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1501 - 6 5 Aleksander   ^ Casimir 4 & Elisabeth of Austria also Grand Duke of Lithuania 1492 - 1506 14 |
| 1506 mi Poland is invaded by Tatars from Crimean Khanate |
1506 - 48 42 Zygmunt 1 Old
1467 - 1548 83 ^ Casimir IV & Elisabeth of Austria also Grand Duke of Lithuania
forced Prussian Homage in 1525
annexed Duchy of Masovia in 1526
entered alliance with Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor established a conscription army & bureaucracy needed to finance it |
1512  Commentariolus Copernicus sun center of solar system |
1519 - 21 2  Polish Teutonic War 1519 - 21 2 Kingdom of Poland Teutonic Knights |
1473 - 1543 70  Nicolaus Copernicus Polish astronomer, developed heliocentric (Suncentered) theory using scientific methods. |
1563 - 70 7 mi Norrn Seven Years War DenmarkNorway
Lübeck
Poland–Lithuania Sweden
1569  Union of Lublin Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth created lasts until 1795 |
| 1505 - 69 64 nt Mikołaj Rej writer |
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 Warsaw, Poland & Vilnius, Lithuania.
| 1606 mi Baranów Sandomierski Castle |
1610  Battle of Klushino Polish Lithuanian Commonwealth army defeats combined Russian Swedish forces at & conquers Moscow. |
| 1613 - 7 4 mi Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth is invaded by Tatars dozens of times. |
| 1617 - 81 mi Polish Swedish War Sweden Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth |
1620 - 1 1 mi Polish–Ottoman War PolishLithuanian Commonwealth Ottoman Empire
| 1620 mi Bethlen Gabor allies with Ottomans & an invasion of Moldavia takes place. Polish suffer a disaster at Cecora on River Prut. |
1621  Battle of Chocim Poles & Cossacks under Jan Karol Chodkiewicz defeat Ottomans. |
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1621 - 54  Polish–Swedish War Sweden Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth |
1600s - 1904 304 mi St. John Baptist Cadral Przemyśl
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| 1633 - 4 1 mi Polish–Ottoman War Ukraine. PolishLithuanian Commonwealth Ottoman Empire |
| 1635 mi Nowy Wiśnicz Castle |
1648 - 67 19 mi Deluge wars leave PolishLithuanian Commonwealth in ruins.
| 1600s mi Warsaw Ostrogski Palace Chopin Museum |
1648 - 57 9  Khmelnytsky Uprising Ukraine, Belorus, Moldava. Zaporozhian Cossacks,
Crimean Tatars 1649 - 54, 1656 1657 vs PolishLithuanian Commonwealth,
Crimean Tatars 1654 - 6 2
Ogniem i mieczem (With Fire & Sword) 1961
1655 mi Battle of Nowy Dwor Mazoweiki   |
| 1655 mi Ogrodzieniec Castle |
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| 1660 - 1940s 280s mi Field Cadral of Polish Army |
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| 1666 - 715 Polish Cossack Tatar War |
| 1672 - 6 4 mi Polish–Ottoman War Ukraine. Ottoman Empire,
Crimean Khanate,
Rightbank, Ukraine vs PolishLithuanian Commonwealth,
Principality of Wallachia |
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| 1813 mi Battle of Katzbatch |
| 1831 mi Battle of Stockzek |
| 1848 nt Greater Poland Uprising |
| 1863 nt Battle of Malogoszcz |
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| 1900 mi Krosno Odrzańskie Castle |
| 1914 mi Battle of Vistula River Poland |
1915  Battle of Bolimow Poland  |
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1927 - 55 28 Christ King Cadral Katowice |
| 1939 Invasion of Poland. Poland Germany 60Div 6Bri 1.5M 16.3X 3.5M 30.3W 9G 2.8T 2.3, Slovakia 3Div 51.3 #37X #11M #114W, USSR 33+Div 11+Bri 466.5 5.3 1.5XM 2.4W, 5G, 4.7T, 3.3 2+M 59 VS Poland 39Div 16Bri 950 904 66X 133.7W 694C 4.3G 880T 400 * Decisive German & Soviet victory. Beginning of World War II. Polish territory divided between Germany, Soviet Union, Lithuania & Slovakia |
| 1939 Battle of Bzura. Poland Germany 12Div 5A&MDiv 425 8X 4C 50T 100C 20A VS Poland 8Div 24CBri 225 1820X 32W 170C |
| 1939 Battle of Kock. Poland Germany MCor 30 3500 185C VS Poland 18 250300 17C |
Soviot Invasion
| 1939 Battle of Grodno. Poland USSR ACor #57X #159W 23AFV VS Poland 24 644X 1.5C 2G |
| 1939 Battle of Tomaszów Lubelski. Poland Germany VS Poland |
| 1939 Battle of Szack. Ukraine Poland 4 350X 900+W A Tr VS USSR RiDiv 81X 184W 7T 2Tra 3ATG |
| 1939 Battle of Krojanty. Germany Germany Reg 800 11X 9W ARV 30G VS Poland 4Sq 1Pla 250 1925X 450W |
| 1939 Battle of Hel. Poland Germany 4653 1DD 1BLD VS Poland 3 46G |
| 1939 Battle of Westerplatte. Poland Germany 3.4 #2300XW VS Poland #209 1520X 53W +C |
| 1939 Battle of Wizna. Poland Germany 42.2 1X 350T 657M&G&H 10AV ? VS Poland #720 650X 40C 6A 42MG 6Ri |
| 1940 Operation Weserübung. Denmark, Norway Germany 9Div 1MoRiBrig120 1.1AC #341X1ABat 1HCr 1LCr 10D #448M #341W 5.6XM VS Norway 6Div 60 1.3X ?M, Denmark 2Div 14.5 #16X, UK, France, Poland in Exile 109.5 6.1X |
| 1940 Norwegian Campaign. Norway Germany 7Div 100 1.3X Land 2.4X Sea 5.3 1.6W VS Norway 6 Div 55 1.7 #860X, UK 1.9XWM Land 2.5X Sea, France, Polish Army 93 #400CivX |
| 1940 Battle of France. Axis Germany 141Div 3.35M 157.6Cas 7.4G 2.4T #795 5.6 1.3 400D, Italy 300 6 163.7 VS Allies France 150, UK, Belgium, Nerlands, Canada, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Luxembourg 144Div 3.3M 2.26M 14G 4T 2.9 |
| 1940 - 2 2 Siege of Malta. Malta UK, Malta, Australia, Canada, New Zealand, South Africa, Sourn Rhodesia Supply: Free French, Greece, Poland, Norway, USA 30BuD 40Su 2AC 4C 19D 716F 369 64Gr 2.3ACXW 1.3CiX VS Italy 175 72%T 16Su, Germany 357 50U 23%M 2 2.3M 17.2X 2.3M |
| 1941 Siege of Tobruk. Libya Australia, Czechoslovakia, Poland, UK, India 27 3.8 VS Germany, Italy 35 74150 |
| 1941 Battle of BiałystokMinsk. Poland, Belarus Germany 750 276 ?VS USSR 675 341XC 76.7W 417.8Cas 4.8T 9.4G 1.7 |
| 1941 Battle of Rostov. Russia USSR SouthFro 33 VS Germany, Poland 1PTArm 20 |
| 1941 Operation Crusader. Egypt, Libya UK, South Africa, New Zealand, India, Poland, Czechloslovakia 118 17.7 738T 800 724 616Ser 300 VS Germany, Italy 119 38.3 390414T 340 536 342Ser 332 |
| 1942 Battle of Rostov. Russia USSR VS Germany, Poland |
| 1942 Battle of El Agheila. Libya UK, Poland, New Zealand VS Germany, Italy * Axis retreats to Tunisia |
| 1942 3 1 Tunisia Campaign. Tunisia UK, India, USA, France, New Zealand, Poland, Greece 76 849 VS Germany, Italy 300 1 600+C |
| 1943 Battle of Rostov. Russia USSR VS Germany, Poland |
| 1943 Battle of Lenino. Belarus Germany 1.5VS USSR, Poland 3 |
| 1943 - 4 1 Battle of Berlin. Germany USSR, Poland 156200 196Div 2.5M (1.5 in Berlin) 81.1XM 280.2W 2.3T&G 2 41.6A 2.1, 7.5 917 VS Germany 50Div 767 (+45So 22 40Ci 22 in Berlin) 92100X 220W 480C, 1.5AFV 9.3A 2.2 |
| 1944 Battle of Ancona. Italy Poland 50 #496X 1.8W #139M VS Germany #800X 3C |
| 1944 Operation Totalize. France Canada, UK, Poland 85 1.3 3IDiv 2ArDiv 2Arbri 720A 2 146+T VS Germany 3IDiv 1PTDiv 1HTBat 74T 45 3 |
| 1944 Operation Tractable. France Canada, Poland 1.4, UK 2IDiv 2ArDiv 1ArBri 1TBri VS Germany 2IDiv 1PTDiv |
| 1944 Battle of Hill 262. France Poland 1.5 #351 80T 11 VS Germany Remains of 20I&PTDiv 1.5 |
| 1944 Falaise pocket. France USA, UK, Canada, Poland, Free French 17Div + VS Germany 1415Div 100 60 |
| 1944 Allied advance from Paris to Rhine. France, Nerlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, Germany USA 240 50.4X 172.5W 24.4CM, UK, Poland, Canada, France, + 5.4M VS Germany 1.5M |
| 1944 Clearing Channel Coast. France, Belgium Canada, UK, Poland, France, Czechoslovakia, Belgium, Nerlands Vs Germany |
| 1944 Operation Market Garden. Nerlands, Germany UK, USA, Poland, Dutch Resistance 42.6PT 2IDiv 15.317.2 1ADiv 1ABri 88 144T VS Germany, German Nerlands 6.313.3 30T&SPG 159 |
| 1944 Battle of Arnhem. Netherlands Germany, German Nerlands 1Div 1For 1.3X 2WVS UK, Poland 1AiDiv 1PTBri 2X 6.8C |
| 1944 Battle of Scheldt. Belgium, Nerlands Canada 6.4, UK, Belgium, Nerlands, Norway, Poland 60 12.9 VS Germany 90 1012 41C |
| 1944 Operation Bagration. Belarus, Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia, Poland USSR 2.33M, Poland 79.9 4.1MT 770.9 180XM 590.8WS 2.7T 1.4AG 3T&AG 24.4G 2.4 5.3 822 VS Germany, Hungary 486.5FL 400Su 886.5 381X 158.5C 118T 377AG 2.6G 602 |
| 1944 Belostock Offensive. Poland USSR VS Germany 30X 1C |
| 1944 Battle of Dukla Pass. SlovakiaPoland Border Germany, Hungary 100 70 2A 350T VS USSR 120150 80123 20.5X, Czechoslovakia 16.7 6.51.5A 1.7M 1T 136.7166.7 86.5129.5 |
| 1944 Vilnius Offensive. Lithuania USSR VS Germany 8X 5C VS Polish Home Arm |
| 1944 Vitebsk–Orsha Offensive. Belarus USSR VS Germany |
| 1944 Warsaw Uprising. Poland Germany, + 1325 79X 7M 9W 2C 310T&AV 340Tr&C 22A 1 VS Polish Res 41.7 10X 5.26M 5W 15C, UK AF, USSR AF, South Africa AF, USA AF 2049 150200CiX 700CiDis |
| 1945 Vistula–Oder Offensive. Germany, Poland USSR, Poland 2.2M 43.4XM 150.7WS VS Germany 450 ?X ?W 150C |
| 1945 Lower Silesian Offensive. Poland USSR VS Germany |
| 1944 Lublin–Brest Offensive. East Poland/West Belarus USSR, Poland VS Germany, Romania |
| 1944 Lvov–Sandomierz Offensive. West Ukraine/East Poland USSR 1M 289.3 65XMC 224.3W 2AFV 11.3G 1.3T&G 289VS Germany, Hungary 900 136.9 55XMC900AFV 6.3G 1.9T 687 |
| 1944 Lvov–Sandomierz Offensive. West Ukraine/East Poland USSR 1M 289.3 65XMC 224.3W 2AFV 11.3G 1.3T&G 289VS Germany, Hungary 900 136.9 55XMC900AFV 6.3G 1.9T 687 |
| 1944 Osovets Offensive. Poland USSR VS Germany |
| 1944 Battle of Radzymin. Poland Germany VS USSR |
| 1944 Battle of Studzianki. Poland USSR 1Arm, Poland 1ArmBri 89 27T VS Germany 3Div 40T 26G&M 9APC |
| 1945 Battle of Seelow Heights. Germany USSR, Poland 1M 3T 16.9G&M 20 56X VS Germany 112.1 12X 587T 2.6G |
| 1945 East Pomeranian Offensive. Germany USSR, Poland 996.1 55.3XM 179W VS Germany |
1945 Spring Offensive in Italy. UK 633, USA 267, Poland, India, Brazil, New Zealand, South Africa, Italy, + 900 16.3 VS Germany, Italy 394 302
Decisive Allied victory German surrender in Italy Execution of Benito Mussolini Italian Social Republic disestablished |
| 1945 Battle of Bautzen. Germany Germany 5090 6.5X 300T 620A VS USSR 20 ?, Poland 90 4.9X 2.8M 10.5W 500T 250 110 |
| 1945 Battle of Kolberg. Germany USSR, Poland 28+ 1.2XMVS Germany 10 ?X 8C |
| 1945 Battle of Poznań. Poland USSR 100 10X, Poland 5 #700X 105 10.7X VS Germany 82.9 6X, Hungary 1.1 #100X 84 23C |
| 1945 Silesian Offensives. Poland, Germany USSR VS Germany 40X 14C |
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| 1945 Operation Bodenplatte. Belgium, Nerlands, France Canada, New Zealand, Poland, UK 2nd AF, USA 8th&9thAF VS Germany Cor 2Div |
| 1945 Western Allied invasion of Germany. Germany USA 6th,12thArmG 3M, UK 21stArmG, France 1stArm, Canada, Poland VS Germany ArmG:B,G,H 1M |
| 1939 - 45 6 mi Battle of Atlantic Atlantic Ocean, North Sea, Irish Sea, Labrador Sea, Gulf of St. Lawrence, Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Mexico, Outer Banks, Arctic Ocean UK, Canada, USA (415 4), Newfoundland, Norway, Poland, Free French (405 5), Belgium, Brazil (425 3), Nerlands, France (3940) 36.2SaX 32MSX 3.5M 175W 3.7 VS Germany, Italy (403 3) 30SaX 783Sub |
| 1939 Battle of River Plate Atlantic Ocean, North Sea, Irish Sea, Labrador Sea, Gulf of St. Lawrence, Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Mexico, Outer Banks, Arctic Ocean UK, Canada, USA (415 4), Newfoundland, Norway, Poland, Free French (405 5), Belgium, Brazil (425 3), Nerlands, France (3940) HC BD 2LC 2D 3D 72X 28WVS Germany, Italy (403 3)1PB Sc 30X 60W |
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1500s |
1600s |
1700s |
1800s |
1900s |
@ Prague
| 1560 Hasisegn Castle Ruined in fire |
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1631 - 1836 Zamek Kynzvart Castle Construction |
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| 1792 - 1835 43 Francis ^ HRE 06 *Hungary **Austria 04 |
| 1805 Battle of Austerlitz |
| 1813 2nd Battle of Kulm. |
1835 - 48 13 Ferdinand 5 ^Francis. **Austria *Hungary. Last crowned*
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| 1847 - 66 19 Horovice Castle |
1848 - 1916 68 Francis Joseph ^< **Austria *Hungary
1916 - 8 2 Charles 3 ^^< **Austria *Hungary. Abdicated.
1889 Divine Saviour Cadral |
| 1866 Battle of Koniggratz. |
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| 1841 - 1904 63 Antonín Dvořák Czech |
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| 1968 Czechoslovakia invaded by Warpac |
@ Prague
| 1918 Battle of Piave River. Italy Italy 58Div, UK 3Div, France 2Div, Czechslovakia 80XW VS AustriaHungary 57Div 60X 90W 25C |
| 1918 Battle of Vittorio Veneto. Italy End of AustroHungarian Empire Italy 51Div, UK 3Div, France 2Div, Czechloslovakia 1Div, USA 2Reg 57Div 7.7G 37.4XW VS AustriaHungary 61Div 35X 100W 300C 6.1G |
| 1940 Battle of France. Axis Germany 141Div 3.35M 157.6Cas 7.4G 2.4T #795 5.6 1.3 400D, Italy 300 6 163.7 VS Allies France 150, UK, Belgium, Nerlands, Canada, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Luxembourg 144Div 3.3M 2.26M 14G 4T 2.9 |
| 1941 Operation Stonewall. Off West France UK 2LC 2W, USA 1EC, Free France 4D, Canada 4Co, New Zealand 1C, Czechoslovakia 1B, Ireland 1St, Spain 2D VS Germany 2To 1D 1DD 4BR #154C Last of German control of French ports. |
| 1941 Siege of Tobruk. Libya Australia, Czechoslovakia, Poland, UK, India 27 3.8 VS Germany, Italy 35 74150 |
| 1941 SyriaLebanon Campaign. Syria, Lebanon Australia, UK, India, Palestine, Transjordan, Free French, Free Czechs 34 4 50+ 27 1L 1+C 6D VS Germany, German France, Syria, Lebanon 45 6.48.9 90T 289 179 2D 3Su |
| 1941 Operation Crusader. Egypt, Libya UK, South Africa, New Zealand, India, Poland, Czechloslovakia 118 17.7 738T 800 724 616Ser 300 VS Germany, Italy 119 38.3 390414T 340 536 342Ser 332 |
| 1941 Battle of Gazala. Libya Germany 3.4, Italy 90 560T 400 VS UK, India, South Africa, Free French 110 50XWC 843T 1.2
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| 1942 Case Blue. Russia USSR 1.7So 1RS 2.7T 2.2 1.1MXM 1.1W3.7T 1.7 VS Germany 1M, Slovakia, Romania, Italy, Hungary, Croatia 300Allies 1.3M 1Ca 1.9T 1.6 |
| 1944 Operation Overlord. France USA, UK, Canada, Free French, Poland, Czechloslovakia, Australia, New Zealand, Nerlands, Free Belgians, Greece, Luxembourg 1.5 n 2M 226Cas 4.1 4T VS Germany 380 n 1M 2.3T&AG 2.2, 210450 2.1 13.619.9CivCas |
| 1944 Invasion of Normandy. France UK, USA, Canada, Free French, Poland, Australia, Free Belgians, New Zealand, Nerlands, Norway, Free Czechloslovak, Greece 1.3M 120 VS Germany 380 113 |
| 1944 Clearing Channel Coast. France, Belgium Canada, UK, Poland, France, Czechoslovakia, Belgium, Nerlands Vs Germany |
| 1944 Siege of Dunkirk. France Canada, UK, Czechoslovakia, France, Belgian Resistance VS Germany |
| 1944 Battle of Dukla Pass. SlovakiaPoland Border Germany, Hungary 100 70 2A 350T VS USSR 120150 80123 20.5X, Czechoslovakia 16.7 6.51.5A 1.7M 1T 136.7166.7 86.5129.5 |
| 1945 Prague Offensive. Czech Rep. USSR, Czechoslovakia, Romania 2M 12XM 40.5WS VS Germany 900 850XWC |
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1500s |
1600s |
1700s |
1800s |
1900s |
| 1594 KomárnoKomarno Castle |
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| 1629 - 37 St. John Baptist Cadral Trnava |
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| 1702 - 15 St Francis Xavier Cadral Banská Bystrica, Slovakia |
| 1736 Trinitarian Cadral Bratislava |
| 1720 Červený Kláštor Castle |
| 1776 Diocese Established for Assumption of Mary Cadral Rožňava |
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1859 - 60 Temple of Exhaltation of Holy Cross |
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Czechoslovakia
1918 - 92 74
@ Prague, Czech Republic
| 1918 Battle of Piave River. Italy Italy 58Div, UK 3Div, France 2Div, Czechslovakia 80XW VS AustriaHungary 57Div 60X 90W 25C |
| 1918 Battle of Vittorio Veneto. Italy End of AustroHungarian Empire Italy 51Div, UK 3Div, France 2Div, Czechloslovakia 1Div, USA 2Reg 57Div 7.7G 37.4XW VS AustriaHungary 61Div 35X 100W 300C 6.1G |
| 1939 Invasion of Poland. Poland Germany 60Div 6Bri 1.5M 16.3X 3.5M 30.3W 9G 2.8T 2.3, Slovakia 3Div 51.3 #37X #11M #114W, USSR 33+Div 11+Bri 466.5 5.3 1.5XM 2.4W, 5G, 4.7T, 3.3 2+M 59 VS Poland 39Div 16Bri 950 904 66X 133.7W 694C 4.3G 880T 400 * Decisive German & Soviet victory. Beginning of World War II. Polish territory divided between Germany, Soviet Union, Lithuania & Slovakia |
| 1940 Battle of France. Axis Germany 141Div 3.35M 157.6Cas 7.4G 2.4T #795 5.6 1.3 400D, Italy 300 6 163.7 VS Allies France 150, UK, Belgium, Nerlands, Canada, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Luxembourg 144Div 3.3M 2.26M 14G 4T 2.9 |
| 1941 Operation Stonewall. Off West France UK 2LC 2W, USA 1EC, Free France 4D, Canada 4Co, New Zealand 1C, Czechoslovakia 1B, Ireland 1St, Spain 2D VS Germany 2To 1D 1DD 4BR #154C Last of German control of French ports. |
| 1941 Siege of Tobruk. Libya Australia, Czechoslovakia, Poland, UK, India 27 3.8 VS Germany, Italy 35 74150 |
| 1941 Operation Barbarosa. Belarus, Ukraine, Moldova, Russia, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia USSR 2.9MPres 5.5M 465.4X 101.5XfmW 235.3NCX 2.3MM 3.13MTX 1.26MW 66.1S 13.6FB 1.3MTW 500C 125T(FL) 20.5 3540 21.2 VS Germany, Romania, Italy, Hungary, Slovakia, Croatia, Finland 5.5M 220.6X 56.3M 261.8W 1M+CaT 4.3T 2.8 46A 4.4 2
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| 1941 Operation Crusader. Egypt, Libya UK, South Africa, New Zealand, India, Poland, Czechloslovakia 118 17.7 738T 800 724 616Ser 300 VS Germany, Italy 119 38.3 390414T 340 536 342Ser 332 |
| 1941 Battle of Gazala. Libya Germany 3.4, Italy 90 560T 400 VS UK, India, South Africa, Free French 110 50XWC 843T 1.2
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| 1944 Battle of Ushant. English Channel UK, Canada, Poland 8D 1D VS Germany 4D 1 1Sc #140C #39X |
| 1944 Operation Overlord. France USA, UK, Canada, Free French, Poland, Czechloslovakia, Australia, New Zealand, Nerlands, Free Belgians, Greece, Luxembourg 1.5 n 2M 226Cas 4.1 4T VS Germany 380 n 1M 2.3T&AG 2.2, 210450 2.1 13.619.9CivCas |
| 1944 Invasion of Normandy. France UK, USA, Canada, Free French, Poland, Australia, Free Belgians, New Zealand, Nerlands, Norway, Free Czechloslovak, Greece 1.3M 120 VS Germany 380 113 |
| 1944 Clearing Channel Coast. France, Belgium Canada, UK, Poland, France, Czechoslovakia, Belgium, Nerlands Vs Germany |
| 1944 Siege of Dunkirk. France Canada, UK, Czechoslovakia, France, Belgian Resistance VS Germany |
| 1944 Battle of Dukla Pass. SlovakiaPoland Border Germany, Hungary 100 70 2A 350T VS USSR 120150 80123 20.5X, Czechoslovakia 16.7 6.51.5A 1.7M 1T 136.7166.7 86.5129.5 |
| 1945 Prague Offensive. Czech Rep. USSR, Czechoslovakia, Romania 2M 12XM 40.5WS VS Germany 900 850XWC |
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1500s |
1600s |
1700s |
1800s |
1900s |
| 1470 - 1514 44 György Dózsa, leader of peasants revolt in Hungary |
1526 Battle of Mohács. Hungary. Ottoman Empire vs Kingdom of Hungary
Kingdom of Croatia
Kingdom of Bohemia
Holy Roman Empire
Bavaria
Papal States
Kingdom of Poland Louis 2 killed. |
1526 - 40 14 John 1 (Szapolyai János)
1527 - 8 1 Hungarian campaign of 1527 1528. Hungary. Habsburg Austria,
Holy Roman Empire,
Spain,
Bohemia,
Kingdom of Croatia (Habsburg),
Papal States,
Hungary (Kingdom of Ferdinands),
Voivodian Serbs vs Ottoman Turks
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1530 - 52 22 Little War in Hungary. Hungary. Habsburg Austria,
Holy Roman Empire,
Spain,
Papal States,
Bohemia,
Kingdom of Croatia,
Hungarian Kingdom of Ferdinands vs Ottoman Empire,
Moldavia,
Hungarian Kingdom of Szapolyais,
Wallachia,
Serbian Despotate,
France
| 1552 Siege of Eger |
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Holy Roman Empire
1526 - 38 12 |
| 1538 Subsummed into Ottoman Empire. |
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| 1560 Erzsebet Bathory is born in Nyirbator, Hungary. |
2nd Kingdom of Hungary
1538 - 1867 329
Hungary was effectively split into three parts: Royal Hungary in north & west, Ottoman Hungary in south, & Principality of Transylvania in east. following, until 1699, gives rulers of "Royal Hungary".
| 1572 - 1608 36 Rudolf 1 |
1593 - 1606 14 Long War (Ottoman wars). Hungary, Romania, Greece. Ottoman Empire,
Crimean Khanate,
Nogai Khanate vs Habsburg Austria,
Holy Roman Empire,
Kingdom of Hungary,
Kingdom of Croatia,
Kingdom of Bohemia, Transylvania,
Wallachia,
Moldavia,
Zaporozhian Host,
Kingdom of Bohemia,
Spain,
Serbian rebels,
Papal States,
Venice,
Saxony,
Tuscany,
Persia,
Knights of St. Stephen,
Bulgarian rebels,
Duchy of Ferrara,
Duchy of Mantua,
Republic of Ragusa,
Duchy of Savoy
| 1596 Battle of Keresztes |
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| 1664 Battle of Saint Gotthard |
| 1681 Pasha of Buda supports Imre Thökölys rebellion in Hungary. |
| 1687 Battle of Mohacs |
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| 1657 - 1705 48 Imre Thököly, prince of Transylvania, leader of antiHapsburg uprising in Hungary |
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1703 - 11 8 Rákóczis War for Independence, Hungary. |
| 1711 - 40 29 Charles 3 Károly Large scale German settlements in Hungary begin 1720 - 1800 80 |
| 1731 Kazakh Lesser Horde accepts Russian protection. |
| 1676 - 1735 59 Francis 2 Rákóczi, Prince of Hungary & Transylvania, revolutionary leader |
| 1740 - 80 40 Maria 2 resa (2. Mária Terézia) Enjoyed broad support of Hungarian nobles |
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| 1822 - 69 47 Esztergom Basilica |
| 1830 - 48 18 Ferdinand 5 Ferdinánd Being epileptic & mentally ill, abdicated in favour of his nephew, Franz Joseph (son of his younger bror Franz Karl). Died in 1875. merged into Austro-Hungarian Empire |
1848 - 9 1 Hungarian Revolution Austrian Empire Hungarian Rebels
| 1848 Battle of Pakozd |
| 1849 Battle of Kapolna |
| 1849 Battle of Szolnok |
| 1849 Battle of Isaszeg |
| 1849 Battle of Buda |
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| 1802 - 60 58 János Bolyai, mamatician Hungarian |
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| 1818 - 65 47 Ignaz Semmelweis, Hungarian proponent of hygienic practices |
| 1802 - 94 92 Lajos Kossuth, Hungarian governor; leader of war of independence |
| 1811 - 86 75 Franz Liszt Hungarian Composer |
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| 1905 St. Stephens Basilica Consecrated |
| 1916 Battle of Asiago. Italy Italy 172Bat 850G 140Cas 12X 80W 50C VS AustriaHungary 300Bat 2G 100Cas 15X 75W 15MC |
| 1915 1st Battle of Isonzo. Slovenia Italy 225 14.9VS AustriaHungary 115 10 |
| 1915 2nd Battle of Isonzo. Slovenia AustriaHungary 130Bat 420G 45XW VS Italy 260Bat 840G 42XW |
| 1915 3rd Battle of Isonzo. Slovenia AustriaHungary 184Bat 643AP 40.4 9X VS Italy 338Bat 130CSq 1.4AP 67.1 11X |
| 1915 4th Battle of Isonzo. Slovenia Italy 370Bat 1.4G 49.5 7.5X VS AustriaHungary 155Bat 626G 32.1 4X |
| 1916 5th Battle of Isonzo. Slovenia AustriaHungary 100Bat (+30R) 470G 2XW VS Italy 286Bat (+90R) 1.4G 1.9XWM |
| 1916 6th Battle of Isonzo. Slovenia AustriaHungary 9Div 42 8X VS Italy 22Div 51 21X |
| 1916 7th Battle of Isonzo. Slovenia AustriaHungary 150Bat 770AP 15 VS Italy 240Bat 1.2AP 17 |
| 1916 Battle of Bucharest. Romania Germany, Bulgaria, AustriaHungary 250 ? VS Romania 150 60 85A 115MG
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| 1917 8th Battle of Isonzo. Slovenia AustriaHungary 14Div 25 VS Italy 20Div 24 |
| 1917 9th Battle of Isonzo. Slovenia Italy 225Bat 1.4A 39 VS AustriaHungary 170Bat 990A 33 |
| 1917 10th Battle of Isonzo. Slovenia Italy 400 150 35X VS AustriaHungary 200 75 17X |
| 1917 11th Battle of Isonzo. Slovenia Italy #600Bat 5.2G 148 30X 108W VS AustriaHungary, Germany 250Bat 2.2G 105 20X 45W 30M 20C |
| 1918 Battle of Piave River. Italy Italy 58Div, UK 3Div, France 2Div, Czechslovakia 80XW VS AustriaHungary 57Div 60X 90W 25C |
| 1918 Battle of Vittorio Veneto. Italy End of AustroHungarian Empire Italy 51Div, UK 3Div, France 2Div, Czechloslovakia 1Div, USA 2Reg 57Div 7.7G 37.4XW VS AustriaHungary 61Div 35X 100W 300C 6.1G |
| 1918 Battle of Romani. Egypt UK, Australia, New Zealand 14 1.1VS Ottomans, Germany, AustriaHungary 16 9.2 w/ 4C |
1930 Votive Church of Szeged Consecrated
| 1941 Battle of Yugoslavia. Bosnia & Herzegovina, Croatia, Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia, Kosovo, Slovenia Germany 337 875T 990 40 #151X #392W #15M, Italy 666 10 22D 3.3XW, Hungary #120X #223W #13M 1+ VS Yugoslavia 700 103ACX +X 254345C by Ger 30 by It 200T 405 49 211C 3D 3Su |
| 1941 Operation Barbarosa. Belarus, Ukraine, Moldova, Russia, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia USSR 2.9MPres 5.5M 465.4X 101.5XfmW 235.3NCX 2.3MM 3.13MTX 1.26MW 66.1S 13.6FB 1.3MTW 500C 125T(FL) 20.5 3540 21.2 VS Germany, Romania, Italy, Hungary, Slovakia, Croatia, Finland 5.5M 220.6X 56.3M 261.8W 1M+CaT 4.3T 2.8 46A 4.4 2
|
| 1942 Operation Uranus. Russia USSR 1.14M 894T 13.5A 1.5 VS Germany 250+ 732 402Ser, Italy 220 ?A ?, Romania 143.3 827A 134T ?, Hungary 200 ?A&T 803+134+T 732+ |
| 1942 Case Blue. Russia USSR 1.7So 1RS 2.7T 2.2 1.1MXM 1.1W3.7T 1.7 VS Germany 1M, Slovakia, Romania, Italy, Hungary, Croatia 300Allies 1.3M 1Ca 1.9T 1.6 |
| 1942 3 Battle of Stalingrad. Russia USSR 187 n 1.14M 478.7XM 650.9WS 40CiX 2.2A n 13.5 15.7 400T n 894 4.3T 300 n 1.1 2.8 VS Germany 400, Romania 200, Italy 235, Hungary 200, Croatia 5 270 n 1M 750XMW incl. 91C500T 1.5 3A n 10.3 6 600 n 1.6 + 732 900 inc339T |
| 1942 Battle of Voronezh. Russia Germany, Hungary VS USSR 568.3 370.5XC 197.8W |
| 1943 Battle of Voronezh. Russia USSR VS Germany, Hungary |
| 1942 - 4 2 Battle of Caucasus. Russia USSR VS Germany, Romania, Hungary, Italy, Croatia, Chechnya |
| 1943 Battle of Nikolayevka. Russia USSR 6 1XW VS Italy, Germany, Hungary 40 (4CR) 30XWC |
| 1943 OstrogozhskRossosh Operation. Russia USSR VS Hungary, Italy |
| 1944 Operation Bagration. Belarus, Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia, Poland USSR 2.33M, Poland 79.9 4.1MT 770.9 180XM 590.8WS 2.7T 1.4AG 3T&AG 24.4G 2.4 5.3 822 VS Germany, Hungary 486.5FL 400Su 886.5 381X 158.5C 118T 377AG 2.6G 602 |
| 1944 Battle of Dukla Pass. SlovakiaPoland Border Germany, Hungary 100 70 2A 350T VS USSR 120150 80123 20.5X, Czechoslovakia 16.7 6.51.5A 1.7M 1T 136.7166.7 86.5129.5 |
| 1944 Lvov–Sandomierz Offensive. West Ukraine/East Poland USSR 1M 289.3 65XMC 224.3W 2AFV 11.3G 1.3T&G 289VS Germany, Hungary 900 136.9 55XMC900AFV 6.3G 1.9T 687
|
| 1944 Operation Margare. Hungary Germany, Hungary VS Russia German Occupation of Hungary |
| 1944 Operation Panzerfaust. Budapest, Hungary USSR, Romania VS Hungary, Germany |
| 1944 - 5 Budapest Offensive . Hungary USSR VS Germany 49X 110C 269TC
|
| 1944 - 5 Siege of Budapest . Hungary USSR, Romania 170 in city 500+T 80XM 240WS VS Hungary, Germany 90 in city 180T 99150XWC 40CiX |
| 1945 Battle of Transdanubian Hills. Hungary Bulgaria 1stArm, USSR 57thArm, Yugoslavia 3rdArm VS Germany 1Cor 1PTArm |
| 1945 Operation Frühlingserwachen. Hungary USSR, Bulgaria 465 8.5XM 24.4WS VS Germany, Hungary 431 12.4XWM 700AFV 31T
|
| 1945 Operation Konrad. Hungary USSR VS Germany, Hungary Part of Battle of Budhapest |
| 1945 Nagykanizsa–Kermend Offensive. Hungary Bulgaria, USSR, Yugoslav Partisans VS Germany, Hungary, Croatia |
| 1945 Battle of Poznań. Poland USSR 100 10X, Poland 5 #700X 105 10.7X VS Germany 82.9 6X, Hungary 1.1 #100X 84 23C |
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|
1500s |
1600s |
1700s |
1800s |
1900s |
| 1514 Battle of Orsha |
| 1590s Ruzhany Zamok Castle Panorama |
|
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|
1734 - 51 HrodnaNew & Old Castles |
|
1710 Saint Virgin Mary Cadral Minsk |
| 1708 Battle of Lesnaya. |
|
| 1812 Battle of Ostrovno. |
| 1812 Battle of Klyastitsy. |
| 1812 2nd Battle of Polotsk. |
| 1812 Battle of Chasniki. |
| 1812 Battle of Smoliani. |
| 1812 Battle of Berezina. |
| 1810 - 36 26 Babruysk Fortress |
| 1825 Piszczalauski Castle |
| 1882 Euxinograd Palace Benkovski Castle |
|
1898 - 1918 20 Tsarska Bistritsa Gruev Castle |
|
| 1918 Battle of Bobruysk. |
@ Minsk
Belorusian, Russian
| 1926 - 37 11 Balchik Palace |
| 1941 Operation Barbarosa. Belarus, Ukraine, Moldova, Russia, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia USSR 2.9MPres 5.5M 465.4X 101.5XfmW 235.3NCX 2.3MM 3.13MTX 1.26MW 66.1S 13.6FB 1.3MTW 500C 125T(FL) 20.5 3540 21.2 VS Germany, Romania, Italy, Hungary, Slovakia, Croatia, Finland 5.5M 220.6X 56.3M 261.8W 1M+CaT 4.3T 2.8 46A 4.4 2
|
| 1941 Battle of BiałystokMinsk. Poland, Belarus Germany 750 276 ?VS USSR 675 341XC 76.7W 417.8Cas 4.8T 9.4G 1.7
|
| 1941 Pripyat swamps. Belarus Germany VS Jews 17.3X Punitive operation |
| 1943 Battle of Lenino. Belarus Germany 1.5VS USSR, Poland 3 |
| 1944 Operation Bagration. Belarus, Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia, Poland USSR 2.33M, Poland 79.9 4.1MT 770.9 180XM 590.8WS 2.7T 1.4AG 3T&AG 24.4G 2.4 5.3 822 VS Germany, Hungary 486.5FL 400Su 886.5 381X 158.5C 118T 377AG 2.6G 602 |
| 1944 Bobruysk Offensive. Belarus USSR ? VS Germany 90 50X 20C |
| 1944 Lublin–Brest Offensive. East Poland/West Belarus USSR, Poland VS Germany, Romania |
| 1944 Minsk Offensive. Belarus USSR VS Germany 100 60WC 40XM |
| 1944 Mogilev Offensive. Belarus USSR VS Germany 33X 3.3C |
| 1944 Polotsk Offensive. Belarus USSR VS Germany 37X 7C |
| 1944 Shyaulyay Offensive. Belarus, Lithuania, Latvia USSR VS Germany |
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1500s |
1600s |
1700s |
1800s |
1900s |
| 1523 - 4 1 Ğazı 1 Giray, |
| 1531 Battle of Obertyn |
| 1532 İslâm 1 Giray, |
| 1532 - 51 19 Sahib 1 Giray, |
| 1551 - 77 26 Devlet 1 Giray, |
| 1584 Saadet 2 Giray, |
| 1584 - 8 4 İslâm 2 Giray, |
| 1588 - 96 8 Ğazı 2 Giray, (first reign) |
| 1596 Fetih 1 Giray, |
|
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|
Crimean Khanate
1441 - 1783 339
| 1699 - 1702 3 Devlet 2 Giray, (first reign) |
| 1702 - 4 2 Selim 1 Giray, 1(fourth reign) |
| 1704 - 7 3 Ğazı 3 Giray, |
| 1699 - 1706 YeniKale Castle |
| 1707 - 8 1 Qaplan 1 Giray, (first reign) |
| 1709 - 13 4 Devlet 2 Giray, (second reign) |
| 1709 Battle of Poltava. |
| 1713 - 5 2 Qaplan 1 Giray, (second reign) |
| 1716 - 7 1 Devlet 3 Giray, |
| 1717 - 24 7 Saadet 4 Giray, |
| 1724 - 30 6 Meñli 2 Giray, (first reign) |
| 1730 - 6 6 Qaplan 1 Giray, (third reign) |
| 1736 - 7 1 Fetih 2 Giray, |
| 1737 Battle of Stavuchany |
| 1737 - 40 3 Meñli 2 Giray, (second reign) |
| 1740 - 3 3 Selamet 2 Giray, |
| 1743 - 8 5 Selim 2 Giray, |
| 1748 - 56 8 Arslan Giray, (first reign) |
| 1747 - 54 7 St Andrews Cadral Kiev |
| 1756 - 8 2 Halim Giray, |
| 1758 - 64 6 Qırım Giray, (first reign) |
| 1765 - 7 2 Selim 3 Giray, (first reign) |
| 1767 Arslan Giray, (second reign) |
| 1768 - 9 1 Qırım Giray, (second reign) |
| 1769 - 70 1 Devlet 4 Giray, (first reign) |
| 1770 - 1 1 Selim 3 Giray, (second reign) |
| 1771 - 5 4 Sahib 2 Giray, † |
| 1775 - 7 2 Devlet 4 Giray, (second reign) |
| 1777 - 82 5 Şahin Giray, (first reign) |
| 1782 Bahadır 2 Giray, |
| 1782 - 3 1 Şahin Giray, (second reign) |
|
|
@ Kiev
| 1830 - 5 35 Transfiguration Cadral, Dnipropetrovsk |
| 1882 St Volodymyrs Cadral |
| 1864 - 84 20 Popov Castle |
| 1888 Annunciation Cadral, Kharkiv |
|
|
| 1912 Swallows Nest Castle Crimea |
| 1914 Battle of Galicia Ukraine |
| 1917 Battle of Zborov Ukraine |
| 1918 Battle of Bakhmach Ukraine |
| 1918 Battle of Lemberg Ukraine |
| 1939 Battle of Szack. Ukraine Poland 4 350X 900+W A Tr VS USSR RiDiv 81X 184W 7T 2Tra 3ATG |
| 1941 Operation Barbarosa. Belarus, Ukraine, Moldova, Russia, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia USSR 2.9MPres 5.5M 465.4X 101.5XfmW 235.3NCX 2.3MM 3.13MTX 1.26MW 66.1S 13.6FB 1.3MTW 500C 125T(FL) 20.5 3540 21.2 VS Germany, Romania, Italy, Hungary, Slovakia, Croatia, Finland 5.5M 220.6X 56.3M 261.8W 1M+CaT 4.3T 2.8 46A 4.4 2
|
| 1941 Battle of Brody . Ukraine Germany 800T 200 VS USSR 2.5T 800 |
| 1941 Sea of Azov coastal advance. Ukraine, Russia Germany, Romania VS USSR 106C 212T 766A |
| 1941 Battle of Uman. Ukraine Germany, Romania, Hungary 400 600T VS USSR 300 203 103C 100WX 317TC 858GC |
| 1941 2 Crimean Campaign. Ukraine Germany VS USSR |
| 1944 Crimean Offensive. Ukraine USSR 462.4 85 17.8XM 67W VS Germany, Romania ? 96.7 57.5XM 39.2W |
| 1944 KamenetsPodolsky Pocket. Ukraine USSR 500 399T&AG 280G VS Germany 220 14.2 5.9XM |
| 1941 2 Battle of Kerch Peninsula. Ukraine Germany, Romania 9 VS USSR 170XC |
| 1943 KerchEltigen Operation. Ukraine USSR 27.7+ VS Germany 2Cor, Romania 1Cor 3Cor |
| 1941 First Battle of Kharkov. Ukraine Germany 2Div 1030 12T VS USSR 1Div |
| 1942 Second Battle of Kharkov. Ukraine Germany, Romania, Italy 350 1T 700 VS USSR 765.3 277.2 171XWC 106.2W 1.2T 1.2 300SPC 2G 926 542 |
| 1943 Third Battle of Kharkov. Ukraine Germany 70 11.5XWM VS USSR 346 86.5 45.2X 42.3W |
| 1943 Fourth Battle of Kharkov. Ukraine USSR 4Arm 800T 450 VS Germany 2ArnGr |
| 1941 Occupation of Kharkov. Ukraine Germany VS USSR 30CiX |
| 1941 Battle of Kiev . Ukraine Germany 500 VS USSR 627 700.5 616.3XC 84.2W Occupation of city for next 2 years. |
| 1941 Siege of Odessa. Ukraine Romania, Germany 160 92.5 17.7X 63.3W 11.5M 19T 90A 20VS USSR 34.5 41.360 16.6XM 24.7W 240A 151 |
| 1941 2 Siege of Sevastopol . Ukraine Germany 27 4.3X 21.6W 1.5M, Romania 8.5 1.6X 6.6W #277M, Italy, Bulgaria 203.8 35.9 VS USSR 118 95C 5W 18X |
| 1943 Battle of Kiev. Ukraine USSR VS Germany 1PTArm 15X 6.2C 286T 156
|
| 1944 KorsunCherkassy Pocket Ukraine USSR 336.7 80.2 5.3A&M 524T 1 Rien 400T 728T VS Germany 58 30XWM 242A 59T Rien 259T 156T 50 |
| 1944 Lvov–Sandomierz Offensive. West Ukraine/East Poland USSR 1M 289.3 65XMC 224.3W 2AFV 11.3G 1.3T&G 289VS Germany, Hungary 900 136.9 55XMC900AFV 6.3G 1.9T 687
|
Southwestern Krai of Russia
1832 - 1914 82
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Ukrainian People's Republic
1917 - 21 4
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|
| 1614 - 22 8 Petro KonashevychSahaidachny 1570 - 1622 |
| 1628 - 30 2 Hryhoriy Chorny, elected by Registered Cossacks |
| 1629 - 30 1 Taras Fedorovych, elected by unregistered Cossacks ? - 1636 |
| 1638 Dmytro Hunia |
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|
A Hetman was a military & civil leader, democratically elected by Cossacks.
Several Cossack regiments were operating in Ukraine at this time that were largely independent of each or, so some of Hetmans tenures overlap.
| 1577 - 8 1 Ivan Pidkova, first Hetman to be elected by entire Sich, thus establishing first direct democratic rule in modern Europe |
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@ Kiev
| 1764 Subsumed into Poland |
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@ Kiev
| 1792 Battle of Zielence |
1793 Annexed by Russia |
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| |
@ Chyhyryn, Baturyn, Hlukhiv
Ukrainian
Greek Orthodox
Following Khmelnytsky uprising a new Cossack republic, Hetmanate, was formed.
| 1648 - 57 9 Bohdan Khmelnytsky, first sole ruler of Ukrainian Cossack state who adopted title of Hetman of Zaporozhian Host 1595 - 1657 |
| 1659 - 60 1 Yurii Khmelnytsky, third Hetman of Cossack Hetmanate who adopted title of Hetman of Zaporozhian Host & Prince of Sarmatia 1641 - 85 |
| 1660 Hetmanate breaks up into Right & Left Bank |
|
Hetmans after Ruin & reunification of Ukraine
1687 - 1709 22 |
| 1687 - 1709 22 Ivan Mazepa, was last hetman to actively fight against Russian domination 1639 - 1709 70 |
| 1709 Ukraine Subsumed into Russia & AustriaHungary |
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@
| 1663 - 5 2 Pavlo Teteria, succeeded Yurii Khmelnytsky as first ruler of Rightbank Ukraine ? – 1670 |
| 1669 - 74 5 Mykhailo Khanenko, proclaimed Hetman (1669) & nominated by Polish authorities (1670)1620–1680 |
| 1678 - 81 3 1683 Yurii Khmelnytsky, nominated by Ottomans in 1678, & reinstaled by Poles in 1683 1641 - 85 44 |
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1500s |
1600s |
1700s |
1800s |
1900s |
|
1543 Bonţida Bánffy Castle |
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1512 - 26 Curtea de Argeş Cadral |
|
| 1688 - 1714 26 Constantin Brâncoveanu |
|
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Russian Occupation
1769 - 70 1 |
Habsburg occupation 1789 - 90 1 |
|
| 1762 Episcopal Palace, Oradea |
| 1736 - 1774 St. Georges Cadral, Timişoara |
| 1738 - 49 Holy Trinity Cadral, Blaj |
| 1778 - 9 Transfiguration Cadral, ClujNapoca |
|
Russian occupation
1806 - 12 6 |
Russian occupation
1828 - 43 6 |
| 1848 Wallachian Revolution Romania |
Joint Ottoman & Russian occupation 1848 |
| 1848 - 53 5 Barbu Ştirbei 1stX |
Russian occupation 1853 - 4 1 |
Austrian occupation 1854 - 6 2 |
| 1859 Unioned with Moldova |
|
| 1800 - 65 65 Evangelis Zappas, GreekRomanian Founder of International Modern Olympic Games |
| 1856 Worlds first oil refinery in Romania |
| 1833 - 87 55 Metropolitan Cadral, Iaşi |
| 1840 - 52 12 Dormition of otokos Cadral, Giurgiu |
| 1883 - 95 12 Saints Peter & Paul Cadral Constanţa |
|
| 1916 Battle of Bucharest. Romania Germany, Bulgaria, AustriaHungary 250 ? VS Romania 150 60 85A 115MG
|
| 1918 Treaty of Bucharest. |
| 1923 - 33 10 Dormition of otokos Cadral, ClujNapoca |
| 1925 - 32 7 Ascension of Lord Cadral, Târgu Mureş |
| 1934 - 7 6 Holy Trinity Cadral, Sighişoara |
| 1937 - 40 3 Timişoara Orthodox Cadral |
| 1941 Sea of Azov coastal advance. Ukraine, Russia Germany, Romania VS USSR 106C 212T 766A |
| 1941 2 Siege of Sevastopol . Ukraine Germany 27 4.3X 21.6W 1.5M, Romania 8.5 1.6X 6.6W #277M, Italy, Bulgaria 203.8 35.9 VS USSR 118 95C 5W 18X |
| 1941 - 2 Battle of Kerch Peninsula. Ukraine Germany, Romania 9 VS USSR 170XC |
| 1943 KerchEltigen Operation. Ukraine USSR 27.7+ VS Germany 2Cor, Romania 1Cor 3Cor |
| 1941 Operation Barbarosa. Belarus, Ukraine, Moldova, Russia, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia USSR 2.9MPres 5.5M 465.4X 101.5XfmW 235.3NCX 2.3MM 3.13MTX 1.26MW 66.1S 13.6FB 1.3MTW 500C 125T(FL) 20.5 3540 21.2 VS Germany, Romania, Italy, Hungary, Slovakia, Croatia, Finland 5.5M 220.6X 56.3M 261.8W 1M+CaT 4.3T 2.8 46A 4.4 2
|
| 1942 Case Blue . Russia USSR 1.7So 1RS 2.7T 2.2 1.1MXM 1.1W3.7T 1.7 VS Germany 1M, Slovakia, Romania, Italy, Hungary, Croatia 300Allies 1.3M 1Ca 1.9T 1.6 |
| 1942 2nd Battle of Kharkov. Ukraine Germany, Romania, Italy 350 1T 700 VS USSR 765.3 277.2 171XWC 106.2W 1.2T 1.2 300SPC 2G 926 542 |
| 1942 - 4 2 Battle of Caucasus. Russia USSR VS Germany, Romania, Hungary, Italy, Croatia, Chechnya |
| 1943 Battle of Dnieper. Russia USSR 2.65M(Ini) 51G 2.4T 2.9 1.29MCa 348.8X 937.3WSVS Germany, Romania 1.25M(Ini) 12.6G 2.1T 2 4001.2M |
| 1942 - 3 Operation Saturn. Russia USSR VS Germany, Italy, Romania, Hungary |
| 1942 - 3 Battle of Stalingrad. Russia USSR 187 n 1.14M 478.7XM 650.9WS 40CiX 2.2A n 13.5 15.7 400T n 894 4.3T 300 n 1.1 2.8 VS Germany 400, Romania 200, Italy 235, Hungary 200, Croatia 5 270 n 1M 750XMW incl. 91C500T 1.5 3A n 10.3 6 600 n 1.6 + 732 900 inc339T |
| 1941 Siege of Odessa. Ukraine Romania, Germany 160 92.5 17.7X 63.3W 11.5M 19T 90A 20VS USSR 34.5 41.360 16.6XM 24.7W 240A 151 |
| 1944 5 Siege of Budapest . Hungary USSR, Romania 170 in city 500+T 80XM 240WS VS Hungary, Germany 90 in city 180T 99150XWC 40CiX |
| 1944 Crimean Offensive. Ukraine USSR 462.4 85 17.8XM 67W VS Germany, Romania ? 96.7 57.5XM 39.2W |
| 1944 JassyKishinev Operation. Romania USSR, Romania 239th Aug 1.31M 13.2XM 54WS 16G 1.9T 2.2 111 VS Germany, Romania 203rd Aug 40Div 1.22M 170 100X 115C 800 T Romania: 8.3X 25W 170CM 25 |
| 1944 Lublin–Brest Offensive. East Poland/West Belarus USSR, Poland VS Germany, Romania |
| 1944 Operation Panzerfaust. Budapest, Hungary USSR, Romania VS Hungary, Germany |
| 1944 1st Battle of Târgul Frumos. Romania Germany, Romania 3Div 2ArDiv 1PTDiv VS USSR 14RiDiv T 1AiDiv |
| 1944 2nd Battle of Târgul Frumos. Romania Germany, Romania VS USSR |
| 1945 Prague Offensive. Czech Rep. USSR, Czechoslovakia, Romania 2M 12XM 40.5WS VS Germany 900 850XWC |
|
Republic of Romania
1947 - Present 64
@ Bucharest |
|
1591 - 2 1 Aron Tiranul
" Tyrant 1stX ^ Alexandru Lăpuşneanu |
|
|
1593 - 1617 24 Moldavian Magnate Wars.
| 1603 Battle of Brasov |
Nondynastic 5 1611 - 15 4 |
|
Nondynastic 6 1619 - 20 1 |
Nondynastic 8 1634 - 58 24 |
Nondynastic 9 1659 - 66 7 |
Nondynastic 10 1668 - 73 5 |
Nondynastic 11 1673
- 4 1 |
Nondynastic 12 1678 - 84 6 |
Cantemireşti 1 1685 - 93 8 |
Nondynastic 13 1693 -
5 2 |
Cantemireşti 2
1695 - 1700 5 |
|
|
Cantemireşti 3 1705 -
7 2 |
Nondynastic 15 1709 -
10 1 |
Mavrocordato 1 1709 -
10 1 |
Cantemireşti 4 1710 -
1 1 |
1710 - 1 1 RussoTurkish War. Moldova. Ottoman Empire,
Crimean Khanate vs Russian Empire,
Principality of Moldavia |
Phanariotes 1711 - 1821 110 |
Mavrocordato 2 1711 - 5 4 |
Mavrocordato 3 1733 - 5 2 |
| 1735 - 9 4 Russo-Austrian Turkish War |
| 1739 41 2 Grigore 2 Ghica 3 |
Mavrocordato 4 1741 - 7 6 |
Mavrocordato 5 1748
- 9 1 |
1768 - 74 6 RussoTurkish War |
Russian occupation
1769 - 74 5 |
Mavrocordato 7 1782 - 6 4 |
Austrian occupation
1787 - 91 4 |
| 1787 - 92 5 RussoTurkish War |
Russian occupation
1788 - 91 3 |
Ypsilanti 2 1799
- 1801 2 |
|
|
Russian occupation
1806 - 12 6 |
1806 - 12 6 RussoTurkish War part of Napoleonic Wars. Moldova, Romania, Armenia, Turkey. Russian Empire vs Ottoman Empire |
1812 Bessarabia is placed under Imperial Russian rule in .
(See also President of Moldova, for rulers of Moldova, a part of this territory which became independent in 20th century.) |
Nondynastic 19 1807
- 12 5 |
Nondynastic 20
1819 - 34 15 |
| 1821 Filiki Eteria occupation |
Organic Statute government
1832 - 56 24
|
Nondynastic 21 1834 -
9 5 |
Russian occupation 1853 - 4 1 |
Protectorate established by Treaty of Paris 1856 - 9 3
|
Nondynastic 22
1856 - 62 6 |
1856 Extraordinary Administrative Council
|
| 1862 Formal union of Moldavia & Wallachia |
|
| 1860 Genoese Lighthouse Constanţa |
|
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@ Gyulafehérvár (AlbaIulia) 1570 - 1692
Hermannstadt (Sibiu) 1692 - 1711
Latin (in administration, science & politics);
Hungarian, German, Romanian, Runian (vernacular)
Roman Catholicism, Calvinism, Luranism, Eastern Orthodoxy,
Greek Catholicism, Unitarianism, Judaism
Principality, Elective monarchy
Vassal state of Ottoman Empire (1570 - 1683)
Vassal state of Habsburg Monarchy (1699 - 1711)
Báthory (Somlyó) 1
1571 - 98 27 |
1593 - 1617 24 Moldavian Magnate Wars. Moldova, Romania. PolishLithuanian Commonwealth vs Austria, Ottoman Empire.
| 1598 Rudolf HRE |
Báthory (Somlyó) 2
1598 - 9 1 |
| 1599 - 1600 1 Michael 2 Brave. recognized by Transylvanian parliament (diet) only as imperial governor subject to Holy Roman Emperor, however, he was de facto ruler of Transylvania. Deposed in September 1600 by Hungarian nobles. Romanian historiography asserts that he was Prince of Transylvania. |
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|
| 1600 Michael Brave, ruler of Walachia, national symbol of Romanians for uniting three provinces under his rule |
| 1601 Michael Brave (first unificator of Romania), voivode of Wallachia, Moldavia & Transylvania, is assassinated by order of Habsburg general Giorgio Basta at Câmpia Turzii. |
| 1601 - 6 5 Rudolf HRE |
Rákóczi (Felsõvadász) 1
1607 - 8 1 |
Bethlen (Iktár) 1613 - 30 17 |
| 1618 Bethlen Gabor, Prince of Transylvania joins Protestant Rebels. |
| 1629 - 30 1 Carine of Brandenburg daughter of John Sigismund, Elector of Brandenburg, widow of Gabriel Bethlen |
Rákóczi (Felsõvadász) 2
1630 - 48 18 |
| 1630 - 45 15 Ferdinand 3 claimed Principality but accepted George I in 1645 in treaty of Linz |
Rákóczi (Felsõvadász) 3
1648 - 57 9 |
Rákóczi (Felsõvadász) 5
1657 - 8 1 |
Barcsay (Nagybarcsa)
1658 - 9 1 |
Rákóczi (Felsõvadász) 6
1659 - 60 1 |
Apafi (Apanagyfalu)
1661 - 92 31 |
1661 - 90 29 Michael 3 Apafi backed by Turks, opposed King Leopold, made peace with Habsburg King in 1685/7
|
| 1681 - 92 11 Michael 4 Apafi elected as heir during his fars lifetime, & accepted as such by Turks, ruled with George Bánffy as governor, moved to Vienna & forced to cede Principality to King Leopold |
Thököly (Kesmarkium)
1690 - 99 9 |
| 1692 Habsburg Kings of Hungary permanently assumed title of Prince of Transylvania, administering country through governors. |
|
|
Rákóczi (Felsõvadász) 7
1704 - 11 7 |
|
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1500s |
1600s |
1700s |
1800s |
1900s |
|
|
Capital in Romania
| 1710 Battle of Prut. |
|
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|
@ Chişinău
Romanian, Russian
| 1918 Subsummed into Kingdom of Romania |
|
| 1941 Operation Barbarosa. Belarus, Ukraine, Moldova, Russia, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia USSR 2.9MPres 5.5M 465.4X 101.5XfmW 235.3NCX 2.3MM 3.13MTX 1.26MW 66.1S 13.6FB 1.3MTW 500C 125T(FL) 20.5 3540 21.2 VS Germany, Romania, Italy, Hungary, Slovakia, Croatia, Finland 5.5M 220.6X 56.3M 261.8W 1M+CaT 4.3T 2.8 46A 4.4 2
|
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| |
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@ 1830- 6 Nativity Cadral, Chişinău |
|
|
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|
1500s |
1600s |
1700s |
1800s |
1900s |
|
|
|
@ Sofia
| 1829 Battle of Kulevicha. |
| 1850s St Louis Cadral Plovdiv |
| 1876 Bulgarian revolt against Ottoman rule. |
| 1877 Battle of Lovecha. |
| 1877 2nd Battle of Shipka Pass. |
| 1877 4th Battle of Shipka Pass. |
| 1877 Battle of Philippopolis. |
| 1885 Battle of Slivnitsa. |
|
|
@ Sovia
Orthodox Christianity
Constitutional Monarchy
1908 - 18 10 Ferdinand 1
| 1912 Alexander Nevsky Cadral, Sofia |
| 1916 Battle of Bucharest. Romania Germany, Bulgaria, AustriaHungary 250 ? VS Romania 150 60 85A 115MG
|
| 1918 Battle of Dobro Pole Macedonia France, Serbia 75Bat 36.5Ri 2 756MG 580A 81 VS Bulgaria, Germany 26Bat 11.6Ri 3 245MG 50GC 146A 24 |
| 1918 Battle of Doiran. Macedonia Bulgaria 35 9thDiv 2.7 VS UK 3.5, Greece 29.3, France 75 6.67.8 |
| 1918 Battle of Dobro Pole Macedonia France, Serbia 75Bat 36.5Ri 2 756MG 580A 81 VS Bulgaria, Germany 26Bat 11.6Ri 3 245MG 50GC 146A 24 |
| 1918 Battle of Doiran. Macedonia Bulgaria 35 9thDiv 2.7 VS UK 3.5, Greece 29.3, France 75 6.67.8 |
| 1941 Battle of Greece. Germany 680 1.1X 3.8W #385M 1.2T 700, Italy 565 13.8X 63.1W 25.1M 163T 463, Albania, Bulgaria #400XMC 1.24M VS Greece 430 13.3X 62.7W 1.3M 20T, UK, Australia, New Zealand 62.6 903X 1.3W 14C 100T 2300 512.6 14.2X 63.9W 1.3M 14C 120T 2300 |
| 1941 2 Siege of Sevastopol . Ukraine Germany 27 4.3X 21.6W 1.5M, Romania 8.5 1.6X 6.6W #277M, Italy, Bulgaria 203.8 35.9 VS USSR 118 95C 5W 18X |
1943 - 6 3 Simeon 2
| 1945 Battle of Transdanubian Hills. Hungary Bulgaria 1stArm, USSR 57thArm, Yugoslavia 3rdArm VS Germany 1Cor 1PTArm |
| 1945 Operation Frühlingserwachen. Hungary USSR, Bulgaria 465 8.5XM 24.4WS VS Germany, Hungary 431 12.4XWM 700AFV 31T
|
| 1945 Nagykanizsa–Kermend Offensive. Hungary Bulgaria, USSR, Yugoslav Partisans VS Germany, Hungary, Croatia |
| 1945 Vienna Offensive. Austria USSR 644.7, Bulgaria 100.9 4Arm 85Div 3Bri 746 18X VS Germany 19X 52C 20%Ci |
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@ Sofia
Bulgarian
Satellite State of USSR |
@ Sofia
2004 St Paul of Cross Cadral
|
| 2006 St Joseph Cadral Sofia |
| 2006 Saint Vissarion Cadral Smolyan |
|
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|
1500s |
1600s |
1700s |
1800s |
1900s |
| 1500 - 3 3 2nd Muscovite Lithuanian War Moscow wins |
| 1502 Golden Horde is destroyed by Crimean Khanate |
1505 - 33 28 Vasiliy 3 ^Sophia =Solomonia Yuryevna Saburova 0C & Elana Vasilyevna Glinskaya 2S X54
| 1507 - 8 1 3rd Muscovite - Lithuanian War Grand Duchy of Lithuania
Kingdom of Poland Grand Duchy of Moscow
Lithuanian rebels led by Michael Glinski |
1512 - 22 10 4th Muscovite–Lithuanian War. Russia. Grand Duchy of Moscow
Livonian Order vs Grand Duchy of Lithuania
Kingdom of Poland
Crimean Tatars
| 1515 Nizhny Novgorod Kremlin |
|
1533 - 47 12 Ivan 4 the Terrible ^Elana =0 X51
| 1534 - 7 3 5th Muscovite–Lithuanian War. Russia. Grand Duchy of Lithuania,
Kingdom of Poland,
Crimean Tatars vs Grand Duchy of Moscow |
| 1541 Sahib 1 Giray of Crimea invade Russia. |
| 1547 Grand Prince Ivan Terrible is crowned tsar of (All)Russia, nceforth becoming first Russian tsar. |
1552 - 6 4 Kazan War. Russia. Muscovite Russia,
Hill Cheremisa vs People of Kazan,
Chyuvasha,
Meadow Cheremisa,
Hill Cheremisa,
Ar people,
Nogai Horde
| 1552 Siege of Kazan. Russia. Tsardom of Russia,
Qasim Khanate,
Taw yağı vs Kazan Khanate,
Cheremis & Ar warriors,
Nogay cavalry Russian conquers khanate of Kazan |
|
| 1554 - 7 3 RussoSwedish War |
| 1556 Russian conquers khanate of Astrakhan |
| 1556 Russians capture Tartar city of Astrakhan, ending Astrakhan Khanate. far south along Volga river, giving m access to Caspian Sea. |
| 1558 - 59 first Russian commercial contacts with Transoxiana under Anthony Jenkinson. |
| 1570 Ivan Terrible orders massacre of inhabitants of Novgorod. |
| 1571 Crimean Tatars attack & sack Moscow, burning everything but Kremlin. |
| 1572 Battle of Molodi |
| 1575 - 6 1 Simeon Bekbulatovich Muslim-born Khan of Qasim Khanate Proclaimed Grand Prince of All Rus' in 1575 & abdicated within a year |
| 1580 - 1807 27 Astrakhan Kremlin |
| 1582 Yermak Timofeyevich conquers Siberia Khanate on behalf of Stroganovs. |
| 1584 Battle of Tobol River. Yermak, Russian Cossack leader, defeats Kuchum Khan |
| 1590 - 5 5 Russo-Swedish War |
| 1591 Gazi Giray leads a huge Tatar expedition against Moscow. |
| 1591 Saints Boris & Gleb Monastery |
| 1594 - 1833 239 Stolobny Island Castle |
| 1595 Pskovo-Pechersky Monastery |
|
| 1563 - 98 reign of last Shaybanid ruler of Siberian Khanate, Kuchum Khan. |
|
Russia
1547 - 1721 174
| 1601 - 3 2 Russian famine of 1601 - 3 2 kills perhaps a third of Russia. |
1605 Feodor 2 ^ =0 X16
| |
Poland
Czech Rep
Slovakia
Hungary
Belarus
Ukraine
Romania
Moldova
Bulgaria
Russia
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# 1582 
Battle of Lubieszow 
Jan Kochanowski
Battle of Byczyna 
Oliwa Cadral
Battle of Gorzno 
Battle of Trzciana 
Battle of Zarnow 
Siege of Jasna Gora 
Battle of Lowicz 
Battle of Prostken 
Battle of Polonka 
Battle of Klissow 
Battle of Fraustadt
2nd Silesian War
Battle of Breslau
Battle of Leuthen
Battle of Zorndorf
Battle of Landeshut
Battle of Liegnitz
Battle of Burkersdorf
Bar Confederation 
Battle of Lanckorona
Partitions of Poland
Polish-Prussian Pact 
Battle of Raclawice
Warsaw Uprising
Battle of Praga
Subsummed into Prussia & Russia
Battle of Pultusk 
Battle of Raszyn 
Battle of Olszynka Grochowska 
Battle of Iganie 
Battle of Ostroleka 
Battle of Warsaw 
Battle of Staszow 
Battle of Krakow 
Battle of Tannenberg
Battle of Lodz
Siege of Przemysl