Paleozoic Era 541 - 251.9 289
Permian Period 298.9 - 251.9 47
Guadalupian Epoch 272.3 - 251.9 20.4
Roadian Age 272.95 - 268.8 4.15
 300 - 290 10 Phlegethontia linearis, Phlegethontia, Phlegethontiidae, Aistopoda, Amphibia, Chordata 1871 N America and Europe |
 270 Prionosuchus plummeri "Saw crocodile" †Prionosuchus, †Archegosauridae, †Temnospondyli, Chordata 1948 NE Brazil |
Steppesaurus basal Eupelycosauria genus of Sphenacodontidae San Angelo Formation of Texas. |
270 - 260 10 Brachyprosopus dicynodont therapsid Genus Karoo Basin, S Africa. |
270 Sinophoneus dinocephalian therapsids Anteosauridae. 1 skull Xidagou Formation of China. |
Reiszia therapsids European Russia Nikkasauridae. |
270 - 240 30 Microgomphodon therocephalian therapsid genus S Africa and Namibia. 1 species
Cynognathus Assemblage Zone (CAZ) of the Burgersdorp Formation in South Africa and Omingonde Formation of Namibia one of the most geographically and temporally widespread therocephalian species. |
270 - 260 10 Brachyprosopus dicynodont therapsid Karoo Basin, South Africa |
270 - 252 18 Broomisaurus genus of Gorgonopsia. |
270 Biseridens "two rows of teeth" most basal anomodont genera. 1 skull Xidagou Formation, Gansu, China 2009 |
270 Brithopus priscus, Brithopus, Brithopodidae, Dinocephalia, Therapsida, Chordata 1 species, known from fragmentary remains found in the Copper Sandstones near Isheevo, Russia.
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 270 - 268 2 Platyoposaurus watsoni, Platyoposaurus, Archegosauridae, Temnospondyli, Amphibia, Chordata 1880 "Flat-faced lizard" Russia |
268 - 247 21 Beaufort Group 3rd subdivisions of Karoo Supergroup S Africa. lower Adelaide Subgroup and an upper Tarkastad Subgroup. follows conformably Ecca Group & unconformably Stormberg Group. |
268 - 252 16 Suminia is a relatively recently discovered, extinct genus of basal anomodont youngest of the known anomodonts that are not Dicynodonts. Kirov region in Russia. |
 267 Eotitanosuchus olsoni, †Eotitanosuchus, †Eotitanosuchidae, †Biarmosuchia, Therapsida, Chordata 1960 "Dawn giant crocodile" Krai Russia |
 267 Biarmosuchus tener Bjarmaland crocodile Russia |
167 Tapinocaninus therapsids Tapinocephalidae, most basal member. 1Sp, Tapinocaninus pamelae "Pam's humble canine". 3m/120" long, 1,000kg/2,200lb herbivore or omnivore. heterodont dentition, incisors, canines and postcanines. canine teeth lack crushing heel. |
267 - 45 22 Eodicynodon dicynodont therapsids, highly diverse & widespread group of herbivorous synapsids |
? Brachyuraniscus non-mammalian synapsid. |
? Broilius non-mammalian synapsid. |
? Rubidgea atrox is a gorgonopsid from the upper Permian of South Africa and Tanzania. |
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Wordian Age 268.8 - 265.1 3.7
 268 - 265 3 Titanophoneus Titanic murderer potens Isheevo, Russia |
268 - 265 3 Titanophoneus dinocephalian therapsid
family Anteosauridae Isheevo, Russia |
268 - 265 3 Biarmosuchoides is a genus of biarmosuchian therapsid found in Dubovka I in Russia. |
 267 Estemmenoshuchus mirabilis Crowned crocodile Perm Russia Permian |
267 Admetophoneus is a dubious genus |
267? Archaeosyodon genus of dinocephalian therapsids. It was medium-sized, reaching about 1.5-2m/4-5' |
267 Estemmenosuchus omnivorous therapsids. 3m/10' skull long and massive, 65cm/26" |
267 Biarmosuchus biarmosuchian therapsids Russia. 1st specimen channel sandstone flood waters young Ural Mountains. predator, large dog, 1.5–2m skull 15-21cm. lightly built, agile fed on smaller tetrapods. legs long, agile in spite of their size. large opening for the eye and a small temple opening common in primitive stem-mammals, this lends to a weak bite but how it ate is pure speculation. |
 266 - 260 6 Anteosaurus magnificus Antaeus lizard South Africa |
266 - 243 23 Akidnognathus therocephalians. extinct suborder of eutheriodont therapsids Karoo of South Africa, but have also been found in Russia, China, and Antarctica |
266 - 60 6 Anteosaurus South Africa hunted rather like crocodiles, pulling land animals into the water. s perhaps the largest known carnivorous non-mammalian synapsid, estimated at 5–6 m (16–20 ft) in length and 500 to 600 kg (1,100 to 1,300 lb |
265.8 - 260.4 5.4 Styracocephalus platyrhynchus 'spike head' tapinocephalian therapsids Guadalupian. head ornament meant it could be recognised from a distance. most striking feature are the large backward-protruding tabular horns. crest upwards and backwards, variation in shape, changed throughout life & sexually dimorphic. herbivore fully terrestrial or partly aquatic like the hippopotamus. It may have evolved from estemmenosuchids. S Africa 1.8m/5' 11" |
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Capitanian Age 265.1 - 259.1 6
 265 - 260 5 Ulemosaurus svijagensis Ulema river lizard Isheevo Russia Middle Permian |
 265 - 260 5 Struthiocephalus whaitsi Ostrich head S Africa |
 265 - 260 5 Moschops capensis Calf face Karoo S Africa Permian |
 265 - 260 5 Jonkeria truculenta Jonker's one Karoo S Africa |
265 - 252 13 Pareiasaurs (meaning "cheek lizards") were a clade of parareptiles comprising the family Pareiasauridae. They were large herbivores that flourished during the Permian period. Parareptiles form a sister clade to reptiles and birds. |
265 - 253 12 Chthonosaurus therocephalian therapsids from the Late Permian Kutulukskaya Formation of Russia. It belongs to the family Akidnognathidae. The type species Chthonosaurus velocidens was named in 1955 |
265 Titanosuchus ferox "Fierce Titan crocodile" dinocephalian therapsids S Africa 2.5m long. might have eaten Jonkeria and Moschop |
265 - 260 5 Struthiocephalus "Ostrich Head" dinocephalian therapsids S Africa. largest head of any tapinocephalid. fed in or near water, soft vegetation, bone around nostril for closing off the nostril under water. |
265 - 260 5 Robertia genus of small herbivorous dicynodonts from the Middle to Late Permian of South Africa, between 260 and 265 million years ago monospecific genus,[1] consisting of the type-species R. broomiana |
265 - 260 5 Lycosuchus ("wolf crocodile") is an extinct carnivorous therocephalians medium-sized predator, reaching 1.2 m (3.8 ft) in length with a skull 23 cm long S Africa |
265 - 252.3 Inostrancevia is an extinct carnivorous therapsids, containing the largest members of the family Gorgonopsidae, predators characterized by long, saber-tooth-like canines. The various species inhabited northern Russia 3.5 m (11.5 ft) and long, narrow skulls up to 60 cm (24 in) long. This animal had an average mass of 300 kg (661.3 lbs). |
265 - 260 5 Jonkeria genus of dinocephalians. Species were very large and omnivorous (although there is some dispute to this, e.g. Colbert 1969 p. 136), from the Tapinocephalus Assemblage Zone, Lower Beaufort Group, of the South African Karroo. 4 or 5 metres (13.1 or 16.4 |
265 Australosyodon genus of dinocephalian therapsids from the middle Permian of South Africa. The first fossil was discovered in the 1980s near the village of Prince Albert Road in the Karoo region of South Africa. earliest example of an anteosaurid Dinocephalia outside of Russia.Eodicynodon Assemblage Zone, the lowest bank of the South African Beaufort Group, indicating the presence of primitive early therapsids in the southern hemisphere. medium-sized dinocephalian. The skull was high and narrow, with a length of 26 cm, indicating a total body length of approximately 1.8 m (6 f |
265 - 254 11 Scutosaurus "Shield lizard" parareptiles. armor-covered pareiasaur Russia |
265 - 251.9 Rubidgea atrox gorgonopsid S Africa & Tanzania |
265 - 260 5 Ulemosaurus dinocephalian therapsids Isheevo in Russian Tatarstan. tapinocephalid, bulky herbivores |
265 - 260 5 Struthiocephalus ("Ostrich Head") genus of dinocephalian therapsids from the Permian of South Africa. |
265 Ulemica venjukoviid therapsids. It was a basal member of the suborder Anomodontia |
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Paleozoic Era 541 - 251.9 289
Permian Period 298.9 - 251.9 47
Guadalupian Epoch 272.3 - 259.1 30.2
Capitanian Age 265.1 - 259.1 6
Criocephalosaurus genus of tapinocephalian therapsids S Africa |
272.3 - 259.1 30.2 Mormosaurus "Mormo's Lizard") tapinocephalid dinocephalian therapsid South Africa. |
 260 - 254 6 Gorgonops torvus Gorgon eye S Africa |
260 Thrinaxodontidae, Epicynodontia, Cynodontia, Therapsida, Chordata 1956 cynodonts |
 260.4 - 253.8 6.6 Procynosuchus delaharpeae Procynosuchus, Procynosuchidae, Cynodontia, Therapsida, Chordata 1931 2Sp "Before dog crocodile" S Africa, Zambia & Germany |
 260.4 - 251 9.4 Aphaneramma gavialimimus, Aphaneramma, Lonchorhynchinae, Trematosauridae, Trematosauroidea, Temnospondyli, Amphibia, Chordata 1904 N America |
 260.4 - 251 9.4 Peltobatrachus pustulatus, †Peltobatrachus, †Peltobatrachidae, †Stereospondyli, †Temnospondyli, Chordata 1959 "Shied frog" Tansania |
 260 Suminia getmanovi, †Suminia, †Otsheridae, Therapsida, Chordata 1994 Kotelnich Russia |
260 - 254 6 Gorgonops †Gorgonopsinae, †Gorgonopsidae, Therapsida, Chordata 3Sp 3m long. 1876 |
260 - 252 8 Pareiasaurus, †Pareiasauridae, Procolophonomorpha, Reptilia, Chordata 3Sp 1876 anapsid reptile |
260 Zion Nat Park yellowish-gray limestone of the fossil-rich Kaibab Limestone was laid down as a limy ooze in a tropical climate. During this time, sponges, such as Actinocoelia meandrina, proliferated, only to be buried in lime mud and their internal silica needles (spicules) dissolved and recrystallized to form discontinuous layers of light-colored chert. |
 260 - 254 6 Inostrancevia alexandri Aleksandr Inosstrantsev's one Russia Late Permian |
 259.8 - 254.1 5.7 Cistecephalus microrhinus Box head genus of dicynodont therapsid small, specialised, burrowing dicynodont, possibly with habits similar to a modern mole. S Africa & Zambia 60cm/24" |
 Diictodon 259.8 - 254.1 5.7 feliceps & palustris Two weasel toothed Africa & S Asia |
 259.1 - 251.902 7.2 Burnetia mirabilis James Burnet's one S Africa Late Permian |
 259.1 - 251.902 7.2 Pantylus cordatus N America |
 259.1 - 251.902 7.2 Cyonosaurus longiceps Dog lizard S Africa |
Scaloposaurus 259 - 254 5 |
260 - 0 Cynodonts sub-group of therapsids, evolved more mammal-like characteristics.
jaws of cynodonts resemble modern mammal jaws more closely & their teeth are multi-cusped & differentiated down jaw. Cynodonts are direct ancestors of all modern mammals.
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Lopingian Epoch 259.1 - 251.902 7.198
Wuchiapingian Stage 259.1 - 254.14 4.96
 259.1 - 251.902 7.2 Oudenodon bainii S Africa, Zambia & Madagascar Late Permian |
 259.1 - 251.902 7.2 Daptocephalus leoniceps Karoo S Africa Late Permian |
259 - 254 Herpetoskylax biarmosuchians S Africa. Herpetoskylax hopsoni. ‘reptile-puppy’, as therapsids are transitional. 1 skull |
259 - 255 4 Myosauroides non-mammalian synapsid. It is found only at Kleinfontein, Graaff-Reinet (Cistecephalus Assemblage Zone). |
259 - 252 7 Moschorhinus therocephalian Akidnognathidae, M. kitchingi. carnivorous, lion-sized synapsis S African Karoo Supergroup. broad snout long, straight canines. replaced gorgonopsids. hunted like a big cat. survived a little after Permian Extinction in stunted form. |
260 - 251 9 Dicynodontoides is a small to medium-bodied, herbivorous, emydopoid dicynodonts |
259 - 2 54 Endothiodon named for the characteristic of the teeth being placed internally to the maxilla[1]) is an extinct large dicynodont |
259 - 54 5 Rubidgina is a genus of Biarmosuchian therapsid from Patrysfontein, Wellwood, South Africa known from RC 55, a skull. |
259 - 254 5 Clelandina genus of rubidgeine gorgonopsian from the Late Permian of Africa. extraordinarily small sclerotic ring relative to the size of its orbit, which implies that it was diurnal. |
259 - 254 5 Smilesaurus gorgonopsian known from Africa |
255 Cyonosaurus is a gorgonopsian therapsids from the Late Permian of South Africa |
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Paleozoic Era 541 - 251.9 289
Permian Period 298.9 - 251.9 47
Lopingian Epoch 259.1 - 251.902 7.198
Wuchiapingian Stage 259.1 - 254.14 4.96
259 - 251 8 Ictidognathus |
 258 - 252 6 Sigillaria elegans, Sigillaria, Sigillariaceae, Lepidodendrales, Lycopodiopsida, Lycophytes, Tracheophytes, Plantae 1828 S hemisphere |
257 - 252 5 Compsodon genus of dicynodont belonging to the superfamily Emydopoidea. Fossils have been found in South Africa and Zambia. |
Invertebrate marine life is rich & diverse at beginning of Permian period. |
256 Phtinosuchus, Therapsid. Shortly after appearance of first reptiles, two branches split off. One is Synapsida: they had a pair of holes in their skulls behind eyes, which were used to increase space for jaw muscles. other branch is Diapsida.
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 255 - 250 5 Lycaenops ornatus "Shovel lizard" †Lycaenops, †Gorgonopsidae, Therapsida, Chordata 1925 |
Extensive glaciation persists in what is now India, Australia, & Antarctica. |
Ferns & conifers persist in cooler air. |
From synapsids came Therapsida, direct ancestor of mammals. They are often called mammal-like reptiles. |
Pelycosaurs 1st mammal-like reptilian are . 1st animals temporal fenestra. not Therapsida but soon they gave rise to them. therapsids have temporal fenestrae larger & more mammal-like than pelycosaurs, their teeth show more serial differentiation; & later forms had evolved a secondary palate. A secondary palate enables animal to eat & breathe at same time & is a sign of a more active, perhaps warm-blooded, way of life. |
Hot, dry conditions prevail elsewhere on Pangaea, & deserts become widespread. |
Biologic - first sailback reptiles such as Dimetrodon appeared.
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Toward end of this period, mass extinctions occur among large groups of
corals, bryozoans, arthropods, & other invertebrates. 99% of all life perishes. |
On land, insects evolve into their modern forms; dragonflies & beetles appear.
Amphibians decline in number, but reptiles undergo a spectacular evolutionary development of carnivorous & herbivorous, terrestrial & aquatic forms. |
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Changhsingian Stage
254.14 - 251.902 2.238
253.8 - 251 Dicynodon lacerticeps ("two dog-teeth") is a type of dicynodont therapsid that flourished during the Upper Permian period. Like all dicynodonts, it was herbivorous. This animal was toothless, except for prominent tusks, hence the name. It probably cropped vegetation with a horny beak, much like a tortoise, while the tusks may have been used for digging up roots and tubers. Two dog-teeth 160+ species Africa, Europe & Russia |
252.17 - 251.2 .97 Progalesaurus genus of galesaurid cynodont mammal-like creature, with the skull of its holotype measuring 9.35 cm |
Lemurosaurus is a genus of extinct biarmosuchian therapsids from the Late Permian of South Africa. |
Pravoslavlevia therapsids Gorgonopsia. Sokolki subcomplex Russia skull 22cm/8.7' animal 1.4/4'7". 1 species P. parva |
Prodicynodon genus of dicynodont from the Late Permian of South Africa. Two species are known, the type species P. pearstonensis and P. beaufortensis, both known only from their respective holotypes. |
 24 Batrachosuchus browni Frog crocodile S Africa and Australia Early Triassic 252.3 - 242 Ma |
251.902 Permian–Triassic extinction event; 57% biological families and 83% genera die. 96% sea life and 70% land life die.
Marine extinctions
Arthropoda |
Brachiopods 96%Orthids and productids died out
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Bryozoa
Bryozoans 79%
Fenestrates, trepostomes, and cryptostomes died out |
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100% Acanthodians In decline since the Devonian, with only one living family |
Cnidaria
96% Anthozoans
Tabulate and rugose corals died ou |
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Echinodermata
100% Blastoids May have become extinct shortly before the P–Tr boundary |
98% Crinoids Inadunates and camerates died out |
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Mollusca
97% Ammonites Goniatites died out |
55% Bivalves |
9 8% Gastropods |
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Retaria
97% Foraminiferans Fusulinids died out, but were almost extinct before the catastrophe |
99% Radiolarians |
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Mesozoic Era (Middle Life) 251.9 - 65
Triassic Period 251.9 - 206 45.9
Early Triassic Period 251.9 - 247.2 4.7
Induan 251.901 - 251.2 .701
 _ Ancient Actinopterygii/10 Saurichthys seefeldensis Early Triassic - Jurassic 252.3 - 164.7 Ma.png) 252.3 - 164.7 87.6 Saurichthys seefeldensis "Lizard fish" †Saurichthys, †Saurichthyidae, †Saurichthyiformes, Actinopterygii,, Osteichthyes, Gnathostomata, Vertebrata, >50Sp 1834 |
 251.902 - 237 14.902 Kannemeyeria erithrea Kanne's one SE Africa, India & Russia |
251.901 - 250 Siberian Traps Volcano |
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Olenekian 251.2 - 247.2 4
 Ammonites 🐚/9 Ceratites nodosus, Oceans worldwide Late Triassic 251.3 - 221.5 Ma.png) 251.3 - 221.5 30 Ceratites nodosus, eratites, Ceratinae, Ceratidae, Ceratitaceae, Ceratitida, Ammonoidea, Cephalopoda, Mollusca 1825 worldwide |
 251.902 - 247.2 4.7 Elephantosaurus jackimovitsch "Elephant lizard" Elephantosaurus, Kannemeyeriiformes, Dicynodontia, Therapsida, Chordata 1969 Russia |
 251 - 0 Leach's Sea Star, Leiaster leachi, Pacific, Least Concern |
 251 - 0 Blue star, Linckia laevigata, Linckia, Ophidiasteridae, Valvatida, Asteroidea, Echinodermata 1758 Indo-Paific, Near threatened |
 251 - 0 Granulated sea star, Choriaster granulatus, Choriaster, Oreasteridae, Valvatida, Asteroidea, Echinodermata 1869 Indo-Pacific ocean, Least Concern |
 251 - 0 Cushion star, Culcita novaeguina, Indo-Pacific ocean, Near threatened |
 251 - 0 Crown-of-thorns starfish, Acanthaster planci, Indo-Pacific ocean, Least Concern |
 251 - 0 Plazaster borealis, N Atlantic & Pacific, Least Concern |
 251 - 0 Certonardoa semiregularis, Japanese sea, Least Concern |
 _ Abyssal fish/21 Barreleye, Macropinna microstoma, N Pacific ocean, depths 300 - 800 m, Present Status not evaluated.png) 251 - 0 Barreleye, Macropinna microstoma, N Pacific ocean, depths 300 - 800 m, Status not evaluated |
 _ Abyssal fish/23 Pacific blackdragon, Indiacanthus antrosstomus, Pacific ocean, depths 500 - 2,000 m, Present Least concern .png) 251 - 0 Pacific blackdragon, Indiacanthus antrosstomus, Pacific ocean, depths 500 - 2,000 m, Least concern |
 _ Abyssal fish/24 Grammatostomias flagellibarba, N Atlantic ocean, depths 300 - 3,000 m, Present Least concern .png) 251 - 0 Grammatostomias flagellibarba, N Atlantic, 300 - 3,000 m, Least concern |
 _ Abyssal fish/6 Highfin lizardfish, Bathysaurus mollis, Oceans worldwide, depths 1,550 - 4,900 meters, Present Status not evauated.png) 251 - 0 Highfin lizardfish, Bathysaurus mollis, Oceans worldwide, 1,550 - 4,900M, Status not evauated |
 _ Abyssal fish/7 Telescopefish, Gigantura indica, Oceans worldwide, depths 500 - 3,000 m, Present Least concern .png) 251 - 0 Telescopefish, Gigantura indica, Oceans worldwide, 500 - 3,000M Least concern |
 251 - 0 Pacific geoduck, Panopea genera, NE Pacific Least concern |
 251 - 247 4 Thrinacodon liorhinus Trident tooth S Africa & Antarctica |
 250 Triadobatrachus massinoti Triple-frog Madagascar |
 _ stick insect, mantis, cicada 🦗/8 Horsehead grasshopper Pseudoproscopia scabra Amazonian basin Present.png) 250 - 0 Horsehead grasshopper Pseudoproscopia scabra Amazonian basin |
 _ stick insect, mantis, cicada 🦗/13 Chorotypus pusillus S Asia Present.png) 250 - 0 Chorotypus pusillus S Asia |
250 earth's crust started to rise due to tectonic shifts, and marine shales and sandstones were deposited. As the basin became isolated evaporite formations of salt and gypsum were deposited. Oxidation of the iron minerals in the sediments resulted in the red colors of some of the rocks. Deposition by streams and in swamp environments resulted in the formation of petrified wood in the area |
251 - 247 4 Thrinaxodon genus of cynodonts, most commonly regarded by its species T. liorhinus which lived in what are now South Africa and Antarctica diet mostly on insects, small herbivores and invertebrates. Their unique secondary palate successfully separated the nasal passages from the rest of the mouth, allowing the Thrinaxodon to continue mastication without interrupting to breathe, an adaptation important for digestion.[c |
250 One Galactic year ago |
250 Pseudosuchia is one of two major divisions of Archosauria, including living crocodilians and all archosaurs more closely related to crocodilians than to birds. |
250 - 75 175 Joshua Trea National Park. |
 247.2 - 201 46.2 Mastodonsaurus giganteus Breast tooth lizard N Europe and Russia |
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Middle Triassic Period 247.2 - 237 10.2
Cyamodus Extinct 247 - 35 12 |
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 247 - 237 10 Cynagnathus crateronotus Dog jaw Argentina, S Africa, Antarctica & India Middle Triassic |
 247 - 235 12 Gyamodus rostratus, Germany |
Pangaea covers nearly a quarter of Earth's surface. Triassic Period, unlike previous periods, is marked by few significant geologic events. Toward end of Triassic Period, continental rifting begins to break apart supercontinent.
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general climate is warm, becoming semiarid to arid. |
Coelophosis Early dinosaurs evolve. Many are bipedal, fast, & relatively small. largest Triassic dinosaurs 20'/6m long
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Life began to diversify after end-Permian extinction. |
Mass extinctions end of Triassic Period, reducing some marine & terrestrial groups, such as ammonites, therapsids, early reptiles, & primitive amphibians 75%. |
Marine reptiles evolve, such as ichthyosaurs & plesiosaurs. |
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Mesozoic Era (Middle Life) 251.9 - 65
Triassic Period 251.9 - 206 45.9
Middle Triassic Period 247.2 - 237 10.2
Anisian 247.2 - 242 5.2
 245 - 35 210 Placodus gigas †Placodus, †Placodontidae, †Placodontia. †Sauropterygia, Reptilia, 2Sp Europe & China |
 245 Asilisaurus kongwe "Foundation lizard" †Asilisaurus, †Silesauridae, Dracohors, Tanzania, N American & W Europe |
245 - 0 Dinosauromorpha is a clade of archosaurs that includes the clade Dinosauria (dinosaurs), and all animals more closely related to dinosaurs than to pterosaurs. Birds are the only surviving dinosauromorphs. |
243 Possible beginning of Dinosaurs |
 243 Sinosaurosphargis yunguiensis, Sinosaurosphargis, Sinosaurosphargiidae, Reptilia, Chordata "leatherback turtle" Guanling formation, China |
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