Block Maniple 2 Centuries of 80 men for 160 men total. 16 Men 96 Feet Accross & 10 Men 60 Feet Deep

Organization of republican legions
Unit Organization Number of soldiers
First battle line Hastati Ten maniples of 120 men 1,200 soldiers
Second battle line Principes Ten maniples of 120 men 1,200 soldiers
Third battle line Triarii Ten maniples of 60 men 600 soldiers
Velites Split into groups attached to each maniple 1,200 soldiers
Irregulars variable variable

Three tribes in Romulus' Rome. Each tribe divided into 30 Curiae. Typical Roman era city was 14,000 per square kilometer. So
14,000 divided by three =
4,666/tribe. 4,666 div 10 Curiae=
467 per Curiae.

Rome city pop

- 390 BC 30,000
- 246 BC 100,000
- 150 BC 300,000
- 27 BC 990,000
-
-
- 5 BC - 800,000-1M
- 320 AD - 600,000
- 419 - 300-500,000
- 590 - 150,000
- 800 - 30,000

- 390 BC Servian Wall

- 275 Aurelian Wall

- 326-146 Roman Territory increases 120X

Politcal Organization

- Family/Parents, Children, Grandparents 2-10, House, 3 Meters 4
- Extented Family, Pack 20
- Band/Gang/Apartment Building 10-50 30M 40 32 units in my building
- Clan/Kin Field 50-500 400 Village, Neighborhood 1KM 10
- Tribe/County 500-14,000 4,000 Geographical Area 100KM
- Cheifdom/City-State/Walled City 12,000-150,000 200KM
- State/Polity/Country/Language Group/Peoples 250,000-10 Million Paenensula, Island 1,000KM
- Empire 10-50 Million 5,000KM

Hamlet has pop under 100

Rome city pop

- 390 BC 30,000 Servian wall 1.5 Mile diameter
- 246 BC 100,000
- 150 BC 300,000
- 129 BC 294,000 Male Citizens
- 84 BC 500,000
- 50 BC 1 Million
- 27 BC 990,000
- 5 BC - 800,000-1M
- 100 AD 1 Million+
- 270 aurelian wall 3 Mile diameter
- 320 AD - 600,000
- 400 500-750,000
- 410 - 200,000
- 419 - 300-500,000
- 500 - 75-100,000
- 550s - 30-100,000
- 554 - 30,000
- 590 - 150,000
- 700 20,000
- 800 - 30,000
- 1870 - 220,000
- 1935 1 Million
- 2005 2,700,000

- 390 BC Servian Wall

- 275 Aurelian Wall

Bourges had 40,000 when Caesar killed everyone. Walls looked 1.2 Miles in Diameter. Not clear.
Paris has pop density of 53.833/sq mile
the mean for all the estimates is around 350 inhabitants per urban hectare
boulder is 3,942.7 inhabitants per square mile
rome is 4,664.8 per square mile

pop dense rome empire

1 Middle East 150
2 Cities of Islam 250
3 Greece 100-115
4 Rome 100-115
Roman Republic/Empire Pop

- 390 BC 1 Million
- 146 BC 10 Million
- 90 BC 910,000 Citizen males
- 30 BC 40 Million
- 10s 50-60 Million (33 Million in West)
- 10s 4 Million Male Citizens
- 30 45 Million
- 47 7 Million citizens
- 150s Peak 65 Million, 350 for world. 21% Roman
- 180 40 Million
- 300 55 Million (23 in West 32 in East)
- 330 56 Million
- 395 40 Million
- 476 11 Million
- 470s Western Roman Empire 22 Million, both sides 30-35 Million
150s - * 500,000 soldiers (legionaries totalling 150,000 and auxilia making up the rest)
* Approximately 600 Senators made up the elite of the elite.
* Perhaps up to 30,000 men filled the roles of Equestrians (knights), or the second tier of the aristocracy.
* 10 to 30% or 6 million to 19 million people lived in the cities, leaving the vast majority of some 46 to 59 million people to live in the country as independent and mostly tenant farmers.
* Rome itself was made up of over 1 million people and, though it would shrink remarkably after the fall of the west, no city would surpass that number until the great urban population booms of the industrial age, 1,500 years or more later.
* The slave population of Rome approached 500,000 on its own, probably half of which were owned by the 600 men of the Senate. Additional estimates have suggested that of the total 65 million people, 2 to 10 million may have been slaves.

- 500s 3 Million in Italy

200s BC Hellenic Civilization 11 Million

Polity Organization

- Family/Parents,Children,Grandparents 2-10, House, 3 Meters
- Band/Extended Family, Platoon, Troop, Village 10-50 30M 5
- Clan/Kin Field 50-500 1KM 10
- Tribe/County 500-15,000 Geographical Area 100KM
- Chiefdom 15,000-150,000 200KM
- State/Polity/Country/Language Group/Peoples 250,000-10 Million Paenensula, Island 1,000KM
- Empire 10-50 Million 5,000KM

* In 28 BC the citizen population was 4,063,000 (including both men and women)
* In 8 BC - 4,233,000
* In AD 14 - 4,937,000
Army March 20 Miles in a Day

Suebi had 100 clans

The Rome described here is the Rome bounded by the Aurelian walls. This Rome covered an area of c. 1,230 hectares2 or c.13.86 sq. km.3 Within the walls of ancient Rome were large areas of dense housing called insulae "apartments" (c. 46,602) and domus "palaces", (c. 1,760).4 There were also extensive public areas such as the various forums, public buildings, the Imperial palace and gardens and especially near the area of the walls, (which were not built until the reign of the Emperor Aurelian, c. 270 C.E.), large areas of open space.5

B) Population Density of Ancient Rome if Population One Million and Implications

If the Population density of Ancient Rome was 1,000,000, (one million) the following density of population is achieved; a density of c. 813 per hectare or c. 72,150 per sq. km.6

What are the implications of this figure? The most important implication of this figure is that Rome had an incredibly high density of population. Moreover in terms of the actual density of population if we calculate in that a minimum of 25% of the area within the area of the Aurelian walls was public areas, empty space etc., than the population density goes up to c. 1,084 per hectare or c. 96,200 per sq. km. Are these figures realistic?7

If we assume a population of about a million, we must conclude that Rome in the early principate was one of the most densely populated cities the world has ever known – as crowded, probably, as modern day Bombay or Calcutta.8If Bombay and especially Calcutta have become modern day examples of horrific urban congestion the aptness of this comparison is somewhat weakened when the actual population density of Bombay (c. 1980) is found to be c. 18,796 per sq. km., and Calcutta density (c. 1988) is found to be c. 31,779 per sq. km.9
In fact modern cities seem to have lower population densities than pre-industrial cities because they cover much larger areas. The mean density of a modern city works out to c. 5,991 per sq. km. and median density works out to c. 3,790 per sq. km.10 Regarding a comparison with pre-industrial cities the densities work out to a mean of c. 16,661 per sq. km., and a median of c. 12,897 per sq. km. Regarding figures for cities from the Roman period the mean density works is c. 13,607.11 Of Course given our lack of "hard" information for cities of the Middle ages and the Ancient world the density figures for cities of that time period are not set in stone. The Margin of error is very large.

Another comparison is with the population of modern Rome at various times. In 1901 Rome had an estimated population of c. 538,000 which covered an area of 1,411 hectares with a density of c. 381 per hectare or c. 33,360 per sq. km. And this Rome used far more of the space of ancient Rome for housing.12

Finally a comparison with the excavated city sites such as Ostia and Pompeii and the use of modern counting procedures lead to a density of c. 18,000 per sq. km. for Pompeii and c. 32,000 per sq. km. for Ostia. Applying these figures to Rome leads to a population of c. 249,480 if the Pompeii figure is used. If the Ostia figure is used Rome's population is c. 443,520.13

The implications of the above analysis is that a figure for 1,000,000 (one million) for ancient Rome is rather unlikely, given the density called for if the population had been 1,000,000 (one million). Also the fact that Rome would not achieve a population of 1,000,000 (one million) until well into the twentieth century. Further that it is rather unlikely that Rome had such an unprecedented density of population for a pre-industrial city as 72,150 per sq. km.14

Comparison with the ancient excavated cities of Ostia and Pompeii along with comparison with the recent modern population of Rome suggest a figure of 400,000 – 500,000 people for the population of ancient Rome.15

POPULATION ESTIMATES OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE
IN AGE OF CONSTANTINE (306-337) AND THEODOIUS I (379-395)
WESTERN EMPIRE
BRITIAN
GAUL & RHINELAND
SPAIN
ITALY
SICILY, SARDINIA & CORSICA
AFRICA, NUMIDIA, MAURETANIA
RHAETIA, NORICUM, PANNONIA &
DALMATIA
TOTAL WESTERN EMPIRE

750,000
5,000,000
4,000,000
6,000,000
250,000
3,000,000
3,000,000
22,000,000
EASTERN ROMAN EMPIRE
MOESIA & THRACE
GREECE & MACEDONIA
ASIA MINOR
SYRIA, PALESTINE & MESOPOTAMIA
EGYPT
CYRENAICA
TOTAL EASTERN EMPIRE

2,500,000
3,500,000
15,000,000
6,500,000
6,500,000
500,000
34,000,000
TOTAL POPULATION
WESTERN ROMAN EMPIRE
EASTERN ROMAN EMPIRE
TOTAL: 22,000,000
34,000,000
56,000,000
POPULATION ESTIMATES, 400-1500 A.D
Population (reckoned in millions of people)
Region 400 650 1000 1200 1340 1500
British Isles 1 0.5 2 2.8 5 3
France & Lowlands 5 3.5 6 10 19 16
Germany & Scandinavia 3.5 2 4 7 11.5 7.5
Iberian Peninsula 4 3.5 7 8 9 8.3
Italy 6 2.5 5 7.8 10 9
Greece & Balkans 5 3 5 ---- 6 4.5
Asia Minor 12 7 8 7 ---- ----
Syria & Levant 5 3 2 3 ---- ----
Egypt 6 3 1.5 2.5 4.5 ----
North Africa 2.5 ---- 1 1.5 ---- ----
100 AD

Alexandria 500-750,000
Antioch, Ephesus, Carthage 350-500,000
Smyrna 250,000
Pergamum 150,000
Middle Sized City in Italy, Africa & Roman East 50-100,000
Northern Provence Middle Sized City 25-50,000
Most Cities in Roman World 10-25,000

Byzantium 30,000
400 - 300,000
565 - 500-750,000
565 750-1 Million

850 Imperial Byzantine Army 150,000
1025 150,000

Byzantine Empire: In 850, the imperial army (theme and tagmatic units) is estimated at 150,000 men; in 1025 the army was perhaps 150,000 men. Basil II (976-1025) possibly ruled over 18 million subjects: 10 million in Anatolia, 5 million in the Balkans and Greek homeland, 1 million in Constantinople, and possibly another 2 million in southern Italy and Syria. The imperial army perhaps mobilized for military service 3-4% of an adult males reckoned at 4.5 million. Defeats in 1071-1078 and Turkomen migrations reduced the population of Anatolia. By 1125, the emperor John II (1118-1143) possibly ruled over an empire of 10-12 million subjects or two-thirds of the number of subjects over whom Basil reigned one hundred years earlier.

Western Europe: Figures for Western show remarkable growth from 900 A.D. on as northern Europeans cleared forests and perfected deep ploughing techniques. By the eleventh century the populations of Western exceeded those of the Mediterranean world and Near East for the first time in history.

Crusader States: By 1140, the Crusaders occupied the most densely populated regions of the Levant, possibly dominating 1,625,000 residents. Crusader numbers can be sensed by the number of knights who could take field in 1140. The King of Jerusalem could field 675 knights from his vassals and additional 300 knights of the military monastic orders of the Templars and Hospitalars. The Count of Tripoli could field possibly 100 knights; the Prince of Antioch and Count of Edessa together could field no more than 700 knights. This was a potential force of 1,775 knights, but the greatest host that ever engaged was at the Battle of Hattin in 1187, and King Guy of Jersualem could muster no more than 1,200 knights.
City
Author

Period City Site
(hectares)

Estimated
Population

Implied Population
Density (inh/hct)

ERIDU
Mallowan 1970:331 Ubaid 8­10 4,000 500
Wright 1981:325
Early Uruk 40 6,200­10,000 155­250
HABUBA-KABIRA
Algaze 1993 3100 40 6­8,000 150­200
HIERAKONPOLIS
Valbelle 1990
3400 35 5­10,000 143­350
URUK
Nissen 1993:56 end 3rd mill. 250 25­50,000 100­200
Adams 1981:85
E.D.I 400 40­50,000 100­125
UR
Wright 1981:327 E.D.I. 21 less than 6000 286
Wooley 1965:193 Third Dyn. 50 34,000 680
Wright 1981:320-1 Third Dyn. 50 (within walls) 34,000 680
EBLA
Pettinato 1981:134 E.D.III 56 "at most" 40,000 714
MOHENJO-DARO
Barrow&Shodhan 1977:11 -2500 51(urban area) 40,000 784
Whitehouse 1983 -2000 100+ 40,000 400
HARAPPA
Whitehouse 1983 -2000 43+ 20-25,000 465-581
City -3700 -3400 -3100 -2800 -2500 -2300 -2000 -1800
ERIDU 6-10 c c
BAD-TIBIRA c 16
LARAK 10 10 c
SIPPAR c
SHURUPPAK c 20 17
URUK 14 20 50 80 50
---------------- ------- ------ ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- -----
SUHERI 13 10 10 10 10
KISH 40 25 10
NIPPUR 13 20 10 10
LAGASH 40 10 30 10
UMMA 26 34 20 10 20
KESH 11
ADAB 11 13 10 10 10
ISIN 40 20
LARSA 10 40 20
ZABALAM 10 10 10
ESHNUNNA e
--------------- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- -----
TELL BRAK 22 20 15 15
TELL LEILAN 20 20
MOZAH 15 15
TELL CHURRA 20
MARI e e
EBLA e 30
AKKAD 36
ASSUR e
--------------- ----- ------ ----- ----- ------ ----- ------ ------
MEMPHIS e 30 60 30
HELIOPOLIS e
THEBES 40 40
------------ ----- ------ ------ ----- ----- ----- ----- -----
ANSHAN 10 10 10 10 10 10
SHAHR-I SOKHTA 20 20
SUZA e 25 25
MOHENJO-DARO 20 20 10
HARAPPA 10
NAMAZGA-TEPE 14 14
------------------- ----- ----- ----- ----- ------ ----- ----- -----
ERH-LI-T'ON 35
Table 3: THE WORLD'S LARGEST CITY

3400 ­ 1400 B.C.E.

AT City Population
(,000)

-3700 URUK 14
-3400 URUK 20
-3100 URUK 50
-2800 URUK 80
-2500 URUK 50
-2300 AKKAD 36
-2000 MEMPHIS 60
-1800 THEBES 40
-1600 AVARIS 100
-1400 THEBES 80
An earlier version of this paper was presented to the World System Historical Data Group at the International Studies Convention in Toronto, March 1997. I wish to thank Robert McCormick Adams, Christopher Chase-Dunn, and William R, Thompson for their comments.

1. Tertius Chandler (1987:93) gives the following sources for his estimates: -2250: EBLA (30,000): Howard LeFay, NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC, December 1978; -2000: UR (65,000): Woolley 1955, 34,000 within walls; Memphis (60,000): Lichtheim ANCIENT LITERATURE OF EGYPT,1973, vol.I:104, 10,000 untaxed men (soldiers? priests?); SUSA (25,000) Strabo GEOGRAPHY 1917/32:15:3,2:728, 120 stades around (use 1/3 only); -1800: MOHENJO-DARO (20,000) M. Wheeler INDUS CIVILIZATION 1968:26.

2. Henri Frankfort (1948:396) offers the following individual population estimates for the Early Dynastic period: Lagash (Gursu) 19,000; Umma 16,000; Eshnunna 9,000, Kafajah (Tutub) 12,000. Partly in the light of these figures, and assuming urban density of 200 per acre (500 per ha) Braidwood and Reed (1957:29-30) put the population of Sumer ca. 2500 at half a million.

3. Chandler (1987:7) adds: "Chinese cities tend to have an especially low density because of the Chinese refusal to sleep below anyone, so their houses are ... nearly all of just 1 story. Hence, inland Chinese cities had a density of only about 75 per hectare, and even in seaports or the imperial capital the density hardly exceeded 100".

4. Harvey Weiss (1986:95) advocates a "correction factor", to 60 per cent of an "otherwise reasonable estimate of 100 person per ha of mounded settlement", to accommodate the argument that "only 40 to 60 per cent of a built-up city mound was comprised of residential structures".

5. With the exception of the entry for Ehr-li-t'on (in -1800), presumably an imperial capital for which, in the light of Chandler's comments (see note 3), a factor of 100 people/ha will be applied in Table 3.

6. We owe that listing i.a. to the "antediluvian" section of the Sumerian King List (that was compiled ca. -2000; see Jacobsen (1939:55-6), and to other epics (Hallo 1970). Jacobson notes the peculiarities of that section, and in particular its origin, that is likely to be Eridu, and its independence from the rest of the list, being probably a later addition. In the King List proper, the transitions between "kingships" held by the cities occur by force of arms ("city A was smitten with weapons"), in the ante-diluvian section the formula for the five cities is "I (the author) drop the city". All five cities are attested in the historical and archaeological record: Eridu from Ubaid onward, Larak and Shuruppak from -3700, Bad-tibira from -3100, but no report on earliest Sippar. A notable omission from the antediluvian section is Uruk whose site is largest and goes back to the Ubaid period. The entire Sumerian King List, most likely is, as Michalowski (1883) has argued, a propaganda piece on behalf of the Isin Dynasty that followed Ur III, and need to be viewed with caution.

7. The term "kingship" in the context of the Sumerian King List might be better rendered, especially for the "antediluvian" period, as "leadership". The archaeological evidence for "kingship" , such as royal palaces, is confined to the Early Dynastic period, and begins with Kish, and so is the use of the term "lugal" for king, or "war leader" (that dates from about -2700). By contrast, "ensi" (steward, manager) is older than "lugal", and emerges, in the written sources, from the temple ca. -3000 (Maisels 1990:169-172).

8. In Bietak's (1979:98) view, "statistical definitions concerning population densities are probably not relevant to Ancient Egypt".

9. These are Judeiro-Daro, in Sind, Lurewala Ther in Haryana, and Ganweriwala Ther, on the dried-out course of Hakka River, in Haryana (Parpola 1994:6).

10. On Chandler's list for -1600, the only Mesopotamian cities are Babylon (60,000), and Nineveh (less than 25,000). In Adams' Table 14 (1981:172-3) for the Old Babylonian period Umma rates 200+ ha, and Adab, Zabalam, Site 1389 (Umm al-Khezi), and Jidr, 40-200 ha.

11. Chandler's list of the world's largest cities (1987:523-7) starts with Memphis, from -3100 onwards, and goes on to Akkad, from -2240, Lagash, -2075, Ur, -2030, Thebes, -1980, Babylon, -1770, and Avaris, -1670.

Other world regions

In the fourth and third millennium, a system of cities emerged that covered the Fertile Crescent and the Indus Valley, and by -1800, apparently extended to China. In Europe, cities appear on the Chandler list for the first time in -1600, with Knossos on Crete in particular, followed in -1360 by Mycene (30,000) in mainland Greece. In Meso-America, the Valley of Mexico, and the Yucutan peninsula see the first towns rise a thousand years later, in mid-first millennium BC: on Chandler's list of large cities, Cuicuilco (Mexico) is shown at -300, and Izapac, of the Mayans, at +100. Tikal, the Mayan's largest city may have peaked at about 40,000. In Africa south of the Sahara, cities first develop in Ethiopia (Axum) at about 300, and in West Africa, at +1000.

County population in 2012: 305,318 (91% urban, 9% rural); it was 291,288 in 2000
County owner-occupied with a mortgage or a loan houses and condos in 2010: 57,517
County owner-occupied free and clear houses and condos in 2010: 17,476
County owner-occupied houses and condos in 2000: 74,249
Renter-occupied apartments: 44,307 (it was 40,431 in 2000)
% of renters here: 35%
State: 34%

Roman Empire, a family of 6 people would need to cultivate 12 iugera/ 3 hectares of land to meet minimum food requirements (without animals).[10] If a family owned animals to help cultivate land, then 20 iugera was needed. The same amount would also be required to meet subsistence levels if the land was farmed using sharecropping, as in Africa Proconsularis in the 2nd century AD, in which case a third of the total crop goes to the landowner as rent[10] (See Lex Manciana).

Population density: 403 people per square mile

Land area: 742 sq. mi.

Water area: 8.9 sq. mi.

* Approximately 600 Senators made up the elite of the elite.
* Perhaps up to 30,000 men filled the roles of Equestrians (knights), or the second tier of the aristocracy.
* The slave population of Rome approached 500,000 on its own, probably half of which were owned by the 600 men of the Senate.

Additional estimates have suggested that of the total 65 million people, 2 to 10 million may have been slaves.

1895 sq meters = cohort of 480

Mantinea Lycias - in 400 BC there as least 3,000 Housholds is 14,000 people. 285 km2, >100 people/sq Km. Half life in the city. 7,000.

3.97K around wall, 119 posts around Mantinea, 33.36M between post. .8% Wall fighters.

Serivan Wall has 300 posts at 10K with 33.36, aurilian has 570 with 19K 600 with 20K

300 Mountains, 637 13ers in Colorado.

Strava 7,000 top 1.7%

4.5K 135 Posters on North Boulder Loop

100K in boulder so 7% riders

Lake Valley & North Rim Neighborhood 20/340. 20 Neighborhoods 340 Houses.

with 7,000 people that's 23 people per house.
In boulder that's 3 per house. so 340X3=1,020
X average for america 2.77 it's 942

12.63% on a wall
33% houses on a wall

in 367 BC two Plebeian Tribunes, Gaius Licinius Stolo and Lucius Sextius Sextinus Lateranus promulgated a law which limited the amount of the ager publicus to be held by any individual to 500 iugera, roughly 325 acres (1.32 km2). 1.3 Diameter. Mantinea has 1.25

Each citizen gets a heredium which is two iugera (71X35.5M) which is 142X71

8116
8834

Battle of Zouli 75 Tribes with 20K = 267/Tribe X3 = 711 / Tribe

Range tocw lev 17-32 15

55

3.66

Helvetians from Switzerland

12 Towns 400 Villages 368,000 people 92,000 men at arms. 25% Rule of thumb is 20%

king after bad king john 97 barrons in revolt 36 loyal

27 greatest barrons.

Aurelian Wall 271–275 AD

750,000 people in Rome

45,000 Insula x 16 people = 732,100

1,790 Domus x 10 = 17,900

2.2 people per square meter for a building. Example:

I would say it depends where you live in my neighborhood
3,000 is tiny,
4,000 is small
5,000 is normal
6,000 a good size and
7,000 large and
anything over 9,000 a mansion,

but if you live in a trailer camp or whatever they call those things then you would call a 4 bedroom 4 bath a mansion at 2,500 sq ft

25x25 Large House = 6,688

25x50 White House = 13,376

Consider, many colonial era mansions (over 11,000 sq. ft.; few built, and fewer have survived), and for that matter many of the era's large houses (ie, over 3,000 sq. ft.)

 large house category of eg, 3,000 to 10,999 sq. ft. and ought not be referred as a "mansion".   

extremely large houses -- 4,000 square feet and up -- have been making up a much larger slice of the new homes built. 

Last year, these mega homes accounted for more than 9% of new homes. In 2005, they represented 6.6% of homes built. 

Houses that are a little smaller but still verging on mansion territory, those between 3,000 and 4,000 square feet, made up 21.7% of new homes in 2013, up from 15.6% in 2005.

water clock

 hole with a diameter of roughly 1/8 inch ( 3.175 mm).

10 gallons for + 5k drachmas. 3 for 2nd speech of each side

7 gallons for 1 - 5k drachmas. 2 for 2nd

5 gallons for <1k drachmas 2 for 2nd

6 gallons for arbitration between rival claimants w/ no 2nd speech.

half gallon for each side for discussion of damages

Here we can see that insulae outnumber domus with insulae numbering 43,580 and domus at a mere 1,782. 

24.45 apartments to houses.

140 km2

km2=hectare

Aurelian wall 1,400 hectares (3,500 acres)

Roman Colosseum Capacity

22,718 meters / 19 inches = 47,075 people + 5,000 on roof = 52,075

58,008 Meters / 19 inches = 120,199

Podium 1751 meters = 3626 people

Maenaeium Primeum 5622 meters = 11,640 people

Maenium Secundum Imum 6317 meters = 13106 people

Maenium Summum in Ligneis 5486 = 11,359

Maenium Secundum Summum 3542 = 7334 people

Roof 6,917 = 5,000 people

Other parts

1) Arena 2,490 meters squared = 1,804 people
2) Outer Ring Ground Level 1,651 = 1,197
3) Outer Ring Level 1 1,651m2 = 1,197
4) Outer Ring Level 2 1,651m2 = 1,197
5) Outer Ring Level 3 1,651m2 = 1,197
6) 2nd Ring Ground Level 1,417m2 = 1,027
7) 2nd Ring Level 1 1,417m2 = 1,027
8) 2nd Ring Level 2a Corridor 1,417m2 = 1,027
9) 2nd Ring Level 2 1,417m2 = 1,027
10) Middle Ring Ground Level 1,775 = 1,287
11) Middle Ring Level 1 2,019 = 1,102
12) Inner Ring Ground Level 656 = 476
13) Inner Ring Level 1 656 = 476
14) Arena Ring Ground Level 150 = 109
15) Arena Ring Level 1 150 = 109
16) Direct entryways 184m2 * 80 = 14,720 = 34,233

total = 48,492 + 52,075 = 100,567 * 87% = 87,000 people

Japan

652

• The registers of population are prepared in Japan. Fifty houses are made a township, and for each township there is appointed an elder. The houses are all associated in groups of five for mutual protection, with one elder to supervise them one with another. This system prevails until the era of World War II.

485

• Emperor Xiao Wen Di institutes an "equal-field" system of agriculture, assigning each peasant family about 19 acres (140 mu) of land, of which a small portion is to be kept permanently by the farmer and his family, with the rest reverting to the state upon his death or retirement. To make sure that the people supervise each other in implementing the new system, he divides the population into groups, with five families constituting a neighborhood (Jin), five neighborhoods a village (Ji), and five villages an association (tang) headed by a chief (chang). The land-reform system will discourage farmers from selling off their properties to large landholders and will be continued in essence for well over 1,000 years.

Circus Maximus Regionary Catalogue 385,000, pliny 250,000 =1.54
Colosseum Regionary Catalogue 87,000 so 56,494