Cenozoic Era 66 - Present
Paleogene Period 66 - 23.03 42.97
Paleocene Epoch 66 - 56 10
Selandian Age 61.6 - 59.2 2.4
 60 - 58 2 Puentemys P. mushaisaensis, †Puentemys, †Foxemydina, †Bothremydidae, Pleurodira, Teatudines, Reptila, 2012 Correjon formation, Colombia |
 60 - 50 10 Barylambda B. faberi, †Barylambda, †Pantodonta, †Cimolesta, Mammalia. Chrdata 3Sp 1933 N America |
 _ Ancient Actinopterygii/19 Peter's elephantnose fish, Gnathonemus petersii, Present Least concern.png) 66 - 0 Peter's elephantnose fish, Gnathonemus petersii, Gnathonemus, Mormyridae, Osteoglossiformes, Actinopterygii. 2Sp Least concern |
60 - 58 2 Titanaboa T. cerrejonensis, Titanaboa, Boidea, Serpentes Squamata, Reptilia, Amazon basin 2009 Paleocene |
 60 - 58 2 Waimanu W. manneringi, Waimanu, Spheniscoformes, Aves, New Zealand |
 66 - 0 Common potoo Nyctibius griseus, Nyctibius, Nyctibiidae, Caprimulgiformes, Aves, C and S America Least concern |
60 Meteora rock formation C Greece earth movements pushed the seabed upward, creating a high plateau and causing many vertical fault lines in the thick layer of sandstone. |
60 Cedar Breaks National Monument shale, limestone, and sandstone ancient lake Claron 70/250m / 110/400km erodes 2"/50mm every 5 years |
60 Hippos >< whales from artiodactyls |
60 - 11,000 Channel Islands pygmy mammoth 1.72m/5.6' tall 760kg/1,680lb 4.3m/14ft 9,070/20,000lb Channel Islands of California. Evolved from Columbian mammoths. |
60? - 0 Tethytheria Mirorder of Paenungulata Superorder of Afrotheria Magnorder of Placentalia Subdivision of Mammalia Class. Elephants, dugongs, and manatees |
60 - 0 Proboscidea (elephants) Order of Tethytheria Mirorder of Paenungulata Superorder of Afrotheria Magnorder of Placentalia Subdivision of Mammalia Class |
60 - 0 Gliriforme Grandorder |
60 - 0 Pangolins, or scaly anteaters Order Pholidota Mirorder Ferae Superorder Laurasiatheria |
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Thanetian Age 59.2 - 56 3.2
Numidotheriidae †Plesielephantiformes, Proboscidea, Mammalia, Fragmentary fossils (mainly teeth) 4Sp. 1922. Ouled Abdun Basin, Morocco. niche of modern hippopotamus & Moeritherium, soft, aquatic plants in marshy environments. Not direct ancestors of modern elephants, but a collateral branch.
56 - 47.8 8.2 Daouitherium D. rebouli, †Daouitherium, †Numidotheriidae, †Plesielephantiformes, Proboscidea, Mammalia, 2002 |
Phosphatherium, for instance, was only 60 cm long and weighed about 15 kg |
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Plesielephantiformes suborder of large herbivorous mammals that were closely related to elephants. |
59 - 0 Atlantic sailfish, Istiophorus albicans, Istiophorus, Istiophoridae, Istiophoriformes, Actinopterygii, Atantic, 3.15m/10.3' 58.1kg/128.1lb 1804 Least concern |
59 - 0 European hornet V. crabro, Vespa, Vespidae, Hymenoptera, Insecta, Arthropoda Europe |
59 - 0 European wasp V. germanica, Vespula, Vespidae, Apocrita, Hymenoptera, INsecta, Arthropoda 1793 Eurasia & N Africa |
59 - 0 Longheaded eagle ray A. flagellus, Aetobatus, Myliobatidae, Myliobatiformes, Chondrichthyes, Indo-Pacific Endangered |
58.7 - 0 Cingulata, Xenarthra, Mammalia 1811 3Ge |
58.7 - 0 Ameridelphia is traditionally a superorder Marsupial Infraclass of Mammal Class Americas. Evolved in Antartcica and moved north |
58.5 - 0 Sterba's corydoras, Corydoras sterbai, Guapore river, Brazil & Bolivia, Near threatened |
58.1 - 50.7 .4 Siletz River Volcanico Oregon Coast Range, United States |
58 - 41 17 Riostegotherium R. yanei, Riostegotherium, Xenarthra, Mammalia, "covered beast", 1998 Rio, SE Brazil |
58 Thames river. 13th oldest. Emties N Sea. |
58 Castle Rock is a butte in the Colorado Piedmont region of the Great Plains |
58 - 0 Australidelphia superorder of Marsupial subfamily of Mammal Family Australasia and a single species[i] from South America |
58 - 0 Microbiotheria order Marsupial subfamily has two families, Microbiotheriidae and Woodburnodontidae |
58 - 0 Microbiotheriidae family Microbiotheria order |
66 - 61.6 4.4 Carpolestes simponi "Fruit robber", †Carpolestes, †Carpolestidae, †Carpolestoidea, †Plesiadapiformes, Mammalia, 100g arboreal 1998 |
58 - 0 Green sea turtle Chelonia mydas, Chelonia, Cheloniidae, Cheloniidae, Chelonioidea, Cryptodira, Testudines, Reptilia, Endangered 1800 |
57 - 46 11 Coryphodon C. eocaenus, "Peaked tooth", †Coryphodon, †Coryphodontidae, †Pantodonta, †Cimolesta, Mammalia, 1m/3.3' tall 2.5m/8.2' long. Brain 90g/3.2oz Body 500kg/1,100lb Small brain to body. 1845 Mongolia |
57 - 0 Lagomorpha, Gilires, Euarchontoglires, Boreoeutheria, Exafroplacentalia, Mammalia, 3Fa 1855 |
57 - 1989 Golden toad Incilius periglenes, Incilius, Bufonidae, Anura, Amphibia, 1966 42-56mm M86% 1966 Costa Rica |
57 - 0 Cane toad Rhinella merianae, Rhinella, Bufonidae, Anura. Amphibia, C America and Amazon basin 1758 Least Concern |
. New Zealand Late Paleocene.png) 57 Kumimanu K. biceae, Kumimanu, Sphenisciformes, Aves, "Monster bird". New Zealand |
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Eocene Epoch 56 - 33.9 22.1
Ypresian Age 56 - 47.8 8.2
55.8 - 33.9 11.9 Oxygen doubled, beginning Eocene. |
 56 - 0 Rhinoceros hornbill Buceros rhinoceros, Buceros, Bucerotidae, Bucerotiformes, Aves, . 80-90cm/31-35" 2,465-2,960g/87-104.4oz 79%1758 SE Asia NT |
56 - 0 Eastern long-necked turtle, Chelodina longicollis, Chelodina, Chelodina, Chelidae, Pleurodira, Testudines, Reptilia, 1794 E Australia, Least concern |
56 - 0 Garden dormouse, Eliomys quercinus, Eliomys, Gliridae, Rodentia, Mammalia, . 10-15cm/3.9-5.9", 60-140g/2.1-4.9oz 1766 Europe, Near threatened |
56 - 33.9 16.1 Necrolemur antiquus, N antiquus, †Necrolemur, †Microchoerinae, †Omomydae, Haplorhini, Primates Mammalia, "Dead lemur" 3Sp Germany 1873 |
56 - 47 9 Teilhardina belgica, †Teilhardina, †Anaptomorphini, †Anaptomorphinae, †Omomydae, Haplorhini, Primates, Mammalia, N America, Europe & Asia, 6Sp 1927 |
56 Phosphatherium escullei, †Phosphatherium, †Numidotheriidae, Proboscidea, Mammalia, "Phosphate beast", Ouled Abdoun Basin, Morocco 1996 |
56 - 33.9 22.1 Eomanis waldi, "Dawn pangolin", Eomanis, Eomanidae, Pholidota, Mammalia, 2Sp Germany, 1978 |
56 - 33.9 22.1 Stylinodon mirus, Pillar tooth, North America, Stylinodon mirus Pillar tooth |
56 - 0 Threetooth puffer, Triodon macropterus, Triodon, Triodontidae, Tetraodontiformes, Actinopterygii, 1831 Indo-Pacific ocean, Least concern |
56 - 0 Skipjack tuna, Katsuwonus pelamis, Katsuwonus, Thunnini, Scombrinae, Scomridae, Scombriformes, Actinopterygii, 1758 worldwide, Least concern |
56 - 0 Atlantic flyingfish, C. melanurus, Cheilopogon, Exocoetidae, Beloniformes, Actinopterygii, . 32cm/12.6" Swim 19mph/30kmh Glide 3-12m/10-40' to avoid predators. 1848 Atlantic, Least concern |
56 - 0 Geography cone, Conus geographus, Conus, Conidae, Conoidea, Neogastropoda, Hypsogastropoda, Caenogastropoda, Gastropoda, Mollusca. 4-6"/10-15cm 1758 Indo-Pacific ocean, Least concern |
56 - 0 Giant prickly stick E. tiaratum, Extatosoma, Extatosomatina, Phasmatidea, Phasmatodea, Insecta, Arthropoda. 1826. E Australia |
56 - 0 Phyllium giganteum, Phyllium, Phylliidae, Phasmatodea, Insecta, Arthropoda. 1984. Malasia |
56 - 33.9 22.1 Pristichampsus "Saw crocodile" P. rollinatii, †Pristichampsus, †Pristichampsidae, Crocodilia, Reptilia, . 3Sp 1831. France |
56 - 0 Pacific electric ray T. californica, Tetronarce, Torpedinidae, Torpediniformes. Easmorbranchii, Chondrichthyes, 1855. california E Pacific ocean Least concern |
 56 - 45 11 Gastornis G. parisiensis, Gastornis, Gastornithidae, Gastornithiformes, Aves, 6Sp 1855 Europe |
/11 Bigeye tuna Thunnus obesus Tropical zone Present Vulnerable.png) 56 - 0 Bigeye tuna Thunnus obesus, Thunnus, Thunnus, Scombridae, Scombriformes, Actinopterygii, . 1Sp. 1839. Tropical zone Vulnerable |
56 - 54.5 1.5 Fur Marine Formation crops out in the Limfjord region of Denmark |
56 - 0 Ruminantia, Ruminantiamorpha, Artiodactyla, Mammalia, . cattle, goats, sheep, deer, and antelope. foregut fermentation and are ruminants: they digest food in two steps, chewing and swallowing in the normal way to begin with, and then regurgitating the semidigested cud to rechew it and thus extract the maximum possible food value. |
56 - 55,950 50,000 Massive carbon release. ~12,000 Gt carbon (>44000 Gt CO2e) 50,000 years, averaging 0.24 Gt per year. current rate of carbon injection into the atmosphere is over 10 GtC/yr, |
56 - 55,800 200,000 Global warming 5-8 °C.
Effects
Ocean: freshwater in the Arctic Ocean increased, in part due to northern hemisphere rainfall patterns, fueled by poleward storm track migrations under global warming conditions
N Atlantic & others bioturbation absent due to bottom-water anoxia, or changing circulation patterns changing the temperatures of bottom water.
Sea Level: Despite the global lack of ice, the sea level would have risen due to thermal expansion.[17] Evidence for this can be found in the shifting palynomorph assemblages of the Arctic Ocean, which reflect a relative decrease in terrestrial organic material compared to marine organic matter.
Currents At the start of the PETM, the ocean circulation patterns changed radically in the course of under 5,000 years. Global-scale current directions reversed due to a shift in overturning from the southern hemisphere to northern hemisphere overturning.[33] This "backwards" flow persisted for 40,000 years.[33] Such a change would transport warm water to the deep oceans, enhancing further warming.[ |
Land: Humid conditions caused migration of modern Asian mammals northward, dependent on the climatic belts. Uncertainty remains for the timing and tempo of migration.[49]
The increase in mammalian abundance is intriguing. Increased CO
2 levels may have promoted dwarfing[50][51] – which may have encouraged speciation. Many major mammalian orders – including the Artiodactyla, horses, and primates – appeared and spread around the globe 13,000 to 22,000 years after the initiation of the PETM. |
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56 - 28 28 Embrithopoda ("heavy-footed") is an order of extinct mammals known from Asia, Africa and eastern Europe. Most of the embrithopod genera are known exclusively from jaws and teeth dated from the late Paleocene to the late Eocene, but the order is best known from its terminal member, the elephantine Arsinoitherium.[ |
56 - 0 Longhorn cowfish, Lactoria cornuta, Lactoria, Ostraciidae, Tetraodontiformes, Actinopterygii, 1758. W Pacific, Status not evaluated |
56 - 0 Regal tang, Paracanthurus hepatus, Indo-Pacific ocean, Least concern |
55.8 - 0 Rock hyrax, P. capensis, Procavia, Procaviidae, Hyracoidea, Mammalia, 1766 Sub-saharan Africa, Middle East, Least concern |
55.8 - 0 Sirenia (dugongs and manatees) order of Tethytheria Mirorder of Paenungulata Superorder of Afrotheria Magnorder of Placentalia Subdivision of Mammalia Class |
55.8 - 48.6 7.2 Gomphos elkema Peg China & Mongolia |
55.4 - 46.2 9.2 Diacodexis pakistanensis N America and Eurasia |
55 - 0 Brown long-eared bat, Plecotus auritus, Eurasia, Least concern |
55 - 0 Birdlike noctule, Nyctaalus aviator, E Asia, Near threatened |
55 - 0 Grass carp, Ctenopharyngodon idella, Least concern |
55 - 0 Prussian carp, Carassius gibilio, Siberia, Least concern |
55 - 0 Paedocypris progenetica, Sumatra, Near threatened |
55 - 0 Tokay gecko Gekko gecko SE Asia Least concern |
55 - 0 Schlegel's Japanese gecko Gekko japonicus E Asia Least concern |
55 - 0 Mexican mole lizard Bipes biporus California and Mexico Least concern |
 55 - 0 Helmeted guineafowl Numida meleacui 9 ss Africa |
 _ Canidae 🐶/3 Miacis parvivorus Mother animal N America Europe and China 55 - 35 20 Ma.png) 55 - 35 20 Miacis parvivorus Mother animal N America Europe and China |
 _ Canidae 🐶/4 Vulpavus palustris Fox grandfather N Ameria Eocene 55 - 48 Ma.png) 4 Vulpavus palustris Fox grandfather N Ameria Eocene 55 - 48 Ma |
25 Onychocerus albitarsis Brazil 55 - Present |
55 - 0 Titan beetle Titanus giganteus N South America |
55 - 0 Bluefin trevally, Caranx melampygus, Near threatened |
55 Daouitherium ("Sidi Daoui beast" from the name of the site where it was discovered) genus of early proboscideans (a group including modern elephants and their extinct relatives) that lived during the early Eocene (Ypresian stage) some 55 million years ago in North Africa.
Remains of this animal, fragments of jaws and teeth, have been found in the Ouled Abdoun Basin in Morocco. It is estimated to have weighed between 80 and 170 kg (180 and 370 lb), making it one of the earliest large mammals known from Africa and one of the oldest known proboscideans.[1] Another estimate gives a weight of 200 kg (440 lb). |
55 - 0 even-toed ungulates (Artiodactyla, from Ancient Greek ἄρτιος, ártios, meaning 'even', and δάκτυλος, dáktylos, meaning 'finger / toe') are ungulates – hoofed animals – which bear weight equally on two (an even number) of their five toes: the third and fourth. The other three toes are either present, absent, vestigial, or pointing posteriorly. By contrast, odd-toed ungulates bear weight on one (an odd number) of the five toes: the third toe. Another difference between the two is that even-toed ungulates digest plant cellulosein one or more stomach chambers rather than in their intestine as the odd-toed ungulates do.
The aquatic cetaceans (whales, dolphins, and porpoises) evolved from even-toed ungulates, so modern taxonomic classification combines the two under the name Cetartiodactyla.
The roughly 220 land-based even-toed ungulate species include pigs, peccaries, hippopotamuses, antelopes, mouse deer, deer, giraffes, camels, llamas, alpacas, sheep, goats, and cattle. Many of these are of great dietary, economic, and cultural importance to humans. |
55 - 44 11 Southern Gulf Islands consist mainly of former seabed sediments crumpled and gradually thrust upward by tectonic plate movement |
55 - 0 monito del monte little monkey of the bush") or colocolo opossum Argenina & Chile |
50? - 0 50? Eohippus North America |
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Cenozoic Era 66 - Present
Paleogene Period 66 - 23.03 42.97
Eocene Epoch 56 - 33.9 22.1
Ypresian Age 56 - 47.8 8.2
55 - 0 Eohippus horses Equidae North America |
 54 - 38 16 Notharctus tenebrosus, Notharctus, Notharctidae, Strepsirrhini, Primates, Mammalia, "False bear" 1870 N America |
53.7 - 49 4.7 Eocene Thermal Maximum 2 (ETM-2). |
53 Volcanos stop warming period. |
53 - 45 8 Cetacian's initial diversification of whales shallow waters between India & Asia 30Sp |
 _ ant, bee, beetle 🐞/29 Sacred scarab Scarabaeus sacer Mediterranean basin Present .png) 53 - 0 Sacred scarab Scarabaeus sacer, Scarabaeus, Scarabaeidae, Coleoptera, Insecta, Arthropoda. 1758 Mediterranean basin |
53 - 0 Black-tailed jackrabbit, L. californicus, Lepus, Leporidae, Lagomorpha, Mammalia, N America, Least concern |
 52.5 - 0 House sparrow Passer domesticus, Passer, Passeridae, Passeriformes, Aves, 12ss 1758 Eurasia Least concern |
 52.5 - 0 Eurasian tree sparrow P. montanus, Passer, Passeridae, Passeriformes, Aves, 15 ss 1768 Eurasia Least concern |
 52.5 - 0 Russet sparrow Passer cinnamomeus E asia Least concern |
 52.5 - 0 Java sparrow Lonchura oryzivora Indonesia Least concern |
 52.5 Icaronycteis index, "Icarus night flyer", †Icaronycteris, †Icaronycteridae, Chiroptera, Mammalia, 3Sp Green river formation, USA |
 52.5 - 0 Hooded pitohui P. dichrous, Pitohui, Oriolidae, Passeriformes, Aves, New Guinea 1850 Least concern |
 52.5 - 0 Lawes's parotia P. lawesii, Parotia, Paradisaeidae, Passeriformes, Aves, Papua New Guinea 1885 Least concern |
 52.5 Onychonycteris finneyi, †Onychonycteris, †Onychonycteridae, Chiroptera, Mammalia, . "Clawed bat", Greene river formation, USA |
 52 - 48 4 Pakicetus inachus, "Pakistan whale" Pakicetus, Pakicetidae, Cetacea, Artiodactyla, Mammalia, Pakistan |
52 - 0 Archaeoceti 1st cetaceans protowhale Pakicetus & others
52 - 48 4 Pakicetidae "Pakistani whales" Pakistan. 1996 amphibious
52 - 48 4 Pakicetus P. inachus, Pakicetus, Pakicetidae, Cetacea, Artiodactyla, Mammalia,1st whale. 1-2m/3'3"-6'7" 1996 |
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 50 - 0 Hooded pitohui P. dichrous, Pitohui, Oriolidae, Passeriformes, Aves, 1850 New Guinea Least concern |
50 Pezosiren "Wallking siren" P. portelli, †Pezosiren, †Prorastomidae, Sirenia, Mammalia, , 2001 Jamaica |
 50 - 1890 N Island takahe P. mantelli, Porphyrio, Rallidae, Gruiformes, Aves, 1848 N New Zealand |
 50 - 0 Okinawa rail, G. okinawae, Gallirallus, Rallidae, Gruiformes, Aves, 1981 Endangered |
 50 - 0 Antarctic petrel Thalassoica antarctica Least concern |
50 - 35 15 Leptictidium Europe |
50 India makes contact with Eurasia. |
 50 - 0 5 Stellar's sea eagle H. pelagicus, Haliaeetus, Accipitridae, Accipitriformes. Aves, 1811 NE Asia Vu |
 50 - 0 Harpy eagle H. harpyia, Harpia, Harpiinae, Accipitridae, Accipitriformes, Aves, C and S America Least concern |
 50 - 0 Crowned eagle S. Coronatus, Stephanoaetus, Accipitridae, Accipitriformes, Aves, 1766 Africa Least concern |
 50 - 0 Crested serpent eagle Spilornis cheela 21 ss SE Asia Least concern |
 50 - 0 Northern goshawk Accipiter gentilis 10 ss N hemisphere Least concern |
 50 - 0 Ural owl Strix uralensis 15 ss Finland, Russia and Japan Least concern |
 50 - 0 Western barn owl Tyto alba 9 ss Europe and Africa Least concern |
 50 - 0 Burrowing owl Athene cunicularia 22 ss America Least concern |
 50 - 0 Greater honeyguide Indicator indicator Subsaharian era Least concern |
50 Late Wisconsin Glaciel Maximum Culmination. |
50 - 23 27 Anthracotherium ("Coal Beast") was a genus of extinct artiodactyl ungulate mammals, characterized by having 44 teeth, with five semi-crescentic cusps on the crowns of the upper molars. The genus ranged from the early Eocene period until the early Miocene, having a distribution throughout Eurasia. |
50 - 35 15 Leptictidium auderiense, Graceful weasel, Eurasia, MIddle Eocene |
49 Indohyus major India's pig Kashmir N India |
 49 - 0 Resplendent quetzal P. mocinnoo, Pharomachrus, Trogonidae, Trogoniformes, Aves, 2SS 1832 C America Near threatened |
48.6 - 40.4 8.2 Rodhocetus balochistanensis, "Rodho whale" Rodhocetus, Protecetinae, Protocetidae, Cetacea, Artidactyla, Mammalia, Pakistan |
48.6 - 33.9 4.7 Eotheroides E. aegyptiacum, Eotheroides, Dugongidae, Sirenia, Mammalia, "Water bushpig", E Africa & Madagascar |
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 15 - 0 Golden hamster, Mesocricetus auratus, Mesocricetus, Cricetinae, Cricetidae, Rodentia, Mammalia S Turkey & Syria, 7-9"/18-23cm 120-125g Mediterranean VU |
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Cenozoic Era 66 - Present
Paleogene Period 66 - 23.03 42.97
Eocene Epoch 56 - 33.9 22.1
Ypresian Age 56 - 47.8 8.2
 48 - Present Plumed basilisk, B. plumifrane, Basiliscus, Corytophanidae, Iguania, Squamata, Reptilia, 1875 C America Near threatened |
48 - 41 7 Andrewsarchus Central Asia |
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Lutetian Age 47.8 - 41.2 5.6
48 - 23 25 Anoplotheriidae Anoplotheroidea, Artiodactyla, Mammalia, . W Europe mid-sized terrestrial herbivores like camels, but smaller and low-slung with long and thick tails, and rather generalistic. subtropical or tropical, plentiful rainfall and abundant vegetation. resembled a large duiker of our time foraging in dense growth where their low builds would have been advantageous. |
 47.8 - 41.3 6.5 Ambuloceetus natans, "Walking whale" Ambuloceetus, Ambulocetidae, Cetacea, Artiodactyla, Mammalia, |
 47 - 0 Secretary bird S. serpentarius, Sagittarius, Sagittariidae, Accipitriformes, Aves, 1783 Africa Vulnerable |
 47 - 0 King vulture Sarcoramphus papa S America Least concern |
 47 Pholidocercus P. hassiacus, †Pholidocercus, †Amphilemuridae, Eulipotyphla, Mammalia, 1983 Germany |
 47 Darwinius D. masillae, †Darwinius, †Adapidae, Strepsirrhini, Primates, Mammalia, Chordat Charles Darwin's Germany |
Golden moles insectivorous burrowing mammals S Africa, where their Afrikaans names are gouemolle or kruipmolle (singular gouemol or kruipmol). They comprise the family Chrysochloridae and as such they are taxonomically distinct from the true moles, family Talpidae, and other mole-like families, all of which, to various degrees, they resemble as a result of evolutionary convergence. |
46.3 - 13.6 32.7 Poebrotherium N America |
46 Numidotherium "Numidia beast" N. koholense, Proboscideans, N Africa 90-100 cm tall 250-300 kg. 1 almost complete skeleton El Kohol, southern Algeria, like a modern tapir. more slender & plantigrade than elephant. 1984 |
 46 - 43 3 Kutchicetus "Kutch whale" K. minimus, Kutchicetus, Remingtonocetidae, Cetacea, Artiodactyla, Mammalia, Pakistan & India |
46 - 0 Arctoidea infraorder |
 _ Ancient Actinopterygii/11 White sturgeon, Acipenser transmontanus, Present, Least concern.png) 45.8 - 0 White sturgeon, A. transmontanus, Acipenser, Acipenseridae, Acipenseriformes, Actinopterygii, 1836 Least concern |
 45 - 0 Horsfield's tarsier, Cephalopachus bancanus, Cephalopachus, Tarsiidae, Haplorhini, Primates, Mammalia, 4 ss, Borneo & S Sumatra, Vulnerable |
 45 - 0 Pen-tailed treeshrew, P. lowlii, Ptilocercus, Ptilocercidae, Scandentia, Mammalia, SE Asia, Least concern |
 45 - 0 Large treeshrew, T. tanaa, Tupaia, Tupaiidae, scandentia, Mammalia, SE Asia, Least concern |
 145 - 0 Pom pom crab, L. tessellata, Lybia, Xanthidae, Brachyura, Decapoda, Malacostraca, Crustacea, Arthropoda 2Sp Indo-Pacific, Least Concern |
45? Elephant shrews. Macroscelidea, Macroscelea, Afrotheria, Placentalia, Eutheria, Theria, Mammalia, 1838 insectivorous |
 _ Modern fish/19 Japanese puffer, Takifugu rubripes, Japanese sea, Present Near threatened.png) 45 - 0 Japanese puffer, T. rubripes, Takifugu, Tetraodontidae, Tetraodontiformes, Actinopterygii, 1850 Japanese sea, Near threatened |
 45 Protectus atavus, "First whale" Protectus, Protecedidae, Cetacea, Artiodactyla, Mammalia, . 1904 Egypt |
 _ Modern fish/17 Eolactoria sorbinii Dawn lactoria Italy, Eocene 45 Ma.png) 45 Eolactoria sorbinii, Eolactoria, Ostraciidae, Tetraodontiformes, Actinopterygii, Osteichthyes, Gnathostomata, Vertebrata, 1975 "Dawn lactoria" Italy |
 45 - 43.5 1.5 Remingtonecetus harudiniensis, "Remington's whale" Remingtonecetus, Remingtonecetidae, Cetacea, Artiodactyla, Mammalia, . 2Sp. 1975 Domanda formation Pakistan |
 and New zealand 45 - 33 11.png) 45 - 33 11 Anthropornis nordenskjoldi "Human bird" Anthropornis, Palaeeudyptinae, Spheniscidae, Sphenisciformes, Aves, 2Sp La Meseta formation (Antarctica) and New zealand |
/7 Oblong blow fish Takifugu oblongus Western Pacific ocean Present Least concern.png) 45 - 0 Oblong blow fish T. oblongus, Takifugu, Tetraodontidae, Tetraodontiformes, Actinopterygii. 1949 W Pacific Least concern |
/8 Finepatterned puffer Takifugu poecilonotus Northwestern Paifric ocean Present Least concern.png) 45 - 0 Finepatterned puffer Takifugu poecilonotus NW Paific ocean Least concern |
/9 Yellowfin puffer Takifugu xanthopterus Western Pacific ocean Present Least concern.png) 45 - 0 Yellowfin puffer Takifugu xanthopterus W Pacific ocean Least concern |
45 - 2.6 42.4 Anthracotheriidae family of hippopotamus
oldest genus, Elomeryx, Asia. thrived in Africa and Eurasia, a few species entered N America in Oligocene. Extinct in Europe and Africa during the Miocene, possibly due to a combination |
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45 Twin Peaks Caldera 20km Challis volcanic field, Custer, Idaho; 500km2/120mi2 of Challis Creek Tuff |
45 - 0 Golden mole Chrysochloridae, Chrysochloridea, Afrosoricida, Mammalia, 10Ge 1825 |
 _ Abyssal fish/26 Warty frogfish, Antennarius maculatus, Indo-Pacific ocean, Present Near threatened.png) 45 - 0 Warty frogfish, Antennarius maculatus, Indo-Pacific ocean, Near threatened |
 45 - 0 Grant's golden mole, E. granti, Eremitalpa, Chrysochloridae, Afrosoricida, Mammalia, 1907 W Namibia & W S Africa, Near threatened |
 44 - 37 7 Iberosuchus "Iberian crocodile" I. macrodon, †Iberosuchus, †Iberosuchidae, †Sebecia, †Sebecusochia, Reptilia, 1975 Spain |
 5 Ardipithecus ramidus Root ape NE Africa |
42.5 - 31 11.5 Hesperocyon canids Hesperocyoninae Canidae S Canada to Colorado |
42 - 11,000 saber-toothed cats |
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Cenozoic Era 66 - Present
Paleogene Period 66 - 23.03 42.97
Eocene Epoch 56 - 33.9 22.1
Lutetian Age 47.8 - 41.2 5.6
 45 - 0 Numbat, Myrmecobius fasciatus, Myrmecobius, Myrmecobiidae, Dasyuromorphia, Marsupialia, Mammalia, 2SS S Australia, Endangered |
 _ Canidae 🐶/1 Hyaenonod leptorhynchus Hyena-tooth N America Africa and Eurasia 42 - 16 Ma.png)   _ Canidae 🐶/1 Hyaenonod leptorhynchus Hyena-tooth N America Africa and Eurasia 42 - 16 Ma.png) 42 - 16 26 Hyaenonod leptorhynchus Hyena-tooth N America Africa & Eurasia |
42 - 5.2 36.8 Broxton Rocks largest exposure of sandstone, about 4 miles in extent, Altamaha Grit |
40.5 Devil's Tower magma created |
42? - 30? 12? Barytherium genus of family Barytheriidae of primitive proboscideans N Africa. first large proboscideans strong sexual dimorphism. 1.8–2.0m @ shoulder 2 tonnes. |
42 - 2.6 39.4 Amphicyonidae Bear Dog |
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Bartonian Age 41.2 - 37.8 3.4
 40 - 0 Common kingfisher Alcedo atthis 7 ss Eurasia Least concern |
 40 - 0 Loggerhead sea turtle, Caretta caretta |
 40 - 30 10 Moeritherium Lyonsi, Moeritherium, Moeritheriidae, Proboscidea, Mammalia, "Beast from Lake Moeris", Qasr el Sagha formation, Egypt |
 40 Prorastomus sirenoides, Jamaica |
 40 - 0 Greater horseshoe bat, Rhinolophus ferrumauinum, Eurasia, Least concern |
  40 - 0 Southern cassowary Casuarius casuarius New Guenea and N Australia |
  40 - 0 Laughing kookaburra Dacelo novaegi 2 ss Australia Least concern |
 _ ant, bee, beetle 🐞/12 Eastern honey bee Apis cerana SE Asia Present .png)  _ ant, bee, beetle 🐞/12 Eastern honey bee Apis cerana SE Asia 40 - Present .png) 40 - 0 Eastern honey bee Apis cerana SE Asia |
 40 - 35 5 Basilosaurus cetoides King lizard |
40 Primates diverge into suborders Strepsirrhini (wet-nosed primates) >< Haplorrhini (dry nosed primates). Strepsirrhini contains most of prosimians; modern examples include lemurs & lorises. prosimian tarsiers, along with simian monkeys & apes are haplorrhines. One of earliest haplorrhines is Teilhardina asiatica, a mouse-sized, diurnal creature with small eyes. |
40 - 25 Mid-Tertiary ignimbrite flare-up |
40 Ailuridae is a family ancestor to Red Panda |
40 - 0 Chlamyphoridae family Chlamyphoridae order of armadillo |
40 - 0 Skunk >< Weasel & Pole Cats |
 38 - 34 4 Zygorhiza kochii Yoke-Root N America and Zew Zealand |
38 - 34 4 Hueco Tanks syenite pluton was formed |
38 - 0 Parictis 1st Bear Genus North America |
38 - 18 10 Amphicynodontinae clade of Arctoidea |
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Priabonian Age 37.8 - 33.9 3.9
37.8 first appearance of calcareous nanoplankton species Chiasmolithus oamaruensis |
 _ Hyaenas and early cats 🐯/1 Eusmilus bidentatus Europe 37.2 - 28.4 Ma.png) 37.2 - 28.4 4.8 Eusmilus bidentatus True sabre Europe |
 37.2 - 33.9 3.3 Icadyptes salasi Ica diver Otuma formation Peru |
 37.2 - 33.9 3.3 Inkayacu paracasensis Water king Peru |
 _ Hyaenas and early cats 🐯/3 False saber-toothed cat Dinictis felina N America 37.2 - 20.4 Ma.png) 37.2 - 20.4 6.8 Dinictis "False saber-toothed cat" D. felina, †Dinictis, †Nimravinae, †Nimravidae, Feliformia, Carnivora, Mammalia, 1854 N America |
 37 - 30 7 Phiomia serridens "Saw-toothed animal of Faiyum" †Phiomia, †Phiomiidae, Proboscidea, Mammalia, 2Sp 1902 N Africa |
 37 - 33 4 Barytherium grave, "Heavy beast", †Barytherium, †Barytheriidae, †Plesielephantiformes, Proboscidea, Mammalia, Fayum, Egypt |
 37 - 35 2 Gigantophis garstini, †Gigantophis, †Madtsoiidae, Serpentes, Squamata, Reptilia N Africa |
 37 - 34 3 New Zealand giant penguin Pachydyptes Thick diver New Zealand |
37 Muir Caldera 26x18km Hidalgo County, New Mexico 300km2/72m2 of Woodhaul Canyon tephra |
37 - 0 common shrew opossums family Caenolestidae. Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Venezuela
eastern caenolestid grey-bellied shrew opossum Andean caenolestid pop <1K |
northern caenolestid blackish shrew opossum |
dusky caenolestid Tate's shrew opossum |
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37 - 17 20 Hesperocyoninae are one of three subfamilies found within the canid family. The other two canid subfamilies are the extinct Borophaginae and extant Caninae. gave rise to the other two canid subfamilies, the Borophaginae and Caninae. N America,10G 26S |
37 - 30 7 Phiomia genus of basal proboscid that N Africa 2.5 metres (8.2 ft) vaguely resembled a modern elephant, although, based on the shape of its nasal bones, very short trunk. short tusks on the upper jaw and short shovel-like tusks on the lower jaw similar to those of the Miocene Platybelodon, Archaeobelodon, Amebelodon, but considerably smaller. |
37 - 0 Genus Lestoros Incan caenolestid Incan shrew opossum or Peruvian caenolestid |
37 - 35 2 Moeritherium N Africa |
 37 - 0 Sunda flying lemur, G. varia, Galeopterus, Cynocephalidae, Dermoptera, Mammalia, 1799 SE Asia, Least concern |
36.82 Davis Mountains (fissures), Texas; 1,250km2/300m2 of Flood rhyolites, rhyolite domes, and Gomez Tuff |
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Cenozoic Era 66 - Present
Paleogene Period 66 - 23.03 42.97
Eocene Epoch 56 - 33.9 22.1
Priabonian Age 37.8 - 33.9 3.9
36.5 - 23 13.5 Yangtze river 16th oldest. Empties E China Sea. |
 36 - 35 1 Palaeomastodon beadnelli, †Palaeomastodon, †Palaeomastodontidae, Proboscidea, Mammalia, , 1901 Fayou, Egypt |
 36 - 27 9 Arsiniotherium zitteli, †Arsiniotherium, †Arsiniotheriidae, †Embrithopoda, Mammalia, "Queen Arsinoe's beast", 1902 N Africa |
 36 - 0 Lowland streaked tenrex, Hemicentetes semispinosus, E Madagascar, Least concern |
36 - 35 1 Echolocation and filter-feeding evolved during a second radiation |
36 - 35 1 Palaeomastodon Proboscidea. Africa ancestors of elephants or mastodons. 2.2m/7'3" @ shoulder 2.5 long tonnes flat rather than pointed tusks scooped plants from swamps. ears on top of heads4 species. |
35.3 Mount Princeton (eroded), Central Colorado volcanic field; Colorado; >1,000KM2/240M2 of Wall Mountain Tuff. |
 35 - 0 Baluchistan pygmy jerboa, Salpingotulus michaelis, Pakistan, Near threatened |
 35 Star-nosed mole, Condylura cristata, Condylura, Condylurina, Scalopinae, Talpidae, Eulipotyphla, Mammalia, 1758 E North America, Least concern |
 _ Hyaenas and early cats 🐯/2 Hoplophoneus primaevus N America 35 - 29 Ma.png) 35 - 29 6 Hoplophoneus H. primaevus, Hoplophoneus, Hoplophoninae, Nimravidae, Feliformiam, Carnivora, Mammalia, "Armed murderer" N America |
 35 - 0 Long-tailed jaeger Stercorarius longicaudus Subantarctic and Arctic circles Least concern |
 35 - 0 Great skua Stercorarius skua N Atlantic ocean Least concern |
 35 - 0 Tufted puffin Fratercula cirrhata N Pacific ocean Least concern |
 35 - 0 Common murre Uria aalge N Pacific and Atlantic Least concern |
35 Juniper Caldera 25 km, Animas Mountains, Hidalgo County, New Mexico; 500km2/120m2 of Oak Creek Tuff |
35 - 30 5 Arcanotherium genus early proboscidean family Numidotheriidae N Africa |
35 - 0 35 Embolotherium Mongolia |
 35 - 0 Long-eared hedgehog, Hemiechinus auritus, Asia, Least concern |
 35 - 33 2 Dermotherium major Skin beast Thailand |
34.9 City of Rocks State Park. Created by volcano |
 34 - 0 Common cuckoo Cuculus canorus 4 ss |
 _ ant, bee, beetle 🐞/41 Savannah tsetse fly Glossina morsitans Africa Present .png) 35 - 0 Savannah tsetse fly Glossina morsitans Africa |
 34 - 0 Greater roadrunner Geococcyx californianus S North America |
34 - 23 19 Paraceratherium Eurasia China to Balkans |
 _ Hyaenas and early cats 🐯/4 Mased palm civet Paguma larvata SE Asia Present Least concern.png) 34 - 0 Mased palm civet Paguma larvata, Paguma, Viverridae, Feliformia, Carnivora, Mammalia, 1827 SE Asia Least concern |
 _ Modern fish/1 Exellia velifer, N Africa & Europe, Paleocene 34 Ma.png) 34 Exellia velifer, N Africa & Europe |
 33.9 - 0 Common brushtail possum, Trichosurus vulpecula, Australia, Least concern |
 33.9 - 0 Pacific spookfish Rhinochimaera pacifica Pacific Least concern |
 _ Boars, Camels and Giraffes 🐪/20 Protoceras celer N America Oligocene - Miocene 33.9 - 20.6 Ma.png) 33.9 - 20.6 13.3 Protoceras celer First horns N America |
33.9 - 0 peccary (also javelina or skunk pig) medium-sized pig-like hoofed mammal of the family Tayassuidae (New World pigs). Central and South America and in the southwestern area of North America. 90-130/3.0-4.3' 20-40kg 44-88lb. confused with the pig family from Afro-Eurasia, as some escaped and became "razorback" hogs |
 Aetiocetus cotylaveus casual whale N Pacific Late Oligocene 33.9 - 23.03 10.87 |
 33.9 - 0 Japanese spider crab, Macrocheira kaempferi, Japanese sea, Least Concern |
33.9 - 5.3 28.6 Hemicyoninae Dog Bear |
33.9 - 28.4 5.5 Amphicynodon Bear Europe and Asia |
33.81 Mount Aetna 10 km, Central Colorado volcanic field; Colorado; 100km2/24m2 of Badger Creek Tuff. |
33.7 Marshall Creek, Thirtynine Mile volcanic area, Central Colorado volcanic field; Colorado; Ma; more than 100 cubic kilometres (24 cu mi) of Thorn Ranch Tuff |
33.3 - 26.3 7 Cynodesmus genus of omnivorous canine N America one of the first canids to truly look dog-like. 1m/3.3' size of coyote, but had a shorter skull, heavier tail, and longer rump. not a very good runner compared to most other canids; five toes on each foot, bearing partially retractable claws. |
33.3 - 16 17.3 Ectopocynus ("strange dog") genus of bone crushing canid N America |
 33 - 0 Proboscis monkey, Nasalis larvatus, 2 ss, Borneo, Endangered |
 33 - 0 De Brazza's monkey, Cercopithecus neglectus, C Africa, Least concern |
 33 - 0 Northern plains gray langur, Semnopithecus entellus, NE India, Least concern |
 33 - 0 Common spotted cuscus, Spilocuscus maculatus, Cape Yorg region, Australia, New Guinea, Least concern |
 33 - 15 15 Squalodon grateloupii Shark tooth Oceans worldwide |
 _ Hyaenas and early cats 🐯/8 Javan mongoose Herpestes javanis S Asia Present Least concern.png) 33 - 0 Javan mongoose Herpestes javanis S Asia Least concern |
 _ Hyaenas and early cats 🐯/9 Banded mongoose Mungos mungo Africa Present Least concern.png) 33 - 0 Banded mongoose Mungos mungo Africa Least concern |
 _ Canidae 🐶/6 Cynodesmus thooides Dog chain N America 33 - 26 Ma.png) 33 - 26 7 Cynodesmus thooides Dog chain N America |
 _ Sea lions and Musteloids 🦡/11 Striped polecat Ictonyx striatus Africa Present Least concern.png) 33 - 0 Striped polecat Ictonyx striatus Africa Least concern |
 _ Sea lions and Musteloids 🦡/12 Striped skunk Mephitis mephiti N America Present Least concern.png) 33 - 0 Striped skunk Mephitis mephiti N America Least concern |
 33 - 0 Common egg eater Dasypeltis scrabra Subsahara Least concern |
 33 - 0 Tiger keelback Rhabdophis tigrinus E Asia Least concern |
 _ ant, bee, beetle 🐞/11 European honey bee Apis mellifera worldwide Present .png) 33 - 0 European honey bee Apis mellifera worldwide |
 _ Modern fish/4 Largescale four-eyed fish, Anableps anableps, Northern South America, Present Near threatened.png) 33 - 0 Largescale four-eyed fish, Anableps anableps, N South America, Near threatened |
33 Omantherium "Oman beast" genus of barytheriid proboscidean Oman. family Barytheriidae, 1st large size proboscideans strong sexual dimorphism.[ |
 _ Sea lions and Musteloids 🦡/19 Japanese badger Meles anakuma Japan Present Least concern.png) 33 - 0 Japanese badger Meles anakuma Japan Least concern |
33 - 3 30 Obdurodon insignis Genus †Obdurodon Ornithorhynchidae Family Platypus Tirari Desert C Australia |
32.5 Bonanza crater 12km, C Colorado volcanic field; Colorado; 100km2/24m2 of Bonanza Tuff |
35? - 33? 2? Barytheriidae "heavy beast" family of primitive proboscideans (elephants) N Africa & Oman. 1st large size proboscideans strong sexual dimorphism |
33.9 Eocene–Oligocene extinction event, cooling from extended volcanos. Most affected: marine or aquatic. last of ancient cetaceans, the Archaeoceti. |
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Oligocene Epoch
33.9 - 23.3 10.6
Rupelian Age
33.9 - 27.82 6.08
33.9 - 15.97 18.93 Osbornodon "Osborn's tooth" genus of canid N America last surviving genus of the hesperocyonine subfamily, the oldest subfamily of canids. |
 _ Sea lions and Musteloids 🦡/10 Red panda, Ailurus fulgens, Present Endangered.png) 33 - 0 Red panda, Ailurus fulgens, Endangered |
32 Siwash Rock volcanic dike in sedimentary rock Stanley Park, Vancouver BC |
 31 - 0 Three-striped night monkey, Aotus trivirgatus, Venezuela & NE Brazil, Least concern |
 31 - 0 Common marmoset, Callithric jacchus, E Brazil, Least concern |
 31 - 0 Golden lion tamarin, Leontophithecus S Brazil, Endangered |
 31 - 0 Cotton-top tamarin, Saguinas oedipus, NW Columbia, Critically endangered |
 31 Catopithecus browni Before the Apes Egypt & Ethiopia |
30.3 - 20.3 10 Mesocyon ("middle dog") genus of Hesperocyoninae subfamily of early canids N America. Oregon, southern California and the northern Great Plains. coyote-sized, 1st canid to have a primarily meat-based diet. |
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