300M Section: 240 - 270M Page

267 Biarmosuchus biarmosuchian therapsids Russia. 1st specimen channel sandstone flood waters young Ural Mountains. predator, large dog, 1.5–2m skull 15-21cm. lightly built, agile fed on smaller tetrapods. legs long, agile in spite of their size. large opening for the eye and a small temple opening common in primitive stem-mammals, this lends to a weak bite but how it ate is pure speculation.

266 - 260 6 Anteosaurus magnificus Antaeus lizard South Africa

266 - 243 23 Akidnognathus therocephalians. extinct suborder of eutheriodont therapsids Karoo of South Africa, but have also been found in Russia, China, and Antarctica

266 - 60 6 Anteosaurus South Africa hunted rather like crocodiles, pulling land animals into the water. s perhaps the largest known carnivorous non-mammalian synapsid, estimated at 5–6 m (16–20 ft) in length and 500 to 600 kg (1,100 to 1,300 lb

265.8 - 260.4 5.4 Styracocephalus platyrhynchus 'spike head' tapinocephalian therapsids Guadalupian. head ornament meant it could be recognised from a distance. most striking feature are the large backward-protruding tabular horns. crest upwards and backwards, variation in shape, changed throughout life & sexually dimorphic. herbivore fully terrestrial or partly aquatic like the hippopotamus. It may have evolved from estemmenosuchids. S Africa 1.8m/5' 11"

Capitanian Age 265.1 - 259.1 6

265.1 - 254.17 Cynosaurus cynodonts. Remains have been found from the Dicynodon Assemblage Zone in South Africa

265 - 260 5 Ulemosaurus svijagensis Ulema river lizard Isheevo Russia Middle Permian

265 - 260 5 Struthiocephalus whaitsi Ostrich head S Africa

265 - 260 5 Moschops capensis Calf face Karoo S Africa Permian

265 - 260 5 Jonkeria truculenta Jonker's one Karoo S Africa

265 - 252 13 Pareiasaurs (meaning "cheek lizards") were a clade of parareptiles comprising the family Pareiasauridae. They were large herbivores that flourished during the Permian period. Parareptiles form a sister clade to reptiles and birds.

265 - 253 12 Chthonosaurus therocephalian therapsids from the Late Permian Kutulukskaya Formation of Russia. It belongs to the family Akidnognathidae. The type species Chthonosaurus velocidens was named in 1955

265 Titanosuchus ferox "Fierce Titan crocodile" dinocephalian therapsids S Africa 2.5m long. might have eaten Jonkeria and Moschop

265 - 260 5 Struthiocephalus "Ostrich Head" dinocephalian therapsids S Africa. largest head of any tapinocephalid. fed in or near water, soft vegetation, bone around nostril for closing off the nostril under water.

265 - 260 5 Robertia genus of small herbivorous dicynodonts from the Middle to Late Permian of South Africa, between 260 and 265 million years ago monospecific genus,[1] consisting of the type-species R. broomiana

265 - 260 5 Lycosuchus ("wolf crocodile") is an extinct carnivorous therocephalians medium-sized predator, reaching 1.2 m (3.8 ft) in length with a skull 23 cm long S Africa

265 - 252.3 Inostrancevia is an extinct carnivorous therapsids, containing the largest members of the family Gorgonopsidae, predators characterized by long, saber-tooth-like canines. The various species inhabited northern Russia 3.5 m (11.5 ft) and long, narrow skulls up to 60 cm (24 in) long. This animal had an average mass of 300 kg (661.3 lbs).

265 - 260 5 Moschops genus of therapsids Karoo region of South Africa

265 - 260 5 Jonkeria genus of dinocephalians. Species were very large and omnivorous (although there is some dispute to this, e.g. Colbert 1969 p. 136), from the Tapinocephalus Assemblage Zone, Lower Beaufort Group, of the South African Karroo. 4 or 5 metres (13.1 or 16.4

265 Australosyodon genus of dinocephalian therapsids from the middle Permian of South Africa. The first fossil was discovered in the 1980s near the village of Prince Albert Road in the Karoo region of South Africa. earliest example of an anteosaurid Dinocephalia outside of Russia.Eodicynodon Assemblage Zone, the lowest bank of the South African Beaufort Group, indicating the presence of primitive early therapsids in the southern hemisphere. medium-sized dinocephalian. The skull was high and narrow, with a length of 26 cm, indicating a total body length of approximately 1.8 m (6 f

265 - 254 11 Scutosaurus "Shield lizard" parareptiles. armor-covered pareiasaur Russia

265 - 251.9 Rubidgea atrox gorgonopsid S Africa & Tanzania

265 - 260 5 Ulemosaurus dinocephalian therapsids Isheevo in Russian Tatarstan. tapinocephalid, bulky herbivores

265 - 260 5 Struthiocephalus ("Ostrich Head") genus of dinocephalian therapsids from the Permian of South Africa.

265 Ulemica venjukoviid therapsids. It was a basal member of the suborder Anomodontia

Paleozoic Era 541 - 251.9 289

Permian Period 298.9 - 251.9 47

Guadalupian Epoch 272.3 - 259.1 30.2

Capitanian Age 265.1 - 259.1 6

265.1 - 259.1 6 Pristerognathus, Scylacosauridae, Therocephalia, Therapsida, Pristerognathus Assemblage Zone of the Beaufort Group S African 25cm/9.8" skull 1.5m/4'11". dog-sized, long, narrow skulls, large canines. woodlands, preyed on smaller therapsids and millerettids

Criocephalosaurus genus of tapinocephalian therapsids S Africa

272.3 - 259.1 30.2 Mormosaurus "Mormo's Lizard") tapinocephalid dinocephalian therapsid South Africa.

263 Eriphostoma genus of gorgonopsian therapsids Tapinocephalus Assemblage Zone, South Africa.

263 Keratocephalus "horned head" genus of tapinocephalian therapsids from the early Capitanian age of South Africa

262 Deuterosaurus dinocephalian therapsids, non-mammalian synapsids 80cm/2'6"

260 - 254 6 Gorgonops torvus Gorgon eye S Africa

260 Thrinaxodontidae, Epicynodontia, Cynodontia, Therapsida, Chordata 1956 cynodonts

260.9 - 254 6.9 Aelurognathus gorgonopsian therapsids from the Permian of South Africa.

260.4 - 253.8 6.6 Theriognathus genus of therocephalian therapsid belonging to the family Whaitsiidae, from South Africa and Tanzania. 56 species

260.4 - 253.8 6.6 Procynosuchus delaharpeae Procynosuchus, Procynosuchidae, Cynodontia, Therapsida, Chordata 1931 2Sp "Before dog crocodile" S Africa, Zambia & Germany

260.4 - 251 9.4 Aphaneramma gavialimimus, Aphaneramma, Lonchorhynchinae, Trematosauridae, Trematosauroidea, Temnospondyli, Amphibia, Chordata 1904 N America

260.4 - 251 9.4 Peltobatrachus pustulatus, †Peltobatrachus, †Peltobatrachidae, †Stereospondyli, †Temnospondyli, Chordata 1959 "Shied frog" Tansania

260 Suminia getmanovi, †Suminia, †Otsheridae, Therapsida, Chordata 1994 Kotelnich Russia

Alopecorhinus, †Scylacosauridae, †Therocephalia, Therapsids. 1912

260 - 254 6 Gorgonops †Gorgonopsinae, †Gorgonopsidae, Therapsida, Chordata 3Sp 3m long. 1876

260 - 252 8 Pareiasaurus, †Pareiasauridae, Procolophonomorpha, Reptilia, Chordata 3Sp 1876 anapsid reptile

260 - 0 Epicynodontia cynodont therapsids most cynodonts, such as galesaurids, thrinaxodontids, and Eucynodontia (including mammals). stem-based taxon 2001 most inclusive clade containing Mammalia and excluding Procynosuchus

260 Scullya genus of titanosuchian therapsids.

260 Zion Nat Park yellowish-gray limestone of the fossil-rich Kaibab Limestone was laid down as a limy ooze in a tropical climate. During this time, sponges, such as Actinocoelia meandrina, proliferated, only to be buried in lime mud and their internal silica needles (spicules) dissolved and recrystallized to form discontinuous layers of light-colored chert.

Emeishan Traps began 260 volcanos

260 Angonisaurus genus of kannemeyeriiform dicynodont from the Middle Triassic of Africa

262? Archaeosuchus genus of titanosuchian therapsids. The type specimen is so poorly preserved that no diagnosis can be made. The specimen being indeterminable, the name is a nomen dubium. Fossils were found for example in the Ecca Group.

? Arctosuchus genus of non-mammalian synapsids.

260 Anomocephalus is an extinct genus of primitive anomodonts and belongs to the clade Anomocephaloidea

260 - 254 6 Inostrancevia alexandri Aleksandr Inosstrantsev's one Russia Late Permian

260 - 258 2 Tropidostoma is a medium-sized herbivorous oudenodontid dicynodont therapsid that lived during the Late Permian (Lopingian) period in South Africa.

259.8 - 254.1 5.7 Cistecephalus microrhinus Box head genus of dicynodont therapsid small, specialised, burrowing dicynodont, possibly with habits similar to a modern mole. S Africa & Zambia 60cm/24"

Diictodon 259.8 - 254.1 5.7 feliceps & palustris Two weasel toothed Africa & S Asia

259.1 - 251.902 7.2 Burnetia mirabilis James Burnet's one S Africa Late Permian

259.1 - 251.902 7.2 Pantylus cordatus N America

259.1 - 251.902 7.2 Cyonosaurus longiceps Dog lizard S Africa

Scaloposaurus 259 - 254 5

Riebeeckosaurus genus of tapinocephalian therapsids lower Beaufort Beds of the Karoo, in South Africa. Only two skulls are known from the type genus. herbivorous, 2.5m/8'2" 500/1,100

dinocephalian, with a very long, slender snout and a narrow intertemporal region with a narrow sagittal crest.

260 - 0 Cynodonts sub-group of therapsids, evolved more mammal-like characteristics.
jaws of cynodonts resemble modern mammal jaws more closely & their teeth are multi-cusped & differentiated down jaw. Cynodonts are direct ancestors of all modern mammals.

Lopingian Epoch 259.1 - 251.902 7.198

Wuchiapingian Stage 259.1 - 254.14 4.96

259.1 - 251.902 7.2 Oudenodon bainii S Africa, Zambia & Madagascar Late Permian

259.1 - 251.902 7.2 Daptocephalus leoniceps Karoo S Africa Late Permian

259 - 254 5 Ictidosuchoides genus of ictidosuchid therocephalians. Fossils have been found from the Karoo Basin in South Africa. The genus is known to have been one of the few therocephalians to have survived the Permian-Triassic extinction event in this area, although its numbers were quite low after the extinction

259 - 254 Herpetoskylax biarmosuchians S Africa. Herpetoskylax hopsoni. ‘reptile-puppy’, as therapsids are transitional. 1 skull

259 - 255 4 Myosauroides non-mammalian synapsid. It is found only at Kleinfontein, Graaff-Reinet (Cistecephalus Assemblage Zone).

259 - 252 7 Moschorhinus therocephalian Akidnognathidae, M. kitchingi. carnivorous, lion-sized synapsis S African Karoo Supergroup. broad snout long, straight canines. replaced gorgonopsids. hunted like a big cat. survived a little after Permian Extinction in stunted form.

260 - 251 9 Dicynodontoides is a small to medium-bodied, herbivorous, emydopoid dicynodonts

259 - 2 54 Endothiodon named for the characteristic of the teeth being placed internally to the maxilla[1]) is an extinct large dicynodont

259 - 54 5 Rubidgina is a genus of Biarmosuchian therapsid from Patrysfontein, Wellwood, South Africa known from RC 55, a skull.

259 - 254 5 Clelandina genus of rubidgeine gorgonopsian from the Late Permian of Africa. extraordinarily small sclerotic ring relative to the size of its orbit, which implies that it was diurnal.

259 - 254 5 Smilesaurus gorgonopsian known from Africa

255 Cyonosaurus is a gorgonopsian therapsids from the Late Permian of South Africa

Changhsingian Stage
254.14 - 251.902 2.238

Paleozoic Era 541 - 251.9 289

Permian Period 298.9 - 251.9 47

Lopingian Epoch 259.1 - 251.902 7.198

Wuchiapingian Stage 259.1 - 254.14 4.96

259 - 251 8 Ictidognathus

Hofmeyria genus of therocephalians

259 - 254 5 Cistecephaloides genus of dicynodont therapsids Cistecephalus Assemblage Zone, Beaufort Group of South Africa

259 - 254 5 Scylacops meaning "face that tears" genus of Gorgonopsia. 2 Species. South Africa and Zambia.

bigendens,

S. capensis

259 - 254 5 Clelandina genus of rubidgeine gorgonopsian from the Late Permian of Africa.

259 - 254 5 Dinogorgon gorgonopsid S Africa and Tanzania. one of the smaller species of rubidgeinae, 2m/6.6'. predator, preyed on reptiles and smaller therapsids

259 - 252.3 6.7 Sycosaurus, Rubidgeine Gorgonopsians, Therapsida, Chordata. 1924 1.2m

258 - 252 6 Sigillaria elegans, Sigillaria, Sigillariaceae, Lepidodendrales, Lycopodiopsida, Lycophytes, Tracheophytes, Plantae 1828 S hemisphere

257.5 - 254.5 3 Cistecephalus Assemblage Zone tetrapod zone Adelaide Subgroup Beaufort Group, Karoo Supergroup in South Africa. one of eight biozones found in the Beaufort Group,

257 - 252 5 Compsodon genus of dicynodont belonging to the superfamily Emydopoidea. Fossils have been found in South Africa and Zambia.

256 Viatkosuchus genus of therocephalians.

Invertebrate marine life is rich & diverse at beginning of Permian period.

256 Phtinosuchus, Therapsid. Shortly after appearance of first reptiles, two branches split off. One is Synapsida: they had a pair of holes in their skulls behind eyes, which were used to increase space for jaw muscles. other branch is Diapsida.

255 Aloposaurus A. gracilis Broom, Aloposaurus, Gorgonopsia, Therapsida, gorgonopsian therapsids S Africa 60-70cm/2.0-2.3'

255 - 250 5 Lycaenops ornatus "Shovel lizard" †Lycaenops, †Gorgonopsidae, Therapsida, Chordata 1925

250 Lystrosaurus 'shovel lizard'; herbivorous dicynodont therapsids, Antarctica, India, China, Mongolia, European Russia and South Africa .4 - 6 species 1930s - 1970s number of species thought to be much higher. ranged from small dog to 2.5 meters

Extensive glaciation persists in what is now India, Australia, & Antarctica.

Ferns & conifers persist in cooler air.

From synapsids came Therapsida, direct ancestor of mammals. They are often called mammal-like reptiles.

Pelycosaurs 1st mammal-like reptilian are . 1st animals temporal fenestra. not Therapsida but soon they gave rise to them. therapsids have temporal fenestrae larger & more mammal-like than pelycosaurs, their teeth show more serial differentiation; & later forms had evolved a secondary palate. A secondary palate enables animal to eat & breathe at same time & is a sign of a more active, perhaps warm-blooded, way of life.

Hot, dry conditions prevail elsewhere on Pangaea, & deserts become widespread.

Biologic - first sailback reptiles such as Dimetrodon appeared.

Toward end of this period, mass extinctions occur among large groups of corals, bryozoans, arthropods, & other invertebrates. 99% of all life perishes.

On land, insects evolve into their modern forms; dragonflies & beetles appear.
Amphibians decline in number, but reptiles undergo a spectacular evolutionary development of carnivorous & herbivorous, terrestrial & aquatic forms.

? Angonisaurus genus of kannemeyeriiform dicynodont from the Middle Triassic of Africa

Galepus genus of anomodont therapsids.

Paraburnetia genus of biarmosuchian therapsids from the Late Permian of South Africa

? Arnognathus genus of non-mammalian synapsids.

Glanosuchus is a genus of scylacosaurid therocephalian South Africa. middle ear structure that was intermediate between that of early therapsids and mammals. Ridges in the nasal cavity of Glanosuchus suggest it had an at least partially endothermic metabolism similar to modern mammals. 12 inches (30 cm) long.[1] Glanosuchus probably grew to around 6 feet (1.8 m)

Pelanomodon genus of dicynodont therapsids that lived in the Late Permian period. Fossil evidence of this genus is principally found in the Karoo Basin of South Africa, in the Dicynodon Assemblage Zon

Rhachiocephalus genus of dicynodont therapsid.

Rhigosaurus is a genus of therocephalian therapsids.

Changhsingian Stage
254.14 - 251.902 2.238

254.14 - 251.902 Rubidgeinae subfamily of gorgonopsid therapsids known only from Africa. They were among the largest gorgonopsians, and their fossils are common in the Cistecephalus and Daptocephalus assemblage zones of the Karoo Basin. of six genera and 17 species

Rubidgea atrox is a genus of gorgonopsid from the upper Permian of South Africa and Tanzania.[

254 Dvinia genus of cynodonts of the family Dviniidae found in Sokolki on the Northern Dvina River near Kotlas in Arkhangelsk Oblast, Russia. Its fossil remains date from the Late Permian and were found with Inostrancevia, Scutosaurus and Vivaxosaurus. The species was small omnivore containing an extremely large temporal opening typical of advanced therapsids, with a thin bone separating the eye and muscle attachment. It is very close in the evolutionary line to mammals, but more analysis of the Cynodontia is needed. The teeth contain small incisors followed by 2 canines and 10-14 molar teeth following.

254 Arctops extinct genus of gorgonopsian therapsids known from the Late Permian of South Africa. It measured up to 2 metres (6 ft 7 in) in length and its skull was 30 centimetres (12 in) long

254 Njalila is an informal name for a genus of gorgonopsian therapsids from the Late Permian of southern Africa. Fossils have been found from Malawi, Zambia, and Tanzania.

253.8 - 251 Dicynodon lacerticeps ("two dog-teeth") is a type of dicynodont therapsid that flourished during the Upper Permian period. Like all dicynodonts, it was herbivorous. This animal was toothless, except for prominent tusks, hence the name. It probably cropped vegetation with a horny beak, much like a tortoise, while the tusks may have been used for digging up roots and tubers. Two dog-teeth 160+ species Africa, Europe & Russia

253 Moschowhaitsia genus of therocephalian theriodonts.[1] It was among the larger carnivores in the faunal assemblages it occurred in.

253 Alopecognathus genus of therocephalian therapsids from the Late Permian of South Africa

252.17 - 251.2 .97 Progalesaurus genus of galesaurid cynodont mammal-like creature, with the skull of its holotype measuring 9.35 cm

254 Ruhuhucerberus genus of very large, extinct gorgonopsian therapsids which existed in Tanzania during the Late Permian.[1] Its fossils are found in the Penman Kawinga Formation of the Ruhuhu Basin. It existed sympatrically with the even larger Rubidgea

254 Leontosaurus genus of non-mammalian synapsids. It contains the single species L. vanderhorsti.

Bolotridon genus of epicynodontian cynodont. I

Bullacephalus genus of biarmosuchian therapsids belonging to the family Burnetiidae

Burnetia genus of biarmosuchian therapsids in the family Burnetiidae, from the Late Permian of South Africa. Burnetia is known so far from a single holotype skull lacking the lower jaws

Calleonasus genus of non-mammalian synapsid.

Cerataelurus genus of non-mammalian synapsid.

Cerdodon genus of gorgonopsian therapsids.

Cerdorhinus genus of gorgonopsian therapsids from the Permian of South Africa

Lemurosaurus is a genus of extinct biarmosuchian therapsids from the Late Permian of South Africa.

Charassognathus (meaning 'notched jaw') genus of Late Permian cynodonts. Described in 2007 from a locality near Fraserburg, South Africa, Charassognathus is the earliest and most basal cynodont. It is known only from the holotype,

Turfanodon is an extinct genus of dicynodont therapsid

Pristerodon genus of dicynodont therapsid.

Pravoslavlevia therapsids Gorgonopsia. Sokolki subcomplex Russia skull 22cm/8.7' animal 1.4/4'7". 1 species P. parva

Proburnetia biarmosuchian therapsids Burnetiidae, Russia. bumps and protrusions on 20 cm skull, length 1.5m

Prodicynodon genus of dicynodont from the Late Permian of South Africa. Two species are known, the type species P. pearstonensis and P. beaufortensis, both known only from their respective holotypes.