- Pasargadae, Iran, Ecbatana, Iran, Persepolis, Iran, Susa, Iran, Babylon, Iraq. Largest Empire in Classical Antiquity, Founded by Cyrus Great.

521 - 486 35 Darius 1 of Persia Greatbrother-in-law of Smerdis & grandson of Arsames X41

499 Aristagoras, investigates Ionic Revolt, leads a failed attack on rebellious island of Naxos, beginning Persian Wars between Greece & Persia.

494 Battle of Lade , where Persians take back Ionia.

492 First expedition of King Darius 1 of Persia against Greece, under leadership of his son-in-law Mardonius.

490 Persia, led by Xerxes, invades Greece, Battle of Marathon

485 - 65 20 Xerxes 1 of Persiason of Darius 1 Murdered by Artabanus Hyrcanian.

484 mi Abolish Kingdom of Babel & removes golden statue of Bel (Marduk, Merodach)

483 Xerxes 1 starts planning expedition against Greece.

480 King Xerxes I of Persia sets out to conquer Greece.

480 Persians suffer defeat by Greeks at Plataea

479 Battle of Mycale Persian expansion halted

479 Egypt overthrows Persian rule

465 - 24 41 Artaxerxes 1 Longimanus ^ story of Esther occurred during his rule. possibly with Artabanus acting as Regent

- 464   Artabanus of Persia, Regent King for Artaxerxes I

424 mi Xerxes 2 ^

424 - 3 1 mi Sogdianus half< & rival

423 - 05 18 Darius 2 of Persia Nothus half< & rival Xerxes 2

412 Persian Empire starts preparing an invasion of Ionia & signs a treaty with Sparta about it.

408 Persian king, Darius II, decides to aid Sparta in war & makes his son Cyrus a satrap. However, Cyrus starts collecting an army to benefit his own interests, rather than his father's.

405 Cyrus Younger rebels in Persia, but is defeated by Artaxerxes II at Cunoxa

404 - 359 45 Artaxerxes 2 Mnemon of Persia Mnemon(see also Xenophon) ^ Darius 2 X77

401 mi Cyrus Younger rebels against Persian king Artaxerxes II but is, however, eventually slain in battle.

400 After Cyrus has been killed, his Greek mercenaries make their way back to Greece, where Sparta is so impressed with their feats in & march through Persia that they declare war on Persians.

400 revolt of Jews against Artaxerxes 3 in Persia

404 - 359 45 Artaxerxes 2 of Persia Mnemon(see also Xenophon) ^ Darius 2 X77

358 - 38 20 Artaxerxes 3 of Persia Ochusson of Artaxerxes 2

338 - 6 32 mi Arses of Persia (Artaxerxes 4) ^ Artaxerxes 3

336 - 30 6 Darius 3 of Persia Codomannusgreat-grandson of Darius 2

332 Persian capital of Persepolis burned by Alexander Great

330 Battle of Persian Gate

- Asaak, Iran, Hecatompylos, Iran, Ecbatana, Iran, Ctesiphon, Iraq, Susa, Iran, Mithridatkird-Nisa, Turkmenistan. (Middle Persian Empire, Arsacid Dynasty) Syncretic Helleno-Zoroastrianism. Middle Iranian Languages. Third Persian Empire
Traditional Parthia
Traditional Persia

247 - 11 36 Tiridates 1 or Arsaces Arsaces 1 King, Karen, AutocratorA descendant of Arsaces ^ Phriapatius who was probably ^ Artaxerxes 2

-

211 - 185 26 Arsaces 2 ^Arsaces 1

185 - 70 15 mi Phriapatius Arsaces 3 Grandson of Tiridates 1

170 - 67 3 mi Phraates 1 Arsaces 4 ^ Phriapatius

167 - 32 35 mi Mithridates 1 Arsaces 5

132 - 27 5 Phraates 2 Arsaces 6 Killed in battle with Scythians

127 - 6 1 Artabanus 1 Arsaces 7 Killed in battle with Tocharians

126 - 2 4 Vologases 1 Arsaces 8 He was first Arsacid king of Media, Arran & Iberia

122 - 1 1 Artabanus 2 Arsaces 9 Killed in battle with Medians

121 - 91 30 Mithridates 2 Arsaces 10

100 mi Scythians overran Parthia.

91 - 87 4 Gotarzes 1 Arsaces 11

91 - 77 14 Artabanus 3 Arsaces 12

88 - 67 21 Mithridates 3 Arsaces 13

80 - 75 5 Orodes 1 Arsaces 14

77 - 70 7 Sanatruces 1 Arsaces 15 157 BC - 70

77 - 66 11 Arsaces 16

70 - 57 13 Phraates 3 Arsaces 17 Killed by Orodes 2

66 - 3 3 Arsaces 18

65 - 54 11 Mithridates 3 or 4 Arsaces 19 Killed by Orodes 2

57 - 38 19 Orodes 2 Arsaces 20 Killed by Phraates 4

50 - 38 12 Pacorus 1 Arsaces 21 ^ Orodes 2 Killed in battle with Romans

38 - 2 6 Phraates 4 Arsaces 22 ^ Orodes 2 Killed by Musa

36 - 3 3 Marc Anthony's invasion on Parthian Empire

30 - 25 5 Tiridates 2 Arsaces 23 Probably a descendant of Mithridates 3 Deposed & went to Rome

12 - 9 3 Mithridates 5 Arsaces 24 Probably a descendant of Mithridates 3

2 BC - 2 AD 4 Musa

- Rori, capital of Sindh, built by Dhaj, Ror Kumar.

406 - 384 22 mi Rurak

384 - 62 22 Harak

362 - 40 22 Devanik

340 - 18 22 Ahinak

318 - 296 22 Paripat

Ror 450 BC - 489 AD 939

- Rori, capital of Sindh, built by Dhaj, Ror Kumar.

296 - 274 22 Bal Shah

274 - 52 22 Vijay Bhan

252 - 30 22 Khangar

230 - 08 22 Brihadrath

Ror 450 BC - 489 AD 939

- Rori, capital of Sindh, built by Dhaj, Ror Kumar.

208 - 184 22 Har Ansh

184 - 62 22 Brihad-datt

162 - 40 22 Ishman

140 - 18 22 Sridhar

118 - 96 22 Mohri

12 BC - 15 AD 27 mi Vijayamitra

15 - 45 30 Aspavarma

20 Itravasu

Indo-Scythians 150 BC - 400 AD 550

@ NW India Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa and Eastern Pakistan
85 -

90 - 60 30 Maues

75 - 65 10 Vonones

75 - 65 10 Spalahores<

65 - 57 8 Spalirises <

50 - 55 5 Spalagadames ^<

55 - 60 5 Azilises

60 - 20 40 Azes 1

10 Zeionises

10 Kharahostes

10 mi Indravarman

10 mi Hajatria

35 - 12 23 Azes 2
?   Patika Kusulaka

- Pataliputra Founded by Chandragupta Maurya. Ashoka Great transformed it into first Buddhist empire.
322 - 298 24 ?

297 - 72 25 mi Bindusara 273 - 32 41 Ashoka Great considered greatest ancient Indian emperor, first emperor to unify India (after conquering most of South Asia & Afghanistan), adopt Buddhism, grant animal rights & promote non-violence, a secular administrator,often called emperor of all ages. - Asoka 2001 232 - 24 8 mi Dasaratha 224 - 15 9 mi Samprati 215 - 02 13 mi Salisuka 202 - 195 7 Devavarman 195 - 87 8 Satadhanvan 187 - 5 2 Brihadratha 324 - 301 23 Chandragupta Maurya (Sandrakottos), founded Mauryan Empire after defeating both Nanda Empire & Macedonian Seleucid Empire 265 - 3 2 ny Kalinga War between Mauryan Empire & Kalinga 250 Council of Buddhist monks in Patna to select scripture 200s Indian traders regularly visited Arabia. 232 - 24 8 Dasaratha 224 - 15 9 Samprati 215 - 02 13 Salisuka 202 - 195 7 Devavarman