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Palaiologan 1261 - 1453 192 |
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1002 18 16 Emperor Basil 2 campaigns annually against Bulgarians, with object of annihilating Bulgar state. |
| 1011 - 2 1 Main Hosios Loukas Monastery sees completion (Katholikon) Earliest extant domedoctagon church from. |
1014 Battle of Kleidion   Byzantine armies of Basil 2 are victorious over Samuil of Bulgaria in . |
| 1018 Battle of C? Byzantine armies of Basil Boioannes are victorious at against Lombards under Melus of Bari. |
| 1025 Death of Basil 2 & Decline of Byzantine Empire begins. |
| 1021 - 42 21 ByzantineGeorgian wars
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| 1043 Naval Confrontation Byzantine Empire & Kievan Rus engage in a although a later treaty is signed between two parties that included marriage alliance of Vsevolod I of Kiev to a princess daughter of Constantine IX Monomachos. |
| 1043 Byzantine General George Maniaces, who had served in Sicily back in 1038, was proclaimed emperor by his troops while he was catepan of Italy; he led an unsuccessful rebellion against Constantine IX Monomachos & was killed in battle in Macedonia during his march towards Constantinople. |
| 1000 - 59 59 Michael 1 Cerularius, Patriarch of Constantinople who was involved in EastWest Schism |
| 1126 - 1200 74 John Doukas, Caesar, younger brother & counsellor to Constantine 10 of Byzantium |
| 1071 Battle of Manzikert Defeat of Byzantine Empireby Seljuk army of Alp Arslan, ending three centuries of a Byzantine military & economic Golden Age.
Anatolia opened to Muslim settlement |
| 1073 Capture of Ankara Seljuk Turks VS Byzantines. |
| 1074 Capture of Jerusalem Seljuk Turks from Byzantines, & cut pilgrim transit. |
| 1078 Revolt of Nikephoros 3 against Byzantine ruler Michael 7 |
| 1081 - 1180 99 Restoration of Byzantine Empire |
| ? 1082 John Italus Philosopher in Constantinople. |
| 1091 Battle of Levounion |
| 1093 Battle of Alnwick |
| 1017 - 96 79 Michael Psellos Byzantine writer, philosopher, official, & historian |
| 1097 Siege of Nicaea, Iznik, Turkey. during First Crusade |
| 1098 Crusaders capture Edessa |
| 1098 Siege of Antioch during First Crusade |
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Byzantine Empire
330 - 1453 1123
| 1040s - 1101 60s John Skylitzes Byzantine historian in Greece. |
| 1108 Treaty of Devol, signed in September, Bohemond I of Antioch has to submit to Byzantine Empire, becoming vassal of Alexius I. |
| 1116 Byzantine army defeats Turks at Philomelion. |
| 1097 - 1176 79 Byzantine armies recapture coasts of Asia Minor from Turks, & push east towards central Anatolia; Crusader Principality of Antioch becomes Byzantine protectorate |
| 1100s Icon Theotokos of Vladimir is made, probably in Constantinople. Everything but faces will later be retouched, & icon will end up in Tretyakov Gallery, Moscow. Georgian poet Shota Rustaveli composes his epic poem Knight in Panther's Skin. Shahab alDin Suhrawardi founds his "school of illumination". |
| 1144 Edessa Conquered to Atabeg Zengi. |
| 1145 - 8 3 2nd Crusade is launched in response to fall of County of Edessa. |
| 1161 Kilij Arslan 2, Sultan of Rum, makes peace with Byzantine Empire, recognizing emperor's primacy. |
| 1167 Battle of Sirmium Byzantine armies win decisive victory over Hungarians at ; Hungary becomes Byzantine client state. |
| 1176 Battle of Myriokephalon Manuel 1 Komnenos attempts to capture Konya, capital of Seljuk Turks; is forced to withdraw after destruction of his siege equipment. End of Byzantine attempts to recover Anatolian plateau. |
| 1180 Death of Manuel 1 Komnenos. Decline of Byzantine Empire recommences. |
| 1182 People's Revolt in Constantinople against Latins, whom they massacre, proclaiming Andronicus I Comnenus coemperor. |
| 1183 Alexius 2 Comnenus Strangled by Andronicus 1 Comnenus has his nephew |
| 1185 Norman massacre of Greeks of Thessalonika |
| 1091 Battle of Levounion Byzantine Empire under Alexios I Komnenos & his Cuman allies defeat Pechenegs at |
| 1153 - 98 45 Nerses of Lambron, Saint, Archbishop of Tarsus, Turkey. theologian |
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| 1204 Capture of Zara 4th Crusade 1202 4 2for Venice & sacks Byzantine Constantinople, creating Latin Empire. |
Laskarid Nicaea 1204 - 61 57 |
| 1221 - 54 33 John 3 Doukas Vatatzes |
| 1258 Battle of Karydi |
Palaiologan
1261 - 1453 192 |
| Restored to Constantinople |
| 1261 Byzantines retake Constantinople from Crusaders & Venice. |
| 1268 Fall of Antioch Crusader State of , Turkey to Mamelukes. |
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| 1311 Battle of Halmyros |
1321 - 41 20 Andronikos 3 Palaiologos X44
| 1326 Capture of Bursa Ottomans take from Byzantines |
1341 - 47 6 John 5 Palaiologos X59 1391
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| 1341 - 54 13 John 6 Kantakozenos X91 1383 |
| 1347 Black death reaches Constantinople & Egypt; reaches Europe following year |
| 1353 - 57 4 Matthew Kantakozenos X66 1391 |
| 1347 - 76 29 John 5 Palaiologos X59 1391 |
| 1379 - 90 12 John 5 Palaiologos X59 |
| Ottoman Turks are asked for help by John Cantacuzene against a rival for Byzantine throne. John would become John VI & gives his sixteenyearold daughter Theodora to Orkhan I as a wife. This is first time Muslim Turks crossed Dardanelles into Europe. |
| 1376 - 90 14 John 7 Palaiologos X38 1408 |
| 1380 last holdings of Byzantine Empire in Asia Minor are captured by Turks. |
1391 - 8 7 1st Siege of Constantinople Ottoman |
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@ Nicaea,
Iconium
Persian (official),
Turkish (popular)
| 1060 - 4 4 Kutalmish Contended with Alp Arslan for succession to Great Seljuq throne. |
| 1075 - 7 2 Suleiman ibn Qutulmish de facto rules Turkmen around İznik & İzmit; 1077 86 9 recognised Rum Sultan by Malik 1 Founder of Anatolian Seljuq Sultanate with capital in İznik |
| 1092 - 1107 15 Kilij Arslan 1 First sultan in Konya |
| 1096 Battle of Civetot |
| 1097 Battle of Nicaea |
| 1097 Battle of Dorylaeum |
| 1097 Siege of Antioch |
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10 - 1100s 100 Yilanli Kale Castle Turkey |
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Nicaea, Iconium
Persian (official), Turkish (popular)
| 1092 - 1107 15 Kilij Arslan 1 First sultan in Konya |
| 1101 Battle of Mersivan |
| 1101 Battle of Hereclea |
| 1144 Siege of Edessa |
| 1047 Battle of Dorylaeum |
1156 - 92 36 'Izz alDin Kilij Arslan 2
| 1176 Battle of Myriokephalon |
1192 - 6 4 Giyath alDin Kaykhusraw 1 1stX
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| 1196 - 1204 8 Rukn alDin Suleiman 2 |
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| 1144 Capture of Edessa by Zangi Turkey from Crusaders |
1157 death of Sultan Sanjar, resulting in breakup of remaining Seljuq Sultanate.
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| 1194 death of Tüghril III, last Persian Seljuq ruler, resulting in end of Seljuq power in Iran & rise of Turkic Khwarezmians in Transoxiana. |
1100s Lampron Castle Turkey
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1100s House of Virgin Mary |
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Nicaea, Iconium
Persian (official), Turkish (popular)
1196 - 1204 8 Rukn alDin Suleiman 2
| 1202 Battle of Basian |
1204 - 5 1 Kilij Arslan 3
1205 - 11 6 Giyath alDin Kaykhusraw 1 2ndX
1211 - 20 9 'Izz alDin Kayka'us 11220 - 37 17 'Ala alDin Kayqubad 1
1237 - 46 9 Giyath alDin Kaykhusraw 2
1246 - 60 14 'Izz alDin Kayka'us 2 After his death, sultanate split until 1260 when Kilij Arslan 4 remained sole ruler
1248 - 65 17 Rukn alDin Kilij Arslan 4
1249 - 57 8 'Ala alDin Kayqubad 2
1265 84 19 Giyath alDin Kaykhusraw 3
1284 - 96 12 Giyath alDin Masud 2 1stX
1298 - 1302 4 'Ala alDin Kayqubad 3
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| 1205 Battle of Adrianople |
| 1211 Battle of Rhyndacus River |
| 1224 Battle of Poimanenon |
| 1230 Battle of Yassicemen |
| 1207 - 73 66 Jalal alDin Rumi (Mevlana) Poet, Jurist, Theologian, Sufi Mystic B Afghanistan, D Turkey |
| 1204 Capture of Constantinople |
1220 - 60 40 Mongols invade Islamic lands
| 1243 Battle of Kösedagh Mongols defeat Seljuqs |
| 1254 Battle of Adrianople |
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1260 Siege of Constantinople  |
| 1299 - 1300 1 Seljuq Sultanate Breaks Up into smaller principalities, to be succeeded by Ottoman Turk Emirate, founded by Osman 1 (ruled 1290 1326). |
| 1200s Corycus Fortress |
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| First Ottoman campaign in Europe |
| 1375 Selcuk Castle Turkey |
| 1394 Anadoluhisarı Castle |
| 1302 Battle of Bapheus |
| 1303 Battle of Dimbos |
| 1329 Battle of Pelekanon |
| 1330 Battle of Posada |
| 1365 Battle of Adrianople |
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| 1451 1 Rumelihisarı Castle |
1458 Eyüp Sultan Mosque Turkey
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| 1481 Battle of Yenisehir |
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NE Turkey. Successor state of Byzantine Empire. |
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Thrace, Turkey. Constantinople See also Latinokratia.Empire of Nicaea Bithynia Nicaea 57 Successor state of Byzantine Empire. |
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Söğüt, Bursa, Edirne, Constantinople, Turkey.
| 1300s Expand into Balkans |
| 1299 - 1324 25 Osman 1 GHAZI Othman (The Warrior)
BEY (The Esquire)
KARA (lit. Land or Black) for his bravery ^Ertuğrul Ghazi =Mal Hatun. Founder of Ottoman Turkish Empire. He defeats Seljuks. |
| 1317 Osman 1, founder of Ottoman Empire, lays siege to Christian city of Bursa, Turkey. |
| Bursa made capital & growth of Ottoman Empire is marked. |
| 1331 Nicaea Captured Ottoman Turks & rename it Iznik. |
| 1340 96 56 BulgarianOttoman Wars |
| 1360 - 89 29 Murad 1 The Godlike One = Gülçiçek Hatun X the terror of Christian Europe, sending large military forces against Balkans & tripling size of Ottoman Empire. |
| 1373 Ottoman Turks force Byzantine Empire into vassalage. |
| 1389 Death of Orhan 1, ^ Osman. Orhan's son, Murad 1, takes over Ottoman Empire. Murad becomes terror of Christian Europe, sending large military forces against Balkans & tripling size of Ottoman Empire. |
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| 1396 Battle of Nicopolis Ottomans defeat Venice, Hungary, Byzantium & Crusaders at |
| 1396 Battle of Nicopolis Ottoman Turks conquer Bulgaria. Thousands of French knights & soldiers set out from Burgundian capital Dijon to aid Hungarians against Ottoman Turks. Battle of Nicopolis: A Crusader army of around 60,000 men & made up of from Hungarian army of Sigismund of Luxembourg along with French, German, Polish, Italian, & English forces enter Ottoman Turkish territory & lay siege to Nicopolis in Bulgaria. Ottoman sultan, Bajazet, gathers together a massive army of his own & relieves besieged city, defeating Crusaders. Bulgaria becomes a vassal state and, like Serbia, would remain one until 1878. |
| 1402 Battle of Ankara Ottoman & Timurid Empires fight at resulting in Timur's capture of Bayezid 1. |
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| 1014 Nikortsminda Cathedral of Georgia is completed |
| 1029 Svetitskhoveli Cathedral Renewed |
| 1029 - 39 10 Annexed by Kingdom of Georgia |
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| 11 - 1300s 200 Tsalenjikha Cathedral |
| 1121 Battle of Didgori |
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Georgia
1st Imereti
1258 - 1463 205 |
2nd Imereti
1463 - 1810 347 |
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Bagvashi
| 1059 - 74 15 John (Ioane) |
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1014 - 1027 13 Giorgi 1
=Mariam of Vaspurakan |
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Bagrationi
978 - 1238 460 |
| ? Giorgi MtcignobartuxucesTchkondideli Political, Ecclesiastical figure |
| 1099 Discontinued Tribute after building considerable strength, David 4 of Georgia discontinues tribute payments to Seljuk Turks. |
| 1101 - 3 2 Incorporation of Kakheti, Hereti & Georgia David Builder |
| 1103 - 4 1 Church Council convened by King David Builder in Urbnisi to reorganize Georgian Orthodox Church. |
| 1106 Gelati Monestary Completed Kutaisi |
| 1100s Opizars, Beshqen & Beqa Goldsmiths |
| 1121 Battle of Didgori , greatest military victory of Georgia, King David Builder with 40,000 Georgians, 15,000 Kipchak auxiliaries, 500 Alan mercenaries & 300 French Crusaders defeats a Seljukled Muslim coalition army of 400,000. |
| 1115 Occupation of Rustavi Georgian army in war to free Georgia from Muslims. |
| 1122 Capture of Tbilisi After a fourhundredyear supremacy of Arabs, King David Builder captures Tbilisi & declares it capital city of Georgia. |
| 1161 Siege of Ani, Georgian troops take over control of city, only to have it sold for second time to Shaddadids, a Kurdish dynasty. |
| 1184 - 1213 29 Tamar of Georgia =David Soslani ? 1207 sole ruler after reigning with her father, George 3, for six years. |
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| 1184 - 1213 29 Chakhrukhadze Poet |
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| 1065 1st Seljuk Invasion to Georgia under leadership of alp Arslan |
| 1068 Seljuks destroyed Georgia for 2nd time |
| 1109 Otrok, khan of Kipchaks Georgia fled to Georgia. |
| 1195 Struggle of Shamqori Georgian forces annihilate army of Abu Baqar. |
| 1009 - 65 56 Giorgi Mtatsmindeli Elesiastic |
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| 1104 Battle of Ertcukhi King David Builder defeats an army of Seljuks. |
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| 1060 Mugni Gospels of Armenia written in illuminated manuscript form. |
| 1003 St. Grigor's Church of Kecharis Monastery in Armenia is built in . |
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| 1100s Amberd Fortress |
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1187 - 1219 42 Leo 1 Prince, then King 1st King
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Hethumids
1226 - 1341 195 |
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| 1200s Ertij Fort |
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| 1374 - 96 22 Leo 5 King, then claimant |
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| 1232 Mardakankrugbashnya Castle Azerbaijan |
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| 1400s Sheki krepost az Castle |
| 1412 Battle of Chalagan |
| 1467 Uzun Hasan defeats Black Sheep Turkoman leader Jahān Shāh. Azerbaijan. |
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1000s - 1300s Buffavento Castle Occupation Cyprus
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| 1000s - 1400s Saint Hilarion Castle Occupied |
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| 1192 Famagusa Castle Cyprus |
| 1185 Cyprus became an independent Empire under Isaak Comnenus. |
| 1192 Isaak Comnenus ended his reign.Richard I of England captured Cyprus on his way to Acre.island was sold toTemplar Order, who in turn sold it to Guy of Lusignan.Guy of Lusignan & his descendants began to rule Cyprus as an independent kingdom. |
| 1193 Altheides of Cyprus,traveling philosopher, was born. |
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| 1382 - 98 16 Larnaca Castle Cyprus |
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| 1426 Battle of Khirokitia |
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| 1489 descendants of Guy of Lusignan ended their rule of Cyprus. Cyprus became an overseas colony ofVenetian Republic after having been purchased fromlast member ofLusignan dynasty. |
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| 1009 alHakim orders destruction of church of Holy Sepulcher in Jerusalem |
| 1030 - 48 18 Church of Holy Sepulcher rebuilt in Jerusalem |
1096 - 9 3 1st Crusade 8 Crusades were conducted. 300,000 men were blessed by Pope Urban 2 & commanded by King Godfrey.
| 1096 Knights Templar Formed during early First Crusade in order to protect European Christian pilgrims traveling to Jerusalem. |
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| 1000s Kolossi Castle Cyprus |
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| 1101 Battle of Ramla |
| 1105 Battle of Ramla |
| 1113 Battle of Al-Sanabra |
| 1119 David Builder of Armenia & Baldwin 2 of Jerusalem meet |
| 1119 - 1314 195 Knights Templar in Jerusalem |
| 1120 Council of Nablus, a council of ecclesiastic & secular lords in crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem, establishes first written laws for kingdom. |
| 1125 Battle of Azaz , Crusader States, led by King Baldwin II of Jerusalem, defeat Seljuk Turks. |
| 1153 Siege of Ascalon |
1162 - 74 12 Amalric 1 < =Agnes of Courtenay 3C & Maria Komnene 2C X38
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| 1174 - 85 11 Baldwin 4 Leprous ^ =0 X24 |
| 1177 Battle of Montgisard |
1187 Battle of Hattin Saladin retakes Jerusalem defeating Franks at battle of Hattin in second crusade.
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| 1187 Siege of Jerusalem |
| ? - 1195 Berthold Saint, found of Carmelite Order in Israel. |
| 1191 Battle of Arsuf King Richard 1 Lionheart of England VS Saladin |
1192 Battle of Jaffa King Richard 1 Lionheart of England VS Saladin
| 1192 Treaty of Ramla signed by Saladin & Richard Lionheart. Under terms of agreement, Jerusalem would remain under Muslim control. However, city would be open to Christian pilgrimages. Latin Kingdom is reduced to a geopolitical coastal strip that extended from Tyre to Jaffa. |
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| 1198 Teutonic Knights formed. Order of Knights of Hospital of St. Mary of Teutons Brethren of Crusader hospital in Acre raised to military order of knights |
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| 1100s Carsal del Plains Castle |
| 1100s Le-Destroit Castle Israel |
| 1100s Arsuf Fortress Israel |
| 1100s Ateret Castle Israel |
| 1100s Maresha Castle Israel |
| 1100s BeytShean Castle Israel |
| 1100s MigdalAfek Castle Israel |
| 1100s Carfalet Castle Israel |
| 1100s Monfort Castle Israel |
| 1100s Yehiam Castle Israel |
| 1160 Miiliya Castle Israel |
| 1187 Latrun Castle Israel |
| 1100s St. James Cathedral Jerusalem |
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| 1205 - 12 7 Maria ^Conrad 1 & Isabella =John of Brienne 1D X20 |
| 1149 - 1214 65 Albert of Jerusalem Saint, Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem |
| 1228 - 9 1 6th Crusade excommunicated Frederick 2 Hohenstaufen returns Jerusalem to Crusader States & took Jerusalem into truce for 10 yrs. |
| 1244 Jerusalem Captured A group of Khwarezmians, fleeing from Mongols, from Crusaders. |
| 1260 Battle of 'Ayn Jalut Galilee Mamlukes VS Mongols |
| 1284 - 5 1 John 2 ^ =0 1268 85 17 |
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| 1200 Sidna Ali Mosque Israel |
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| 1344 Great Gaza Mosque Israel |
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| 1450s Caesaria Castle Israel |
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| 1109 Bertrand of Toulouse captures County of Tripoli, Lebanon. |
| 1100s Beaufort Castle Lebanon |
| 1100s Byblos Castle Lebanon |
| 1103 Raymond de SaintGilles Castle Lebanon |
| 1103 Tzipori Castle Lebanon |
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1200s Sidon Sea Castle Lebanon
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| 1100s Montreal Castle Jordan |
| 1142 Kerak Castle Jordan |
| 1115 Montreal Crusader Castle Jordan |
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| 1260 Battle of Ain Jalut Mongols defeated for 1st time in Palestine (by Muslims, in the) |
| 1237 Qasr Azraq Castle |
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| 1031 Krak des Chevaliers Castle |
| 1071 Battle of Manzikert |
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| 1104 Battle of Harran |
| 1105 Battle of Artah |
| 1111 Battle of Shaizar |
| 1115 Battle of Sarmin |
| 1119 Battle of Ager Sanguinis |
| 1125 Battle of Azaz |
| 1126 Battle of Marj al-Saffar |
| 1148 Siege of Damascus |
| 1149 Battle of Inab |
| 1154 Nur alDin ibn Zangi captures Damascus |
| 1164 Battle of Harim |
| 1183 Siege of Kerak |
| Damascus Hama Islamic Empire |
| 1138 Aleppo earthquake devastates much of northern Syria. |
| An account of Buddha's life, translated earlier into Greek by St John of Damascus & widely circulated to Christians as story of Barlaam & Josaphat, became so popular Buddha (under name Josaphat) was made a Catholic saint. |
| 1100s Our lady Cathedral Syria |
| 1110s Saladin Castle Syria |
| 1140s - 70 30 Crac des chevaliers Castle Syria |
| 1153 Baghras Castle Syria |
| 11 - 1200s Qal'at Najm Castle |
| 1168 Qal'at Ja'bar Castle |
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| 1400 Timur defeats Mamlukes in Syria. |
636 - 51 15 Muslims conquer Syria, Persia & Egypt |
| 1200s Fakhr-al-Din al-Maani Castle |
| 1271 Chastel Blanc Castle |
| 1281 2nd Battle of Homs |
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| 1303 Mongols are defeated near Damascus, thus ending Mongol threat on Europe & Middle East. |
| 1303 Mamlukes stop last Mongol invasion of Syria. |
| 1291 Christians driven out of Syria |
| 1350s Bottle from Syria, is made. It is now kept at Freer Gallery of Art, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. |
| 1263 1328 65 Ibn Taymiyyah, famous Hanbali, Syrian Salafi Scholar of Islam |
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| 1401 Baghdad & Damascus Conquered by Timur. |
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| 1000s 1st Hospitals Bimaristans every city in Islamic world had , thein modern sense, after they began receiving funds from Waqf instititions, first charitable trusts |
| 1000 Abu Sahl alQuhi Kuhi Bagdham Mathematician, Physicist, Astronomer |
| 1000 Ammar ibn Ali alMawsili of Mosul |
| 1011 - 21 10 Book of Optics Ibn alHaytham (Alhacen) of Basra, Iraq writes his influential from 1011 to 1021 (while he was under house arrest in Egypt), |
1014 - 20 6 Book of Healing Philosophical & scientific encyclopaedia, by Avicenna (Abū 'Alī alHusayn ibn Sīnā) (980 1037 57 ), Persian scholar.
| 1027 Book of Healing by Avicenna. |
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| 1011 - 21 10 Ibn alHaytham (Alhacen), a famous Iraqi scientist working in Egypt, feigned madness in fear of angering Egyptian caliph AlHakim biAmr Allah, & was kept under house arrest from 1011 to 1021. During this time, he wrote his influential Book of Optics. |
| 1025 Canon of Medicine Medical encyclopedia, most influential medical text in both Islamic & Christian lands for over six centuriesby Avicenna, Persian Muslim scholar. |
| 953 - 1029 76 AlKaraji Karkh Persian Mathematician & Engineer |
| 1000 37 37 Hayy ibn Yaqdhan Avicenna |
| 960 - 1036 76 Abu Nasr Mansur Mathematician |
| 965 - 1040 75 Abu 'Ali alHasan ibn alHaytham Alhazen, Alhacen Polymath: Scientist, Physicist, Optical Researcher, Astronomer, Engineer, Inventor, Mathematician, Physician, Ophthalmologist, Islamic Philosopher, Psychologist, Islamic Theologian |
| 1010 - 75 65 Alī ibn Ahmad alNasawī, Iraqi Persian mathematician who commented on Greek works by Archimedes |
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| 1086 Imam Ali Mosque in Iraq is rebuilt by Malik Shah I in after it was destroyed by fire. |
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1180 - 1225 45 AnNasir
1220 - 60 40 Mongols invade Islamic lands
| 1258 Sack of Baghdad Hulegu, Mongol chief |
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Bagdhad
| 1184 - 1283 99 Saadi Poet Bagdhad |
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| 1291 Fall of Acre last Crusader stronghold in Levant, to Mamluks |
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| 1401 Timur destroys Baghdad. |
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| 1055 Conquered by Seljuqs, under Tüghral Beg, capture Baghdad, Abbasid capital, from Buwayhids, establish Seljuq Sultanate, & become official protectors of Caliphate. |
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Georgia
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Cyprus
Israel
Lebanon
Jordan
Syria
Iraq
Kuwait
Bahrain
Qatar
Saudi Arabia
UAE 
Oman
Yemen
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