1350 - 1850 500 Little Age Age
|
1460 - 1550 Sporer Minimun of solar activity |
| 1506 Julius commenced building St. Peters Cathedral at Rome. |
500 - 1700 1200 Middle Ages
|
| 1500 1st flush toilets appeared. |
| Realism and Romanticism ofearly 19th century gave way to Impressionism and PostImpressionism inlater half ofcentury, with Paris beingdominant art capital ofworld. InUnited StatesHudson River School was prominent. 19th century painters included: |
| Onliterary frontnew century opens with romanticism, a movement that spread throughout Europe in reaction to 18thcentury rationalism, and it develops more or less alonglines ofIndustrial Revolution, with a design to react againstdramatic changes wrought on nature bysteam engine andrailway. William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge are consideredinitiators ofnew school in England, while incontinentGerman Sturm und Drang spreads its influence as far as Italy and Spain. |
| French arts had been hampered byNapoleonic Wars but subsequently developed rapidly. Modernism began. |
| Goncourts and Emile Zola in France and Giovanni Verga in Italy produce some offinest naturalist novels. Italian naturalist novels are especially important in that they give a social map ofnew unified Italy to a people that until then had been scarcely aware of its ethnic and cultural diversity. On February 21, 1848, Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels publishedCommunist Manifesto. |
| There was a huge literary output during19th century. Some ofmost famous writers includedRussians Leo Tolstoy, Anton Chekhov and Fyodor Dostoevsky;English Charles Dickens, John Keats, Alfred, Lord Tennyson and Jane Austen;Scottish Sir Walter Scott;Irish Oscar Wilde;Americans Edgar Allan Poe, Ralph Waldo Emerson, and Mark Twain; andFrench Victor Hugo, Honoré de Balzac, Jules Verne and Charles Baudelaire. Some other important writers of note included: |
| Sonata form matured duringClassical era to becomeprimary form of instrumental compositions throughout19th century. Much ofmusic from19th century was referred to as being inRomantic style. Many great composers lived through this era such as Ludwig van Beethoven, Franz Liszt, Frédéric Chopin, Piotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky and Richard Wagner.list includes: |
| 19th century sawbirth of science as a profession;term scientist was coined in 1833 by William Whewell.[9] Amongmost influential ideas of19th century were those of Charles Darwin, who in 1859 publishedbookOrigin of Species, which introducedidea of evolution by natural selection. Louis Pasteur madefirst vaccine against rabies, and also made many discoveries infield of chemistry, includingasymmetry of crystals. Thomas Alva Edison gaveworld a practical everyday lightbulb. Karl Weierstrass and other mathematicians also carried outarithmetization of analysis for functions of real and complex variables; they also beganuse of hypercomplex numbers. Butmost important step in science at this time wasideas formulated by Michael Faraday and James Clerk Maxwell. Their work changedface of physics and made possible for new World to come about. Other important 19th century scientists included: |
| 1510 Leonardo da Vinci designs a horizontal water wheel . |
| 1510 Pocket watch invented by Peter Henlein. |
| 1513 Urs Graf invents etching. |
| 1530 spinning wheel was invented at Brunswick. |
| 1564 Galileo,
astronomer, was born. He lived 78 years. |
| 1564 William Shakespeare was born. He lived 52 years. |
| 1568 Bottled beer invented in London. |
| 1569 Gerard Mercator invents Mercator map projection. |
| 1589 Englishmen, William Lee inventsknitting machine. |
1593 - 1653 Artemisia Gentileschi painter
Artemisia 1997 |
| 1590 Dutchmen, Zacharias Janssen invents compound microscope |
|
| 1606 Dutch discovered Australia. |
| 1608 Hans Lippershey inventsfirst refracting telescope. |
| 1609 Galileo uses telescope to study sunspots. |
| 1619 Wm. Harvey, M.D. of England discovereddouble function of heart as a pump and supplier of oxygen fromlungs. |
| 1619 Report of nakedeye sunspot by Chinese |
| 1620 earliest humanpowered submarine invented. |
| 1621 Pierre Gassendi first uses term Aurora Borealis |
| 1624 William Oughtred invents a slide ruler. |
| 1624 Report of nakedeye sunspot by Chinese |
| 1625 Frenchmen, JeanBaptiste Denys invents a method for blood transfusion. |
| 1627 The last known aurochs died in Poland. This large wild cattle formerly inhabited much of Europe, northern Africa, the Middle East, central Asia, and India.[26] |
| 1629 Giovanni Branca invents a steam turbine. |
1630 Rhembrantd
Rembrandt 1936 |
| 1631 1st newspaper,Gazette De France. Still in circulation. |
| 1632 Galileo writes treatise on solar system |
| 1636 W. Gascoigne inventsmicrometer. |
| 1638 Report of nakedeye sunspot by Chinese |
1564 - 1642 Galileo Galilae
Galileo 1975
Galileo Galilei 1969 Italian film |
| 1642 Frenchmen, Blaise Pascal invents an adding machine. |
| 1643 Evangelista Torricelli inventsbarometer. |
| 1645 Maunder Sunspot Minimum starts |
1643 - 1727 Sir Isaac Newton |
1645 - 1715 Maunder Minimun almost no sunspots
|
| 1650 Otto von Guericke invents a air pump. |
| 1656 Christian Huygens invents a pendulum clock. |
| 1660 Cuckoo clocks made in Furtwangen, Germany, in Black Forest region. |
| 1662 The last definite sighting of a dodo was made in Mauritius. The extinction was due to hunting, but also by the pigs, rats, dogs and cats brought to the island by settlers. The species has become an iconic symbol of animal extinction. |
| 1663 James Gregory inventsfirst reflecting telescope. |
| 1666 Sir Isaac Newton discoveredlaw of gravitation. |
| 1668 Isaac Newton invents a reflecting telescope. |
| 1670 1st reference to a candy cane is made. Dom Pérignon invents Champagne. |
| 1671 Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz invents a calculating machine. |
| 1675 Christian Huygens patents pocket watch. |
| 1676 Robert Hooke inventsuniversal joint. |
| 1679 Denis Papin invents pressure cooker. |
| 1684 George Handel was born. |
| 1695 Bank of England commenced business on |
| 1698 Englishmen, Thomas Savery invents a steam pump. |
|
51 Cerdic King of Wessex 519 - 34 25 |
| 50 Cynric King of Wessex 495 - 560 56 |
| 49 Ceawlin King of Wessex 535 - 592 |
| 41 Ealhmund King of Kent 750 - 784 |
| 40 Egbert King of Wessex 775 - 839 |
| 34 Aethelred 2Unready 968 - 1016 |
| 33 Edmund 2 Ironside 990 - 1016 |
| 32 Edward Athling X 1016 - 1057 |
| 29 Henry Curtmantle 1133 - 1189 |
| 28 John Lackland 1166 - 1216 |
| 23 John of Gaunt 1340 - 1399 |
| 21 Richard Plantagenet 1460 |
| 19 Elizabeth of York 1466 - 1503 |
| 18 Margaret Tudor 1489 - 1541 |
| 16 mary Stuart 1542 - 1586 |
| 15 James 1 Stuart 1566 - 1625 |
| 14 Elizabeth Stuart 1596 - 1661 |
| 13 Sophie Hanover 1630 - 1714 |
| 12 George 1 Hanover 1660 - 1727 |
| 11 George 2 Hanover 1683 - 1760 |
| 10 Frederick Louis Hanover 1700 - 1751 |
| 9 George 3 Hanover 1738 - 1820 |
| 7 Victoria Hanover 1819 - 1901 |
| 6 Edward 7 Wettin 1841 - 1910 |
| 5 George Windsor 1865 - 1936 |
| 4 George 6 Windsor 1895 - 1952 |
| 3 Elizabeth 2 Windsor 1926 |
1 William Arthur Philip Windsor 1982
38 |
|
| 1701 Jethro Tull invents seed drill. |
| 1704 Newton explains principles of Colour in Optics |
| 1707 Abraham Darby uses coal to smelt Iron |
1708 Jesuit missionaries make first accurate map of China
Union Pacific 1939 |
| 1711 Englishmen, John Shore inventstuning fork. |
| 1712 Thomas Newcomen patentsatmospheric steam engine |
| 1714 Fahrenheit devises mercury thermometer |
| 1715 Earliest sketch of solar corona |
| 1716 Dramatic aurora seen in England |
| 1717 Edmond Halley inventsdiving bell. |
| 1722 French C. Hopffer patentsfire extinguisher |
| 1722 George Graham discovers that compass needle always in motion. |
| 1724 Gabriel Fahrenheit inventsfirst mercury thermometer. |
| 1725 First Encyclopedia printed in China |
| 1728 Danish explorer Bering discovers Straits |
| 1730 Octant navigational aid invented |
| 1731 Wickliffes New Testament was printed. |
| 1731 Rosetta Stone discovered |
| 1733 First perambulator (pram) designed |
| 1733 John Kay invents flying shuttle. |
| 1734 First fire extinguisher invented Newcomen invents steam powered piston engine |
| 1735 Linnaeus develops categorisation system |
| 1736 Rubber discovered in Peru |
| 1740 Anders Celcius and Olof Hoiter discover magnetic storms |
| 1742 Celsius devises centigrade scale |
| 1745 E.G. von Kleist inventsleyden jar,first electrical capacitor. |
1746 1828 Fransisco Goya
Volavérunt 1999
Goyas Ghost 2006 |
| 1748 First blast furnace built |
| 1750 James Watt discoveredpower of steam. |
| 1752 Ben. Franklin discoveredidentity of lightening and electricity. Lightening rods were used thereafter. |
| 1752 Franklin proposes Theory of Electricity |
| 1752 Britain adopts Gregorian calender leading to riots |
| 1756 Amadeus Mozart of Germany was born. He lived 36 years. |
| 1757 Sextant invented by John Campbell |
| 1752 Benjamin Franklin invents lightening rod. |
| 1755 Samuel Johnson publishesfirst English language dictionary on April 15th after nine years of writing. In preface Samuel Johnson wrote, "I am not so lost in lexicography as to forget that words aredaughters of earth, and that things are sons of heaven." |
| 1757 John Campbell invents sextant. |
| 1758 Dolland invents a chromatic lens. |
1760 - 1830 70 Indrustrial rev |
| 1764 First public restaurant opens in France |
| 1764 Voltaires Dictionnaire Philosophique |
| 1764 James Watt develops Steam engine |
| 1766 Cavendish isolates Hydrogen |
| 1761 Englishmen, John Harrison invents navigational clock or marine chronometer for measuring longitude. |
| 1764 James Hargreaves invents spinning jenny. |
| 1767 Joseph Priestley invents carbonated water soda water. |
| 1768 Richard Arkwright patents spinning frame |
| 1769 James Watt invents an improved steam engine |
| 1770 Wilcke discovers aurora aligned with magnetic field of Earth, |
1770 - 1827 57 Beethoven
Beethovens Great Love 1936 |
| 1770 Beethoven was born. He lived 57 years, primarily in Vienna. |
| 1771 First edition of Encyclopedia Britannica |
| 1773 First Iron bridge built at Coalbrookdale |
| 1774 Priestly discovers Oxygen |
| 1775 Thomas Crapper invents WC |
| 1777 Lavoister shows that Oxygen and Nitrogen aremain components of air |
| 1777 Mairan proposes aurora caused by earth entering Zodiacal light |
| 1779 Riots against machinery |
| 1774 Georges Louis Lesage patentselectric telegraph. |
| 1775 Alexander Cummings invents flush toilet.Jacques Perrier invents a steamship. |
| 1776 David Bushnell invents a submarine. |
| 1779 Samuel Crompton invents spinning mule. |
| 1777 The Society parakeet population dies out on the Society Islands after vessels released pests.[31] |
| 1781 Herschel discovers Uranus |
| 1782 Watt patents rotary steam engine |
| 1784 Bifocal spectacles developed |
| 1784 first mail delivered by coaches left London for Bristol, August |
| 1786 Coal gas used to make light |
| 1780 Benjamin Franklin invents bifocal eyeglasses.Gervinus invents circular saw. |
| 1783 Louis Sebastien demonstratesfirst parachute.Benjamin Hanks patentsselfwinding clock.Joseph Michel Montgolfier and Jacques Etienne Montgolfier inventhotair balloon.Englishmen, Henry Cort inventssteel roller for steel production. |
| 1784 Andrew Meikle inventsthreshing machine.Joseph Bramah invents safety lock. |
| 1785 Edmund Cartwright invents power loom.Claude Berthollet invents chemical bleaching Charles Augustus Coulomb inventstorsion balance.Blanchard invents a working parachute. |
| 1786 John Fitch invents a steamboat. |
| 1789 guillotine is invented. |
| 1791 Metric system formulated in France |
| 1791 James Hargreaves inventsSpinning Jenny |
| 1792 Cotton Gin invented by Eli Whitney |
| 1796 Jenner succeeds in developing a smallpox vaccine |
| 1798 Lithography invented |
| 1799 Income Tax introduced |
| 1790 United States issued its first patent to William Pollard of Philadelphia for a machine that roves and spins cotton. |
| 1791 John Barber inventsgas turbine.Early bicycles invented in Scotland. |
| 1792 William Murdoch invents gas lighting.The first ambulance. |
| 1794 Eli Whitney patentscotton gin.Welshmen, Philip Vaughan invents ball bearings. |
| 1795 Francois Appert inventspreserving jar for food. |
| 1796 Edward Jenner creates a smallpox vaccination. |
| 1797 Wittemore patents a carding machine.A British inventor, Henry Maudslay invents first metal or precision lathe. |
| 1798 1st soft drink invented.Aloys Senefelder invents lithography. |
| 1799 Alessandro Volta invents battery. Louis Robert inventsFourdrinier Machine for sheet paper making. |
|
| 1800 Volta makes first battery |
| 1800 The last known bluebuck was shot, making the species the first African antelope to be hunted to extinction by European settlers.[33] |
| 1802 Zeppelin invents his airship |
| 1803 Daltons Atomic theory |
| 1803 1st passenger steamboat,Clermont, performed its maiden voyage onSeine River. |
| 1804 1st steam rail locomotive |
| 1807 Gaslight was introduced in London |
| 1808 Nobel invented dynamite. |
| 1809 Samuel Sommerings electric telegraph |
1810 - 49 Fred Chopin
Chopin: Desire for Love 2000 |
| 1811 Luddites smash spinning and weaving machinery |
1813 - 83 Richard Wagner
Wagner 1982 |
| 1816 Stethoscope invented |
| 1819 Macadamized roads developed |
| 1819Savannah isfirst steamship to cross Atlantic |
| 1821 Faraday invents electric motor |
| 1822 Rosetta stone deciphered by Champollion |
| 1822 First Iron Steamship sails |
| 1823 Rubberized cotton developed by Macintosh |
| 1825 1st railway opened in England on September |
| 1827 photographs produced on a metal plate |
| 1828 Dutch manufacturer Houten developschocolate bar |
1790 - 1830 Dalton Minimun Low sunspot activity. Germany had 2 degree drop in temp for 20 yrs
|
| 1833 Ross proposes aurora are light reflected from polar ice and snow |
| 1838 First Canadian railway starts operating |
| 1838 Screw propellor invented |
| 1839 Daguerre took first photograph. |
| 1839 Faradays theory of electromagnetism |
| 1840 first postage stamps |
| 1842 First use of Anaesthetic in an operation |
| 1845 Galvanised corrugated Iron invented, |
| 1845 Pneumatic tyre invented |
| 1848 Auroral earth currents disrupt telegraph lines worldwide |
| 1849 Safety Pin patented; |
| 1849 Speed of Light accurately measured by Fizeau |
| 1850 Kelvins Law of conservation of energy |
| 1851 Heinreich Schwabe discovers11year sunspot cycle |
| 1852 The last sighting of a great auk was made off the coast of Newfoundland. The bird was driven to extinction by hunting for its fat, feathers, meat, and oil.[15][37] |
| 1853 Hypodermic syringe invented |
| 1856 First refrigerator ship, |
| 1856 synthetic colours invented |
| 1856 Edward Sabine discovers aurora connected to sunspot cycle |
| 1856 Olmstead concludes aurora caused by events external to earth. |
| 1857 Trollopes Barchester TowersTrans Atlantic cable completed |
| 1858 first Atlantic cable |
| 1859 Oil pumped in Pennsylvania |
| 1859 Visible solar flare sighted by Carrington and Hodgson. |
| 1860 Bessemers mass production of Steel |
| 1860 Elias Loomis maps outauroral oval zone on earth. |
| 1860 Coronal Mass Ejection first spotted during a total solar eclipse |
| 1861 Germ Theory of disease |
1861 First Transcontinental Telegrah
Western Union 1941 |
| 1863 Maxwells theory of electro magnetism |
| 1866 First successfully laid cable |
| 1866 Nobel invents dynamite; |
| 1866 Mendel published his research into Genetics |
| 1867 Diamonds discovered in South Africa |
| 1868 First Traffic signal in London |
| 1869Suez Canal opened in November. |
| 1860 The sea mink becomes extinct because of hunting for its fur.[39] |
| 1870 Cable links Australia and London |
| 1870 elementary education act |
| 1870 Periodic table developed by Mendelev |
| 1871 Pullman introducesSleeper car |
| 1872 Secret ballot introduced |
| 1872 air brakes,
typewriter and colour photography |
| 1872 Great Aurora seen in India, Cuba, Paris.. |
| 1873 Royal Canadian Mounted Police formed |
| 1875 Bell patents telephone Transcontinetnal railroad |
| 1877 Edison inventedphonograph. |
| 1878 Lighting by electricity began to be used. |
| 1879 First Tramways in Berlin |
| 1879 George Ellis offers first space weather forecast |
| 1879 The last known Atlas bear, Africa's only native bear, is killed by hunters in Morocco. The bear was heavily hunted and used for sport in the Roman Empire.[41] |
1880s - 1914 2nd Industrial revolution |
| 1881 Prof. De La Rue creates artificial aurora in a vacuum tube. |
| 1882 First hydro electric station in US |
| 1882 Henry Draper reveals solar spectrum, not incandescent gas. |
| 1882 Balfour Stewart proposes auroral currents in upper atmosphere |
| 1885 Gottleb Daimer inventedinternal combustion engine. Karl Benz pioneeredengine for automobiles. |
| 1885 Canadian Pacific railway completed |
| 1885 Daimler and Benz build automobile |
| 1885 unique quality of fingerprints established |
| 1880 First electric street light in New York |
| 1887 Radio waves discovered by Hertz |
| 1889 Eiffel Tower completed
of laws of heredity |
| 1889 Veeder discovers that major aurora can reoccur every 27days |
| 1880 The eastern elk, a subspecies of elk in the US and Canada, is declared extinct.[42] |
| 1886 The red alga known as Bennett's seaweed from Australia disappears because of the massive human activities.[44] |
| 1892 George Ellery Hale invents spectroheliograph to study solar flares. |
| 1895 Cinema, safety razors, wireless telegraphy and Xrays all invented |
| 1896 Olympic games started |
| 1896 Radioactivity of Uranium discovered |
| 1897 Thomson discovers electrons; |
| 1897 Diesel engines invented |
| 1898 Kristian Berkelund proposes electrical rays from sun cause aurora |
|
| 1902 Kennely and Heavyside propose ionosphere layer |
| 1903 1st powered flight byWright brothers |
| 1905 Einsteins Special theory of relativity |
| 1905 Rutherfords Nuclear model of atom |
| 1906 Vitamins discovered by Hopkins; |
| 1906 first sound radio broadcasting |
| 1908 George Ellery Hale detects intense magnetic fields near sunspots |
| 1909 Birkeland creates a Terella to mimic aurora |
| 1907 The huia, a native bird of New Zealand, is last seen. Habitat loss, hunting, and disease all played a role in its extinction.[48] |
| 1909 The last known tarpan, a Polish wild horse, died in captivity.[49] |
| 1914 Zip, Traffic lights and 35mm camera are all invented |
| 1915 Einsteins General Theory of Relativity |
| 1915 wireless outage in Northern Europe caused by an aurora |
| 1916 First Tank developed |
| 1916 first Jazz recordings |
| 1918 Sydney Chapman describes magnetic field of sun and earth as system. |
| 1919 League of Nations formed |
| 1919 Rutherford splitsatom |
| 1919 Whistlers heard for first time in World War I. |
| 1914 The last passenger pigeon, Martha, died in captivity at the Cincinnati Zoo. Excessive hunting contributed to its extinction; it was formerly one of the world's most abundant birds.[50] |
| 1918 The last Carolina parakeet died in captivity at the Cincinnati Zoo. The bird, formerly inhabiting the southeastern United States, was driven to extinction by exploitation, deforestation, and competition with introduced bees.[51] |
| 1921 Marconi makes first Radio Broadcast |
| 1921 Major aurora seen worldwide. |
| 1922 Insecticide developed |
| 1923 Babcock and McLennan identify auroral green light as Oxygen III |
| 1925 Beginning of studies of shortwave disruptions |
| 1925 Appleton and Barnett detectionosphere layer |
1927 Lindbergh flies Atlantic
Spirit of St. Louis 1957 |
| 1928 Discovery of Penicillin |
| 1932 Cowards Private lives Jet engine |
| 1934 Hale publishes detailed study of solar flares |
| 1937term solar flare appears forfirst time in newspaper. |
| 1939 DDT insecticide developed |
| 1939 J. Dellenger describes how short wave outages caused by solar flares acting onionosphere. |
| 1939 Proton aurora discovered. |
| 1933 The cry pansy from Europe becomes extinct due to habitat loss and overcollection in the only place where it grew, France.[57] |
| 1936 The last thylacine died in captivity. Hunting, habitat loss, disease, and competition from domestic dogs all may have contributed to the extinction of the species.[59] |
| 1937 The Bali tiger was last definitively seen around this time, but likely persisted into the 1940s or possibly even the early 1950s.[60] |
| 1940 Easter Day shortwave disruption by major flare.term radio blackout first appears in a New York Times article on January 14. |
| 1941 Major shortwave disruptions during World War II activities. |
| 1942 S.E. Forbush detects Ground Level Event (GLE) radiation enhancement due to energetic protons associated with a solar flare. |
| 1943 Aqualung by Cousteau and Gagnan |
| 1943 Sunspots hamper radio transmission of Allied invasion of Italy on September 3. |
| 1945 Atom Bomb was invented and dropped on two Japanese cities byUnited States. |
| 1946 Development of Computers |
| 1947 Worldwide radio traffic is blacked out by a sunspot on March 8th. Radio fadeouts are reported over Shannon Airport in Ireland on July 19th Airplane radio traffic interference is extensive but no blackouts during July 20th storm. Radio blackouts acrossPacific Ocean and extending to New York are reported duringAugust 23 storm. |
| 1947 Giovanelli proposes that solar flares related to solar magnetic changes. |
| 1949 Astronomer Grote Reber detects a major radio burst from a flare, 3 minutes beforeactual flare is detected by telescopic study |
| 1942 The last confirmed sighting of the Barbary lion, although unconfirmed reports surfaced until 1970.[61] |
| 1950 First Kidney transplant |
1950 Present Modern Maximun of solar activity
|
| 1951 L. Biermann discovers solar wind using comet tails |
| 1952 Britains first atomic bomb |
| 1953 Mount Everest climbed |
| 1953 Hydrogen bomb invented |
| 1953 Dungey proposes that solar flares caused by opposing magnetic fields onsun. |
| 1954 Fortran developed; first oral contraceptives |
| 1956 P. A. Sweet proposes that flares originate inactivity of magnetic fields aboveactive areas of sunspots. |
| 1957 Soviet Sputnik flight |
| 1957 Waldmeier discovers coronal holes |
| 1957 Hannes Alfven proposes thatsolar wind was magnetized. |
| 1957 Worldwide radio fadeout lasts several hours on April 16th .A 36hour blackout cripples England on June 20th |
| 1958 Van Allen Belts discovered by Explorer I satellite. |
| 1958 Severny proposes magnetic shock wave theory of flares, and that flares occur alongmagnetic neutral line. Sweet develops a flux interchange theory which shows howflaring process leads to a simplershaped field afterflare event. |
| 1958 Eugene Parker predicts solar wind should exist |
| 1959 North Sea gas discovered |
| 1959 Integrated circuits developed |
| 1959 Shortwave blackout over North Atlantic on March 29th . Shortwave blackout over Asia, Europe and North America on August 18th, |
| 1959 Mariner 2 spacecraft detectssolar wind |
| 1960 Tommy Gold and Fred Hoyle propose that all ofenergy released in a flare was previously stored in a magnetic field. |
| 1960 Moreton observes timelapse solar activity which shows that a flare explosion produces waves insolar atmosphere much like a bombs concussion wave, and that these waves travel at 1000 km/sec and sometimes cause other solar disturbances in their wake. |
| 1961 Yuri Gagarin becomes first man in space |
| 1961 Magnetopause boundary detected by Explorer 10 spacecraft. |
| 1962 Communications Satellites |
| 1962 Warwick discovers Polar Cap Absorption events, and shows how these are related to powerful solar flare proton streams with energies of 10 MeV. |
| 1963 Cassette tape recorder |
| 1963 Eugene Parker calculates how magnetic reconnection might work in a solar flare, and concludes that it takes too long to explain sudden changes seen in typical solar flares. |
| 1963 Type IV radio flares are found to be related to proton acceleration. Magnetic reconnection theories get a reprieve. |
| 1963 Furth proposes a new tearing mode which disrupts current sheets and leads to solar flares.time it takes reconnection to happen is an average time betweenParker and Petschek processes. |
| 1964 Using a more detailed approach to describing magnetic reconnection than what Furth used in 1963, Petscheck recalculates how Parkers reconnection process would work, and concludes that reconnection could easily happen as fast as actual flare events are observed. |
| 1967 Satellite navigation |
| 1967 Alfven and Carlquist propose a current disruption process which can also act very quickly, but makes different assumptions than what Parker and Petschek made in describingrelease of magnetic energy. |
| 1968 OGO5 satellite detects magnetic activity ingeotail region |
| 1968 Bumba shows that flares have a statistical preference for active regions where two bipolar spot groups are merging, with one developing incentral regions of another. |
| 1968 David Rust confirms that explosions occur at neutral points in magnetic fields of sunspots and satellite spots.vanishing magnetic energy is equal tokinetic energy ofgases andelectromagnetic energy in xrays and gamma rays. These observations seem to confirmParker/Petschek reconnection idea |
| 1969 U.S. astronauts land onmoon. |
| 1971 Decimalisation of currency |
| 1971 Najita and Orrall and Hudson propose that white light flares are caused by bombardment ofupper photosphere by downstreaming proton or electron beams fromsite offlare event in top ofcoronal loop. |
| 1971 Lin and Hudson propose that hard Xray bursts duringimpulsive phase of a flare are evidence for 10,000 to 100,000 volt electron beams. |
| 1971 Brown proposesnon thermal flare model where magnetic energy causes an electrical current to flow down a magnetic loop until it collides withphotosphere atfootpoints, and heatsgases to xray energies to causeflare. |
| 1971 OSO7 satellite discovers Coronal transients |
| 1972 August 4 Apollo 17 major flare |
| 1974 Altschuler shows thatcoronal magnetic field changes drastically in strength and geometry around a flare region. Low level magnetic loops disappear and this means that currents of electricity also disappear attime of a flare. |
| 1975 Altair 8800 isfirst personal computer |
| 1978 First test tube baby |
| 1978 First Apple computer |
| 1970 The Caspian tiger becomes extinct primarily due to habitat loss, hunting, and loss of prey.[68] |
| 1980 Smallpox officially eliminated |
| 1981 Space shuttle Columbia |
| 1981 first reports of AIDS |
| 1982 US Cruise missiles installed |
| 1984 Genetic fingerprinting |
| 1989 March 813 Major solar flare, X15 Space Shuttle pressure sensor malfunction reported, but then sensor returns to normal so flight not aborted. |
| 1983 Last unconfirmed spotting of the kouprey (Bos sauveli),[75] last absolute confirmed spotting was in 1969/70.[76] Declared as “most likely to be extinct” by the IUCN.[76] |
| 1987 The last Kauaʻi ʻōʻō (Moho braccatus), a male, is recorded singing a mating call. The species was never heard from again and was declared extinct.[79] |
| 1995 United Nations Science Council Report warned of catastrophic effects across world duringnext hundred years as global warming rapidly accelerates. Scientists said that advancing tides caused by polar ice cap melting during this period would inundate most ofworlds coastal cities. Holes inozone layer continue to widen as suninduced skin cancer reaches nearepidemic proportions worldwide. |
| 1996 Rise and rise ofInternet |
| 1998 Pacific Oceans greatest "El Nino" current wreaked havoc on earth, producing mammoth fires, famine and drought in many places with huge floods in others. |
| 1999 world population topped 6 billion people. |
| 1990 The dusky seaside sparrow was officially declared extinct in December 1990. The last definite known individual died on 17 June 1987.[81] |
|
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