30 M Section: 6 - 9 M Page

9 - 8.4

8.4 - 7.8

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7.8 - 7.2

7.2 - 6.6

6.6 - 6

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270,000 - 252,000 18,000

252,000 - 234,000 18,000

234,000 - 216,000 18,000

216,000 - 198,000 18,000

198,000 - 180,000 18,000

Lyons Colorado to 15 million years

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African Wet Periods

Ouranopithecus 8.7 - 7.4 1.3

Tortonian Age 11.63 - 7.246 4.384

Sahelanthropus 7 - 6.2 .8

Messinian Age 7.246 - 5.333 1.913

Miocene Epoch 23.03 - 5.333 17.697

Neogene Period 23.03 - 2.58 20.53

Hominids 7.2 - Present

Gigantopithecus 9 - 100,000 7,900,000

9 - 8.4

8.4 - 7.8

500

Fut

7.8 - 7.2

7.2 - 6.6

6.6 - 6

Neogene Period 23.03 - 2.588 20,442

Miocene Epoch 23.03 - 5.333 17.697

Tortonian Age 11.63 - 7.246 4.384

9 - 5 4 Stupendemys georgraphicus, Stupendemys, Podocnemididae, Pleurodira, Testudines, Reptilia, 2Sp Amazon basin

9 - 6.8 2.2 Phoberomys pattersoni, Phoberomys, Neopiblemidae, Rodentia, Mammalia, S America

9 - 2.6 6.4 Eumegamys paranensis, Urumaco formation Venezuela, Ituzaingo formation, Argentina

9 - 100,000 Gigantophithecus blacki, †Gigantopithecus, Sivapithecini, Hominidae, Simiiformes, Haplorhini, Primates, Mammalia, S India

9 - 3 6 Thylacosmilus atrox "Pouch sabre" Thylacosmilus, Thylacosmilidae, Sparassodonta, Mammalia, S America

9 - 0 Platypus, Ornithorhynchus anatinus, Ornithorhynchus, Ornithorhynchidae, Monotremata, Mammalia, E Australia Near threatened

9 - 7 2 Stegodon ganesha, †Stegodon, †Stegodontidae, Proboscidea, Mammalia, "Roofed tooth" 13Sp India

9 Amebelodon fricki "Shovel tooth" †Amebelodon, †Amebelodontidae, Proboscidea, Mammalia, 2Sp N America

9 - 6.8 2.2 Megapiranha paranensis, †Megapiranha, Serrasalmidae, Characiformes, Actinopterygii, Giant piranha Argentina

1 - 0 Giant anteater Myrmecophagia tridactyla, Myrmecophaga, Myrmecophagidae, Pilosa, Mammalia, Chordat C&S America Vulnerable 1758

9 - 0 Nine-banded armadillo, Dasypus novemcinctus, Dasypus, Dasypodidae, Cingulata, Mammalia, 1758 Least concern

9 - 0 Eurasian lynx Lynx lynx, Lynx, Felinae, Felidae, Feliformia, Carnivoa, Mammalia,, 1758 Eurasia Least concern

9 - 0 Northern tamandua Tamandua mexicana, Tamandua, Myrmecophagidae, Pilosa, Mammalia, 1860 Tropical & Subtropical forests S Mexico, through C America, N Andes

9 - 6.8 2.2 Argentavis magnificens, †Argentavis, †Teratornithidae, Accipitriformes. Aves, 1980 S America

9 - 0 Hexaprotodon, Hippopotamidae

pygmy hippopotamus Choeropsis liberiensis or Hexaprotodon liberiensis hippopotamid W Africa, Liberia, small pops Sierra Leone, Guinea, Ivory Coast.

5.33 - 11,700 Hexaprotodon sivalensis hippopotamus Hexaprotodon pygmy hippopotamuses. India

9 - 5 4 Amebelodon proboscidean Amebelodontidae "shovel-tuskers", 2 species N America.

9 - 0 Cyclopedidae anteaters includes the silky anteater and its extinct relative, Palaeomyrmidon.[

9 - 7 2 Palaeomyrmidon incomtus, Palaeomyrmidon, Cyclopedidae, Pilosa, Mammalia, anteater. closest living relative is silky anteater lived on the ground. 1 skull Andalhualá Formation Argentina

9 - 5 4 Death Valley Lake.

9 - 3 6 Thylacosmilus South America

9 - 0 9 Dasypus Dasypodidae Armadillo

9 - 3 6 Macroeuphractus, Euphractinae, Chlamyphoridae, Cingulata, Mammalia, Armadillo S America 100/220

9 448 Great Years ago

9 - 0 Duck-billed platypus E Australia & Tasmania

8.9 - 0 Nilgai Boselaphus tragacemlus, Boselaphus, Bovinae, Bovidae, Artiodaxtyla, Mammalia, India Least Concern

8.75 Lost River Sinks volcano tuff

8.7 Peña de Bernal Bernal's Boulder 433 m (1,421 ft) tall monolith, one of the tallest in the world. San Sebastián Bernal Querétaro, Mexico

8.5 - 0 Caracal Caracal caracal, Caracal, Felinae, Felidae, Feliformia, Carnivora, Mammalia, Africa & Asia minor Least Concern

8.5 - 0 Serval Leptailurus serval, Leptailurus, Felinae, Felidae, Feliformia, Carnivora ,Mammalia, Africa Least concern

Neogene Period 23.03 - 2.588 20,442

Miocene Epoch 23.03 - 5.333 17.697

Tortonian Age 11.63 - 7.246 4.384

8.3 Pastos Grandes Caldera (size: 40 x 50 km), Altiplano-Puna Volcanic Complex, Bolivia; 652 cubic kilometers (156 cu mi) of Sifon Ignimbrite.

8.25 - 0 Canada lynx Lynx canadensis N America Least concern

8 - 0 Lar gibbon, Hylobates lar, Hylobates, Hylobatidae, Simiiformes, Haplorhini, Primates, Mammalia, 5SS, SE Asia, Endangered

8 - 0 American alligator Alligator mississipian USA Least concern

8 - 0 Mountain goat Oreanos America W Canada Least concern

8 Bobcat Lynx rufus, Lynx, Felinae, Felidae, Feliformia, Carnivora, Mammalia, LC

8 Bactrian camel >< dromedary

8 - 2 6 Ailurarctos lufengensis †Ailurarctos, Ailuraropidini, Ursidae, Carnivora, Mammalia, ancestor to Panda

8 - 2 6 Lake Idaho covered much of central eastern Oregon.

8 - 0 Bactrian camel Camelus bactrianus Central AsiaLeast Concern

8 Ailurarctos lufengensis Cat bear Lufeng China

Neogene Period 23.03 - 2.588 20,442

Miocene Epoch 23.03 - 5.333 17.697

Tortonian Age 11.63 - 7.246 4.384

7.6 - 0 African bush elephant, Loxodonta africana, Africa, Vulnerable

7.6 - 0 African forest elephant, Locodonta cyclotis, C Africa, Vulnerable

7.6 African >< Asian elephant

7.5 - 1.8 5.7 Archaeopotamus genus of Hippopotamidae Africa & Middle East.

7.5 - 6.5 1 Paracamelus crosses in to Eurasia

7.5 - 3.3 4.2 Sparassodonta South America

7.48 tuff of America Falls Volcano

7.3 - 990,000 Cyonasua

Messinian Age 7.246 - 5.333 1.913

7.2 El Graeco Hominid Graecopithecus freybergi 2017 (1944) Greece, Bulgaria Pyrgos Vassilissis, Azmaka Böhme (Tübingen), Spassov (BAS) Met, Athens; Tübingen, Germany

7 TM 266 Hominid (Toumai) Sahelanthropus tchadensis 2001 Chad Toros-Menalla, Djurab Desert Michel Brunet, Alain Beauvilain, Fanone Gongdibe, Mahamat Adoum & Ahounta Djimdoumalbaye N'Djamena (Chad), BEAC

Neogene Period 23.03 - 2.588 20,442

Miocene Epoch 23.03 - 5.333 17.697

Messinian Age 7.246 - 5.333 1.913

7.2 - 5.3 1.9 Odobenocertops peruvianus SE Pacific ocean

7.2 - 5.3 1.9 Aivukus cedrosensis Inuit word for E Canada and Greenland

7 - 0 North American beaver, Castor canadensis, N America, Least concern

7 - 6.2 .8 Sahel human, Sahelanthropus tchadensis, S Tchad

7 - 0 Western gorilla, Gorilla gorilla, 2 ss, C Africa, Critically endangered

7 - 0 Kampango, Bagrus meridionalis, Vulnerable

7 - 0 Whooper swan Cygnus cygnus Eurasia

7 - 3 4 Thalassocnus natans, Ocean sloth, Western S America coast

7 Black Mountain Caldera 18km 300km3/72mi3 of Thirsty Canyon Tuff

7 - 6 1 Kasha-Katuwe Tent Rocks National Monument 40mi/64km SW of Santa Fe, New Mexico,

7 Lokotunjailurus Homotherini, Machairodontinae, Felidae, Feliformia, Carnivora, Mammalia, saber-toothed cats Kenya & Chad tall as a lioness; 90cm/3', but was much lighter in build due to its longer legs and more gracile body. dewclaws large for body grappling prey.

7 North American prairie expands

7 - 0 Brown-throated sloth, Bradypus variegatus, C&S America Least concern

7 - 0 Kidako moray, Gymnothorax kidako, Indo-Pacific ocean, vulnerable

7 Native S American predators begin to be wiped out by Immigrant predators from N America.

7 - 1.5 5.5 Anancus, Anancidae, Proboscidean, Mammalia, 13Sp Africa, Europe, Asia

7 - 5 2 Weasels shrink in size E Europe forests become grasslands

7 - 0 Silky anteater Cyclopes didactylus, Cyclopes, Cyclopedidae, Pilosa, Mammalia, Only Cyclopedidae. S Mexico, C & S America

7 - .8 0 Sivatherium 0 Sahara [5] and Central West India, Himilayan Foothills

16 - 3 13 Megatylopus gigas, †Megatylopus, Camelidae, Artiodactyla, Mammalia, , 4Sp N America

6.7 - 0 Falkland Islands wolf >< maned wolf

6.62±.03 Blacktail Caldera Yellowstone hotspot, Heise volcanic field, Idaho; 100x60km, Idaho; 1,500km3/360mi3 of Blacktail Tuff

Neogene Period 23.03 - 2.588 20,442

Miocene Epoch 23.03 - 5.333 17.697

Messinian Age 7.246 - 5.333 1.913

6.6 - 6.4 .2 Heise volcanic field of eastern Idaho

6.57 tuff of Edie School[

4 European rabbit, Oryctolagus cupi, W Europe, 6.5 - Present Near threatened

6.4 Lord Howe Island, Australia; Mount Lidgbird and Mount Gower are both made of basalt rock, remnants of lava flows that once filled a large volcanic caldera

6.27±.04 (Walcott Tuff) Heise volcanic field, Idaho:

6 BAR 1000'00 Hominid Orrorin tugenensis 2000 Lukeino Kenya Martin Pickford, Kiptalam Cheboi, Dominique Gommery, Pierre Mein, Brigitte Senut,

6.1 - 5.7 .4 Orrorin Hominin

6.1 Cerro Panizos Volcanic Complex 18km, Altiplano-Puna , Bolivia; 652km3/156mi3 of Panizos Ignimbrite.

Pole Shifts

8.7 - 8.3 400,000 South

8.2 - 8.1 100,000 South

7.7 - 7.6 100,000 South

7.5 - 7.4 100,000 South

7.3 - 7.2 100,000 South

7.1 - 7 100,000 South

6.9 - 6.6 300,000 South

6.3 - 6.2 100,000 South

Lives/Generations 15 - 1 15