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LATVIAN is an Indo-European language spoken in Latvia-sleazy from Silesia when

faith in the fine cloth that had made the region of Silesia famous became undermined by low-grade imitations.

LITHUANIAN Indo-European language spoken in Lithuania- eland A type of antelope. sable A type of antelope and a type of fur. silk Originally from a Manchurian word

MALAGASY is a Malayo-Polynesian language spoken on the island of Madagascar- aye-aye A type of lemur. raffia A type of palm.

MALAY is a Malayo-Polynesian language spoken in Malaysia, Indonesia, Singapore and Brunei. The language is also called Indonesian- agar seaweed Gelatenous substance for growing bacteria or fungus. amok rushing in frenzy As in "to run amok". bamboo One of many plant, fruit and animal words from Malay. bantam A small agressive cock named after a region in Java. batik painted A Javanese method of dying cloth. One of several clothing words from Malay. cockatoo A type of parrot. compound enclosure gamelan Orchestra made of percussion instruments. gecko Insect eating lizard. gingham Striped or checked cotton cloth. gong Metal disc used in percussion. junk The sailing vessel. launch quick A type of boat. mangosteen A tropical fruit. orang-utan man of the forest Large orange Asian ape. paddy An area for growing rice. pangolin A scaly ant-eater. rambutan A tropical fruit. rattan Climbing palm used for making furniture. sago Palm starch used for puddings. sarong A cloth wrapped around the lower body. satay Meat grilled on sticks and dipped in peanut sauce. Malayalam is a Dravidian language spoken in South India- atoll Ring shaped coral enclosing a lagoon. betel A type of leaf chewed with nuts in Asia. copra dried coconut Used as a fibre. teak Heavy, durable wood used in shipbuilding.

MANDARIN is a Sino-Tibetan language spoken in most of China as well as Taiwan, Singapore and parts of Malaysia- char tea Used in UK slang as in "a cup of char". Japan rising sun Asian country. kowtow bump head Showing respect. kung fu merit master A martial art. sampan three sails A three sailed boat. shanghai on the sea In the old days men would be "shanghaied" - forced to serve in the navy. typhoon big wind

MAORI Malayo-Polynesian language spoken in New Zealand- haka A war dance now performed at sporting events. kiwi A small flightless bird. moa A large extinct flightless bird.

MARATHI is an Indo-European language spoken in Central India- dhow sailing vessel Dhows sail between East Africa, Arabia and India. chit letter Used in UK and India in the sense of a receipt or an amount owed.

MAYA is a Mayan language spoken in Southern Mexico and Guatemala- cigar smoke "Cigarette" is French for "little cigar". shark A large carniverous fish. MIAMI is a language spoken in North America- Illinois warrior men USA state.

MICMAC is an Algonquian language spoken in North America- toboggan A type of sledge.

MINOAN is the extinct Pre-Hellenic language spoken in Minoan Crete. Its language family is still unknown- Taurus bull Zodiac sign. The same root as "Minotaur".

MOHICAN language spoken in North America- Connecticut at the long tidal river USA state.

NAHUATL Uto-Aztecan language spoken in Mexico and Central America- avocado testicle One of many food words from Nahuatlchocolate "Choco" is the name of the bean, "atl" is water. chilli Spicy food relish. coyote from "coyotl" A type of prairie dog guacamole spicy avocado paste from Central America. Guatemala Central American countryMexico The Aztec war god. North American countryocelot Central American cat. shack, wooden hut tomato from "tomatl" Many Nahuatl words have the TL group.

NAVAJO Athapascan language spoken in North America- Utah upper land USA state.

NENETS is a Uralic language spoken in Siberia- parka Coat made of reindeer skin.

NEPALI Indo-European language spoken in parts of Nepal and Himalayan India- Gurkha Nepalese regiment in British army - named after a Himalayan village. panda Black and white bear-like animal.

NORMAN FRENCH is the 11th century language of France and England. It is an Indo-European language- accuse One of many legal words from Norman French. adultery archer One of many military words from Norman Frencharson delibrate fire assault attack on someone asset enough bacon Cured pig's meat. One of many names for meats from Norman French. bail to take charge Security for a prisoner's appearance bailiff carrier Officer who executes writsbeef Meat of ox or cow. butcher seller of goat flesh A dealer in meat. button disk or knob for fastening chivalry horseman One of many words used in royal life from Norman French. comfort strengthen court retenue courtesy good manners cricket A ball game played in the UK, Caribbean, parts of Africa and Asia, Australia, New Zealand. crime judgement curfew cover fire, Period to be off the streetscustard Baked mixture of eggs, milk defeat to beat in war or competition dungeon Underground prison. duty eagle Large bird of prey. elope run away embezzle ravage enemy non friend error mistake, sin evidence grounds for beleive, proof exchequer A national treasury. fashion make felony A serious crime. fraud trickery gallon jug A unit of liquid volume (= 4.546 × 10-3 m3 in UK; = 3.785 × 10-3 m3 in USA) goblin elf gourd dried shell of squash grammar art of letters grease fat grief feeling of sadness for a loss grocer Food dealer. Originally "one who deals in the gross". gutter drop Track for water. haddock A type of fish. havoc devastation hogmanay Now a Scottish festival at New Yearhonour public, official esteem injury wrong Wrongful action or damage. jettison throw overboard joy happiness judge right speaking jury swear justice fairness rightness larceny The crime of theft lavender Perfumed shrub launch hurl lease leave leisure allowed Free time lever to raise liable may be bound libel little book liberty free liquorice sweet root Originally from a Greek root, "glico riza" mackerel A type of fish majesty regal grandeur mangle disfigure manor ramain marriage official union of man and woman matrimony From the same root as "matriach" (mother). mayhem random violence mutton Meat of sheep noble high rank by birth, admired by others, honorable noun name nurse nourish occupy seize odour smell parliament speaking Ruling council in countries like UK pedigree crane's foot From "pe de gru" Because bird's feet marks resemble a family tree. penthouse largest and highest room in the building perjury False statement under oath. pinch As in "grip tightly". platter big plate pleasure enjoyment, person's will or desire pocket small bag pork The meat of the pig prison lay hold profound deep purloin put away purveyor Supplier of food push apply pressure from behind to move quarter Normans introduced the QU spelling for the KW sound question sentence put in form to ilicit information quiet no sound, being at rest, peaceful quiver The arrow case. rape take by force reason cause for belief rebuke Originally "to cut down wood". rebut refute, argue a point recover get back, reclaim health remedy to heal renown to make famous rent The same root as "render". repel drive back, thrust away reprieve send back retail piece cut off reward reconpense for service river large natural steam robe long loose garment royal of kings or queens rummage search thoughaly salary salt Soldiers used to be paid with salt. salmon A type of fish. scavenger tax collector scullery maker of dishes search look for sermon religious discourse sewer Originally a channel to carry off overflow from a fishpondshare distrubute, due portion, enjoy with others shop cobbler's stall sirFrom "sire"slander say bad things about someone soil make dirtyearthy ground sovereign monorch, supreme spawn eggs of fish, mollusks, produce more of onesself spy secret observer squirrel little shadow tail stubble grain stalks subsidy support suitor wooer, match surname Family name. surplus more than what is needed surrender yeild, give up in a fight survey view, methodical investigation survive over live syllable single unit of speach tally mark on a stick Tally sticks were used to record financial transactions. tax to charge toil stir treason violation of allegiance of state treaty formal agreement between states uncle brother of a parent usher door keeper valley long depresion between uplands or mountains veal flesh of calf as used for food veil cover, screen, material covering face venison to hunt Deer meat vicar assistant vice evil habit view seeing or beholding, range of sight virgin person who never had sex vulture Large bird of preywafer thin crisp biscuit waive give up warden Same root as "guardian"wicket gate Wooden sticks used in the game of cricket. wreck

NORSE extinct language of the Vikings (or Norsemen). It is an Indo-European language- anger grief axle ox tree bag sack or receptible of flexible material bait cause to bite berserk name of a warrior who fought with frenzied fury. birth fact of being born, heritage blunder stumble around blindly bore wave Tidal estuary wave. bulk cargo by-law town law Used in the UK. call cast "cast off" from the shore in a boat club Item used for hitting. One of many fighting words from Norsecrawl creek Short arm of river; inlet on sea coast die dirt excrement Used in UK for something unclean; used in USA for the noun, soildregs As in "sediment" egg As produced by females get obtain Past form is "got" in UK, "gotten" in USA gift object given for free give bestow, emit, yeild, transfer to someone for free gosling Young goose. haggle A dispute about price. hit meet with As in "to strike an object". husband house owner knife The original pronunciation was KNIFR lad male servant Used in UK for "young boy" or "youth" lathe Machine used for shaping materials law from "lagu" laid down loose untrue low mistake take wrongly muck dung mug Viking drinking vessel. oaf goblin odd Something left over. plough Instrument for cutting furrows in land. Spelt "plow" in USA. raft For floating on water. ransack house seek To search a house thoroughly reindeer Subarctic deer root Part of a plant ruck pile UK slang for a fight; used in Rugby for a pile up of bodies. rune magic sign An early European alphabet. scarf wood joint, Many Norse words begin with SC- or SK- scrap A small piece of something. The same root as "scrape". scrape seem honour skate A type of fish. skill distinction In the sense of expertise. skin Animal or human covering. skirt shirt English words beginning with SH- are usually from the same root as Norse SK-. sky cloud slaughter butcher's meat sleuth trail snub chide A rebuff. stagger, steak roast on a spit stumble trip take seize, recieve they plural of he, she, it their possesive form of they used before a noun thrift The same root as "thrive". troll Mythological Viking dwarfugly to dread wand Magician's stick want lacking weak pliant whirl spin or turn rapidly whisk sweep up, move or carry lightly window wind eye wing

NORWEGIAN Indo-European language spoken in Norwaycog tooth on wheel connecting with another such wheel dollop shapeless lump fjord Long, arm of sea between high cliffs. One of many marine words from Norwegian. iceberg ice hill Piece of ice floating in the sea. krill tiny fish Small crustaceans eaten by Whales. lemming Small Arctic migrating rodent. nudge push slightly, slight push quisling A collaborator with an invading power; named from a naval officer from World War II rig bind Ropes on ship silt Sedimentski split wood slalom sloping track Zigzag course for skiing. walrus Arctic sea mammal.

OJIBWA Algonquian language spoken in North America- Mississippi great river USA state. Ottawa bulrushes Canadian city. totem Emblem of clan or individual used in North America.

OMAHA is a language spoken in North America- Nebraska river in the flatness USA state.

PAPAGO language spoken in North America- Arizona place of the small spring USA state.

PHONOECIAN extinct language of the ancient Mediterranian empire of Phonoecia. an Afrio-Asiatic languageBible book From "Biblos", the port that exported paper to Greece. gypsum plaster purple A dye made in Tyre, modern Lebanon.

PICTISH extinct pre-Celtic language of Scotland. There is evidence that it is an Indo-European languageCaledonia Roman name for Scotland from name of a tribe fife Small flute-like instrument.

POLISH Indo-European language spoken in Poland- horde camp As in a "camp of nomads". The same root as the language "Urdu". mazurka woman from Mazovia A triple time dance.

PORTUGUESE Indo-European language spoken in Portugal, Brazil, Angola and Mozambique- albino white Bossa Nova new tendency Brazilian samba-like dance. breeze light wind caste pure Hindu heredetary classcobra hood A poisonous snake
One of many animal/bird words from PortugueseCreole home-born slave, A mixed race or language. dodo fool From the silly appearance of the now extinct flightless bird. embarrass make self-conciouse or ashamed emu Large flightless, running Australian bird fetish charm Worshipped object flamingo flaming Tall scarlet wading bird Lambada Brazilian dancemarmalade quince Preserve made from citrus fruit. massage dough Because dough is kneaded. molasses Used in USA. In UK "treacle" is used palaver word A "palaver" is UK slang for an argument. port A drink named after its town of origin.

POTAWATOMI is an language spoken in North America- Chicago skunk USA city.

PROVENCAL Indo-European language spoken in Southern France-amour Love affair. ballad dancing song One of many entertainment words from Provençal. beret Flat, round hat. boutique small shop Shop selling fashionable clothes. cabin A small dwelling or crew compartment capstan Device for winding cablecavalier horseman charade conversation, A word guessing game. Many words in Provençal with -AD or -ADE. cocoon little shell Silky case spun by insects. crusade cross Religious Middle Ages war between Christian and Muslim. escargot An edible snail fig type of fruit. Harlequin A pantomine character. limousine Named after its place of origin. lingo tongue Language minstrel musician Travelling musician nougat nut Sweet of sugar, honey, egg-white and nuts. nutmeg A spice. perfume sweet-smelling liquid pilgrim foreign salad dish especially with raw vegetables or fruit sonnet little song troubadour compose Lyric poet from 11th - 13th century France. truffle Edible fungus. QUECHUA Andean-Equatorial language spoken in Peru, Ecuador and Bolivia. It is the language of the Inca Empire- cocoa A seed from which a powder is extracted. condor Andean vulture. One of many animal words from Quechua gaucho poor man South American mounted herdsman guanaco Wild brown relative of the llamaguano dung Sea bird excrement used as a fertiliser. Inca lord Pre-Spanish culture in Peru. jerky dried Dried meatllama Domesticated Andean relative of camel. Pronounced "YAMMA". maté Tea made from cocoa leaves. pampa plain Large treeless plains in South America puma Large cat quinine bark Extract from the bark of a tree used for malaria. totora A reed used for boat making. vicuña Andean relative of the llama.

ROMANIAN is an Indo-European language spoken in Romania- Dracula the snake Mythical vampire figure from Transylvanian region of Romaniahalvah Sweet of sesame, honey and flour. pastrami A cured meat.

ROMANSH Indo-European language spoken in parts of Switzerland- avalanche descend Snow and rock fall in the Alps.

ROMANY is an Indo-European language spoken in large parts of Europe. It is the language of the Romani people, also known as Gypsies (a derogatory term)- cosh stick for hitting. cove man As "a rum cove", a good chap. gigolo Male escort usually for older women. pal brother posh half First class.

RUSSIAN Indo-European language spoken in Russia and large parts of Central Asia- balalaika Russian stringed instrumentbistro fast Small restaurant cosmonaut Russian astronaut. dacha villa intelligentsia Class of intellectuals. mammoth Large extinct wooly relation to elephant. pogrom destroy Organised racial killing spree. rouble Russian currency. samovar self boil soviet council As "Soviet Union", an old name for Russia steppe Treeless grassy plain troika three Russian vehicle drawn by three horses. tsar The king of Russia. Same root as "Caesar"vodka Russian drink.

SABINE (Extinct Language of Pre-Roman Italy)- lacri- (tear), lingua (tongue) Sámi (Lapland) tundra

SANSKRIT (Old Language of India)- Aryan(noble), ashram, Banyan (Indian tree associated with the story of the Buddha), beryl, bhaji (to fry), brilliant (cat's eye), camphor, candy (crystalised sugar), crimson, ginger, guru (teacher), hemp, indigo, lacquer, mandarin counsellor, mantra, musk (scrotum - similar in shape to the deer's scent bag), Nile (Egyptian river - blue), nirvana, opal, orange, pepper Indian state; Pakistani province - five rivers), raja, Singapore (Asian City State - lion city), sugar, swastika (luck - the swastika was originally a Buddhist symbol for luck), yoga

SERBIAN (Serbia, Montenegro and Bosnia)- vampire

SHONA (Zimbabwe)- mbira (musical instrument) Zimbabwe name of ancient capital

SHOSHONE (North America)- Idaho (US state - light on the mountain)

SINHALESE Sri Lanka beriberi, rogue savage elephant living apart from the herd tourmaline (a mineral)

SIOUX (North America)- Dakota (US state - friend), Kansas US state-land of the south wind people), Minnesota (US state - sky blue waters), tepee (dwelling)

SOTHO (South Africa and Lesotho) milo (a type of maize)

SPANISH Spain, Central America and South America- adobe, alligator the lizard Argentina (little silver), armada, armadillo, balsa, barricade, bonanza (prosperity), bribe, canyon, cargo (I carry), Colorado (US state - colour red), comrade (room sharer), Costa Rica (rich coast), Ecuador (equator), embargo, Florida (US state - flowers), guerrilla, guitar, hacienda, junta, lagoon, lasso, lunch (a slice of food), matador (killer), patio, Puerto Rico (rich port), renegade (denier), rodeo, rusk, sarsaparilla, sherry (named after its place of origin), siesta, silo (corn pit), sombrero (shadow), stampede, tornado, Trinidad (trinity), tuna, vanilla, Venezuela (little Venice)

SUMERIAN (Extinct Language of Sumerian and Babylonian Empires)- abyss, cane (reed)

SWAHILI (Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania and Zanzibar)- bwana (master), dengue (a fever)

SWEDISH (Sweden and Finland)- boulder, dahlia, flounder, kink, lug (pull), mink, moped, orienteering, slag, smorgasbord, scuffle, spry, Tungsten (heavy stone), wicker

SWISS FRENCH (Switzerland)- chalet, cretin deformed idiot of the valleysglacier, moraine, serac (tower of ice)

SWISS GERMAN (Switzerland)- bivouac, muesli (little pap)

SYRIAC (Extinct Language of Ancient Syria)- abbey, abbot (father), Arsenic (gold), damask, damson, Mammon (the god of wealth), muslin (linen from Mosul)

TAGALOG (Northern Philippines)- boondocks (mountain - slang for a remote place)

TAHITIAN (Tahiti)- tattoo

TAINO (Caribbean)- cassava, guava, hammock, hurricane, manatee, potato, savannah

TARTAR (Russian Crimea)- shashlik (a type of kebab)

TAMIL (South India)- anaconda having killed an elephant catamaran bound wood corundum, curry, mango, mulligatawny pepper and water pariah outcast poppadom

TEGULU (South India)- mongoose

TEMNE (Sierra Leone)- cola (a type of nut used to make a drink)

THAI (Thailand)- Siamese

TIBETAN (Tibet, Nepal and North India)- lama, sherpa (eastern dweller), yak, yeti

TONGAN (Tonga)- taboo

TRINIDADIAN ENGLISH (Trinidad)- limbo (the dance)

TSWANA (Botswana)- tsetse (the fly responsible for sleeping sickness)

TUPI (Peruvian and Brazilian Amazon)- buccaneer, cashew, cayenne, coati, manioc, maraca, petunia, piranha, tanager (a South American bird), tapioca, tapir

TURKISH Turkey, Cyprus and Central Asia- baklava, bridge the card game, from bir-uch - one three), caftan, caviar, kebab (meat on a skewer; shish = skewer; donner = turning), Urdu (camp because it was the language of military camps), tulip, yoghurt

UKRAINIAN (Ukraine and The Black Sea)- balaclava (named after the town where first used), Cossack (Kazakh), hetman (Cossak leader)

URDU Pakistan and North India- balti bucket - a type of cooking, Pakistan land of the pure, purdah (curtain), Rajasthan (Indian state - land of kings)

WALLOON FRENCH (Southern Belgium)- rabbit

WELSH (Wales)- Arthur, clutter, corgi, crowd, crumpet (valley), flannel, flimsy, javelin, maggot, Merlin, penguin (white head)

WIRADHURI (Australia)- billabong (waterhole), kookaburra (a type of bird)

WOLOF (Senegal)-/B> banana, chigger (a type of insect), yam

YIDDISH (Europe, Israel and North America)- bagel, chutzpah (great impudence), glitch, glitz (glitter), nosh (to nibble secretly), schmaltz, schmuck (penis), scram

ZULU (South Africa)- impala (an antelope), mamba (a poisonous snake)

ZUNI (Mexico)- Apache (enemy)