. Limit of Empire reached.
- 117 - 38 Hadrian. Rebuilt Jerusalem, placing Temple of Jupiter on site of Solomon's Temple. He also visited Britain.
- 138 - 61 Antoninus Pius.
- 161 - 80 Marcus Aurelius |
| - 106 - 107 Third Persecution by Trajan |
- 114 Trajan's Column built. 140 feet high.
- 121 Hadrian's Wall built from Rhine to Danube Rivers.
- 131 - 216 Claudius Galenus, (Galen) Greek Physician was born. Wrote 500 books on Medicine & 250 on other subjects.
- 137 festival of Christmas began to be observed.
| - 162 Fourth Persecution by Marcus Aurelius |
Commodus 180 - 192
He was known as profligate & cruel. In his reign civilization, morals & religion declined. Pertinax proposed reforms & was murdered by Praetorian Guards, of whom Julianus bought throne.
- Fall of Roman Empire 1964
- Gladiator 2000 |
- 183 - 213 Oppian, a Greek poet. Wrote 5 books on fishing & 4 books on hunting.
- 192 - 210 Septimius Severus Emperor 18 years. "Brave man." Visited Britain & built a wall at York & died there. |
|
| - 200 Fifth Persecution by Severus |
- 212 - 18 Caracalla Emperer 6 years.
- 217 Marcus was Emperor of Rome 1 year.
- 218 Helogabalus Emperor 4 years. "Wanton, extravagant, depraved, & horribly cruel."
- 222 - 35 Alexander Severus Emperor 13 years. Made reforms. Murdered.
- 235 - 37 Maximinus Emperor two years. |
| - 235 Sixth Persecution by Maximus |
- 238 Gordian III Emperor 6 years.
- 244 - 49 Philip Emperor 5 years.
- 249 - 51 Decius Emperor 2 years. |
- 249 Gothic invasion in reign of Decius.
| - 250 - 53 Seventh Persecution by
Decius who proposed to extirpate Christianity from earth by sword & fire, wild beasts, wheel, red-hot iron chairs, & every variety of torture. |
- 251 Romans defeated at "Abrutum." Decius & sons slain by Goths, led by Ostrogotha.
- 253 Valerian taken prisoner by Sapor, ruler of Persia, & flayed.
- 253 Gallus Emperor .
- Aemilius Emperor 3 months
|
- 255 Empire greatly distressed. Barbarians invad on all sides.
- 257 - 64 Valerian Emperor 7 years. |
| - 257 - 60 Eighth Persecution |
- 260 - 75 Gallienus Emperor for 15 years. |
- 263 Vast hordes of Heruli traversed Italy.
- 268 - 70 Claudius Emperor 2 years.
- 270 - 75 Aurelian Emperor 5 years.
- Nel Segno di Roma (Sign of Gladiator) 1959 |
| - 275 Ninth Persecution by Aurelian. |
- 275 - 76 Tacitus Emperor 6 months & was murdered.
- 276 Florianus Emperor 3 months & was murdered.
- 276 - 82 Probus emperor 6 years.
- 282 - 84 Carus Emperor 2 years.
- 284 - 305 Diocletian Emperor 21 years.
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- 305 - 06 I Chlorus Constantius emperor
- 305 - 11 Galerius Junior Co-Emperor six years.
- 306 - 07 Flavius Valerus Severus Junior Co-Emperor 1 year.
- 306 - 12 Maxentius West Emperor six years.
- 311 - 13 Maximinus Daia Co West Emperor two years.
- 308 - 24 Licinius Emperor 16 years.
- 306 - 337 Constantine Great. First "Christian" Emperor. Made Constantinople capital of Rome.
- Constantine & Cross 1962 |
- 302 - 11 Tenth Persecution. "Era of Martyrs" Or "Diocletian Era." Last & worst of Imperial Rome's persecutions. |
- 312 Edict of Milan.
- 313 Constantine's conversion came by a vision of a luminous cross in sky.
| - 325 Council of Nicea. First Ecumenical Council held. It was called by Constantine, Emperor of Rome, & held at Nice, Bithynia. |
- 331 Heathen temples in Rome were destroyed.
- 337 Three emperors ruled Rome. Constantine II, Constans, Constantius II.
- 350 Vetranio Emperor 9 months. |
- 354 - 430 Saint Augustine
- Agostino d'Ippona 1972 Italian
|
- 360 - 63 Julian 3 years. Publicly abandoned Christianity & adopted paganism.
- 363 - 64 Jovianus seven months.
- 364 - 75 Valentinian I & son Cratian 11 years.
- 364 - 78 Valens Eastern 14 years.
- 367 - 83 Gratian 16 years.
|
- 370 Huns invade Europe from Central Asian steppe.
- 374 Terrible invasion of Huns.
- 375 - 92 Valentinian II became ruler of Western Empire of Rome.
- 379 - 95 Theodosius I became ruler of Eastern Empire of Rome. He began a 4-year campaign against Goths. Theodosius pulled down statues of heathen gods.
- 383 - 408 Arcadius Emperor 25 years.
- 393 - 423 Honorius Emperor 30 years. |
| - 381 Second Council was held at Constantinople from May to July. Three hundred fifty Bishops attended. |
- 395 Theodosius officially divided Roman Empire into Greek or Eastern Empire with capital at Constantinople, & Roman or Western Empire with capitals at Milan & Ravenna. "Eastern" or "Byzantine" Empire lasted 1058 years, from 395 A.D. to 1453 A.D. & was ruled by about 90 emperors.
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Attila Hun 405 - 453
- Attila 1954 2001
- Sign of Pagan 1954 |
- 406 Visogothic Spain emerged under Pharamond chief of Frank Tribes.
- 408 - 50 Theodosius II Emperor 42 years.
- 421 Constantius III 1 year
- 423 - 25 Joannes 2 years
- 424 - 55 Valentinian III 31 years
- 450 - 57 Marcian 7 years
- 455 Petronius Maximus 1 year
- 455 - 56 Avitus 1 year
- 457 - 61 Majorian 4 years
- 461 - 64 Libius Severus 3 years
- 467 - 72 Anthemius 5 years
- 472 Olybrius 1 year
- 473 - 74 Glycerius 1 year
- 474 - 75 & 80 Julius Nepos 2 years
- 475 - 76 Romulus Agustulus 1 year
|
- 457 - 74 Leo I 17 years
- 474 Leo II 1 year
- 474 - 75 & 76 - 91 Zeno 1 & 15 years
- 475 - 76 Basiliscus 2 years
- 491 - 518 Anastasius I 27 years
|
- 409 Belgium revolted from Rome & all Germany was in motion for independence.
- 410 Alaric & Goths were in Rome. "Vandal Hordes" of north pour down upon falling Rome.
- 426 There was a total withdrawal of Romans soldiers from Britain when Picts & Scots invaded from north. Saxons were invited over to assist in expelling them & gradually took possession of country. Saxon Heptarchy was formed, & existed until Egbert formed kingdom of England in
| - 431 Third Council held at Ephesus. |
- 432 St. Patrick arrived in Ireland.
- 433 immense empire of Huns, under Attila & Bleda, ravaged Europe, sacking & pillaging over 70 cities.
| - 451 Fourth Council held at Chalcedon. |
- Attila invades Roman empire
- 476 Odoacer overthrows Romulus Augustulus. End of Roman Empire. "Middle Ages" began & rise of feudal system. There was a Feudal Alliance between Odoacer, king of Western Empire & Euric. Euric formally resigned his provinces & received them again as fiefs of Rome.
- 493 Ostrogoths invaded Western Empire under Theodoric Great. One third of lands were given to his 500,000 troops. He married Clovis' sister. Roman or Western Empire came under Ostrogothic monarchy of Italy with capitals at Ravenna & Verona.
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|
100's |
200's |
300's |
400's |
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|
North Europe |
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100 B.C. - 500 A.D. practice of sacrificing/executing people in bogs is carried out regularly in Scandinavia, especially Denmark. |
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|
- 9 Hermann (Arminius) defeats Romans at battle of Teutoberger Wald.
- 50 first surviving artifact with runes on it, Meldorf Brooch, is made in Denmark.
- 98 Tacitus writes Germania, earliest account of culture of Germanic peoples.
|
- 121 Adrian's Wall was built from Rhine River to Danube River.
- 140 Ashcled (Dublin, Ireland) was built.
- 179 Lucius, first Christian king, ruled in Britain. He founded Archbishopric of York
- 183 Scots invaded Britain
- 190 Vandal Tribes increased in power & number.
|
- 245 Seven missionaries enter Gaul.
- 250 Gothic invasion in reign of Decius.
- 251 Romans were defeated at "Abrutum." Decius & his sons were slain by Goths, led by Ostrogotha. |
| - 325 - 400 The Goths are converted to Arian Christianity. |
- 373 - 493 St. Patrick
- St. Patrick: Irish Legend 2000 |
- 378 Goths defeat Romans in East at Battle of Adrianople. |
Attila Hun 405 - 453
- Attila 1954 2001
- Sign of Pagan 1954 |
- 406 - 07 A coalition of Germanic tribes cross Rhine into Roman territories & take land for settlement.
- 409 Belgium revolted from Rome & all Germany was in motion for independence.
- 410 Alaric & Goths were in Rome. "Vandal Hordes" of north pour down upon falling Rome.
- 426 There was a total withdrawal of Romans soldiers from Britain when Picts & Scots invaded from north. Saxons were invited over to assist in expelling them & gradually took possession of country. Saxon Heptarchy was formed, & existed until Egbert formed kingdom of England in
- 427 country was called Britain & people were called Britons.
- 432 St. Patrick arrived in Ireland.
- 433 immense empire of Huns, under Attila & Bleda, ravaged Europe, sacking & pillaging over 70 cities.
- 436 Huns, encouraged by Roman Emperor Aetius, overrun East Germanic kingdom of Burgundians on Rhine, killing King Gundahari (the historical antecedent for Gunther/Gunnar of Nibelungenlied / Volsunga saga).
- 449 Hengest & Horsa begin Anglo-Saxon conquest of Britain.
- Viking Queen 1967
- 450 West Germanic tribes living around North Sea (Angles, Saxons, & Frisians) begin to add runes to Elder Futhark to deal with sound changes in their dialects, creating Anglo-Frisian Futhork.
| - 493 - 526 King Theodoric the Great, later a prominent hero in Germanic tales, rules in Rome until his death. |
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|
100's |
200's |
300's |
400's |
|
|
Middle East |
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|
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Sassanian Empire 224 - 651 |
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- 6 BC - 33 John Babtist
- Salome 1953
Jesus Christ 6 BC - 33
- Passion of Christ 2004
- Jesus 1979
- Mary & Joseph 1979
- Jesus of Nazareth 1977
- Greatest Story Ever Told 1965
- King of Kings 1961
- Barabbas 1961
- Ben-Hur 1959
- Robe 1953 |
- 6 Archelaus Coponius became Procurator of Jews.
- 9 Ambivius became Procurator of Jews.
- 13 Annius Rufus became Procurator of Jews.
- 15 Valerius Gratus became Procurator of Jews.
- 25 Pontius Pilate became Procurator of Jews.
- 37 Agrippa became King of Jews.
- 44 Cuspius became Procurator of Jews.
- Tiberius became Procurator of Jews.
- Cumanus became Procurator of Jews.
- 50 First Council of Apostles held at Jerusalem.
- 52 Felix became ruler of Jews. New Testament began.
- 60 Portins Festus became ruler of Jews.
- 70 Titus took Jerusalem with an army of 60,000. This was most horrible suffering experienced since world began. One million, one hundred thousand perished. Men were crucified until wood for crosses was no longer found.
- 95 apostle John was banished to Patmos. |
- 100 Justin Martyr was born at Sychar in Samaria.
- 117 Adrian became Emperor of Rome. He rebuilt Jerusalem, placing Temple of Jupiter on site of Solomon's Temple. He also visited Britain. |
- 224 - 41 Ardashir I
- 241 - 72 Shapur I
- 272 - 3 Hormizd I
- 273 - 6 Bahram I
- 276 - 93 Bahram II
- 293 Bahram III
- 293 - 302 Narseh |
- 220 Persia revolted & overthrew Parthia.
- 240 Sapor became ruler of Persia. He defeated Romans & flayed Valerian. |
- 302 - 9 Hormizd II
- 309 - 79 Shapur II
- 379 - 83 Ardashir II
- 383 - 8 Shapur III
- 388 - 99 Bahram IV
- 399 - 420 Yazdgard I
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- 420 - 38 Bahram V
- 438 - 57 Yazdgard II
- 457 - 59 Hormizd III
- 459 - 84 Peroz
- 484 - 8 Balash
- 488 - 97 Kavad I
- 497 - 9 Zamasp |
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100's |
200's |
300's |
400's |
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East Asia |
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Gupta Empire 320 - 550 |
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Northern Dynasties
386 - 588 |
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W
H |
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Southern Dnsts
420 - 588 |
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- 48 Chinese drove Hsiung-nu out of China
- Hsiung-nu Empire dissolves.
- 97 Chinese armies reach Caspian Sea. |
- 105 Cai Lun invents paper
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- 210 Burial of Terracotta Army
- 220 The end of Han dynasty in China.
- 221 Start of construction of Great Wall
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| - 265 - 420 Jin Dynasties
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| - 304 - 439 16 Kingdoms (16 States) |
Indonesia - Buddhist & Hindu influences via trading states.
Cambodia -Late Iron Age chiefdoms. "Funan" (Mekong delta). Angkor Borei, Oc Eo. Trade links with Rome, Ancient Near East, India, China
Vietnam - Chinese (N)
Champa (S) |
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Southern & Northern Dynasties
Southern Dynasties
420 - 588
- 420 - 78 Lui Song
- 479 - 501 Southern Qi
- 502 - 56 Liang
- 557 - 88 Chen |
Northern Dynasties
386 - 588
- 386 - 533 Northern Wei
- 534 - 49 Eastern Wei
- 535 - 57 Western Wei
- 550 - 77 Northern Qi
- 557 - 88 Northern Zhou |
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100's |
200's |
300's |
400's |
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Central Asia |
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- 48 Chinese drove Hsiung-nu out of China
- Hsiung-nu Empire dissolves.
- 50 Kujula Kadphises unites Yüeh-chih to establish Kushan Empire, stretching from Persia to Transoxiana to Upper Indus.
- Xianbei (mounted archers) invade north China
| - 78 - 144 reign of King Kanishka over Kushan Empire (territory extended to include Tarim Basin), with Buddhism as dominant religion. |
- 97 Chinese armies reach Caspian Sea. |
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- 200's decline of Kushan & Parthian Empires & incorporation of Soghd & Bactria into Persia under Sassanian dynasty.
- 226 Sassanians overthrow Parthians in Persia. |
- 300's Mongolian Juan-juan Empire is formed in Mongolia.
- 350 Chinese repelled an invasion by Ruruan (Juan-Juan), who in turn drove Hsiung-nu west toward Ural Mountains & Caspian Sea
- turkic-speaking Huns move west towards Europe, settling in plains between Ural & Carpathian mountains
- 370 Huns invade Europe from Central Asian steppe.
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- 440 Hephthalites (White Huns, later known in West as Avars) move south from Altai region to occupy Transoxiana, Bactria, Khurasan, & eastern Persia.
- 450 mongolian Ruruan (Juan-Juan) empire controlled territories from Manchuria to lake Balkas
- 451 Attila invades Roman empire
- 460 Hephthalites conquer Kushans & invade India. |
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100's |
200's |
300's |
400's |
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The Americas |
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Early Teotihuacan 200 BC - 300 |
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Teotihuacano Empire 300 - 600s/700s |
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Late Preclassic Maya 300 B.C. - A.D. 250 |
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Early Classic Maya 250 - 600 |
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- 50 Maya city of Cerros is built, with a complex of temples & ball courts. It is abandoned (for reasons unknown) a hundred years later & its people return to fishing & farming.
- 100 Pyramid of Sun completed at Teotihuacan
- 90 - Yax Ehb' Xook, Yax Moch Xok, Yax Chakte'l Xok, First Scaffold Shark
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- 100 decline of Olmecs.
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- 292 Foliated Jaguar
- ? Animal Headdress, Kinich Ehb' |
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- 307 Siyaj Chan K'awiil I,
- 317 Lady Une' B'alam
- ? - 359 K'inich Muwaan Jol I, Mahk'ina Bird Skull, Feather Skull
- 360 - 78 Chak Tok Ich'aak I, Jaguar Paw, Great Paw, Great Jaguar Paw
- 379 – 404 Yax Nuun Ayiin I, Curl Snout, Curl Nose |
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- 400 Maya highlands fall under domination of Teotihuacan, & disintegration of Maya culture & language begins in some parts of highlands.
- 411 – 56 Siyaj Chan K'awiil II, Stormy Sky, Manikin Cleft Sky
- 458 – 86 Kan Chitam, Kan Boar, K'an Ak
- 486 – 508 Chak Tok Ich'aak II, Jaguar Paw II, Jaguar Paw Skull |
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100's |
200's |
300's |
400's |
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Africa |
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Expansion of Bantu speakers in Africa 200 - 900 |
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Anthony of Egypt 251 - 356 |
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Aksumite 400 - 700 |
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| - 61 Treaty of Samos between Rome & Kush. |
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- 200 Camels first used for trans-Saharan transport
| - 200 - 900 Expansion of Bantu speakers in Africa. |
- 250 Kingdom of Axum (Ethiopia) controls Red Sea trade
| - 251 - 356 Anthony of Egypt reputed father of hermit monasticismc. |
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- 300 Kingdom of Axum (Ethiopia) accepts Christianity
- 340 Pachomius draws up code of monastic behavior in Luxor, Egypt.
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- 450 Rise of Ghana in West Africa |
