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Early Byzantine Empire 330 - 843 513   |
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Middle Byzantine 843 - 1260 417 |
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 Byzantine Empire
330 - 1454 1324
502 - 6 4 Anastasian War against Persians |
| 522 Byzantines obtain silkworm eggs & begin silkworm cultivation. Protected palace industry |
| 526 - 32 6 Iberian War between East Romans & Persians over Caucasian Iberia |
Last Roman 1968
541 - 62 21 Lazic War between East Romans & Persians over Lazica |
500 - 48 48  Theodora
Teodora Imparatrice Di Bisanzio 1954 |
Byzantine Province of Cappadocia
535 - 53 18
Caesarea (Kayseri)
| 535 Formed with union of Cappadocia Primera & Secunda & ended in 53 with split again until Sassanians took it over in 600s |
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539 - 62 23 War Byzantium Vs Persia |
572 - 91 19 RomanPersian War |
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| 583 MonemvasiaDe wit 1680 monemvasia |
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Byzantine Empire
330 - 1454 1324
632 - 7745 ByzantineArab Wars
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| 674 - 9 5 1st siege of Constantinopole |
680 - 1355 675 ByzantineBulgarian Wars
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Byzantine Empire
330 - 1454 1324
717 - 41 24  Leo 3 Isaurian |
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Byzantine Empire
330 - 1454 1324
813 - 20 7  Leo 5 Armenian
& Constantine |
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Byzantine Empire 
330 - 1454 1324
938- 59 21  Romanos 2 Porphyrogennetos
941 Siege of Constantinople by Igor of Kyiv |
912 - 3 1  Alexander |
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| 500 Karamagara Bridge turkey |
| 500 Makestos Bridge turkey |
| 500s Arapsu Bridge turkey |
| 562 Turkey Sangarius Bridge |
| 530 Battle of Dara |
| 530 Battle of Satala |
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| Abydos 670 |
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| 915 - 21 Armenian Holy Cross Cathedral Akdamar IslandAkdamar kirche |
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| 580 - 637 57 Adarnase 1 also prince of Iberia since 627. |
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| 700s - 50 Vani Ancient gold objects from Vani, Georgia |
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| 736 - 813 77 Ismail b. Shuab |
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| 833 - 53 20 Ishaq b. Ismail b. Shuab |
| 880 - 914 34 Jaffar 1 b. Ali |
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| 880 - 914 34 Jaffar 1 b. Ali |
| 914 - 52 38 Mansur b. Jaffar |
| 952 - 81 29 Jaffar 2 b. Mansur |
| 981 - 1032 51 Ali b. Jaffar |
| 1032 - 46 14 Jaffar 3 b. Ali |
| 1046 - 54 8 Mansur b. Jaffar |
| 1054 - 62 8 AbulHaija b. Jaffar (the last known emir) |
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Georgia
(Achba/Anchabadze)
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| 531 Battle of Callinicum |
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| 600 - 50 50 Teishebaini Castle |
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735 13 22 Ishkanaberd Castle
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1878 Butrón Castle Armenia
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| 8 - 900s Smbataberd Castle |
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914 -
29 15  Ashot 2 Iron
928 - 53 35 Abas 1
953 - 77 24 Ashot 3
977 - 89 22 Smbat 2
989 - 1017 28
 Gagik 1 |
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| 700s Gelersen gerersen Castle Azerbaijan |
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| 647 Arabs under Muawiya invaded & occupied Cyprus. |
| 683 Arab garrison was withdrawn after its defeat athands of Constantine 4. |
| 688 Emperor Justinian 2 & Caliph alMalik signed a treaty under whose terms no garrisons were to be stationed inisland, & all taxes collected were to be divided betweenArabs andEmperor. |
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| 965 Cyprus was restored to Byzantine rule by Nicepheros Phokas |
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638 Muslims conquer Jerusalem |
| 692 Dome of Rock Mosque begun in Jerusalem |
| 661 - 760 99 David Tower Israel |
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| 900s Kantara Castle Built, 1191 Captured, 1228 Destroyed & Rebuilt |
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634 - 6 2 Arab conquest of Lebanon |
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714 Anjar, Lebanon Founded |
Abbasids Control Lebanon
750 - 1258 508
Bagdhad, Iraq |
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Abbasids Control Lebanon
750 - 1258 508
Bagdhad, Iraq |
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@ Petra, Jordan.
| 312 3rd War of Diadochi. Nabateans attacked by Petra. |
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| 715 Damascus Umayyad Mosque Syria |
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527 - 65 38 Qasr ibn Wardan Castle Syria |
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Damascus
Arabic (official) – Coptic, Greek, Persian (official in certain regions until reign of Abd alMalik) – Aramaic, Armenian, Berber language, African Romance, Georgian, Hebrew, Turkic, Kurdish
Muslim conquests extended through Iran acrss Northen Africa
origin of SunniShiite split in Islam.
Córdoba (Capitalinexile) 89 Successor of Rashidun Caliphate, See also Islamic Empire.
634 - 8 4 Muslim campaign in Syria & Palestine against Byzantines
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| 661 - 80 19 Muawiyah 1 Abu Abdollah, Caliph, Amir alMumininson of Abu Sofyan cousin of Holy Prophet |
| 684 - 5 1 Marwan 1 Abu Abd olMalik, Caliph, Amir alMumininson of Hakam cousin of Muawiyah 1 Killed by his wife |
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| 705 - 15 10 Great Mosque of Damascus |
| 715 - 7 2 Sulayman ibn Abd alMalik Caliph, Amir alMumininson of Abd olMalik |
| 717 - 20 3 Umar 2 Abu Hafş, Caliph, Amir alMumininson of Abd olAziz ^ Marwan 1 |
| 720 - 4 4 Yazid 2 Abu Khalid, Caliph, Amir alMumininson of Abd olMalik |
| 724 - 43 19 Hisham Ab olWalid, Caliph, Amir alMumininson of Abd olMalik |
| 727 Qasr alHayr alGharbi Castle |
| 729 Qasr alHayr alSharqi Castle |
| 750 Conquered by Abbasid Caliphate |
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553 - 68 15 Turks & Sassanians ally to destroy Hephthalite Empire.
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572 - 91 19 Turks & Byzantines ally against Sassanians.
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570 - 632 62 Muhammad
Mohammed, Messenger of God 1977 |
| Backgammon (nard) in Persia by Burzoe |
| Chess, as chaturanga, entered Persia from India & was modified to shatranj. |
| 540 Taqi Kisra in AlMadain |
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602 - 28 26 ByzantineSassanid War
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633 - 51 18 Islamic Conquest of Sassanid Empire
642 Battle of Nahavand Defeat of Sassanian dynasty of Persia |
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| 667 Arabs defeat Peroz, last Sassanian shah, & first cross Oxus River(Amu Darya). |
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| 680 Martyrdom of Ali’s Husayn at Kerbela, Iraq |
| 680 Imam Husayn Mosque Shrine Iraq |
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@ Bagdhad, Iraq.  L Arabic, Aramaic, Armenian, Berber languages, Georgian, Greek, Hebrew, Middle Persian, Turkish, Kurdish. #50M 10M KM D5KM C34
| 715 end of Arab conquest of Transoxiana as a result of death of Qutaiba. |
| 747 Abbasid revolt begins |
| 749 Abbasids seize Caliphate from Umayyads & subsequently transfer capital to Baghdad. |
| 750 - 4 4 AsSaffah Ab olAbbas, Caliph, Amir alMumininson of Mohammad ^ Ali ^ Abdollah, a cousin of Holy Prophet |
| 762 Baghdad Founded New Capital (MadinatalSalam) as their new capital in Mesopotamia |
| 767 Abu Hanifa Founder of Hanafi school of law |
| 775 - 85 10 AlMahdi Abu Abdellah, Caliph, Amir alMumininson of Mansur |
| 785 - 6 1 AlHadi Abu Mohammd, Caliph, Amir alMumininson of Mahdi |
| 786 - 809 23 Harun alRashid Abu Jafar, Caliph, Amir alMumininson of Mahdi later immortalized in 1001 Nights |
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Baghdad, Iraq.
| 830 House of Wisdom Translated manuscripts from Greek, Syriac, Persian & Sanskrit into Arabic |
835 AlKadhimiya Mosque Tomb of Muhammad alJawad Kadhimiya Iraq
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| 836 - 9 3 Abbasids move capital to Samarra, up river from Baghdad |
| 852 Great Samarra Mosque Iraq |
| 780 - 855 75 Ahmad ibn Hanbal Founder Hanbali school of law |
868 - 83 15 Zanj Rebellion in southern Iraq
| 810 - 70 60 alBukhari Edited Hadith Collections |
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| 870 - 92 22 Al Mutamid Ahmad Motamed Ab olAbbas, Caliph, Amir alMumininson of Motevakkil |
| 892 - 902 10 AlMutadid Ahmad MotazedAb olAbbas, Caliph, Amir alMumininson of Talhat elMovaffaq ^ Motevakkil |
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902 - 8 6 AlMuktafi Ali Moktafi Abu Mohammad, Caliph, Amir alMumininson of Motazed
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| 908 - 32 24 AlMuqtadir Jafar Moqtader Ab olFazl, Caliph, Amir alMumininson of MotazedKilled |
| 932 - 4 2 AlQahir Mohammad Qaher Abu Mansur, Caliph, Amir alMumininson of Motazed Deposed & blinded |
| 934 - 40 6 ArRadi Mohammad RaziAb olAbbas, Caliph, Amir alMumininson of Moqtader |
| 940 - 4 4 AlMuttaqi Ebrahim Mottaqi Abu Ishaq, Caliph, Amir alMumininson of Moqtade rDeposed & blinded |
944 Al Askari Mosque Iraq
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| 944 - 6 2 AlMustakfi Abdollah Mostakfi Ab olQasem, Caliph, Amir alMuminin ^ Moktafi Deposed & blinded by Moez odowleh |
| 955 Battle of Lechfeld |
| 958 Battle of Raban |
| 990 proShiite Persian Buwayhids end political power of Abbasid Caliphate by seizing control of Iraq & much of Iran. |
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| 945 - 66 21 Ahmad Moez odowleh Abolhosein , Emir 915 966 ^ Buyeh |
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@ Medina, Saudia Arabia, Kufa, Iraq. Arabic, Aramaic, Armenian, Berber languages, Georgian, Greek, Hebrew, Kurdish, Middle Persian #40.3M D4.5 9M KM later to Kufa Predecessor of Umayyad Caliphate, See also Islamic Empire.
632 Death of Prophet s.a.w
Abu Bakar r.a becomes first caliph |
| 632 death of Muhammad & beginning of expansion of Arab Muslim Empire. |
| 638 - 1571 Masjid alHaram mecca Mosque saudi arabia |
639 - 41 2 Islamic conquest of Egypt |
641 - 4 3 Umar 1590 644 Abu Hafş, AlFarouq, Caliph, Amir alMumininson of Khattab. Also he was father of Hafşa wife of Holy ProphetSecond caliph in Medina from 633 AD. Killed
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650 - 737 87 KhazarArab Wars |
| 656 - 61 5 Ali Ab olHasan, AlMortaza, Caliph, Amir alMuminin, Great Imam 598 661son of Abu Talib. He was also soninlaw of Holy Prophet Killed |
656 - 61 5 1st Islamic civil war |
| 677 Most of Arab fleet is destroyed by Greek fire; Persian crown prince fless to Tang court. |
| 684 - 92 8 Abdollah Caliph 624 692 ^ Zubayr ^ Safiah aunt of Holy Prophet killed by Hajjaj ibn Yusif |
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| 610 Prophet Muhammad begins receiving revelations |
| 613 Prophet Muhammad s.a.w begins public preaching in Mecca |
| 555 - 619 64 Khadija bint Khuwaylid Prophet’s wife & uncle Abu Thalib, leaving Prophet without a protector. |
| 621 Muhammads first contact with Medina |
| 622 Migration (Hijrah) of Prophet & his followers to Medina |
| 622 1st year of Islamic calendar |
| 624 - 27 3 Muslim VS Meccan War |
| 630 Muhammads occupies Mecca, destroys idols in Kaaba. |
| 619 Death of Prophet’s (s.a.w) wife Khadijah & uncle Abu Thalib, leaving Prophet s.a.w without a protector. |
| 627 Battle of Nineveh 627, Third PersoTurkic War |
| 621 Prophet’s (s.a.w) 1st contact with Medina |
| 622 Hijra Muhammad & his followers emigrate from Mecca to Medina in September. |
624 - 7 3 Series of battles between Prophet (s.a.w) & his followers & Meccans |
| 630 Prophet s.a.w occupies Mecca, destroys idols in Kaaba. |
622 - 1817 AlMasjid alNabawi Mosque saudi arabia
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| 711 - 95 84 Malik ibn Anas Founder of Maliki school of law |
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| 800s Arab merchant Shulama wrote that Chinese junk ships could carry 600 to 700 passengers aboard for sailing missions into Indian Ocean. He wrote that draft of Chinese ships was too deep for entering Euphrates River (modernday Iraq), which forced them to land small boats on banks of river for passengers & cargo instead. |
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Prophet Muhammad’s (s.a.w) cousin & soninlaw |
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Turkey
Georgia
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Cyprus
Israel
Lebanon
Jordan
Syria
Iraq
Kuwait
Bahrain
Qatar
Saudi Arabia
UAE 
Oman
Yemen
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Justinian 1
Phocas
Heraclianus
Constans 2
Leontios
Anastasios 2
Theophilos
Siege of Tyana 