300M Section: 30 - 60M Page

Numidotheriidae †Plesielephantiformes, Proboscidea, Mammalia, Fragmentary fossils (mainly teeth) 4Sp. 1922. Ouled Abdun Basin, Morocco. niche of modern hippopotamus & Moeritherium, soft, aquatic plants in marshy environments. Not direct ancestors of modern elephants, but a collateral branch.

56 - 47.8 8.2 Daouitherium D. rebouli, †Daouitherium, †Numidotheriidae, †Plesielephantiformes, Proboscidea, Mammalia, 2002

Numidotherium is known from an almost complete skeleton S Algeria and Libya. 1 m in length

Phosphatherium, for instance, was only 60 cm long and weighed about 15 kg

Plesielephantiformes suborder of large herbivorous mammals that were closely related to elephants.

59 - 0 Atlantic sailfish, Istiophorus albicans, Istiophorus, Istiophoridae, Istiophoriformes, Actinopterygii, Atantic, 3.15m/10.3' 58.1kg/128.1lb 1804 Least concern

59 - 0 European hornet V. crabro, Vespa, Vespidae, Hymenoptera, Insecta, Arthropoda Europe

59 - 0 European wasp V. germanica, Vespula, Vespidae, Apocrita, Hymenoptera, INsecta, Arthropoda 1793 Eurasia & N Africa

59 - 0 Longheaded eagle ray A. flagellus, Aetobatus, Myliobatidae, Myliobatiformes, Chondrichthyes, Indo-Pacific Endangered

58.7 - 0 Cingulata, Xenarthra, Mammalia 1811 3Ge

58.7 - 0 Ameridelphia is traditionally a superorder Marsupial Infraclass of Mammal Class Americas. Evolved in Antartcica and moved north

58.5 - 0 Sterba's corydoras, Corydoras sterbai, Guapore river, Brazil & Bolivia, Near threatened

58.1 - 50.7 .4 Siletz River Volcanico Oregon Coast Range, United States

58 - 41 17 Riostegotherium R. yanei, Riostegotherium, Xenarthra, Mammalia, "covered beast", 1998 Rio, SE Brazil

58 Thames river. 13th oldest. Emties N Sea.

58 Castle Rock is a butte in the Colorado Piedmont region of the Great Plains

58 - 0 Australidelphia superorder of Marsupial subfamily of Mammal Family Australasia and a single species[i] from South America

58 - 0 Microbiotheria order Marsupial subfamily has two families, Microbiotheriidae and Woodburnodontidae

58 - 0 Microbiotheriidae family Microbiotheria order

66 - 61.6 4.4 Carpolestes simponi "Fruit robber", †Carpolestes, †Carpolestidae, †Carpolestoidea, †Plesiadapiformes, Mammalia, 100g arboreal 1998

58 - 0 Green sea turtle Chelonia mydas, Chelonia, Cheloniidae, Cheloniidae, Chelonioidea, Cryptodira, Testudines, Reptilia, Endangered 1800

57 - 46 11 Coryphodon C. eocaenus, "Peaked tooth", †Coryphodon, †Coryphodontidae, †Pantodonta, †Cimolesta, Mammalia, 1m/3.3' tall 2.5m/8.2' long. Brain 90g/3.2oz Body 500kg/1,100lb Small brain to body. 1845 Mongolia

57 - 0 Lagomorpha, Gilires, Euarchontoglires, Boreoeutheria, Exafroplacentalia, Mammalia, 3Fa 1855

57 - 1989 Golden toad Incilius periglenes, Incilius, Bufonidae, Anura, Amphibia, 1966 42-56mm M86% 1966 Costa Rica

57 - 0 Cane toad Rhinella merianae, Rhinella, Bufonidae, Anura. Amphibia, C America and Amazon basin 1758 Least Concern

57 - 0 Rodents

57 Kumimanu K. biceae, Kumimanu, Sphenisciformes, Aves, "Monster bird". New Zealand

Eocene Epoch 56 - 33.9 22.1

Ypresian Age 56 - 47.8 8.2

55.8 - 33.9 11.9 Oxygen doubled, beginning Eocene.

56 - 0 Rhinoceros hornbill Buceros rhinoceros, Buceros, Bucerotidae, Bucerotiformes, Aves, . 80-90cm/31-35" 2,465-2,960g/87-104.4oz 79%1758 SE Asia NT

56 - 0 Eastern long-necked turtle, Chelodina longicollis, Chelodina, Chelodina, Chelidae, Pleurodira, Testudines, Reptilia, 1794 E Australia, Least concern

56 - 0 Garden dormouse, Eliomys quercinus, Eliomys, Gliridae, Rodentia, Mammalia, . 10-15cm/3.9-5.9", 60-140g/2.1-4.9oz 1766 Europe, Near threatened

56 - 33.9 16.1 Necrolemur antiquus, N antiquus, †Necrolemur, †Microchoerinae, †Omomydae, Haplorhini, Primates Mammalia, "Dead lemur" 3Sp Germany 1873

56 - 47 9 Teilhardina belgica, †Teilhardina, †Anaptomorphini, †Anaptomorphinae, †Omomydae, Haplorhini, Primates, Mammalia, N America, Europe & Asia, 6Sp 1927

56 Phosphatherium escullei, †Phosphatherium, †Numidotheriidae, Proboscidea, Mammalia, "Phosphate beast", Ouled Abdoun Basin, Morocco 1996

56 - 33.9 22.1 Eomanis waldi, "Dawn pangolin", Eomanis, Eomanidae, Pholidota, Mammalia, 2Sp Germany, 1978

56 - 33.9 22.1 Stylinodon mirus, Pillar tooth, North America, Stylinodon mirus Pillar tooth

56 - 0 Threetooth puffer, Triodon macropterus, Triodon, Triodontidae, Tetraodontiformes, Actinopterygii, 1831 Indo-Pacific ocean, Least concern

56 - 0 Skipjack tuna, Katsuwonus pelamis, Katsuwonus, Thunnini, Scombrinae, Scomridae, Scombriformes, Actinopterygii, 1758 worldwide, Least concern

56 - 0 Atlantic flyingfish, C. melanurus, Cheilopogon, Exocoetidae, Beloniformes, Actinopterygii, . 32cm/12.6" Swim 19mph/30kmh Glide 3-12m/10-40' to avoid predators. 1848 Atlantic, Least concern

56 - 0 Geography cone, Conus geographus, Conus, Conidae, Conoidea, Neogastropoda, Hypsogastropoda, Caenogastropoda, Gastropoda, Mollusca. 4-6"/10-15cm 1758 Indo-Pacific ocean, Least concern

56 - 0 Giant prickly stick E. tiaratum, Extatosoma, Extatosomatina, Phasmatidea, Phasmatodea, Insecta, Arthropoda. 1826. E Australia

56 - 0 Phyllium giganteum, Phyllium, Phylliidae, Phasmatodea, Insecta, Arthropoda. 1984. Malasia

56 - 33.9 22.1 Pristichampsus "Saw crocodile" P. rollinatii, †Pristichampsus, †Pristichampsidae, Crocodilia, Reptilia, . 3Sp 1831. France

56 - 0 Pacific electric ray T. californica, Tetronarce, Torpedinidae, Torpediniformes. Easmorbranchii, Chondrichthyes, 1855. california E Pacific ocean Least concern

56 - 45 11 Gastornis G. parisiensis, Gastornis, Gastornithidae, Gastornithiformes, Aves, 6Sp 1855 Europe

56 - 0 Bigeye tuna Thunnus obesus, Thunnus, Thunnus, Scombridae, Scombriformes, Actinopterygii, . 1Sp. 1839. Tropical zone Vulnerable

56 - 54.5 1.5 Fur Marine Formation crops out in the Limfjord region of Denmark

56 - 0 Cetancodontamorpha, Cetruminantia, Artiodactyla, Mammalia, 2009

56 - 0 Ruminantia, Ruminantiamorpha, Artiodactyla, Mammalia, . cattle, goats, sheep, deer, and antelope. foregut fermentation and are ruminants: they digest food in two steps, chewing and swallowing in the normal way to begin with, and then regurgitating the semidigested cud to rechew it and thus extract the maximum possible food value.

56 - 0 Whippomorpha Cetacea (whales, dolphins, etc.) and their closest living relatives, the hippopotamuses, named by Waddell et al. (1999). crown group, including all species that are descendants of the most recent common ancestor of Hippopotamus amphibiusand Tursiops truncatus. This would be a subgrouping of the Cetartiodactyla (which also includes pigs and ruminants).

56 - 0 Cetruminantia are a clade made up of the Cetacodontamorpha (or Whippomorpha) and their closest living relatives, the Ruminantia.

56 - 55,950 50,000 Massive carbon release. ~12,000 Gt carbon (>44000 Gt CO2e) 50,000 years, averaging 0.24 Gt per year. current rate of carbon injection into the atmosphere is over 10 GtC/yr,

56 - 55,800 200,000 Global warming 5-8 °C.

Effects

Ocean: freshwater in the Arctic Ocean increased, in part due to northern hemisphere rainfall patterns, fueled by poleward storm track migrations under global warming conditions
N Atlantic & others bioturbation absent due to bottom-water anoxia, or changing circulation patterns changing the temperatures of bottom water.
Sea Level: Despite the global lack of ice, the sea level would have risen due to thermal expansion.[17] Evidence for this can be found in the shifting palynomorph assemblages of the Arctic Ocean, which reflect a relative decrease in terrestrial organic material compared to marine organic matter.
Currents At the start of the PETM, the ocean circulation patterns changed radically in the course of under 5,000 years. Global-scale current directions reversed due to a shift in overturning from the southern hemisphere to northern hemisphere overturning.[33] This "backwards" flow persisted for 40,000 years.[33] Such a change would transport warm water to the deep oceans, enhancing further warming.[

Land: Humid conditions caused migration of modern Asian mammals northward, dependent on the climatic belts. Uncertainty remains for the timing and tempo of migration.[49]

The increase in mammalian abundance is intriguing. Increased CO
2 levels may have promoted dwarfing[50][51] – which may have encouraged speciation. Many major mammalian orders – including the Artiodactyla, horses, and primates – appeared and spread around the globe 13,000 to 22,000 years after the initiation of the PETM.

56 - 28 28 Embrithopoda ("heavy-footed") is an order of extinct mammals known from Asia, Africa and eastern Europe. Most of the embrithopod genera are known exclusively from jaws and teeth dated from the late Paleocene to the late Eocene, but the order is best known from its terminal member, the elephantine Arsinoitherium.[

56 Odd-toed ungulates

56 - 0 Longhorn cowfish, Lactoria cornuta, Lactoria, Ostraciidae, Tetraodontiformes, Actinopterygii, 1758. W Pacific, Status not evaluated

56 - 0 Regal tang, Paracanthurus hepatus, Indo-Pacific ocean, Least concern

55.8 - 0 Rock hyrax, P. capensis, Procavia, Procaviidae, Hyracoidea, Mammalia, 1766 Sub-saharan Africa, Middle East, Least concern

55.8 - 0 Hyraxes

55.8 - 0 Pilosa Order (anteaters and sloths), Xenarthra Magnorder

55.8 - 0 Sirenia (dugongs and manatees) order of Tethytheria Mirorder of Paenungulata Superorder of Afrotheria Magnorder of Placentalia Subdivision of Mammalia Class

55.8 - 0 Hyracoidea (hyraxes) order of Paenungulata Superorder of Afrotheria Magnorder of Placentalia Subdivision of Mammalia Class

Silver Bell Caldera (size: 8 km wide), Arizona; 55.8 Ma; unknown amount of Mount Laird Tuff.

55.8 - 48.6 7.2 Gomphos elkema Peg China & Mongolia

56 - 45 11 Gastornis England, Belgium, France and Germany, North America, China

55.4 - 46.2 9.2 Diacodexis pakistanensis N America and Eurasia

55 - 0 Brown long-eared bat, Plecotus auritus, Eurasia, Least concern

55 - 0 Birdlike noctule, Nyctaalus aviator, E Asia, Near threatened

55 - 0 Grass carp, Ctenopharyngodon idella, Least concern

55 - 0 Prussian carp, Carassius gibilio, Siberia, Least concern

55 - 0 Paedocypris progenetica, Sumatra, Near threatened

55 - 0 Tokay gecko Gekko gecko SE Asia Least concern

55 - 0 Schlegel's Japanese gecko Gekko japonicus E Asia Least concern

55 - 0 Mexican mole lizard Bipes biporus California and Mexico Least concern

55 - 0 Helmeted guineafowl Numida meleacui 9 ss Africa

55 - 35 20 Miacis parvivorus Mother animal N America Europe and China

4 Vulpavus palustris Fox grandfather N Ameria Eocene 55 - 48 Ma

25 Onychocerus albitarsis Brazil 55 - Present

55 - 0 Titan beetle Titanus giganteus N South America

55 - 0 Bluefin trevally, Caranx melampygus, Near threatened

55 - 0 primate

55 Daouitherium ("Sidi Daoui beast" from the name of the site where it was discovered) genus of early proboscideans (a group including modern elephants and their extinct relatives) that lived during the early Eocene (Ypresian stage) some 55 million years ago in North Africa.

Remains of this animal, fragments of jaws and teeth, have been found in the Ouled Abdoun Basin in Morocco. It is estimated to have weighed between 80 and 170 kg (180 and 370 lb), making it one of the earliest large mammals known from Africa and one of the oldest known proboscideans.[1] Another estimate gives a weight of 200 kg (440 lb).

55 - 23 32 Archaeoceti ("ancient whales"), or Zeuglodontes in older literature, is a paraphyletic group of primitive cetaceans that lived from the Early Eocene to the late Oligocene(55 to 23

55 - 0 even-toed ungulates (Artiodactyla, from Ancient Greek ἄρτιος, ártios, meaning 'even', and δάκτυλος, dáktylos, meaning 'finger / toe') are ungulates – hoofed animals – which bear weight equally on two (an even number) of their five toes: the third and fourth. The other three toes are either present, absent, vestigial, or pointing posteriorly. By contrast, odd-toed ungulates bear weight on one (an odd number) of the five toes: the third toe. Another difference between the two is that even-toed ungulates digest plant cellulosein one or more stomach chambers rather than in their intestine as the odd-toed ungulates do.

The aquatic cetaceans (whales, dolphins, and porpoises) evolved from even-toed ungulates, so modern taxonomic classification combines the two under the name Cetartiodactyla.

The roughly 220 land-based even-toed ungulate species include pigs, peccaries, hippopotamuses, antelopes, mouse deer, deer, giraffes, camels, llamas, alpacas, sheep, goats, and cattle. Many of these are of great dietary, economic, and cultural importance to humans.

55 - 0 tapir

55 - 44 11 Southern Gulf Islands consist mainly of former seabed sediments crumpled and gradually thrust upward by tectonic plate movement

55 Djarthia marsupial ancestor of Monito del monte

55 - 0 monito del monte little monkey of the bush") or colocolo opossum Argenina & Chile

50? - 0 50? Eohippus North America

Cenozoic Era 66 - Present

Paleogene Period 66 - 23.03 42.97

Eocene Epoch 56 - 33.9 22.1

Ypresian Age 56 - 47.8 8.2

55 - 0 Eohippus horses Equidae North America

54 - 38 16 Notharctus tenebrosus, Notharctus, Notharctidae, Strepsirrhini, Primates, Mammalia, "False bear" 1870 N America

53.7 - 49 4.7 Eocene Thermal Maximum 2 (ETM-2).

53 Volcanos stop warming period.

53 - 45 8 Cetacian's initial diversification of whales shallow waters between India & Asia 30Sp

53 - 0 Sacred scarab Scarabaeus sacer, Scarabaeus, Scarabaeidae, Coleoptera, Insecta, Arthropoda. 1758 Mediterranean basin

53 - 0 Black-tailed jackrabbit, L. californicus, Lepus, Leporidae, Lagomorpha, Mammalia, N America, Least concern

52.5 - 0 House sparrow Passer domesticus, Passer, Passeridae, Passeriformes, Aves, 12ss 1758 Eurasia Least concern

52.5 - 0 Eurasian tree sparrow P. montanus, Passer, Passeridae, Passeriformes, Aves, 15 ss 1768 Eurasia Least concern

52.5 - 0 Russet sparrow Passer cinnamomeus E asia Least concern

52.5 - 0 Java sparrow Lonchura oryzivora Indonesia Least concern

52.5 Icaronycteis index, "Icarus night flyer", †Icaronycteris, †Icaronycteridae, Chiroptera, Mammalia, 3Sp Green river formation, USA

52.5 - 0 Hooded pitohui P. dichrous, Pitohui, Oriolidae, Passeriformes, Aves, New Guinea 1850 Least concern

52.5 - 0 Lawes's parotia P. lawesii, Parotia, Paradisaeidae, Passeriformes, Aves, Papua New Guinea 1885 Least concern

52.5 Onychonycteris finneyi, †Onychonycteris, †Onychonycteridae, Chiroptera, Mammalia, . "Clawed bat", Greene river formation, USA

52 - 48 4 Pakicetus inachus, "Pakistan whale" Pakicetus, Pakicetidae, Cetacea, Artiodactyla, Mammalia, Pakistan

52 - 0 Archaeoceti 1st cetaceans protowhale Pakicetus & others

52 - 48 4 Pakicetidae "Pakistani whales" Pakistan. 1996 amphibious

52 - 48 4 Pakicetus P. inachus, Pakicetus, Pakicetidae, Cetacea, Artiodactyla, Mammalia,1st whale. 1-2m/3'3"-6'7" 1996

53 - 0 Rabbit & Hare

50 - 0 Hooded pitohui P. dichrous, Pitohui, Oriolidae, Passeriformes, Aves, 1850 New Guinea Least concern

50 Pezosiren "Wallking siren" P. portelli, †Pezosiren, †Prorastomidae, Sirenia, Mammalia, , 2001 Jamaica

50 - 1890 N Island takahe P. mantelli, Porphyrio, Rallidae, Gruiformes, Aves, 1848 N New Zealand

50 - 0 Okinawa rail, G. okinawae, Gallirallus, Rallidae, Gruiformes, Aves, 1981 Endangered

50 - 0 Antarctic petrel Thalassoica antarctica Least concern

50 Bennett Lake volcano Skukum Group

50 - 35 15 Leptictidium Europe

50 Mole

50 - 38 22 Fantasy Canyon is a Bureau of Land Management-managed area located about 27 miles (43 km) south of Vernal, in Uintah County, Utah. Deposited

50 India makes contact with Eurasia.

50 - 0 5 Stellar's sea eagle H. pelagicus, Haliaeetus, Accipitridae, Accipitriformes. Aves, 1811 NE Asia Vu

50 - 0 Harpy eagle H. harpyia, Harpia, Harpiinae, Accipitridae, Accipitriformes, Aves, C and S America Least concern

50 - 0 Crowned eagle S. Coronatus, Stephanoaetus, Accipitridae, Accipitriformes, Aves, 1766 Africa Least concern

50 - 0 Crested serpent eagle Spilornis cheela 21 ss SE Asia Least concern

50 - 0 Northern goshawk Accipiter gentilis 10 ss N hemisphere Least concern

50 - 0 Ural owl Strix uralensis 15 ss Finland, Russia and Japan Least concern

50 - 0 Western barn owl Tyto alba 9 ss Europe and Africa Least concern

50 - 0 Burrowing owl Athene cunicularia 22 ss America Least concern

50 - 0 Greater honeyguide Indicator indicator Subsaharian era Least concern

50 Late Wisconsin Glaciel Maximum Culmination.

50 North Cascades mountains

50 Anisosiren was an early sea cow from the Eocene of Hungary.

50 - 23 27 Anthracotherium ("Coal Beast") was a genus of extinct artiodactyl ungulate mammals, characterized by having 44 teeth, with five semi-crescentic cusps on the crowns of the upper molars. The genus ranged from the early Eocene period until the early Miocene, having a distribution throughout Eurasia.

50 - 35 15 Leptictidium auderiense, Graceful weasel, Eurasia, MIddle Eocene

49 Indohyus major India's pig Kashmir N India

49 - 47.8 1.2 Azolla event blooms of freshwater fern Azolla in Arctic. As they sank to the stagnant sea floor, they were incorporated into the sediment; draw-down of carbon dioxide transformed "greenhouse Earth" to "icehouse Earth"

49 - 0 Resplendent quetzal P. mocinnoo, Pharomachrus, Trogonidae, Trogoniformes, Aves, 2SS 1832 C America Near threatened

48.6 - 40.4 8.2 Rodhocetus balochistanensis, "Rodho whale" Rodhocetus, Protecetinae, Protocetidae, Cetacea, Artidactyla, Mammalia, Pakistan

48.6 - 33.9 4.7 Eotheroides E. aegyptiacum, Eotheroides, Dugongidae, Sirenia, Mammalia, "Water bushpig", E Africa & Madagascar

15 - 0 Golden hamster, Mesocricetus auratus, Mesocricetus, Cricetinae, Cricetidae, Rodentia, Mammalia S Turkey & Syria, 7-9"/18-23cm 120-125g Mediterranean VU

Cenozoic Era 66 - Present

Paleogene Period 66 - 23.03 42.97

Eocene Epoch 56 - 33.9 22.1

Ypresian Age 56 - 47.8 8.2

48 - Present Plumed basilisk, B. plumifrane, Basiliscus, Corytophanidae, Iguania, Squamata, Reptilia, 1875 C America Near threatened

48 - 41 7 Andrewsarchus Central Asia

Lutetian Age 47.8 - 41.2 5.6

48 - 23 25 Anoplotheriidae Anoplotheroidea, Artiodactyla, Mammalia, . W Europe mid-sized terrestrial herbivores like camels, but smaller and low-slung with long and thick tails, and rather generalistic. subtropical or tropical, plentiful rainfall and abundant vegetation. resembled a large duiker of our time foraging in dense growth where their low builds would have been advantageous.

47.8 - 41.3 6.5 Ambuloceetus natans, "Walking whale" Ambuloceetus, Ambulocetidae, Cetacea, Artiodactyla, Mammalia,

47 - 0 Secretary bird S. serpentarius, Sagittarius, Sagittariidae, Accipitriformes, Aves, 1783 Africa Vulnerable

47 - 0 King vulture Sarcoramphus papa S America Least concern

47 Pholidocercus P. hassiacus, †Pholidocercus, †Amphilemuridae, Eulipotyphla, Mammalia, 1983 Germany

47 Darwinius D. masillae, †Darwinius, †Adapidae, Strepsirrhini, Primates, Mammalia, Chordat Charles Darwin's Germany

46.2 - 0 Tylopoda "calloused foot" Artiodactyla. terrestrial herbivorous even-toed ungulates S America & Asia,

Golden moles insectivorous burrowing mammals S Africa, where their Afrikaans names are gouemolle or kruipmolle (singular gouemol or kruipmol). They comprise the family Chrysochloridae and as such they are taxonomically distinct from the true moles, family Talpidae, and other mole-like families, all of which, to various degrees, they resemble as a result of evolutionary convergence.

46.3 - 13.6 32.7 Poebrotherium N America

46 Numidotherium "Numidia beast" N. koholense, Proboscideans, N Africa 90-100 cm tall 250-300 kg. 1 almost complete skeleton El Kohol, southern Algeria, like a modern tapir. more slender & plantigrade than elephant. 1984

46 Van Horn cauldron complex 34x48km, Challis volcanic field, Custer, Idaho; Elis Creek Tuff

46 - 43 3 Kutchicetus "Kutch whale" K. minimus, Kutchicetus, Remingtonocetidae, Cetacea, Artiodactyla, Mammalia, Pakistan & India

46 - 0 Arctoidea infraorder

45.8 - 0 White sturgeon, A. transmontanus, Acipenser, Acipenseridae, Acipenseriformes, Actinopterygii, 1836 Least concern

45 - 0 Horsfield's tarsier, Cephalopachus bancanus, Cephalopachus, Tarsiidae, Haplorhini, Primates, Mammalia, 4 ss, Borneo & S Sumatra, Vulnerable

45 - 0 Pen-tailed treeshrew, P. lowlii, Ptilocercus, Ptilocercidae, Scandentia, Mammalia, SE Asia, Least concern

45 - 0 Large treeshrew, T. tanaa, Tupaia, Tupaiidae, scandentia, Mammalia, SE Asia, Least concern

145 - 0 Pom pom crab, L. tessellata, Lybia, Xanthidae, Brachyura, Decapoda, Malacostraca, Crustacea, Arthropoda 2Sp Indo-Pacific, Least Concern

45? Elephant shrews. Macroscelidea, Macroscelea, Afrotheria, Placentalia, Eutheria, Theria, Mammalia, 1838 insectivorous

45 - 0 Japanese puffer, T. rubripes, Takifugu, Tetraodontidae, Tetraodontiformes, Actinopterygii, 1850 Japanese sea, Near threatened

45 Protectus atavus, "First whale" Protectus, Protecedidae, Cetacea, Artiodactyla, Mammalia, . 1904 Egypt

45 Eolactoria sorbinii, Eolactoria, Ostraciidae, Tetraodontiformes, Actinopterygii, Osteichthyes, Gnathostomata, Vertebrata, 1975 "Dawn lactoria" Italy

45 - 43.5 1.5 Remingtonecetus harudiniensis, "Remington's whale" Remingtonecetus, Remingtonecetidae, Cetacea, Artiodactyla, Mammalia, . 2Sp. 1975 Domanda formation Pakistan

45 - 33 11 Anthropornis nordenskjoldi "Human bird" Anthropornis, Palaeeudyptinae, Spheniscidae, Sphenisciformes, Aves, 2Sp La Meseta formation (Antarctica) and New zealand

45 - 0 Oblong blow fish T. oblongus, Takifugu, Tetraodontidae, Tetraodontiformes, Actinopterygii. 1949 W Pacific Least concern

45 - 0 Finepatterned puffer Takifugu poecilonotus NW Paific ocean Least concern

45 - 0 Yellowfin puffer Takifugu xanthopterus W Pacific ocean Least concern

45 - 13 32 Cainotheriidae family of artiodactyls Europe. karstic deposits. 15cm/5.9" @ shoulders,

45 - 2.6 42.4 Anthracotheriidae family of hippopotamus

oldest genus, Elomeryx, Asia. thrived in Africa and Eurasia, a few species entered N America in Oligocene. Extinct in Europe and Africa during the Miocene, possibly due to a combination

youngest genus, Merycopotamus, died out in Asia during the late Pliocene.

45 - 0 Dugongidae, Sirenia, Mammalia, 2Ge 1821 Dugong

45 Twin Peaks Caldera 20km Challis volcanic field, Custer, Idaho; 500km2/120mi2 of Challis Creek Tuff

45 Indus River 14th oldest. Karakoram Mountains to Arabian Sea

45 - 0 Golden mole Chrysochloridae, Chrysochloridea, Afrosoricida, Mammalia, 10Ge 1825

45 - 37 8 Uintatherium Uinta Mountains NE Utah

45 - 40 5 Protylopus Camel Ancestor 26/57 N America

45 - 0 Warty frogfish, Antennarius maculatus, Indo-Pacific ocean, Near threatened

45 - 0 Grant's golden mole, E. granti, Eremitalpa, Chrysochloridae, Afrosoricida, Mammalia, 1907 W Namibia & W S Africa, Near threatened

44 - 37 7 Iberosuchus "Iberian crocodile" I. macrodon, †Iberosuchus, †Iberosuchidae, †Sebecia, †Sebecusochia, Reptilia, 1975 Spain

5 Ardipithecus ramidus Root ape NE Africa

42.5 - 31 11.5 Hesperocyon canids Hesperocyoninae Canidae S Canada to Colorado

42 - 11,000 saber-toothed cats

Cenozoic Era 66 - Present

Paleogene Period 66 - 23.03 42.97

Eocene Epoch 56 - 33.9 22.1

Lutetian Age 47.8 - 41.2 5.6

45 - 0 Numbat, Myrmecobius fasciatus, Myrmecobius, Myrmecobiidae, Dasyuromorphia, Marsupialia, Mammalia, 2SS S Australia, Endangered

42 - 16 26 Hyaenonod leptorhynchus Hyena-tooth N America Africa & Eurasia

42 - 5.2 36.8 Broxton Rocks largest exposure of sandstone, about 4 miles in extent, Altamaha Grit

40.5 Devil's Tower magma created

42 - 0 Carnivora

42 - 0 Caniformia

42? - 30? 12? Barytherium genus of family Barytheriidae of primitive proboscideans N Africa. first large proboscideans strong sexual dimorphism. 1.8–2.0m @ shoulder 2 tonnes.

42 - 2.6 39.4 Amphicyonidae Bear Dog

42 - 41 1 Deinotherium Romania

42 - 15.9 26,100 Hyaenadon Eurasia, North America, and Africa

Bartonian Age 41.2 - 37.8 3.4

42 - 0 Numbat Family Myrmecobiidae W australia recently re-introduced to S Australia Notoryctidae Family

41.2 Reticulofenestra reticulata calcareous nanoplankton

40.4 - 33.9 7.5 Xiphodontidae family of even-toed ungulates order Artiodactyla, Europe terrestrial herbivores.

40 - 0 Common kingfisher Alcedo atthis 7 ss Eurasia Least concern

40 - 0 Loggerhead sea turtle, Caretta caretta

40 - 30 10 Moeritherium Lyonsi, Moeritherium, Moeritheriidae, Proboscidea, Mammalia, "Beast from Lake Moeris", Qasr el Sagha formation, Egypt

40 Prorastomus sirenoides, Jamaica

40 - 0 Greater horseshoe bat, Rhinolophus ferrumauinum, Eurasia, Least concern

40 - 0 Southern cassowary Casuarius casuarius New Guenea and N Australia

40 - 0 Laughing kookaburra Dacelo novaegi 2 ss Australia Least concern

40 - 0 Eastern honey bee Apis cerana SE Asia

40 - 35 5 Basilosaurus cetoides King lizard

40 - 22 18 Tooth of Time geological feature igneous intrusion of dacite porphyry 5m SW Cimarron, New Mexico

40 Primates diverge into suborders Strepsirrhini (wet-nosed primates) >< Haplorrhini (dry nosed primates). Strepsirrhini contains most of prosimians; modern examples include lemurs & lorises. prosimian tarsiers, along with simian monkeys & apes are haplorrhines. One of earliest haplorrhines is Teilhardina asiatica, a mouse-sized, diurnal creature with small eyes.

40 tenrec afrotherian family Madagascar. diverse from convergent evolution. resemble hedgehogs, shrews, opossums or mice. occupy aquatic, arboreal, terrestrial and fossorial environments.

40 shrew

40 - 25 Mid-Tertiary ignimbrite flare-up

40 - 0 Scandentia (treeshrews)

40? Chiroptera Bat

40? Eulipotyphla

40? gymnure

40 Ailuridae is a family ancestor to Red Panda

40 Red Panda >< bears

40 - 0 Chlamyphoridae family Chlamyphoridae order of armadillo

40 - 0 Skunk >< Weasel & Pole Cats

40 Mono–Inyo Craters are a volcanic chain of craters, domes and lava flows in Mono County, Eastern California

39.75 - 0 Canidae

39 Thomas Caldera 16x25km Delta, Utah; 400km2/96m2 of Mount Laird Tuff

38 - 33.9 4.1 Megacerops North America

38 - 34 4 Zygorhiza kochii Yoke-Root N America and Zew Zealand

38 - 0 Camelinae Camels

38 - 34 4 Hueco Tanks syenite pluton was formed

38 - 0 Bears

38 - 0 Parictis 1st Bear Genus North America

38 - 18 10 Amphicynodontinae clade of Arctoidea

42 - 18 24 Khormusan industry Paleolithic archeological industry Egypt & Sudan tools from stone, animal bones and hematite. small arrow heads resembling those of Native Americans, no bows followed by Gemaian

40 - 34 6 Oromerycidae small size and diversity family of artiodactyls related to camels, W North America.

Priabonian Age 37.8 - 33.9 3.9

37.8 first appearance of calcareous nanoplankton species Chiasmolithus oamaruensis

37.5 Infernito Caldera 12km wide), Trans-Pecos, Texas;70 to 100 cubic kilometers (17 to 24 cu mi) of Buckshot Tuff

37.5 - 17.5 20 Western Cascade Stratovolcanoes erupted with periodic regularity for over 20 million years

37.2 - 0 Euphractinae is a subfamily of armadillo in the family Chlamyphoridae
Chaetophractus Hairy Armadillo
1. screaming hairy armadillo
2. big hairy armadillo
3. Andean hairy armadillo
six-banded armadillo
pichi (Zaedyus pichiy), dwarf armadillo or pygmy armadillo
Extict:
1. Paleuphractus
2. Doellotatus
3. Proeuphractus
4. Macroeuphractus

37.2 - 28.4 4.8 Eusmilus bidentatus True sabre Europe

37.2 - 33.9 3.3 Icadyptes salasi Ica diver Otuma formation Peru

37.2 - 33.9 3.3 Inkayacu paracasensis Water king Peru

37.2 - 15.97 21.23 Entelodonts"hell pigs" Cetancodontamorpha, Artiodactyla, Mammalia, 1883 of pig-like omnivores forests & plains N America & Eurasia

37.2 - 0 shrew opossum Caenolestidae, Paucituberculata, Marsupialia, Mammalia, 7Ge 1898 Andes S America Family

37.2 - 20.4 6.8 Dinictis "False saber-toothed cat" D. felina, †Dinictis, †Nimravinae, †Nimravidae, Feliformia, Carnivora, Mammalia, 1854 N America

37 - 30 7 Phiomia serridens "Saw-toothed animal of Faiyum" †Phiomia, †Phiomiidae, Proboscidea, Mammalia, 2Sp 1902 N Africa

37 - 33 4 Barytherium grave, "Heavy beast", †Barytherium, †Barytheriidae, †Plesielephantiformes, Proboscidea, Mammalia, Fayum, Egypt

37 - 35 2 Gigantophis garstini, †Gigantophis, †Madtsoiidae, Serpentes, Squamata, Reptilia N Africa

37 - 34 3 New Zealand giant penguin Pachydyptes Thick diver New Zealand

37 Muir Caldera 26x18km Hidalgo County, New Mexico 300km2/72m2 of Woodhaul Canyon tephra

37 - 0 Dermoptera (colugos)

37 - 0 common shrew opossums family Caenolestidae. Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Venezuela

eastern caenolestid grey-bellied shrew opossum Andean caenolestid pop <1K

northern caenolestid blackish shrew opossum

dusky caenolestid Tate's shrew opossum

37 - 17 20 Hesperocyoninae are one of three subfamilies found within the canid family. The other two canid subfamilies are the extinct Borophaginae and extant Caninae. gave rise to the other two canid subfamilies, the Borophaginae and Caninae. N America,10G 26S

37 - 30 7 Phiomia genus of basal proboscid that N Africa 2.5 metres (8.2 ft) vaguely resembled a modern elephant, although, based on the shape of its nasal bones, very short trunk. short tusks on the upper jaw and short shovel-like tusks on the lower jaw similar to those of the Miocene Platybelodon, Archaeobelodon, Amebelodon, but considerably smaller.

37 - 0 Genus Lestoros Incan caenolestid Incan shrew opossum or Peruvian caenolestid

37 - 0 Genus Rhyncholestes long-nosed caenolestid

37 - 0 tenrec Madagascar

37 - 35 2 Moeritherium N Africa

37 - 0 Sunda flying lemur, G. varia, Galeopterus, Cynocephalidae, Dermoptera, Mammalia, 1799 SE Asia, Least concern

36.82 Davis Mountains (fissures), Texas; 1,250km2/300m2 of Flood rhyolites, rhyolite domes, and Gomez Tuff

Cenozoic Era 66 - Present

Paleogene Period 66 - 23.03 42.97

Eocene Epoch 56 - 33.9 22.1

Priabonian Age 37.8 - 33.9 3.9

36.5 Three Gorges formation

36.5 - 23 13.5 Yangtze river 16th oldest. Empties E China Sea.

36 - 35 1 Palaeomastodon beadnelli, †Palaeomastodon, †Palaeomastodontidae, Proboscidea, Mammalia, , 1901 Fayou, Egypt

36 - 27 9 Arsiniotherium zitteli, †Arsiniotherium, †Arsiniotheriidae, †Embrithopoda, Mammalia, "Queen Arsinoe's beast", 1902 N Africa

36 - 0 Lowland streaked tenrex, Hemicentetes semispinosus, E Madagascar, Least concern

36 - 35 1 Echolocation and filter-feeding evolved during a second radiation

36 - 35 1 Palaeomastodon Proboscidea. Africa ancestors of elephants or mastodons. 2.2m/7'3" @ shoulder 2.5 long tonnes flat rather than pointed tusks scooped plants from swamps. ears on top of heads4 species.

36 Quitman Caldera 15x10km Quitman Mountains, Hudspeth County, Texas; 300km2/72mi2 Square Peak Volcanics

36 - 30 6 Arsinoitherium Paenungulate Mammals Embrithopoda. related to elephants, sirenians, hyraxes and the extinct desmostylians. rhinoceros-like herbivores N Africa tropical rainforest, mangrove swamps. 2004, A. giganteum, lived in Ethiopia about 27 million years ago. 1.75-3m/5'7"-9'8"

35.35 Davis Mountains, Texas; 210KM2/50M2 of tuffs of Wild Cherry, Lavas of Casket Mountain

35.3 Mount Princeton (eroded), Central Colorado volcanic field; Colorado; >1,000KM2/240M2 of Wall Mountain Tuff.

35 - 0 Baluchistan pygmy jerboa, Salpingotulus michaelis, Pakistan, Near threatened

35 Star-nosed mole, Condylura cristata, Condylura, Condylurina, Scalopinae, Talpidae, Eulipotyphla, Mammalia, 1758 E North America, Least concern

35 - 29 6 Hoplophoneus H. primaevus, Hoplophoneus, Hoplophoninae, Nimravidae, Feliformiam, Carnivora, Mammalia, "Armed murderer" N America

35 - 0 Long-tailed jaeger Stercorarius longicaudus Subantarctic and Arctic circles Least concern

35 - 0 Great skua Stercorarius skua N Atlantic ocean Least concern

35 - 0 Tufted puffin Fratercula cirrhata N Pacific ocean Least concern

35 - 0 Common murre Uria aalge N Pacific and Atlantic Least concern

35 Juniper Caldera 25 km, Animas Mountains, Hidalgo County, New Mexico; 500km2/120m2 of Oak Creek Tuff

35 - 0 Squirrels

35 - 30 5 Arcanotherium genus early proboscidean family Numidotheriidae N Africa

35 - 5 30 Merycoidodontoidea, "oreodonts""ruminating hogs", cud-chewing artiodactyls short faces, fang-like canine teeth. Suina "mountain teeth", sheep- cattle sized heavy-bodied, short four-toed hooves, long tails.

35 - 0 Monkey

35 - 0 hedgehog

35 - 0 Camelini tribe

35 - 0 35 Embolotherium Mongolia

35 - 5,000 34,500 Ground Sloth North and South America, Carribean

35 - 0 Long-eared hedgehog, Hemiechinus auritus, Asia, Least concern

35 - 33 2 Dermotherium major Skin beast Thailand

34.9 City of Rocks State Park. Created by volcano

34.31 Grizzly Peak Caldera 12km Central Colorado volcanic field; Colorado; 100km2/24m2 of Grizzly Peak Rhyolite

34 - 0 Common cuckoo Cuculus canorus 4 ss

35 - 0 Savannah tsetse fly Glossina morsitans Africa

34 - 0 Greater roadrunner Geococcyx californianus S North America

34 - 23 19 Paraceratherium Eurasia China to Balkans

34 - 0 Caninae, known as canines one of 3 subfamilies found within the canid family. other two extinct canid subfamilies: Borophaginae and Hesperocyoninae.

34 baleen whales (Mysticeti) >< toothed whales (Odontoceti)

34 - 0 Mased palm civet Paguma larvata, Paguma, Viverridae, Feliformia, Carnivora, Mammalia, 1827 SE Asia Least concern

34 Exellia velifer, N Africa & Europe

33.9 - 0 Common brushtail possum, Trichosurus vulpecula, Australia, Least concern

33.9 - 0 suborder Suina also known as Suiformes is a lineage of omnivorous, non-ruminant artiodactyl mammals that includes the pigs and peccaries of the families Suidae and Tayassuidae and their fossil kin.

33.9 - 0 Pacific spookfish Rhinochimaera pacifica Pacific Least concern

33.9 - 20.6 13.3 Protoceras celer First horns N America

33.9 - 0 peccary (also javelina or skunk pig) medium-sized pig-like hoofed mammal of the family Tayassuidae (New World pigs). Central and South America and in the southwestern area of North America. 90-130/3.0-4.3' 20-40kg 44-88lb. confused with the pig family from Afro-Eurasia, as some escaped and became "razorback" hogs

Aetiocetus cotylaveus casual whale N Pacific Late Oligocene 33.9 - 23.03 10.87

33.9 - 0 Japanese spider crab, Macrocheira kaempferi, Japanese sea, Least Concern

33.9 - 5.3 28.6 Hemicyoninae Dog Bear

33.9 - 28.4 5.5 Amphicynodon Bear Europe and Asia

33.81 Mount Aetna 10 km, Central Colorado volcanic field; Colorado; 100km2/24m2 of Badger Creek Tuff.

aedocyon ("fit for cutting dog") monospecific genus of bone crushing canid which inhabited western North America during the Oligocene 30.8 - 20.6 10.2 evolutionary position not clear. shortened upper premolars, enlarged caniniform upper third incisors, as well as reduced upper molars. Its simple, high premolars and the precision of its occlusion suggest a relation with Paraenhydrocyon. Known only from a single partial cranium, the dentition suggests hypercarnivore or mesocarnivore

33.7 Marshall Creek, Thirtynine Mile volcanic area, Central Colorado volcanic field; Colorado; Ma; more than 100 cubic kilometres (24 cu mi) of Thorn Ranch Tuff

33.3 - 26.3 7 Cynodesmus genus of omnivorous canine N America one of the first canids to truly look dog-like. 1m/3.3' size of coyote, but had a shorter skull, heavier tail, and longer rump. not a very good runner compared to most other canids; five toes on each foot, bearing partially retractable claws.

33.3 - 16 17.3 Ectopocynus ("strange dog") genus of bone crushing canid N America

33 - 0 Proboscis monkey, Nasalis larvatus, 2 ss, Borneo, Endangered

33 - 0 De Brazza's monkey, Cercopithecus neglectus, C Africa, Least concern

33 - 0 Northern plains gray langur, Semnopithecus entellus, NE India, Least concern

33 - 0 Common spotted cuscus, Spilocuscus maculatus, Cape Yorg region, Australia, New Guinea, Least concern

33 - 15 15 Squalodon grateloupii Shark tooth Oceans worldwide

33 - 0 Javan mongoose Herpestes javanis S Asia Least concern

33 - 0 Banded mongoose Mungos mungo Africa Least concern

33 - 26 7 Cynodesmus thooides Dog chain N America

33 - 0 Striped polecat Ictonyx striatus Africa Least concern

33 - 0 Striped skunk Mephitis mephiti N America Least concern

33 - 0 Common egg eater Dasypeltis scrabra Subsahara Least concern

33 - 0 Tiger keelback Rhabdophis tigrinus E Asia Least concern

33 - 0 European honey bee Apis mellifera worldwide

33 - 0 Largescale four-eyed fish, Anableps anableps, N South America, Near threatened

33 Socorro Caldera 25x35km, Rio Grande rift, Socorro, New Mexico; 500km2/120m2 Hells Mesa Rhyolite

33 First Antarctic permanent ice-sheets

33 Emory Caldera 25x55km, Mogollon-Datil volcanic field, City of Rocks State Park; VEI 8; 1,310km2/314m2 Kneeling Nun Tuff

33 Omantherium "Oman beast" genus of barytheriid proboscidean Oman. family Barytheriidae, 1st large size proboscideans strong sexual dimorphism.[

33 Cowboy Rim 26x18km, Animas Mountains, Hidalgo County, New Mexico; 500km2/120m2 of Gillespie Tuff

33 - 0 Japanese badger Meles anakuma Japan Least concern

33 Deer

34 - 0 Vulpini fox-like tribe of the subfamily Caninae, sister to dog-like tribe Canini.

33 Antelope Africa

33 - 10 23 Yalkaparidontia is an order of extinct Australian marsupials

33 - 3 30 Obdurodon insignis Genus †Obdurodon Ornithorhynchidae Family Platypus Tirari Desert C Australia

32.5 Bonanza crater 12km, C Colorado volcanic field; Colorado; 100km2/24m2 of Bonanza Tuff

32.5 Chinati Caldera 30x20km, Chinati Mountains, Texas; 1,000km2/240m2 of Mitchel Mesa Rhyolite

32.25 North Pass Caldera, Cochetopa Hills, Central Colorado volcanic field; 400-500km2/96-120m2 of Saguache Creek Tuff

32 Organ Caldera 16km, Organ Mountains, New Mexico; 500km2/120m2 of Cueva Soledad Rhyolite

32 - 22 10 Marysvale volcanic field SW Utah, United States.

31.4 William's Ridge, C Nevada 3,500KM2/840M2 of Windous Butte Tuff

30.5 Goodsight-Cedar Hills volcano-tectonic depression (Bell Top Formation), SC New Mexico; 295KM2/71M2 of tephra (Bell Top Formation)

35? - 33? 2? Barytheriidae "heavy beast" family of primitive proboscideans (elephants) N Africa & Oman. 1st large size proboscideans strong sexual dimorphism

33.9 Eocene–Oligocene extinction event, cooling from extended volcanos. Most affected: marine or aquatic. last of ancient cetaceans, the Archaeoceti.

Oligocene Epoch
33.9 - 23.3 10.6

Rupelian Age
33.9 - 27.82 6.08

33.9 - 15.97 18.93 Osbornodon "Osborn's tooth" genus of canid N America last surviving genus of the hesperocyonine subfamily, the oldest subfamily of canids.