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400s
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
300s
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Ancient - 500A 200s Future
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
100s
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
000s
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
 
Kingdom of Bithynia 297 - 74 223
 
 
Pergamon Kingdom 241 - 133 108
 
 
Kingdom of Corduene 189 - 1 189
 
 
Roman Province of Asia 188 BC - 330 AD 518
 
Kingdom of Osroene 132 BC - 244 AD 376
 
Roman B et P
74 BCE - 330 CE
404
 
Roman Syria
64 BCE - 135 CE
199
Mysia
 
N Shore of Propontis
 
Taurus 0
 
Cappadocia
   
Cataonia
   
Meliten
   
Pontus
   
Paphlagonia
   
Lesser Armenia
   
Bithnia
   
Galatia
   
Lyconia
   
Pisidia
   
Pergamum
   
Sardis
   
Katakekaumene
   
Hierapolis
   
Ionia
   
Caria
   
Lycia
   
Pamphylia
   
Cicilia
   
Commagene
   
 
Caucasian Iberia 302 BC - 502 AD 804
Troad
   
Satrapy of Armenia 500s - 100s 400
   
 
Kingdom of Lesser Armenia 331 - 72 259
 
 
Kingdom of Sophene 200's - 94 100s
 
 
 
Kingdom of Commagene 163 BCE - 72 CE 235
 
Kingdom of Armenia 190 BC - 428 AD 618
Asian Iberia
   
Cyprus
   
Ezra
 
Hasmonean 140 - 37 103
 
Coelesyria (Palestine)
   
Kingdom of Phoenicia 1550 - 300 1250
   
 
Darius I
 
Parth
 
Syria
   
Achaemenid Empire 550 - 330 220
Part of Macedonian Empire 330 - 12 18
Seleucia
   
Kuwait Country Flag Kuwait
Bahrain Country Flad Bahrain
Qatar Country Flag Qatar
Saudi-Arabia Country Flag Saudi Arabia
United-Arab-Emirates Country Flag UAE
Oman Country Flag Oman
     
   
 
me
 
 
Xerx
 
Seleucid Empire 323 - 60 263
 
400s
300s
200s
100s
000s
472 Sardis 1st Mentioned. Gymnasium
498 Battle of Ephesus
494 Battle of Lade
479 Battle of Mycale
466 Battle of Eurymedon River
411 Battle of Cynossema
411 Battle of Abydos
410 Battle of Cyzicus
406 Battle of Notium
406 Battle of Mytilene
406 mi Battle of Arginusae
405 mi Battle of Aegospotame
300s Priene, Western Turkey is rebuilt
350 Lydia becomes a tributary of Macedon after Persia is conquered by Alexander Great
300s BC - 400s AD Termessos Tombs
300s Knidos Town
306 Alexandria Troas Founded mi Thermae
316 - 01 Smyrna
399 BC - 1357 Pergamon City 1st mentioned to taken by Ottomans
394 mi Battle of Canidus
334 nt Battle of Granicus River
333 Battle of Issus
333 Battle of Gordium
Bithynia
297 - 74 223
- Nicomedia, Chalcedon, Cius, Apamea, Nicaea
297 - 78 19 Zipoetes 1
278 - 6 2 Zipoetes 2
278 - 55 23 Nicomedes 1  
255 - 4 1 Etazeta  (regent)
254 - 28 26 Ziaelas
228 - 182 46 Prusias 1 Cholus
200s Antioch, Pisidia
281 mi Battle of Corupedium Rome defeats Etruscans & Boii (a Gallic tribe) in
277 mi Battle of Lycimachia
201 Battle of Lade

 

Bithynia
297 - 74 223
- Nicomedia, Chalcedon, Cius, Apamea, Nicaea
182 - 49 33 Prusias 2 Cynegus
149 - 27 22 Nicomedes 2 Epiphanes  
127 - 94 33 Nicomedes 3 Euergetes
100s BC Olympos (Lycia) Bath
386 AD -1840 Sümela Monastery Construction
Bithynia
297 - 74 223
- Nicomedia, Chalcedon, Cius, Apamea, Nicaea
94 - 74 20 Nicomedes 4 Philopator 
90 Socrates Chrestus 
- 53 - 1 2 Battle of Carrhae Crasus invaded Parthia, Parthians defeat Romansin.
25 - 20 bc nt Monumentum Temple Ancyranum Turkey
89 mi Battle of Mount Scorobas
72 Battle of Cabira
69 Battle of Tigranocerta
67 Battle of Korakesion
66 Battle of Lycus River
48 Battle of Nicopolis
47 Battle of Zela
   
Pergamon
241 - 133 108
Pergamon
241 - 133 108
@ Bergama, İzmir Province, Turkey
 
     
Corduene
189 - 90
99
@ Pinik
Artaxiad
189 - 1
188
189 - 59 30 Artaxias 1 = Satenik
159 - 15 44 Artavasdes 1 ^
115 - 95 20 Tigranes 1 ^
95 - 55 40 Tigranes 2 Great <
Corduene
189 - 90
99
95 - 55 40 Tigranes 2 Great <
     
Roman Province of Asia
188 BC - 330 AD
518
@ Mysia, Troad, Aeolis, Lydia, Ionia, Caria
Roman Province of Asia
188 BC - 330 AD
518
     
@ Edessa, Turkey
132 - 27 5 Aryu
127 - 20 7 Abdu bar Maz'ur 
120 - 15 5 Fradhasht bar Gebar'u
115 - 12 3 Bakru 1 bar Fradhasht
112 - 94 18 Bakru 2 bar Bakru
94 Ma'nu 1
94 - 68 26 Abgar 1 Piqa
68 - 52 16 Abgar 2 bar Abgar
52 - 34 18 Ma'nu 2 
34 - 29 5 Paqor
29 - 26 3 Abgar 3
26 - 23 3 Abgar 4 Sumaqa
23 - 4 19 Ma'nu 3 Saphul 
4 BC - AD 7 13 Abgar 5 Ukkama bar Ma'nu Abgarus of Edessa
       
Roman Province of
Bithynia et Pontus

74 BCE - 330 CE
404
- Nicomedia
73 Siege of Cyzicus
       
Roman Province of Galatia
25 BC - 297 AD
322
- Ancyra (Ankara)
400s
300s
200s
100s
000s
 
Caucasian Iberia
302 BC - 502 AD
804
@ Armazi, Mtskheta, Tbilisi, Georgia
- Georgian
-
Paganism, Hellenism, Christianity
290 40,000 km2 (15,444 sq mi)
Caucasian Iberia
302 BC - 502 AD
804
Pharnabazids
299 - 159 140
299 - 34 65 Pharnavaz 1 of Iberia,
234 - 159 75 Saurmag 1 of Iberia (son)
Caucasian Iberia
302 BC - 502 AD
804
159 - 09 50 Mirian 1 of Iberia (son-in-law & adopted son),
109 - 90 19 Parnajom of Iberia (son),
Caucasian Iberia
302 BC - 502 AD
804
90 - 30 60 ?
30 - 20 10 Mirian 2 of Iberia (son)
20 BCE - CE 1 21 Arshak 2 of Iberia (son),
000s Armazi Palace Georgia
400s
300s
200s
100s
000s
Satrapy of Armenia
570 - 163 407
- Armavir, Yervandashat
- Armenian & Urantian?
- Zoroastrianism
Orontid 1
570 - 323
447
500 - 475 25 Hidarnes 2
475 - 50 25 Hidarnes 3
450 - 401 49 Ardashir
401 - 344 57 Orontes
Satrapy of Armenia
570 - 163 407
401 - 344 57 Orontes
344 - 36 8 Darius Codomannus
336 - 1 5 Orontes 2
331 - 23 8 Mithranes
Non-dynastic
323 - 1
2
323 Perdiccas
323 - 1 2 Neoptolemus
321 Eumenes
Orontid 2
321 - 163
158
321 - 17 4 Mihran
317 - 260 57 Orontes 3
Satrapy of Armenia
570 - 163 407
317 - 260 57 Orontes 3
260 Sames of Sophene (Unknown previous tenure as Satrap of Sophene)
260 - 28 42 Arsames 1 (Armenia, Sophene, & Commagene)
228 - 12 16 Xerxes (Sophene & Commagene)
212 - 200 12 Abdissares (Sophene & Commagene)
228 - 200 28 Orontes 4 (Armenia) Deposed by Antiochus 3
Satrapy of Armenia
570 - 163 407
201 - 163 38 Ptolemaeus (Commagene)
163 Annexed by Commagene
51 Tigranes Great, king of Armenia
00s Roman Armenia
68 Battle of Artaxata
 
- Yervandashat 201 - 185 16
- Artashat 185 - 77 108 & 60 - 120 60
- Tigranakert, Turkey 77 - 69 8
- Vagharshapat120- 330 110
- Dvin 336 - 428 92
- Armenian
- Paganism, Hellenism: 200's BCE - 301 CE 500's, Christianity 301 -
Orontid 331 - ? ?
331 - 21 10 Mithrenes
321 - 260 61 Orontes 3 
-
260 Sames 1
260 - 28 32 Arsames 1
228 - 200 28 Arsames 2 
-
189 - 60 29 Artaxias 1
159 - 15
44 Artavasdes 1
-
   
Kingdom of Sophene
200s - 94
180ish
- Armenia
No *
200s Independant of Acheminid Empire
Kingdom of Sophene
200s - 94
180ish
- Karkathiokerta
- Armenian
- ? Zareh
Kingdom of Sophene
200s - 94
180ish
- Karkathiokerta
- Armenian
- ? Zareh
94 Conquered by Kingdom of Greater Armenia
 

 

 

 

 

Satrapy of Commagene
290 - 163
127
@ Samosata, Turkey
201 - 163 38 Ptolemaeus of Commagene
Kingdom of Commagene
163 BCE - 72 CE
235
@ Samosata, Turkey
163 - 30 33 Ptolemaeus of Commagene 
130 - 09 21 Sames 2 Theosebes Dikaios
109 - 70 39 Mithridates 1 Callinicus 
Kingdom of Commagene
163 BCE - 72 CE
235
70 - 38 32 Antiochus 1 Theos of Commagene
38 - 20 18 Mithridates 2 of Commagene 
20 - 12 8 Mithridates 3 of Commagene 
12 BC – 17 AD 29 Antiochus 3 of Commagene  
400s
300s
200s
100s
000s
         
400s
300s
200s
100s
000s
410 - 374 Salamis, Cyprus Salamis kyprou
499 Ionian Revolt: Aristagoras,appointed tyrant of Miletus, rebelled against Persian rule.Ionian Revolt: Withsupport of Athens & Eretria, Aristagoras captured Sardis,capital ofPersian satrapy of Lydia. Ionian Revolt:kingdoms of Cyprus joinedrevolt.
498 Ionian Revolt:Persian army reestablished control over Cyprus.
450 Kition increased in importance.Phoenician rulers established themselves in Salamis.
411 Teucrid Evagoras 1 regained throne of Salamis.
- 334 - 262 72 Zeno of Citium, Cyprus founder of Stoicism
400 Evagoras attempted to establish himself as an independent ruler on Cyprus with Athenian help.
386 Under Treaty of Antakidas, Persian rule over Cyprus was accepted by Athens.
380 Persia reconquered Cyprus.
351 Pythagoras of Salamis & other Cypriot kings went over to AlexanderGreat duringbeginning ofsiege of Tyre.
350 Cypriot rebellion
344 Cypriot rebellion was crushed by Artaxerxes.
332 siege of Tyre ended.
331 Nicocreon began to rule.
325 Archaic & Classical Period ended.
310 Nicocreon ended his rule.Menelaos was made satrap of Cyprus.
306 Menelaos ended his time as satrap of Cyprus.
306 Antigonus began his rule.
301 Antigonus ended his rule.The Ptolemaic Lagid Dynasty began.
 
116 Cleopatra sent her son Ptolemy Philometor
109 Cleopatra sent Alexander, her son andbrother of Ptolemy IX Lathyros, to Cyprus.
107 Alexander returned from Cyprus & was made king of Egypt. Ptolemy campaigned in Palestine.
58 Cyprus became a Roman province.
400s
300s
200s
100s
000s
536 - 476 60 Book of Ezra
588 - 455 133 Kingdom of Judah post capture
483 Book of Esther
- Esther & King 1960
- Esther 1999
459 Ezra leads second body of Jews from Babylon to Jerusalem
445 Nehemiah sent to "restore & rebuild" walls of Jerusalem.
445Book of Nehemiah
433 Eliashib high priest in Jerusalem.
422 Destruction of Temple of Solomon. Book of Lamentations is about this
420 - 397 23 Book of Malachi
413 Joiada High Priest in Jerusalem.
484 Joiakim became High Priest in Jerusalem.
397 39 books of Old Testament ended. Four hundred years of Biblical silence started.
373 John High Priest in Jerusalem.
321 Onias became High Priest in Jerusalem.
332 Siege of Gaza
217 Simon high priest of Jerusalem
275 end of history of Babylon.
Hasmonean Kingdom
140 - 37
103
- Jerusalem Koine Greek, Hebrew, Aramaic
100s Hillel Elder, Jewish rabbi
136 Hyrcanus became High Priest in Jerusalem.
130 John Hyrcanus destroyed temple on Mount Gerizim.
107 Hyrcanus, High Priest of Jerusalem, took title "King of Jews."
106 Government of Maccabees began in Palestine.
106 Janneus became King of Jews
106 Judas Maccabeus, leader of Hasmonean rebellion & its first autonomous ruler of Judea
198 Sanhedrin first mentioned.
175 Jason High Priest in Jerusalem.
165 Jud was vaascant in Jerusalem.
164 Judas Maccabaeus, ^ Mattathias of Hasmonean family, restores Temple in Jerusalem. Events commemorated each year by festival of Hanukkah.
161 Jews signed treaty with Romans. First treaty with Jews on record.
150 Simon High Priest & governor in Jerusalem.
147 Hasmonean victories restore autonomy to Judea.
Hasmonean Kingdom
140 - 37
103
- Jerusalem Koine Greek, Hebrew, Aramaic
79 Alexandra Janneus' widow, Queen of Jews.
74 - 4 70 Herod Great
- Herod Great 1960
69 Hyrcanus became ruler of Jews.
63 Pompey captures Jerusalem
57 Sanhedrin took over rulership of Jews.
57 Pompey of Rome conquered Jerusalem.
47 Antipater ruled Jews.
37 - 3 Roman Senate appointed Herod, an Idumean Arab, King of Judea. He ruled for 34 years. Began construction of great Jewish Temple on Mt. Moriah in Jerusalem.
10 - 68 Apostle Peter
4 Jesus Christ born.
4 John Baptist born.
57 Sanhedrin took over ruler ship of Jews. & Pompey were formed.
000s BC - 600s AD Avdat
63 Scythopolis Amphitheater Bet She'an Annexed by Rome
22 Caesarea aqueduct Bridge
Caesarea Maritima Aqueduct Israel
400s
300s
200s
100s
000s
1550 - 300 1250 Phoenicia
332 Alexander 3 Great defeated city of Tyre.
     
400s
300s
200s
100s
000s
Kingdom of Edom 4
539 - 275 264
?
Kingdom of Edom 4
539 - 275 264
?
Kingdom of Edom 4
539 - 275 264
?
? Edom
275 - 200 75
Seleucid Edom
200 - 125 75
125 Conquered by Hasmonean Kingdom
 
Babylonian Ammon
580 - 332 248
@ Rabath Ammon, Lebanon
400s Tobiah
Babylonian Ammon
580 - 332 248
@ Rabath Ammon, Lebanon
     
Persian Moab
539 - 332 207
@ Dibon, Lebanon
Persian Moab
539 - 332 207
@ Petra, Jordan
Legendary Time 169 - 06 63
312 Petra Founded Street of Facades
Nabataean Kingdom
332 BCE - 106 CE
438
Recorded Kings 169 - 06 63
169 - 20 49 Aretas 1
120 - 96 24 Aretas 2 In some sources appears as successor to Rabbel I
96 - 85 11 Obodas 1
85 - 84 1 Rabbel 1 In some sources appears as successor to Aretas II
84 - 60 24 Aretas 3 PhilhellenRecognised by Rome 62 BC
60 - 59 1 Obodas 2 (?)Existence uncertain until recently; probably ruled a few months
59 - 30 29 Malichus 1
30 - 9 21 Obodas 3
8 BC - 40 AD 48 Aretas 4 PhilopatrisḤuldo Šagīlat
40 - 70 30 Malichus 2 Šagīlat 2
70 - 106 36 Rabbel 2 Soter Gāmilat
106 Annexed by Trajan becoming Roman province of Arabia Petraea
Nabataean Kingdom
332 BCE - 106 CE
438
63 Jerash Conquered by Rome
400s
300s
200s
100s
000s
   
300 Apamea Castle
274 - 200 74 Syrian Wars
274 - 1 3 1st Syrian War
260 - 255 5 2nd Syrian War
245 - 1 4 3rd Syrian War
219 - 7 2 4th Syrian War
202 - 0 2 5th Syrian War
200 Battle of Panium
- 175 Antiochus 4 Epiphanes, took possession of Syrian throne, at murder of his brother Seleucus IV Philopator, which rightly belonged to his nephew Demetrius I Soter.
Roman Province of Syria
64 BCE - 135 CE
199
- Antioch
64 Afrin Bridge syria Took by Rome
48 Syria Anexed by Rome
64 Rome Conquers Syria w/ Pompey
40 - 37 3 Parthian invasion of Syria & Asia Minor
400s
300s
200s
100s
000s
Babylon
Largest City on world 2ndX
612 - 320
292
Babylon
Largest City on world 2ndX
612 - 320
292
   
404 Battle of Cunaxa
331 Battle of Gaugamela
Macedonian Babylon
330 - 12 18
Argead
330 - 12 18
@ Babylon
330 - 23 7 Alexander 1 Great 356 - 323 ^ Philip 2 of Macedonia *Macedonia 336- as Alexander 3
323 - 280 43 Wars of Diadochi
322 - 20 2 1st War of Diadochi
319 - 5 4 2nd War of Diadochi
314 - 11 3 3rd War of Diadochi
308 - 01 7 4th War of Diadochi
298 - 85 13 Struggle over Macedon
285 - 81 4 struggle of Lysimachus & Seleucus
280 - 75 5 Gallic invasions & consolidation
323 - 17 6 Philip ^ Philip 1 of Macedonia King of Macedonia as Philip 3. X42 by Olympias
323 - 17 6 Alexander 2 Egus ^ Alexander Great 323 - 309 King of Macedonia as Alexander 4 until 310 BC, X by Cassander ^Antipater
323 - 1 2 Perdiccas Regent,  ? - 321prince of Orestis
321 Peithon 355 - 314 ^ Crateuas Regent
321 Arrhidaeus 
319 Regent
321 - 19 2 Antipater 398
319 son of Iollas Regent, Killed by Seleucus I
319 - 6 3 Polysperchon 394 - 303 ^ Simmias Regent
317 - 6 1 Olympias 375 - 316 daughter of king Neoptolemus I of Epirus & mother of Alexander I. Killed by Cassander ^ Antipater
316 - 2 4 Antigonus Monophthalmus 382
301 Antigonus 1 ^ Philip of Elymiotis King of Anatolia, Syria & Macedonia until 301 BC. Killed by Seleucus I
311 - 09 2 Babylonian War
334 Issus Alexander Great defeats Darius 3 of Persia
330 Alexander Great conquers Persian Empire, decline & depopulation of Ancient Greece with large migrations towards conquered lands.
331 War Elephant 1stX Battle of Gaugamela iraq
100s - 000s BC Hatra City fl
100 BC - 400 AD Samad al-Shan Oman
129 Battle of Ecbatana
 
 
 
@ Babylon 312 - 05 7
- Seleucia, Iraq 305 - 240 65, Antioch, Turkey 240 - 64 176
312 - 281 31 Seleucus Inicator X77 ^ Antiochus ^ Seleucus Assumed title of "King" from 306 BC. X by Ptolemy Ceraunus
312 - 281 31 Seleucus 1 nicator X77 ^ Antiochus ^ Seleucus Assumed title of "King" from 306 BC. X by Ptolemy Ceraunus
281 - 61 20 Antiochus 1 Soter ^ co-ruler from 291
261 - 46 15 Antiochus 2 Theos ^ 286 - 246
246 - 25 21 Seleucus 2 Callinicus. Moves capital to Antioch
225 - 3 2 Seleucus 3 Alexander Ceraunus. X20
223 - 187 36 Antiochus 3 Megas X54
209 - 188 21 Parthian - Seleucid Wars
187 - 75 12 Seleucus 4 Philopator
175 - 63 12 Antiochus 4 Epiphanes X48 Killed in Elymais last effective ruler of Seleucid Empire
163 - 1 2 Antiochus 5 Eupator 172 - 161
161 - 50 11 Demetrius 1 Soter 185 - 150
150 - 46 4 Alexander 3 Balas Seleucid king of Syria As Alexander 1
146 - 39 7 Demetrius 2 Nicator Defeated & captured by Parthians. He married to Rhodogune daughter of Mithridates I
139 - 29 10 Antiochus 7 Sidetes Killed in battle with Phraates 2
96 - 87 9 Demetrius 3
400s
300s
200s
100s
000s
         
400s
300s
200s
100s
000s
         
400s
300s
200s
100s
000s
         
400s
300s
200s
100s
000s
         
400s
300s
200s
100s
000s
         
400s
300s
200s
100s
000s
         
400s
300s
200s
100s
000s
         
     
Himyarite Confederation
110 BCE - 525 CE
635
@ Zafar, San‘a’, Yemen
110 BC - 525 AD Zafar, Yemen Capital of Himyarite Confederation
Himyarite Confederation
110 BCE - 525 CE
635
@ Zafar, San‘a’, Yemen
     
@ Yemen
No *