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1500s
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1600s
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1800s
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Swedish Bernadotte  V
|
Swed-Nor 1818 - 1905 87 V |
Glucksburg V |
Norway 1905 - Present 107 V |
|
KU V
1536 |
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KU V
1536 |
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Swedish Duchy of Estonia V |
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Soviet
V |
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Soviot Lat
V |
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Soviot Lith
V |
R |
|
1500s |
1600s |
1700s |
1800s |
1900s |
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Danish Iceland
1380 - 1918 538
@
Þingvellir
Old Icelandic |
|
Danish Iceland
1380 - 1918 538
@
Þingvellir
Old Icelandic |
|
Danish Iceland
1380 - 1918 538
@
Þingvellir
Old Icelandic
1783  Famine from eruption Laki volcano. |
1785  Grímsvötn volcano |
|
|
Danish Iceland
1380 - 1918 538
@
Þingvellir
Old Icelandic
1864 - 1929 Landakotskirkja |
|
Danish Iceland
1380 - 1918 538
@
Þingvellir
Old Icelandic |
Kingdom of Iceland
1918 - 44 26
@
| 1941 Action of 9 May. South of Iceland UK 40Fre 7 2D #40X, 3D 3Co 2Tr VS Germany 4Su 1C 2D #14X #32C |
| 1941 Battle of Denmark Strait. South of Iceland UK VS Germany 1B 1D 1BC 1 1.4X #9W 1HC |
|
Republic of Iceland
1944 - Present 68
@ |
|
|
1500s |
1600s |
1700s |
1800s |
1900s |
|
|
Lordship of Ireland
1171 - 1542 371
| 1500s Ballinalacken Castle |
| 1500s Ballycarbery Castle |
1504  Siege of Galway  |
|
1st Kingdom of Ireland
1541 - 1651 110
| 1569 - 73 4 1st Desmond Rebellion England & Ireland vs allied Irish clans & FitzGeralds of Desmond. Vs allied Irish clans |
| 1579 - 83 4 2nd Desmond Rebellion. Ireland. Kingdom of England, Kingdom of Ireland, allied Irish clans VS FitzGeralds of Desmond, Spain, Papal States, allied Irish clans |
| 1594 - 1603 9 9 Years War England, Ireland, Lords 23,000 VS Clans 9,000, Scottish & Gallic mercenaries in Ulster 8,000, Spain 3,500 Tot 20,500
|
| 1573 bought Castle Saunderson |
| 1580 Siege of Carrigafoyle Castle |
| 1585 Ballinacarriga Castle |
| 1590s pucks Castle Shankill, Dublin |
1598  Battle of Yellow Ford |
|
|
Irish Catholic Confederation
1642 - 51 9 |
@ Kilkenny
Law French, Latin, Irish, English
Confederal monarchy
1642 - 9 7 Charles 1 of England
1649 - 53 4 Charles 2 of England |
English Commonwealth
of Ireland
1651 - 9 8 |
|
| 1743 Leixlip Wonderful Barn Leixlip |
| 1712 - 33 St. Peter & St. Paul Cathedral |
1784  Cashel Cathedral |
1793 - 2006  Waterford Cathedral |
|
2nd Kingdom of Ireland
1659 - 1801 142 |
| 1800 - 09 Charleville Castle |
| 1800 Moher Tower in background |
| 1820 Drymnagh Castle Dublin |
| 1835 Cliffs OBriens Tower |
| 1870 - 3 3 Glenveagh Castle |
| 1808 Cork Cathedral Dedicated |
| 1808 Skibbereen Cathedral Dedicated |
| 1825 Saint Marys Pro Cathedral Dublin Completed |
| 1828 - 1943 Ennis Cathedral Consecrated |
| 1833 Carlow Cathedral Dedicated |
| 1840 - 56 St. Mel Cathedral |
| 1840 - 93 Longford Cathedral |
| 1840 - 1904 Armagh Cathedral |
| 1842 - 55 St. Marys Cathedral Killarney |
| 1842 Enniskillen Cathedral Completed |
| 1855 Ballaghaderreen Cathedral Commisioned |
| 1860 - 6 Saint Peters Cathedral Belfast |
| 1861 Limerick |
| 1865 - 79 Saint Fin Barres Cathedral in Cork |
| 1865 - 79 Thurles Cathedral |
| 1867 - 1915 Cobh Cathedral |
| 1867 - 1915 St. Colman Cathedral |
| 1870s Tuam St Marys Cathedral |
| 1897 - 1902 Loughrea Cathedral |
| 1897 - 1902 St. Brendan Cathedral |
|
United Kingdom of
Great Britain & Ireland
1801 - 1922 121
| 1900 Reading Book in Irish History by Joyce, P. W. (Patrick Weston) 33,402 K |
| 1905 Irish History & Irish Question by Smith, Goldwin 60,403 K |
1847 - 1912 65  Bram Stoker novelist |
| 1916 Insurrection in Dublin by James Stephens 2;10;41 |
1916 Battle of Easter Rising  |
1921 - 4 3 Irish Civil War Pro Treaty National Army 58.5 .8, 10P, 1Sh, Air Services, Navy, Citizens Defense Force 350 X4) VS Anti Treaty (Republican Army, Cumann na mBan, Na Fianna, Éireann) 15,000 X3,000 12,000Pr
* Confirmation of Irish Free State and defeat of antitreaty IRA forces.
Parnell 1937
Captain Boycott 1947
Informer 1935
Juno & Paycock 1930
Michael Collins 1996
Wind that Shakes Barley 2006
Talk of Angels 1998
My Left Foot 1989
Nora 2000
A Portrait Of Artist As A Young Man 1979 |
|
Irish Free State
1922 - 37 15 |
Republic of Ireland
1937 - Present 75
| 1941 Operation Stonewall. Off West France UK 2LC 2W, USA 1EC, Free France 4D, Canada 4Co, New Zealand 1C, Czechoslovakia 1B, Ireland 1St, Spain 2D VS Germany 2To 1D 1DD 4BR #154C Last of German control of French ports. |
| 1949 Ireland leaves Commonwealth. |
| 1856 - 1950 94 mi George Bernard Shaw Playwright |
|
1901  Lettesrkenny Cathedral |
1920 - 36  Mullingar Cathedral |
1938 - 42  Cavan Cathedral |
| 1958 - 75 Galway Cathedral |
|
|
1500s |
1600s |
1700s |
1800s |
1900s |
|
|
1st Kingdom of England ^
927 - 1649 722 |
| 1503 - 2005 52 St Edmundsbury Cathedral |
1500 - 1509  Printed books hit the market |
1500 - 1509  growing interest in anatomy and herbal medicine from Humanism |
1509 - 47 38 Henry 8 1491 - 1547 56
*
^ Elizabeth of York
= 1) Catherine of Aragon D1,
2) Anne Boleyn D1,
3) Jane Seymour S1,
4) Anne of Cleves,
5) Catherine Howard,
6) Catherine Parr
Henry VIII & his Six Wives 1973
Private Life of Henry VIII 1933
Six Wives of Henry VIII 1970 miniseries
Anne of Thousand Days 1969
A Man for All Seasons 1966 , 1988 |
1509 - 10 1 .png) Great Plague afflicts various parts of Tudor England. |
1510 - 1511  Mary Rose warship |
1510 - 1514 4  Erasmus lives in England |
1513  Battle of Spurs @France. PO War of League of Cambrai England & HRE 30 VS France 7 |
1513  Battle of Flodden |
1516  Thomas More published seminal Utopia |
1517  Sweating Sickness epidemic hits Tudor England. |
1522 - 23 1  English forces conducted raids in Picardy and northern France as part of Henry VIII's alliance with Charles V. |
1526  New Testament in English by William Tyndale |
1527  Portrait of Sir Thomas More by Hans Holbein Younger 1497 - 1543 46 oil on wood Frick Collection, New York |
1531 - 2 1  Anglicanism Church of England breaks away from Roman Catholic Church & recognizes King Henry 8 as head of Church. |
1532  Bangor Cathedral Tower Bangor, Gwynedd |
1533  Anne Boleyn becomes Queen of England & Elizabeth Tudor is born. |
1536  Anne Boleyn beheaded for adultery & treason. |
1540  1st Blast Furnace in England |
1540  Great Bible |
| 1542 Battle of Haddon Rig |
| 1542 Battle of Solway Moss |
| 1542 Battle of Alltan-Beath |
| 1544 Battle of Shirts |
| 1545 Battle of Ancrum Moor |
| 1547 Battle of Pinkie Cleugh |
1550s  introduction of milled coinage |
| 1551 5th outbreak of sweating sickness in England. John Caius of Shrewsbury writes first full contemporary account of symptoms of disease. |
| 1555 Battle of Garbharry |
1555  1st major English joint stock trading company Mik Muscovy Company . |
1558  Loses Calais to France after 200 years |
 Elizabeth 1998
 Virgin Queen 1955
 Private Lives of Elizabeth & Essex 1939
| 1562 Battle of Corrichie |
1563 .png) Plague >20 in 80 London. |
1563  Foxe's Book of Martyrs |
1567  Mary, Queen of Scots, imprisoned by Elizabeth 1. |
| 1567 Battle of Carberry Hill |
| 1568 Battle of Langside |
1569 - 70 1  Rising of North
@ North England. England & Protestants 7 VS Scotland & Catholics 4.6 . |
1568  Bishops Bible. |
1568 - 1648  80 Years War United Provinces,
England,
Nassau,
Huguenots,
France VS Spain, HRE
1570  John Hart promotes spelling reform. |
| 1571 Theodelites by Leonard Digges |
| 1505 - 72 67 John Knox of Scotland leader of Protestant Reformation |
1575  Raid of the Redeswire vs Scotland |
1576  The Theatre by James Burbage |
1577 - 80 3 1st Englishman to sail around world. Francis Drake 1540 - 96 56
Vice Admiral in Carribean.
Drake of England 1935
Seven Seas to Calais 1962 |
1583 - 1997 397  British Empire |
1585 - 1604 19  Anglo/Spanish War Part of 80 yrs War Atlantic Ocean, English Channel, Low Countries, Spain, Spanish Main, Portugal, Cornwall, Ireland, Americas.Spain & Naples VS England,
Dutch Republic, Portugues loyal to Prior Cato
1588  Spanish Armada Destroyed |
| 1604 Treaty of London. Status quo Ante Bellum |
|
1589  Edmund Spenser publishes his epic poem "The Faerie Queene" |
1589  Stocking frame knitting machine. William Lee |
1591  1st flush toilet is introduced by Sir John Harrington of England, design published under title Metamorphosis of Ajax. |
1592 1st English terrestrial & celestrial Globes by Emery Molyneux ? 1598 Also made mathematical instruments & ordnance. |
| 1593 Battle of Dryfe Sands |
1592 - 3 1 .png) Plague in London 10.7 of 200 |
1564 - 93 29  Christopher Marlowe, Poet & Dramatist. |
| 1594 Battle of Glenlivet |
1597  1st Book of Songs about history of Lute by John Dowland 1563 - 1626 63 Composer, Singer, & Lutenist. |
| 1598 Every Man in his Humour Ben Jonson 1572 - 1637 65, English dramatist, poet & actor |
1552 - 99 49  Edmund Spenser Poet |
|
|
|
1st Kingdom of England
927 - 1649 722
|
1568 - 1648 80 Years War United Provinces,
England,
Nassau,
Huguenots,
France VS Spain, HRE
| 1544 - 1603 69 William Gilbert Physician & Natural Philosopher. |
| 1879 History of English People, V5 Puritan England, 1603 - 1660 by Green, John Richard 95,546 K |
| 1879 History of English People, V5 Puritan England, 1603 - 1660 by Green, John Richard 95,546 K |
1603  Union of crowns of Scotland & England Elizabeth 1 of England dies & is succeeded by cousin James 6 of Scotland |
1604  Tragical History of Doctor Faustus From Quarto of 1604 by Marlowe, Christopher 23,125 K |
1605  Gunpowder Plot failed |
1570 - 1611 41  Henry Hudson Explorer suffered mutiny. |
| 1611 King James Bible |
| 1614 Logarithm introduced by John Napier to simplify calculations. Scotland. |
? - 1615  Edward Wright, 1561 - 1615 54 mathematician & cartographer who determined mathematical basis of Mercator projection & produced first maps in England according to this method |
1615  Four Prentises of London Thomas Heywood
1570s - 1641 70s Dramatist |
1564 - 1616 52  William Shakespeare Poet & Playwright |
1620  1st submarine made of wood & greased leather by Cornelius Drebbei, funded by King |
1623  1st English dictionary Henry Cockeram |
1561 - 1626 65  Sir Francis Bacon Philosopher, Statesman & Essayist. |
| 1558 - 1625 67 Thomas Lodge Dramatist |
| 1561 - 1626 65 Francis Bacon Philosopher & Politician |
| 1591 - 1628 37 Peter Philips Carreer 1560 1628 68. Composer, Organist, & Catholic Priest |
1628  Circulatory system published William Harvey & elucidates his earlier discovery of |
| 1572 - 1631 59 John Donne Metaphysical Poet |
1633 Tis Pity Shes a Whore Tragedy by John Ford
1586 - 1640 54 Dramatist |
1634  J introduced into alphabet |
1639 - 51 12 Wars of Three Kingdoms Civil wars throughout Scotland, Ireland, & England.
| 1637 Charles 1 attempts to impose Anglican services on Presbyterian Church of Scotland, Jenny Geddes starts riots |
1638  Signing of National Covenant in Scotland |
| 1639 Conflict between Covenanters & Royalists in Scotland, beginning with Covenanters seizing city of Aberdeen in February |
1639 1st Bishops War England 20 0 VS Scotland 12 1
*
Charles brings his troops into Scotland but decides not to attack but to negotiate instead.
1639  Siege of Towie Barclay Castle. |
| 1639 Battle of Bridge o Dee. |
1639  Treaty of Berwick. |
|
| 1640 Revolt of Scots. King Charles compelled to recall Parliament to obtain money to finance his military struggle with Scotland. Parliament agrees to fund Charles, but only on condition he answer their grievances relating to his 11year "personal rule" or "tyranny". Charles refuses & dissolves Parliament after a mere 3 weeks, hence name of "Short Parliament" |
1640  Torture outlawed. |
1640  2nd Bishops War or "Second War of Covenant" breaks out in August. Responding to Charles attempt to raise an army against them, an army of Covenanters crosses Tweed & overruns an English force at Battle of Newburn (28 August 1640), marching on city of Newcastle.
1640  Treaty of Ripon leaves Newcastle in hands of Scots, who also receive a large tribute from Charles. Charles has no option but to recall Parliament in order to raise necessary funds. Parliament convenes in November & remains convened, in one form or another, until 1660, thus earning name of "Long Parliament". |
|
| 1565 - 1640 75 Giles Farnaby Composer & Virginalist |
1641  Massacre of Protestants in Ulster by Catholics starts Irish Rebellion. |
| 1641 Battle of Julianstown Ireland Irish Rebels 5#600 VS English Army 3.5 Low |
| 1641 Parliament issues Grand Remonstrance to Charles, which some[who?] see as a direct challenge to Kings authority. Charles refuses to address grievances it raises. |
| 1642 Covenanters send a Protestant Scots army to Ulster to defend Protestant plantations |
| 1642 Charles 1, King of England, from Three Angles by Anthony van Dyck |
| 1642 Charles enters House of Commons to arrest five "traitors". news of his "assault" on Parliament causes uproar in London. Charles leaves city in fear for his life. In his absence Parliament passes Militia Bill which, in effect, seizes control of London arsenal & places trainbands & militia under its authority. Charles retaliates by appointing individuals to take control of other regional militias in Kings name. From this moment both sides actively raise troops & gather munitions. |
1642 - 6 4  1st English Civil War.
Catholic Confederation: Irish Catholics; Gaelic Irish & Old English @Kilkenny VS English Royalists
| 1642 Battle of Edgehill Warwickshire Royalists 9.1, #800 Dragoons, 2.5C, 16G 12.4T #500X 1.5W VS Parliamentarians 12, #700 Dragoons, 2.3C 7G 15T #500X 1.5W |
1643 Battle of Adwalton Moor  |
| 1643 Battle of Burton Ridge |
| 1643 Battle of Roundway Down |
| 1643 Ceasefire between English Royalists & Irish Confederates declared |
| 1643 Alliance between English Parliament & Scottish Covenanters — Solemn League & Covenant — declared. Scottish troops march into England to support English Parliamentarians |
| 1644 Areopagitica A speech for Liberty of Unlicensed Printing to Parliament of England by John Milton 21,148 K |
| 1644 Battle of Cropredy Bridge |
| 1644 Battle of Marston Moor Parliamentarians & Scots VS Royalists |
| 1644 Battle of Tippermuir |
| 1644 Battle of Lostwithiel |
| 1644 2nd Battle of Newbury |
| 1644 Battle of Lostwithiel |
| 1644 Scottish Civil War started by Scottish Royalist Montrose, with aid of Irish Confederate troops under Alasdair MacColla, including ScotsIrish forces serving under Manus OCahan |
1645 English Parliament forms New Model Army
| 1645 Battle of Inverlochy |
1645 Battle of Naseby Naseby, Northamptonshire Parliamentary New Model Army 7, #500 dragoons, 6C 13.5T #400XW VS Royalists 3.3, 4.1C 7.4T 1X
5C
* Ends 1st English Civil War |
| 1645 Battle of Kilsyth. Stirling, Scotland Royalist Irish, Highland Scots 3 #500C Light VS Scots Covanters 7 #800C 4.5 |
| 1645 Battle of Philiphaugh. Covanters 1 #600C & dragoons trifling VS Royalists #600 musketeers #100 levies #100C #500 |
| 1646 King surrenders to Scots Covenanters who give him to English Parliament |
|
| 1646 Battle of Benburb Benburb, County Tyrone Irish Confederate Catholics Ulster Army 5 #300 VS Scottish Covenanter army & English & Scottish settlers 6 23K&C |
| 1647 Battle of Dungans Hill English Parliamentarians 6 Low VS Irish Confederate Catholics Leinster & Munster 6 3+ & Highland Scots #900 |
| 1647 Battle of Knocknanauss Knocknanauss, County Cork English Parliamentarians 5.2 1 VS Irish Confederate Catholics of Leinster & Munster, Highland Scots 7 3 |
1648 - 9 1 2nd English Civil War.
1648 - 9 1 Ormonde Peace formal alliance between Irish Confederates & English Royalists declared
| 1647 Battle of Dungan's Hill |
1648  Peace of Münster
Independence of Dutch Republic
Spanish retention of Southern Netherlands |
| 1648 Battle of Preston Lancashire Parliamentarians 8.6 #<100 VS Royalists, Scottish Engagers 9 2X 7C |
1649  Execution of Charles 1 by English Parliament |
| 1649 Battle of Rathmines Dublin English Parliamentarians 5 Low VS English Royalists & Irish Confederate Catholics 11 3C |
|
1650 - 1 1  Montrose uprising Scotland Covenanters VS Royalists
1650 3rd English Civil War Parliamentarians VS Royalists, Scottish Coventers
* Commonwealth
| 1650 Battle of Dunbar Scotland English Parliamentarians 7.5 3.5C #20X #58W VS Scottish Coventers 9.5 2.5C 9G #8003X 610C |
| 1651 Seige of Limerick Henry Ireton |
| 1651 Capture of Isles of Scilly by Admiral Robert Blake |
1651 Battle of Worcester Parliamentarians 31 #200 VS Royalists & Scots <16 3X 10+C
* Ends 3rd Civil War
* Exiled in France |
|
|
| 1650 Charles 2 takes oath in support of Solemn League & Covenant & repudiates his alliance with Irish Confederates. Scots subsequently crown him at Scone on New Years Day, 1651. |
|
|
|
 Commonwealth of England
1649 - 60 11 There was no reigning monarch between execution of Charles I in 1649 & Restoration of Charles II in 1660. Instead, from 1653 following individuals held power as Lords Protector, during period known as Protectorate.
| 1572 - 1637 65 Ben Jonson Dramatist |
1653 - 8 5 Oliver Cromwell  Old Ironsides 1599 1658 59
^
Robert Cromwell & Elizabeth Steward
=
Elizabeth Bourchier 8C
Cromwell 1970
To Kill a King 2003
Crimson Blade 1963 |
1652 - 4 2  1st Anglo/Dutch War English Channel, North Sea, Italy Commonwealth of England 300 10 7C 2.5 VS Dutch Republic 300 33 18C 3
1652  Battle of Goodwin Sands. England 27 1,000G VS Dutch Rep. 44 1,300G 1C |
| 1652 Battle of Plymouth. Dutch Rep. 29 ? VS England 19 ? |
| 1652 Battle of Kentish Knock. England 10 68 2.4G VS Dutch Rep. 7 62 1.9 G 2 |
| 1652 Battle of Dungeness. Dutch Rep. 93 VS England 42 2C |
1653 Battle of Leghorn. Dutch Rep. 16 ? VS England 15 2 ships sunk
3 ships captured
150 dead or injured
50 captured |
| 1653 Battle of Portland. England 7080 13 VS Dutch Rep. 7080 812 , 2040M |
1653 Battle of Gabbard. England 100 126 dead & 236 wounded VS Dutch Rep. 98 6 ships sunk
11 ships captured
1,350 prisoners |
| 1653 Battle of Scheveningen. Netherlands Dutch Rep. 127 1214 2C VS England 120 2 250X 700W |
| 1654 Treaty of Westminster. Navigation Acts recognized |
|
|
2nd Kingdom of England
1660 - 1707 47 |
1660  Commonwealth of England ends & monarchy brought back in English Restoration. |
1649 - 85 36 Charles 2 Merrie Monarch 1630 85 55
^ Charles 1
= Catherine of Braganza 3C (none survived infancy)
Charles II: Power & Passion 2003
Restoration 1995
Forever Amber 1947
Stage Beauty 2004 |
1660  Royal Society of London for Improvement of Natural Knowledge founded. |
| 1662 1st paper on production of sparkling wine Christopher Merret presents. |
| 1663 Cells discovered by Hookes Microscope |
| 1663 Designs for a reflecting telescope by James Gregory . Scotland. |
| 1664 Sylva forestry book by John Evelyns |
| 1665 Great Plague of London. |
1665 - 7 2  2nd Anglo-Dutch War Dutch Republic 131 23 5.2X, 3W, 2.5C, DenmarkNorway #250 Fortress 18, France VS England 21 7.2X, 7W, 2C 4.2 Guns, 139 29, 2C
| 1658 Battle of Sound. Dutch Rep., Denmark 35 1.3G 2 4S 2L #296X #503W VS Sweden 44 1.6G 4 4S 2.5L 6.5T #350X #850 |
| 1665 Battle of Lowestoft. England 109 1 English ship lost, 300–500 killed VS Dutch Rep. 103 17 Dutch ships lost, 2000–2500 killed, c. 2000 taken prisoner |
| 1665 Battle of Vågen. Fortress in Norway Dutch aaa. 50 #100 Norway #18 VS England 30 #500 |
| 1666 Four Days Battle. Dutch Rep. 84 4 1.5X 1.3W VS England 79 10 1.5X 1.5W 1.8C |
| 1666 St. James Day Battle. England England 90 +16F 106T 1 #300 VS Dutch Rep. 89 20F 9Y 118T 2C #800 |
| 1667 Raid on Medway. Dutch Rep. 60 8F 1.5 #50 VS England 15 2C |
1666  Great Fire of London. |
| 1667 Treaty of Breda. Dutch have monopoly on nutmeg as England gives up Run, Banda Island. Dutch can ship German goods to England. |
|
1669  Reflecting telescope Isaac Newton |
1608 - 72 66 John Milton Poet |
1672 4 2  3rd Anglo/Dutch War Part of FrancoDutch War Dutch Republic
DenmarkNorway England
France
| 1672 Battle of Solebay England Dutch Rep. 75 1D 1C VS England, France 93 1D |
| 1673 Battles of Schooneveld North Sea Dutch Rep. 64 1 3.2C 14.7 VS England, France 86 2 4.8C 24.3 |
| 1673 Battle of Texel Netherlands Dutch Rep. 75W 30Fi 1X VS England, France 92W 30Fi 2X |
| 1674 Treaty of Westminster Netherlands formed an alliance with Spain & French withdrew from territory of Republic |
|
| 1608 - 74 66 John Milton Author & Poet |
1675 - 1720 35  London Cathedral. |
1676  Bacteria discovered Antoni van Leeuwenhoek |
| 1685 Monmouth Rebellion. Revolt of West King VS Rebels |
| 1578 - 1657 79 William Harvey Doctor |
| 1588 - 1679 91 Thomas Hobbes Philosopher & Mathematician |
| 1679 Battle of Drumclog |
1679 /PNG/32px/7109 - Bridge.png) Battle of Bothwell Bridge |
| 1647 - 80 33 John Wilmot Poet, 2nd Earl of Rochester |
| 1605 - 82 77 Sir Thomas Browne Author, Philosopher & Scientist |
1896  History of English People, V7 Revolution, 16831760; Modern England, 17601767 by Green, John Richard 87,598 K |
| 1685 Battle of Sedgemoor |
| 1688 History of England, from Accession of James 2 by Macaulay, Thomas Babington K |
| 1688 History of England in Three Volumes, V3 From Accession of George 3 to 23rd Year of Reign of Queen Victoriaby Nolan, E. H. (Edward Henry), Farr, Edward 101,395 K |
| 1688 V1 PC Henry 7 to Mary 193,230 K |
| 1688 V1 PA Britons of Early Times to King John by David Hume 202,865 K |
1671 - 1734 63 Rob Roy
Rob Roy 1995
Rob Roy, Highland Rogue 1954 |
1687  Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica by Isaac Newton |
1688 - 97 9  9 Yrs War Grand Alliance: Dutch Republic,
England,
HRE,
Spain,
PiedmontSavoy, Sweden 91,
Scotland VS France, Irish & Scottish Jacobites.
| 1688 Battle of Reading |
1689 - 97 8  King Williams War Second Indian War North America Part of Nine Years War France,
New France, First Nations allies VS England,
English America,
Iroquois Confederacy
| 1690 Battle of Port Royal Canada Massachusetts Bay Colony 7W 78C #446M #226Sa 0 VS French colony of Acadia >#90 18C AllC |
| 1690 Battle of Quebec Canada France 2M #7X #12W VS England, Massachusetts Bay Colony 2.3RM 60N 6G 34W |
| 1696 Battle of Fundy Bay Canada France 2L ? VS England 2L ? |
| 1696 Siege of Pemaquid Main, USA New France #100, Abenaki #400 #500T ? VS English colonists #93 ? |
|
1697 Treaty of Ryswick France recognizes William 3 of Orange as King of England, Scotland & Ireland.Territorial
changes France retains Alsace (including Strasbourg) & surrenders Freiburg, Breisach & Philippsburg to Holy Roman Empire, regains Pondicherry (after paying Dutch a sum of 16,000 pagodas) & Nova Scotia, Spain recovered Catalonia from France, & barrier fortresses of Mons, Luxembourg & Kortrijk. Duchy of Lorraine was restored to Leopold Joseph from France. |
|
| 1689 1st Letter Concerning Toleration John Locke |
| 1689 - 92 3 Jacobite Rising Scotland |
| 1689 Battle of Killiecrankie. Scotland Jacobite Royalists (Highlanders & Irish) 2.4 #600 VS Orange Covenantor Royalists (Highlanders & Lowlanders) 3.5 2 |
| 1690 Battle of Beachy Head. |
1659 - 95 36  Henry Purcell, composer |
1697  1st known 1st class cricket match Sussex |
|
|
Great Britain
1707 - 1801 94
1700 - 21 21  Great Northern War
@ North, East & Central Europe
* Part of Russo, Polish & Danish Swedish wars.
Russia 170 75, Kalmyk, Cossak, Denmark Norway 1700 & 1709-20 40D 8 60T, Saxony 06 & 9, Poland/Lithuania 04 & 9, 100P&S, Cossack, Prussia 1520 50, Hanover 159 20, Britain 179
00 310 1520 +70 163
VS Sweden 77 25, Luneburgers 10 Poland Lithuania 16P 414, Ottoman 104 150 Pruth, Cossack 89 39, GB 00, 07, 1921, United Provinces 00, Brunswig Luneburg 00 10.
00 90 28 0414 +175 16P 39C, 150O, 25C, 175S, 200T
1707 - 14 7 Queen Anne < X49
17C
1649 - 1708 59  John Blow Composer |
1708  United Company of Merchants of England Trading to East Indies formed by union of Company of Merchants of London Trading into East Indies & English Company Trading to East Indies. |
1709  Great Frost of 1709 Coldest winter in 500 years. |
1711  Rinaldo Handels 1st opera for London stage, premiered |
1711  Tuning Fork John Shore |
1712  Cassard's Pillage of Montserrat |
1712  Steam Engine invented by Thomas Newcomen |
| 1712 Rape of Lock by English Alexander Pope (publication of first version) |
1714  Mercury thermometer by Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit |
| 1715 Battle of Sheriffmuir |
| 1716 Battle of Preston |
| 1719 Battle of Glen Sheil |
1721 Treaty of Nystad
Russia + Estonia, Livonia, & Ingria & parts of Kexholm & Viborg.
Prussia + parts of Swedish Pomerania.
Hanover + BremenVerden.
HolsteinGottorp part of Duchy of Schleswig to Denmark. |
|
1715  Francesco Geminiani 1687 - 1762 75 plays in court of King of England. Italian violinist, composer, & music theorist |
1636 - 1715 79  Thomas Tenison Archbishop of Canterbury |
| 1715 1st Jacobite Rising Fifteen GB VS Jacobite Rebels, France |
1678 - 1717 39  Abraham Darby 1 Ironmaster, Introduced first cokeconsuming blast furnace |
1717  Diving bell successfully tested by Edmond Halley, sustainable to a depth of 55 ft |
1680 - 1718 38  Edward Teach (Blackbeard) Pirate |
| 1719 Jacobite rebellion fails Spanish attempt to restart. |
1719  Robinson Crusoe Daniel Defoe |
1718 - 20 2 War of Quadruple Alliance HRE 11.3XW,
France 3XW Sardinians 2.3XW,
GB 6XW,
Dutch Republic 1.5XW,
Savoy VS Spain, Jacobites 4.4C
| 1720 Treaty of Hague. Spain abandoned Italian claims |
|
1682 - 1720 38  Calico Jack John Rackham Pirate |
1720  British South Sea company collapses |
1721  1st Prime Minister of GB Robert Walpole |
|
| 1722 Bartholomew Roberts killed in Sea battle Welsh African coast. |
1722 - 5 3  Irish economic independence from England movement from Controversy over William Woods halfpence leads to Drapiers Letters |
1632 - 1723 91  Christopher Wren, architect & scientist |
| 1710 - 25 Birmingham Cathedral |
1726  Gullivers Travels by Jonathan Swift |
1642 - 1727 85  Sir Isaac Newton Discovered law of gravitation 1666. |
1727 - 60 33 George 2 X76 ^
= Caroline of Ansbach 8C
1727 - 9 2  Anglo-Spanish War g
1727 Blockade of Porto Bello. Spain 2 VS GB 11L
1F
2S
1Sn 1
4.8 4+X
* Safe passage of Spanish treasure fleet |
| 1727 Seige of Gibralter. GB 1.5 Then 5.5 118X,
207W VS Spain 12 then 17.5 392X,
1W |
| 1729 Treaty of Seville. |
| 1728 Dunciad Alexander Pope |
1671 - 1729 58  John Law Scottish Economist |
|
1730 - 60 30  1st Great Awakening in GB & North America.
1729 - 35 6 Methodism by Charles Wesley & John Wesley |
1683 - 1730 47  Anne Oldfield Actress |
1730  Octant navigational tool by John Hadley in England & Thomas Godfrey in America |
| 1659 - 1731 72 Daniel Defoe Novelist & Journalist |
1731  Wickliffes New Testament |
1665 - 1732 67  Robert Wilks Actor |
| 1685 - 1732 47 John Gay Dramatist & Poet |
| 1681 - 1733 52 Barton Booth Actor |
1733  Flying shuttle John Kay |
| 1657 - 1737 80 William Wake Archbishop of Canterbury |
1740  Stanton Drew stone circles Surveyed |
1739 - 48 9  War of Jenkins Ear Part of War of Austrian Succession Carribean Great Britain 20C 407 VS Spain 4.5X, 5W, 186
| 1745 Battle of Prestonpans |
| 1745 Battle of Falkirk Muir |
1746 Battle of Culloden
Charles Edward Stuart defeated
Battle of Culloden 1964 GB 8 #50X #259W VS Jacobites 7 1.52XW #154C , France #222C |
1744 - 8 4  1st Carnatic War India GB VS French VS Nizam of Hyderabad |
| 1748 Treaty of Aixla/Chapelle Status quo ante bellum |
|
| 1740 Siege of St. Augustine British attempt to capture fort. Spain 750 50G 6 small sail ? VS GB 1SM #900 sailors, 1.2 warriors, 56G 56GC 5 frigates,
3 sloops, 1 schooner 122X, 16C, 14 deserters |
1740  Modern Crucible steel Benjamin Huntsman |
| 1688 - 1744 56 Alexander Pope Poet |
| 1744 Jacobite rebellion failed by French |
1744  A Little Pretty Pocket Book One of 1st childrens books |
1745 - 6 1 2nd Jacobite Rising "FortyFive" Hanoverians
Scottish clans loyal to Government: Clan Campbell Clan Scott Jacobites
Jacobite clans: Clan Cameron Clan MacDonald of Keppoch Clan Stewart of Appin France began by Charles Edward Stuart in Scotland. |
| 1674 - 1747 73 John Potter Archbishop of Canterbury |
| 1679 - 1748 69 Charles Johnson Playwright |
1748 - 54 6 2nd Carnatic War India Britian, France, Marathas VS Mysore
| 1748 Clarissa Novel by Samuel Richardson |
| 1674 - 1748 74 Isaac Watts, hymnist |
| 1749 History of Tom Jones, a Foundling by Henry Fielding |
1750  Peak of Little Ice Age |
| 1751 Elegy published Thomas Gray |
1753  Jewish naturalization laws |
| 1707 - 54 47 Henry Fielding, novelist |
| 1754 Treaty of Pondicherry |
|
1754 - 63 9 French & Indian war 7 Years War North America. GB,
Iroquois Confederacy, Catawba,
Cherokee 58 42 VS France 10 7.9 Mil,
Wabanaki Confederacy,
Abenaki,
Mikmaq,
Algonquin,
Caughnawaga, Mohawk,
Lenape,
Ojibwa,
Ottawa,
Shawnee
Wyandot 2.2 Natives 19.9 TotBroken Chain 1993
Last of Mohicans 1936
Last of Mohicans 1992
Northwest Passage 1940
Mohawk 1956
Frontier Times 1987
Barry Lyndon 1976
| 1754 Battle of Jumonville Glen. Uniontown, Pennsylvania Colony of Virginia 40 1X 23W,
Mingo Ohio Iroquois 12 VS France 35 Most |
1755  Dictionary of English Language Samuel Johnson |
1756 Battle of Fort Bull. Rome, NY France 84 Troupes de la Marine
166 militia
90 Iroquois
20 Huron 1X 2W VS GB 111 76 dead
35 taken prisoner |
1758 Battle of Carillon. France 3.6 #100X #500W
#150C VS GB 6R
12MRI 1X
1.5W #100M |
| 1759 Battle of Plains of Abraham GB 4.8 #60X #600W VS France 2R
#600Co
1.8MI #200X #400W |
| 1896 History of English People, V7 Revolution, 1683 - 1760; Modern England, 1760 - 1767 by Green, John Richard 87,598 K |
| 1760 Arthurs Oven Temple Scotland |
| 1760 Battle of SainteFoy. France 2.6R
2.4M #193X #640W VS GB 3.8R 27G #259X #829W |
| 1760 Battle of Restigouche. GB 3L
2F VS France 1F
5M #400SMI |
| 1762 Battle of Signal Hill. GB #200 45X 19W VS France #295 2040XW |
| 1693 - 1756 62 Eliza Haywood Writer |
| 1763 Treaty of Paris. France cedes New France to Great Britain, retaining Saint Pierre et Miquelon, & transfers Louisiana to Spain |
|
|
| 1671 - 1757 86 Colley Cibber Actor, Poet, Playwright |
| 1693 - 1757 63 Thomas Herring Archbishop of Canterbury |
1757 Battle of Plassey Beginning of formal British rule in India British East India Company 750 #3 Topasses 100 Indian Sepoys 2.1 #13
3 #22
#100G 8C VS Nawab of Bengal 42, 20 Calvary & French East India Company 50 6C
60 w/ 20C .5 59C
| Bengal Annexed by British East India Company. |
|
| 1693 - 1758 65 Matthew Hutton Archbishop of Canterbury |
| 1758 Wolfes Manifesto Colonel James Wolfe |
1727 - 59 28  James Wolfe Officer |
| 1759 Theory of Moral Sentiments Scottish Adam Smith |
| 1713 - 67 54 John Newbery Childrens Literature Publisher |
| 1689 - 1761 72 Samuel Richardson Novelist |
1686 - 1761 75  William Law Theologian |
1761  Longitude problem resolved by fourth chronometer John Harrison |
1697 - 1764 67  William Hogarth Painter & Engraver |
1764  Industrial Revolution Started by Spinning Jenny James Hargreaves |
1764  Castle of Otranto Horace Walpole 1717 97 80 Writer & Politician. |
1765  Stamp Act in American colonies. |
| 1765 Enhancement of Newcomens steam engine New steel technologies Scottish James Watt |
1766 - 99 33 Anglo-Mysore Wars
| 1759 - 67 8 Tristram Shandy Laurence Sterne |
1767 - 9 2 1st Anglo-Mysore War. Sultanate of Mysore VS East India Company,
Maratha Confederacy,
Nawab of Carnatic
Hyderabad State
| 1767 Short View of Laws Now Subsisting with Respect to Powers of East India Company To Borrow Money under their Seal, & to Incur Debts in ... Ships or other Mercantile Transactions by Anonymous 9217 K |
| 1767 Battle of Tiruvannamalai. |
| 1769 Treaty of Madras. British must assist Hyder Ali if he is attacked |
|
| 1711 - 68 57 Hannah Pritchard Actress |
1771  1st waterpowered mill at Cromford. Richard Arkwright |
| 1713 - 68 55 Laurence Sterne Anglo-Irish Writer |
| 1693 - 1768 75 Thomas Secker Archbishop of Canterbury |
| 1716 - 71 55 Thomas Gray Poet Scholar, & Educator |
1690 - 1773 83  Hester Santlow Actress, Ballerina, Dancer |
1774  Oxygen discovered Dephlogisticated Air Joseph Priestley |
1775  1st synthesis of Nitrous Oxide phlogisticated nitrous air, laughing gas Joseph Priestley |
1775  Speech on American War of Independence |
1776  Wealth of Nations Scottsman Adam Smith
*
Foundation of modern theory of economy |
1711 - 76 65  David Hume Scottish Philosopher |
1777  Circular Saw Samuel Miller |
| 1717 - 79 58 David Garrick Actor |
1728 - 79 49  James Cook Explorer & Cartographer |
| 1779 Amazing Grace John Newton |
| 1779 - 82 3 Lives of Most Eminent English Poets Samuel Johnson |
1775 - 9 4  Iron bridge |
| 1713 - 83 70 Frederick Cornwallis Archbishop of Canterbury |
1775 - 83 8  American war of Independence
USA 35Co, 44.5M, 5Sa, 8B 17O 53 25T 50W France 7883 5 12 2 (F&S in Europe 60 6+), Spain 7983 4,
Dutch Republic 803 3, Cobelligerents Mysore 7984 5, Vermont 7783 6, Oneida, Tuscarora, Watauga, Association, Catawba, Lenape
156.5 33X +25W
VS GB 56R 20+XW, 78 171Sa 19.7SaX 42SaD, Loyalists 50,
German auxiliaries 30 7.5, Cobelligerents Onondaga, Mohawk, Cayuga, Seneca, Cherokee 13T
320 47.2XW 78T
Howards of Virginia 1940
April Morning 1988
John Paul Jones 1959
Crossing 2003
Lafayette 1962
Buccaneer 1938
Drums Along Mohawk 1939
Benedict Arnold: A Question of Honor 2003
Patriot 2000
Revolution 1984
Sade 2000 1794, Marquis de Sade faces execution by Robespierres regime
Quills 2000
| 1783 Treaty of Paris Britain loses area east of Mississippi River & south of Great Lakes & St. Lawrence River to independent United States & to Spain; Spain gains East Florida, West Florida & Minorca; Britain cedes Tobago & Senegal to France. Dutch Republic cedes Negapatnam to Britain. |
|
| 1709 - 84 75 Samuel Johnson Writer, Lexicographer, Poet, & Literary Critic |
1785  Power loom Edmund Cartwright |
1786  Poems, Chiefly in Scottish Dialect Robert Burns |
1786  Threshing machine Andrew Meikle |
1787  Freetown founded Sierra Leone by Freed slaves from London. |
| 1720 - 88 68 Charles Edward Stuart Jacobite Exile |
1713 - 88 75  John Whitehurst Geologist |
| 1727 - 88 61 Thomas Gainsborough Painter |
1776 - 89 12  History of Decline & Fall of Roman Empire Edward Gibbon |
1789  Nootka Crisis Vancouver, Canada GB VS Spain |
1789  Songs of Innocence Poems by William Blake |
1723 - 90 67  Adam Smith Scottish Economist & Philosopher |
| 1703 - 91 88 John Wesley Theologian, +Methodism |
1791 - 5 4  George Vancouver explores world Vancouver Expedition. |
1791 - 5 4  London symphonies Haydn |
| 1723 - 92 69 Joshua Reynolds Painter |
1724 - 92 68  John Smeaton Civil Engineer & Physicist |
1792 - 7 5 War of 1st Coalition. France. French Rep., French satellite states
& Polish Legions Vs HRE,
Prussia,
GB,
French Royalists,
Spain,
Portugal, Sardinia,
Naples, Sicily,
Other Italian states,
Ottomans,
Dutch Rep.
| 1793 Britain declares war on France. |
1793 - 5 2 Flanders Campaign. Belgium, France, Netherlands France VS Dutch Rep.,
HRE,
GB,
Prussia,
Hanover,
HesseKassel
| 1793 Battle of Famars France Austria, Hanover, GB 53 1.1XW VS France 27 3XW #300C 17C 14AW 3S |
| 1793 Battle of Hondschoote France France 40 3 VS GB, Hanover, HesseKassel 24 4 |
| 1794 Battle of Tourcoing France France 70 3XW 7GC VS GB, Austria 74 4X 1.5W 60GC |
| 1794 Battle of Fleurus Belgium French Rep. 70 12C 5 100G 1G VS Austria, Dutch Rep., BrunswickLüneburg, GB 52.5 18C 5 111G 1G |
| 1794 Battle of Boxtel Netherlands French Rep. VS GB, Dutch Rep., Austria 32 |
| 1794 Heads of Lectures on a Course of Experimental Philosophy: Particularly Including Chemistry by Priestley, Joseph 35,773 |
|
1793 - 6 3 War in Vendée. France. Republic Coasts of La Rochelle, Coasts of Brest, Mainz, West, Coasts of Cherbourg, Republican Vendeans,
Local National Guards 13050 30X Vs Royalists, Catholics, Chouans,
Royalist Vendeans, Émigrés, GB 80 130TX
170200TX
Both Sides |
| 1797 Battle of Cape St Vincent Portugal GB 15L 5F 1S 1C #73X #327W VS Spain 27L 7F 4C #250X #550W 3C |
|
| 1746 - 94 48 William Jones Philologist |
| 1737 - 94 57 Edward Gibbon Historian |
1794  Scottish martyrs transported to Australia at NSW |
| 1794 Jays Treaty GB & USA. Western outposts @ Great Lakes returned to USA & commerce regulated. |
| 1794 Songs of Experience William Blake |
| 1740 - 95 55 James Boswell Scottish Biographer |
| 1759 - 96 47 Robert Burns Scottish Poet |
1796  1st smallpox vaccination Edward Jenner
* 400 Europeans each year In 1700S (W/ 5 reigning monarchs). |
1796  1st European to see Niger River Africa. Scottish Mungo Park, $ African Association |
1796  Zoonomia, Vol. I Or, Laws of Organic Life by Erasmus Darwin 196,106 K |
1759 - 97 38  Mary Wollstonecraft Writer & Feminist |
| 1757 - 98 41 George Vancouver Captain & Explorer |
| 1798 Smallpox vaccination treatise Edward Jenner |
1798  Irish Rebellion fails to overthrow British rule Ireland |
1798  Lyrical Ballads William Wordsworth & Samuel Taylor Coleridge |
1798  Essay on Principle of Population Thomas Malthus |
| 1798 Creation, Oratorio Performance Haydn |
1728 - 99 71  Joseph Black Scottish Chemist discovered carbon dioxide |
|
|
|
United Kingdom of
Great Britain & Ireland
1801 - 1922 121
1800s  Channel Islands Grey Guernsey Castle. |
| 1731 - 1800 69 William Cowper Hymnist & Poet |
1800  Royal College of Surgeons of England started when Company of Surgeons awarded Royal Charter |
1801  United Kingdom formed from Kingdom of Great Britain & Kingdom of Ireland merge to form . |
1731 - 1802 71  Erasmus Darwin Philosopher, Poet & Scientist |
1736 - 1802 66  George Fordyce Scottish Physician & Chemist |
| 1742 - 1802 60 Samuel Arnold, Composer & Musician |
| 1803 Emmets Insurrection UK VS Robert Emmet |
1733 - 1804 71  Joseph Priestley Dissenting minister & chemist |
| 1730 - 1804 74 Charlotte Lennox Novelist & poet |
| 1730 - 1805 75 John Moore Archbishop of Canterbury |
1803 - 6 3  War of 3rd Coalition Part of Napoleonic Wars. France,
Batavia,
Italy,
Etruria,
Spain,
Bavaria &
Württemberg VS HRE,
Russia,
UK,
Naples, Sicily,
Portugal &
Sweden
1805  Battle of Trafalgar. Spain UK 27L 6O 33T #458X 1.2W 1.7T
VS France 18L 8O 41T 10C 1D 2.2X 1.15W 4C, Spain 15L 11C 1X 1.4W 4C 13.78 |
1805  Battle of Austerlitz. Austerlitz, Moravia, Austrian Empire France 72 1.3X, 6.9W, #573C,
1 standard lost VS Russia & Austria 85 15XW,
12C 180G, 50 st * End of 3rd Coalition |
1805 Battle of Schöngrabern. France 45.8 present,
20.7 engaged
1.2Cas VS Russia, Austria 7.3
1.2X,
1.5C |
| 1806 Battle of Campo Tenese. Italy France Italy, Etruria, Polish Legions, Switzerland 6 #500C VS Naples & Sicily 11 3C |
| 1805 Battle of Wertingen. Germany France 12 200+XW VS Austria 5.5 40XW, 2.9C |
| 1805 Battle of Günzburg. Germany France 8 6G #700 VS Austria 7+ 2 26G 6 |
| 1805 Battle of Haslach/Jungingen. Germany France 5 1C 8G VS Austria 35 1.1X 4WC 5.1 2G |
| 1805 Battle of Elchingen. Germany France 20 #854 VS Austria 8 6 |
1805 Battle of Ulm. Germany France 150 6 VS Austria 72 12XW,
30C |
| 1805 Battle of Trafalgar. Spain UK 27L 6 33T #458X
1.2W 1.66 VS France 18L 8 10C 1X 2.2X 1.2W 4C & Spain 15 11C 1X 1.4W 4C 41 13.8 |
| 1805 Battle of Nile GB 13L, 1FR, 1s #218x #
677w VS France 13L 2 9C, 4F 2 2 5Cas 3 3.9C |
| 1805 Battle of Cape Finisterre. Spain UK 15 #198C VS France 14, Spain 6 2 2 #647C 1.2C |
1805  Popular Lectures on Zoonomia Or Laws of Animal Life, in Health & Disease by Thomas Garnett 101,357 |
| 1806 Battle of Campo Tenese. Italy France Italy, Etruria, Polish, Legions, Switzerland 6 #500 VS Naples, Sicily 11 3C |
| 1805 Treaty of Pressburg Dissolution of HRE &
Creation of Confederation of Rhine |
|
1758 - 1805 47 Horacio Nelson British admiral
Nelson Affair 1973
That Hamilton Woman 1941 |
| 1749 - 1806 57 Charlotte Turner Smith writer |
1807  Prohibition of shipment of slaves in British ships to British colonies |
| 1737 - 1809 72 Thomas Paine Philosopher |
| 1731 - 1810 79 Henry Cavendish Chemist discovered Hydrogen |
| 1808 - 10 2 Rum Rebellion United Kingdom vs New South Wales Corps |
| 1729 - 1811 82 Thomas Percy Bishop & Editor |
1807 - 12 5  Anglo/Russian War Part of Napoleonic Wars. UK & Sweden VS Russia & Denmark
Result: French invasion of Russia |
1814  Observations on Effects of Corn Laws, & of a Rise or Fall in Price of Corn on Agriculture & General Wealth of Country by Malthus 10,450 K |
1807 - 14 7  Gunboat War Part of Napoleonic Wars United Kingdom VS Denmark-Norway
| Early Electric Arc Lamp 1810 |
| Continuous Paper-Making Machine 1812 |
|
| 1726 - 1814 88 Charles Burney Musician & Music Historian |
1812 - 15 3 War of 1812 USA 7 35.8E 3R 458.5M, Choctaw #125, Cherokee,
Creek allies
497 6F 14O 20T 2.2K 4.5W 15T
VS British Empire UK 5.2 48.2E 10R 4M, British Canada 9,
Shawnee,
Creek Red Sticks,
Ojibway,
Chickamauga,
Fox,
Iroquois,
Miami,
Mingo,
Ottawa,
Kickapoo,
Delaware (Lenape),
Mascouten,
Potawatomi,
Sauk,
Wyandot 10T
72 11L 34F 52Ot 97T 1.6X 3.7W 3.3D 8.6T
Buccaneer 1938
Buccaneers Girl 1950 |
1814 - 6 2 Anglo/Nepalese War British East India Company, Garhwal Kingdom,
Patiala State VS Gorkha Kingdom (Nepal).
| Treaty of Sugauli . |
1815  Davy Lamp |
|
| 1815 Napoleon banished from England after Battle of Waterloo. |
| 1775 - 1817 42 Jane Austen Writer |
1775 - 1818 43 /PNG/29 x 29/6974 - Ink and Pen.png) Matthew Lewis Novelist & Playwright |
1738 - 1818 84  William Herschel Astronomer |
1735 - 1819 84  Edward "Lumpy" Stevens Cricketer |
1736 - 1819 83  James Watt Scottish Scientist & Inventor |
1743 - 1820 77  Joseph Banks Botanist |
1820 - 30 10 George 4 ^ X67
= Maria Anne Fitzherbert & Caroline of Brunswick 1D
| 1795 - 1821 26 John Keats Poet |
| 1741 - 1821 80 Hester Thrale Memoirist |
| 1792 - 1822 30 Percy Shelley Poet |
1749 - 1823 74  Edward Jenner Inventor of vaccination |
| 1764 - 1823 59 Ann Radcliffe Novelist |
| 1788 - 1824 36 Lord Byron Writer |
1822 - 4  Camden Town Cathedral |
1824 - 1826 2  1st Anglo-Burmese War
1824 Battle of Rangoon British forces captured Rangoon (modern Yangon), but struggled to maintain their position due to Burmese guerrilla tactics and tropical diseases.
1825 Battle of Danubyu General Maha Bandula, a key Burmese commander, was killed, leading to the weakening of Burmese resistance.
1825 Battle of Prome British decisively defeated the Burmese, forcing them to negotiate.
Outcome: The Treaty of Yandabo (1826) ceded significant territory, including Assam, Manipur, and Arakan, to the British.
1824  Portland Cement |
|
| 1743 - 1825 82 Anna Laetitia Barbauld, Poet, Essayist & Childrens Author |
1737 - 1826 89  John Small Cricketer |
1757 - 1827 70  William Blake Artist & Poet |
1830 - 7 7 William 4 X71<
= Adelaide of SaxeMeiningen 2C
1829  Catholic Emancipation. Can be in Parlaiment. |
1830  1st Intercity Railway |
| 1745 - 1831 96 Henry Mackenzie Scottish Novelist |
| 1832 Matches Strike-Anywhere, |
| 1771 - 1832 61 Walter Scott Scottish Novelest & Poet |
1825 - 32  Cathedral of Holy Trinity, Gibraltar |
1832  Great Reform Act British Parliament |
| 1825 - 32 Gibraltar Anglican Cathedral |
| 1830s Tin Cans for Food Preservation |
| 1833 Abolition of slavery throughout Empire |
| 1789 - 1833 44 Edmund Kean Actor |
| 1766 - 1834 68 Thomas Malthus Economist |
1772 - 1834 62  Samuel Taylor Coleridge poet, literary critic & philosopher |
| 1835 calotype process first photograph |
| 1756 - 1836 80 William Godwin Philosopher & Novelist |
| 1776 - 1837 61 John Constable Painter |
| 1838 Mechanical Voting Machine |
1838  Philosophy of Moral Feelings by Abercrombie, John 61,331 K |
1839 - 1842 3  1st Opium War |
1839 - 1842 3  1st Anglo-Afghan War |
1840  Practical Enquiry into Philosophy of Education by Gall, James 120,423 |
| 1752 - 1840 88 Frances Burney Novelist |
1841  negative / positive photographic process. 1800 - 77 77 William Fox Talbot, British inventor |
1839 - 42  Cardiff Cathedral |
| 1748 - 1842 94 Jeremy Bentham Philosopher & Reformer |
| 1774 - 1843 69 Robert Southey Poet & Biographer |
1843  London Cathedral NW1 |
1841 - 4  Nottingham Cathedral |
1845 - 6 1  1st Anglo-Sikh War. Punjab British East India Company,
Patiala State,
Jind State VS Sikh Empire |
| 1848 Wickliffes Old Testament from 1382 & 1395 printed & annotated. |
1844 - 8 4  Salford Cathedral |
| 1818 - 48 30 Emily Brontë Novelist & Poet |
1848  St Georges Roman Catholic Cathedral Southwark |
1848 - 9 1  2nd Anglo-Sikh War. British East India Company VS Sikh Empire.
End of Sikh Empire
| 1849 Battle of Gujrat. Gujrat, Punjab British East India Company 24 96+G 4+X #682W VS Sikh Empire 25 1.5 Afghans 2+ 60G 57G |
|
| 1820 - 49 29 Anne Brontë Novelist & Poet |
| 1770 - 1850 80 William Wordsworth Writer |
1851  Worlds first international Expo Worlds Fair. London |
| 1797 - 1851 54 Mary Shelley |
| 1775 - 1851 76 Joseph Mallord William Turner Landscape Painter, Water Colourist, & Printmaker. |
1849 - 51  Millport Cathedral Scotland |
| 1852 - 3 2nd Anglo-Burmese War |
| 1854 Laws Of War, Affecting Commerce & Shipping by H. Byerley Thomson 40,038 K |
1855  Bessemer process mass production of steel |
| 1816 - 55 39 Charlotte Brontë Novelist & Poet |
1855  Various Readings Soren Kierkegaard 1813 - 1855 52 122M 4;27;41 |
1853 - 5  Dundee Cathedral Scotland |
1856  Sketch of Life of late Henry Cooper Barrister at Law, of Norfolk Circuit; as also, of his Father by William Cooper 42,870 K |
1856  Shrewsbury Cathedral |
1856 - 7  Anglo-Persian War |
1857  Wrexham Cathedral |
| 1857 Philosophy of Plays of Shakspere Unfolded by Bacon, Delia 254,939 K |
| 1813 - 58 48 Dr. John Snow Epidemiology |
1856 - 8  Plymouth Cathedral |
1858  desolution of East India Company |
1859  Origin of Species Darwin |
1860  St Marys Cathedral, Aberdeen Scotland |
| 1860s Compound Steam Engine |
| 1860 Mechanical Stenotype |
| 1806 - 61 55 Elizabeth Barret Browning Poet |
1860s  Penny Farthing Bicycle |
1863  Salvation Army |
1863  London Underground |
1827 - 64 37  John Hanning Speke Explorer |
1840 - 64  Northampton Cathedral |
1864 - 1865 1  Bhutan War |
| 1785 - 1865 80 Sir William Jackson Hooker Botanist, Explorer, father of Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker |
| 1810 - 65 55 Elizabeth Gaskell Novelist |
1866  Transatlantic Telegraph Cable |
1866  British Army introduced the Snider-Enfield rifle |
1867  Antiseptic Surgery |
1791 - 1867 76 /PNG/29 x 29/6532 - Scientist.png) Michael Faraday Scientist |
| 1867 Time & Tide by Weare & Tyne Twenty five Letters to a Working Man of Sunderland on Laws of Work by John, 18191900 Ruskin 50,998 K |
| 1811 - 68 57 Charles Kean Actor |
1866 - 9  Inverness Cathedral Scotland |
1868  1st Traffic Light |
| 1812 - 70 58 Charles Dickens Writer & Social Critic. |
| 1872 V2 Fall of Wolsey to Death of Elizabeth by Froude, James Anthony 165,590 K |
1813 - 73 60  David Livingstone Scottish Missionary |
| 1806 - 73 67 John Stuart Mill Philosopher |
1873  Treatise on Electricity & Magnetism Maxwell. Scotland |
1873  Arundel Cathedral |
1873  Birmingham Orthodox Cathedral |
| 1874 British East India Company is dissolved. |
| 1820 - 75 55 Thomas Baines Artist, Explorer |
1875  Early Kings of Norway by Thomas Carlisle 112M 4;06;37 |
1877  Queen Victoria is proclaimed "Empress of India." |
1876 - 8  Middlesbrough Cathedral |
1879  Anglo-Zulu War South Africa.
* End of Zulu GB VS Zulu
| 1879 Battle of Inyezane. GB #10x #16w VS Zulu 6 #350 |
| 1879 Battle of Isandlwana. GB VS Zulu |
1879 Battle of Rorkes Drift. GB 139 to 141 British troops + 11 African & colonial troops + 4 civilians
One NNC company of 100 to 350 men
One NNH troop of about 100
17 killed or mortally wounded
15 others recorded wounded
NNH troop of about 100 men
NNC company of 100 to 350 men, & several civilians fled station as battle began. VS Zulu 4 Zulu regiments, 3,000 to 4,000 men:
iNdluyengwe ibutho: 500 to 700 men
uThulwana, iNdlondo, uDluko amabuthos: about 3,000 men
351 confirmed killed
about 500 wounded |
| 1879 Siege of Eshowe. GB 6.7 #44 VS Zulu 12 1.3 |
| 1879 Battle of Intombe, Zulu #5800 Min VS GB #104 #6280 |
1879 Battle of Hlobane, Zulu 25T
2E Min VS GB #675 #225X
8W
#12OX #80RX |
1879 Battle of Kambula, GB 2
#180A 6C 29X 54W VS Zulu 20 1 |
| 1879 Battle of Gingindlovu. GB 5.7 11X 62W VS Zulu 11 1 |
1879 Battle of Ulundi. GB 4200 British
1000 Africans
2 Gatling Guns
10 cannons
82103.
1318 killed
6985 wounded VS Zulu 1215 1.5T #473X #1+W |
|
1831 - 79 48 /PNG/32 x 32/7673 - Discrete Math.png) James Clerk Maxwell Scottish physicist |
1879  History of English People, V5 Puritan England, 1603 - 1660 57 by Green, John Richard 95,546 K |
1873 - 80s  Edinburgh Cathedral Scotland |
1819 - 80 59  George Eliot Novelist, Journalist, Translator |
| 1848 - 80 32 Adelaide Neilson Actress |
1880  Mysteries of All Nations Rise & Progress of Superstition, Laws Against & Trials of Witches, Ancient & Modern Delusions Together With Strange Customs, Fables, & Tales by James Grant 224,166 K |
1881  A Political Diary 1828 - 1830, Volume 2 by Law 116,274 K |
1881  1st electrical power plant & grid in Godalming, Britain. |
1882  Ango/Egyptian War. GB 40.5 VS Egypt ?
Britain Occupies Egypt
| 1882 Bombardment of Alexandria. GB France 9B
1T 1St
5G 6X 27W VS Egypt 11F #680700Cas |
 Battle of Tel elKebir UK 18.5 70G #57X #380W #22M VS Egypt 15 60G 1.4X #681W |
|
| 1826 - 81 55 Edward Askew Sothern Actor |
1884  1st Publication of the Oxford English Dictinary, A - Ant Started in 1857 by the Philological society of London |
| 1884 George Eliot; a Critical Study of Her Life, Writings & Philosophy by Cooke, George Willis 164,038 K |
1879 - 84  Peel Cathedral |
1885  Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll & Mr. Hyde Robert Louis Stevenson is published. Scotland |
1885  Rover Safety Bicycle. |
| 1886 Romance of Mathematics Being Original Researches of a Lady Professor of Girtham College in Polemical Science, with some Account of Social Properties ... Forces; & Laws of Political Motion by P. Hampson 17,246 K |
1821 - 1889 78  Churchill Babington Archaeology |
| 1890s Bicycles gain popularity. |
1890  Picture of Dorian Grey 1854 - 1900 46 Oscar Wilde |
1809 - 92 83  copy/PNG/40 x 40/6974 - Ink and Pen.png) Alfred, Lord Tennyson Poet |
1892  Stanley Cathedral |
| 1825 - 92 67 Henry Walter Bates Naturalist, explorer |
1892  Aldershot Cathedral |
1821 - 93 72  Samuel Baker Explorer |
1893  Law & Lawyers of Pickwick A Lecture by Frank Lockwood 17,992 K |
1850 - 94 44 /PNG/32 x 32/2555 - Fountain Pen.png) Robert Louis Stevenson Scottish Novelist, Poet, Essayist & Travel Writer |
| 1894 History of Plague in London by Defoe, Daniel 97,557 |
1875  Law & Lady by Wilkie Collins 144,569 |
1892  Goughs Cave Discovered |
1893  Advancement of Learning by Bacon, Francis 86,721 K |
1895  Life of Sir James Fitzjames Stephen, Bart., K.C.S.I. A Judge of High Court of Justice by Leslie Stephen 173,047 |
1896  History of English People, V7 Revolution, 1683 - 1760; Modern England, 1760 - 1767 by Green, John Richard 87,598 |
1896  1st Professor of Anthropology Oxford. Edward Burnett Tylor 1832 - 1917 85 |
1896 - 1898 2  Reconquest of Sudan. |
1897  Legal Lore Curiosities of Law & Lawyers by Various & William Andrews 60,545 |
1898  Full Revelations of a Professional Rat Catcher by Ike Matthews 16.3M 1;11;32 |
| 1899 River War by Winston Churchill 1874 - 1965 91 391M 14;14;09 |
|
|
United Kingdom of
Great Britain & Ireland
1801 - 1922 121
Saxe-Coburg & Gotha
1901 - 14 13 |
1857 - 1901  Lancaster Cathedral |
1853 - 1902 49  Cecil Rhodes English/South African businessman |
| 1834 - 1903 69 James Abbott McNeill Whistler American/British artist |
1895 - 1903  Westminster Cathedral |
1901 - 4 3  Leeds Cathedral |
| 1904 Vacuum Tube (Thermionic Valve) |
1904  Rolls-Royce 10 hp Car |
1901  Modern Fingerprinting System |
1906  Colour Photography |
1907  Automatic Totalisator for Betting |
1906  Dreadnought Battleship |
1912  titanic sinks |
| 1909 - 1912 3 Titanic & Olympic construction |
1914  Geophone |
1915  Portable Flamethrower |
1880 - 1910  Truro Cathedral |
1830 - 1904 74  Eadweard Muybridge Motion Photographer, Chronophotographer |
| 1841 - 1904 63 Henry M. Stanley Journalist, Welsh Explorer |
| 1905 Childs History of England by Dickens, Charles 167,198 K |
| 1907 Short History of England, Ireland & Scotland by Parmele, Mary Platt History of England from Norman Conquest to Death of John 1066 - 1216 by Adams, George Burton 57,289 K |
| 1909 History of Witchcraft in England 1558 - 1718 60 by Notestein, Wallace 143,836 K |
| 1813 - 1907 94 contest Great Game British Empire VS Russia To control Central Asia. |
1824 - 1907 83  William Thomson Lord Kelvin, Scottish Physicist |
| 1913 Spencers Philosophy of Science Herbert Spencer Lecture Delivered at Museum 7 November, 1913 by Morgan, C. Lloyd (Conwy Lloyd) 16,835 K |
| 1913 Short History of English Liberalism by Blease, Walter Lyon |
Windsor
1914 - Present 95 |
1914 - 8 4  World War 1. Allied (Entente) Powers
VS Central Powers
25.25M 4.4MX, 8.4MW, 3.6MM, 16.4MT
1915  Battle of Qurna. Iraq |
1915  Battle of Gallipoli. Turkey |
| 1915 Battle of Ctesiphon. Iraq |
1915  Depth Charges |
1917  Sopwith Camel fighter plane. |
1915 /PNG/40 x 40/6560 - Dangerous Chemical.png) Chemical Weapons |
1916  Parachute |
1918  1st Aircraft Carrier (HMS Argus) |
1916  1st Tank developed. Mark 1 |
| 1916 Battle of Magdhaba. Egypt |
1916  Battle of Mecca. Saudi Arabia |
| 1917 Ancient Law Its Connection to History of Early Societyby Henry Sumner Maine 101,901 K |
1917  Battle of Rafa. Palestine |
1917  Battle of Jerusalem. Israel |
| 1917 Battle of Cambrai. France |
| 1918 Battle of Soissons . France |
| 1918 2nd Battle of Somme. France |
1918   Battle of Megiddo. Israel, Palestine, Jordan, Syria |
1918  Battle of Doiran. Macedonia |
1918  Battle of Baku. Azerbaijan |
1918  Battle of Piave River. Italy |
| 1918 Battle of Vittorio Veneto. Italy |
1918  2nd Battle of Lys. Belgium |
| 1918 Battle of Amiens. France |
| 1914 1st Battle of Albert. France |
| 1916 2nd Battle of Albert. France |
| 1917 Battle of Vimy Ridge. France |
| 1918 3rd Battle of Albert. France |
1918  Battle of Doiran. Macedonia |
| 1918 Battle of Romani. Egypt |
|
| 1912 V8 First Invasion by Romans to Accession of King George 5 by Lingard, John, Belloc, Hilaire 219,381 K |
| 1912 History of England from First Invasion by Romans to Accession of King George 5 V8 by Belloc, Hilaire, Lingard, John 219,381 |
| 1914 Our Knowledge of External World as a Field for Scientific Method in Philosophyby Russell, Bertrand 75,139 |
1914  Cyprus annexed. |
1914  Law & Poor by Edward Abbott Parry 92,537 |
1914  Battle of Falkland Islands. Atlantic |
1817 - 1911 94  Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker Botanist, Explorer, friend of Charles Darwin |
1848 - 1915 67  Dr William Gilbert WG Grace, Cricketer |
| 1851 - 1917 66 Frederick Selous Explorer |
1863 - 1917 54  Bob Fitzsimmons Heavyweight Boxer |
1915  Gas Masks |
1915  Pyrex Glass |
1916  Blood Transfusion Advances |
1915  Q-Ship |
1914 - 1918 4  Modern Camouflage |
 1919 - 1921 2 Irish War of Independence
| 1920 Iraqi Revolt |
|
1919 - 1926 7  Red Clydeside Strikes |
1919  3rd Anglo-Afghan War |
1919  Antenna Tuning Circuit |
1920  1st Scheduled International Air Service |
1920s  Neon Lighting Adoption |
1920  Humorous History of England by Harrison, Charles 1147 |
1920  Somaliland Campaign |
1921  Malabar Rebellion |
| 1922 Chanak Crisis |
| 1832 - 1922 90 Sir John Kirk Scottish Explorer, Physician, companion of David Livingston |
1922  BBC founded |
1923  Insulin Production |
| 1844 - 1923 79 Sarah Bernhardt Actress |
| 1850 - 1925 75 Oliver Heaviside Electrical Engineer, Physical Mathematician |
| 1856 - 1925 69 Henry Rider Haggard Adventure Novelist |
1925  Television |
1920s  Electric Vacuum Cleaner |
1926  Imperial conference gives Dominion status to settler colonies |
1927  Quartz Clock |
1928  Iron Lung |
| 1840 - 1928 88 Thomas Hardy Novelist & Poet |
| 1847 - 1928 81 Ellen Terry Actress |
| 1853 - 1929 76 Lillie Langtry Actress, Socialite |
| 1929 Secretary of State for Dominions instituted |
| 1929 Secretary of State for Dominions instituted. |
| 1859 - 1930 71 Arthur Conan Doyle Scottish Physician & Writer |
1931  St Mirins Cathedral in Paisley Scotland |
1931  Statute of Westminster gives Dominions control over own parliaments |
1931  Great Depression. |
| 1932 - 59 27 St Columbas Cathedral in Oban Scotland |
1935  Radar |
1937 - 1939 2  Jet Engine |
1930s  Colossus of Rhodes Film Techniques |
1934  Cat’s Eye Reflector |
1937  Electron Microscope |
1939  Bouncing Bomb |
1935  Hawker Hurricane |
1930s  Nylon Production |
1930s  Electric Clocks |
1936  Turing's Work on Computation |
1934  de Havilland Dragon Rapide became a popular commercial aircraft, |
1930s  British Safety Razor |
1930  Supermarkets |
1930s  Prefabricated Housing |
1938  Mallard speed record for steam trains. |
1930s  Neonatal Incubators |
1930s  Improved Power Grids |
1938 - 48 10  British-Zionist conflict Jewish Resistance Movement
Haganah Irgun Lehi British Army
Royal Navy
Royal Air Force
Palestine Police Force |
1939 - 45 6  World War II. Allies VS Axis
8+X, 4+CX, 12+TX
1940 - 2 2  Battles of Fort Capuzzo. Libya
| 1940 Capture of Fort Capuzzo. Libya |
|
| 1940 - 1 1 East African Campaign. Sudan, British Somaliland, Colonial Kenya, Italian Eritrea, Italian Somaliland, French Somaliland, Abyssinia |
| 1940 Battle of Dakar. Senegal |
| 1940 Battle of Cape Matapan. Off Greece |
| 1940 Norwegian Campaign. Norway |
| 1940 Battles of Narvik. Norway |
1940   Operation Weserübung. Denmark, Norway |
1940  Battle of Britain. UK, VS Germany |
| 1940 Battle of Belgium. Germany |
| 1940 Battle of France. |
| 1940 Battle of Sedan. France |
| 1940 Battle of Arras. France |
| 1940 Siege of Calais. France |
| 1940 Battle of Dunkirk. France |
| 1940 Battle of Britain. UK |
| 1940 Hardest Day. UK |
| 1940 Battle of Britain Day. UK |
| 1940 Battle of Graveney Marsh. UK |
1940  Italian conquest of British Somaliland. Ethiopia |
| 1940 1 1 Operation Compass. Egypt, Libya |
1941  Battle of Crete. Greece |
| 1941 Operation Battleaxe. Libya |
| 1941 Siege of Tobruk. Libya |
| 1941 Iraq Campaign. Anglo–Iraqi War Iraq |
| 1941 Operation Brevity. Egypt, Libya Border |
| 1941 Operation Skorpion. Egypt |
| 1941 Operation Battleaxe. Libya |
| 1941 SyriaLebanon Campaign. Syria, Lebanon |
| 1941 Iran Campaign. AngloSoviet invasion of Iran |
| 1941 Operation Crusader. Egypt, Libya |
| 1941 Battle of Gazala. Libya |
| 1941 Battle of Keren. Eritrea |
| 1941 Battle of Hong Kong. China |
| 1942 Battle of Madagascar. |
| 1942 1st Battle of El Alamein. Egypt |
| 1942 Battle of Alam el Halfa. Egypt |
| 1942 2nd Battle of El Alamein. Egypt |
| 1942 Battle of El Agheila. Libya |
| 1942 Operation Torch. Morocco, Algeria |
| 1942 Operation Terminal. Morocco, Algeria |
| 1940 Attack on MerselKebir. Off Algeria |
| 1942 - 3 1 Tunisia Campaign. Tunisia |
| 1942 Battle of Kasserine Pass. Tunisia |
| 1943 Operation Fustian. Sicily, Italy |
| 1940 2 2 Siege of Malta. Malta |
| 1941 4 3 Continuation War. Finland, Russia |
| 1941 Battle of Gondar. Ethiopia |
| 1941 SyriaLebanon Campaign. Syria, Lebanon |
| 1941 Operation Crusader. Egypt, Libya |
| 1942 Operation Cerberus. English Channel |
| 1942 Operation Donnerkeil. English Channel, North Sea & north Germany |
| 1942 St. Nazaire Raid. France |
| 1942 Dieppe Raid. France |
1942  Battle of Medenine. Tunisia |
| 1942 Operation Pugilist. Tunisia |
| 1943 Battle of Sicily. Italy |
| 1943 Operation Ladbroke. Syracuse, Italy |
| 1943 Allied invasion of Italy. |
| 1943 Operation Slapstick. Italy |
| 1943 Dodecanese Campaign. Off Greece |
| 1943 Battle of Leros. Off Greece |
| 1943 Battle of Kos. Off Greece |
| 1944 Battle of Rimini. Italy |
| 1944 Battle of San Marino. San Marino |
| 1944 Battle of Garfagnana. Italy |
| 1944 Operation Overlord. France |
| 1944 Invasion of Normandy. France |
| 1944 Battle for Caen. France |
| 1944 Operation Perch. France |
| 1944 Battle of VillersBocage. France |
| 1944 Operation Epsom. France |
| 1944 Operation Charnwood. France |
| 1944 Operation Jupiter. France |
| 1944 2nd Battle of Odon. France |
| 1944 Operation Goodwood. France |
| 1944 Operation Spring. France |
| 1944 Operation Totalize. France |
| 1944 Operation Lüttich. France |
| 1944 Operation Tractable. France |
| 1944 Falaise pocket. France |
| 1944 Battle for Brest. France |
| 1944 Operation Dragoon. France |
1944   Allied advance from Paris to Rhine. France, Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, Germany |
| 1944 Clearing Channel Coast. France, Belgium |
| 1944 Operation Astonia. France |
| 1944 Siege of Dunkirk. France |
| 1944 Operation Wellhit. France |
| 1944 Operation Undergo. France |
1944  Operation Market Garden. Netherlands, Germany |
| 1944 Battle of Arnhem. Netherlands |
| 1944 Battle of Hill 400. Germany |
| 1944 Battle of Overloon. Netherlands |
| 1944 Battle of Scheldt. Belgium, Netherlands |
| 1944 Operation Queen. Germany |
| 1944 Battle of Ushant. English Channel |
| 1944 - 5 Operation Clipper. Germany |
| 1944 - 5 Battle of Bulge. Belgium, Luxembourg, Germany |
| 1944 Battle of St. Vith. Belgium |
| 1944 Warsaw Uprising. Poland |
1944 1st operational jet-powered aircraft, the  Gloster Meteor |
1943 - 1944 1  Colossus Computer |
1943  Bouncing Bomb |
1940s  Mass Production of Penicillin |
| Supermarine Spitfire |
1940  Bailey Bridge |
1940  Proximity Fuse |
1947  First Nuclear Reactor in the UK |
1940s  Microwave Radar and Magnetron |
1940s  Opertional Logistics |
 Bombe, which helped break German Enigma codes |
1940s  Synthetic Rubber |
| 1945 Spring Offensive in Italy. |
| 1945 Battle of Bologna. Italy |
| 1945 Battle of Argenta Gap. Italy |
| 1945 Operation Bodenplatte. Belgium, Netherlands, France |
| 1945 Operation Blackcock. Netherlands, Germany |
| 1945 Western Allied invasion of Germany. Germany |
| 1945 Operation Veritable. Germany |
| 1945 Operation Plunder. Germany |
| 1945 Operation Varsity. Germany |
| 1945 Ruhr Pocket. Germany |
1939 - 45 6  Battle of Atlantic. Atlantic, North Sea, Irish Sea, Labrador Sea, Gulf of St. Lawrence, Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Mexico, Outer Banks, Arctic Ocean |
| 1939 Battle of River Plate. Atlantic, North Sea, Irish Sea, Labrador Sea, Gulf of St. Lawrence, Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Mexico, Outer Banks, Arctic Ocean |
| 1940 Altmark Incident. Norway |
| 1940 Convoy SC 7. West of UK |
| 1940 Convoy HX 84. North Atlantic |
| 1941 Convoy HX 106. Atlantic |
| 1941 Operation Berlin. Atlantic |
| 1941 Action of 4 April. Mid Atlantic |
| 1941 Action of 9 May. South of Iceland |
| 1941 Battle of Denmark Strait. South of Iceland |
| 1941 Operation Stonewall. Off West France |
| 1942 Operation Drumbeat. 2nd Happy Time. Atlantic |
| 1942 Battle of Barents Sea. Norway |
| 1943 Battle of North Cape. Norway |
| 1945 Action of 9 February. Off Norway |
| 1942 5 3 Battle of Torpedo Alley. Off North Carolina |
|
1947 91 44  Cold War. |
| 1866 - 1946 80 HG Wells Novelist |
1936 52 16 George 6 X56 < = Elizabeth BowesLyon 2C.
| 1938 IRA bombings in England |
1940 Winston Churchill takes office
Young Winston 1972 |
| 1865 - 1940 75 Mrs Patrick Campbell Actress |
1956  Hovercraft |
1952  1st Commercial Jet Airliner: De Havilland Comet |
1953  Discovery of DNA Structure |
1951  Ferranti Mark 1 Computer |
1958  Black Box Flight Recorder |
| 1956 Nuclear Power: Calder Hall, world’s first commercial nuclear power plant. |
1957  1st Hydrogen Bomb Test |
1954  Routemaster Bus |
1957  Jodrell Bank Radio Telescope |
1950s  1st Long-Distance Telephone Cable |
| 1951 Gloster Javelin, Delta wing |
1954  Electric Lightning |
1955  Atomic Clock |
1950s  Blue Streak Missile |
| 1961 Patented Discovery of Ibuprofen 1950s Research |
| 1955 ITV (Independent Television) |
1958  Liverpool Metropolitan Cathedral |
1958 - 1976 18  Cod Wars 1972 - 1973 1 2nd Cod War 1975 - 1976 1 3rd Cod War |
1959  Antarctic treaty. |
1936 - 61 25  Guildford Cathedral |
| 1969 Concorde Supersonic Airliner |
1967  ATM (Automated Teller Machine) |
1967  1st Pulsar Discovery |
1962  LED (Light-Emitting Diode) Development |
1960s  Mini Skirt |
1962  Telstar Satellite |
1961  Jaguar E-Type |
1967  Colour Television Broadcasts |
1960s  Speech Synthesis |
1960s  Rolls-Royce RB211 Jet Engine |
1962  Commonwealth immigrants act |
1956 - 62 6  Coventry Cathedral |
1966  England wins World Cup . |
1968 - 1994  Britain Vs Northern Ireland Civil War |
| 1969 Ulster troubles. |
1971  N. Ireland Internment policy |
1972  Bloody Sunday |
1973  Britain joins European Community
|
1970 - 3 3  Clifton Cathedral |
1974  IRA bombing of mainland |
1975  Formation of the Counterterrorism Unit |
1975  IMF assists Britain |
1977  Blackburn Cathedral |
1997  Hong Kong handed back to Chinese. End of empire. |
1904 - 78 74  Liverpool Cathedral |
1979  Thatcher 1st female PM
RiffRaff 1990
Los Chicos de la Guerra 1985 |
1972  CAT Scanner |
1976  Concorde Supersonic Airliner First Flight |
| 1979 Sinclair ZX80 |
| 1977 DNA Sequencing |
 Hawker Siddeley Harrier |
1972  1st Digital Watch |
 Advanced Gas-Cooled nuclear Reactor (AGR). |
1970s  Lightweight Bicycle Frame |
1970s  Carbon Fiber Industry |
1971  Public Electronic Music Synthesizer (EMS Synthi 100) |
1970  Fibre Optic Communication |
1982  Falkland war
| 1982 Battle of Goose Green, Falkland Islands. |
| 1982 Battle of Mount Harriet, Falkland Islands. |
| 1982 Battle of Mount Longdon, Falkland Islands. |
| 1982 Battle of Mount Tumbledown, Falkland Islands. |
|
1985  Britain isolated in Commonwealth over South African sanctions |
1989  World Wide Web |
| 1982 Sinclair ZX Spectrum |
1984  IVF Baby Born from Frozen Embryo |
1984  DNA Fingerprinting |
1988  Airbus A320 |
1985  ARM Processor |
| 1980s Bagless Vacuum Cleaner |
1986 - 1994 8  Channel Tunnel |
1989  Sky Satellite TV Service |
1986  Big Bang deregulation of the London Stock Exchange. |
1996  Dolly the Sheep |
| 1993 Dyson Vacuum Cleaner |
1992  SMS Text Message |
| 1994 Eurofighter Typhoon |
| 1990s Internet Boom |
1999  Millennium Dome |
1990s  Electronic Ticketing Systems |
| 1990s Low-Cost Airlines EasyJet and Ryanair |
1990s  UK Satellite for Earth Observation |
1990s Music:  Oasis, Blur, Radiohead |
|
2003  Baitul Futuh Mosque UK |
|
Scotland 1
843 - 1707 1864 |
1513 James 5,
(Seumas 5 Stiùbhairt) ^ James 4 1512 - 1542 30
1542 - 3 1 Queen Mary 1 ^
1542 - 87 45
Mary of Scotland 1936
Mary, Queen of Scots 1971
| 1560 - 1 1 Scottish Reformation by John Knox 1510 - 72 62 was a Scottish clergyman & leader of Protestant Reformation who is considered founder of Presbyterian denomination. |
1567 - 1625 58 James 6
(also James 1 of England & Ireland)
(Seumas 6 Stiùbhairt) ^ Mary I by Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley
| 1558 - 94 36 Thomas Kyd Dramatist |
|
|
|
Scotland 2
1660 - 1707 47
1702 - 7 5 Queen Anne (also Anne of England & Ireland)
(Anna Stiùbhairt) daughter of James 7 1665 - 1714 49 Acts of Union, creation of Great Britain
From 1707, titles King of Scots & Queen of Scots are incorrect. Hence, this list runs up to 1707; for monarchs after that date, see List of British monarchs.
| 1707 Act of Union between England & Scotland |
|
|
|
|
|
1500s |
1600s |
1700s |
1800s |
1900s |
|
|
Kingdom of
Denmark Norway
1536 - 1814 278 |
@ Copenhagen
1523 - 33 10 Frederick 1
^4 Christian 1 & Dorothea
= Anna of Brandenburg 2 ch &
Sophie of Pomerania 6C X61
1534 - 59 25 Christian 3 ^ Anna = Dorothea of SaxeLauenburg 5C X55
| 1534 - 6 2 Counts Feud. Christian 2 vs Christian 3. |
1554  Egeskov Castle. |
| 1559 - 1607 48 Rosenholm Castle. |
1559 - 88 29 Frederick 2
^ Dorothea = Sophie of Mecklenburg Güstrow 8C X 53
1558 - 83 35 Livonian War Livonian Confederation, Polish Lithuanian Commonwealth, DenmarkNorway, Sweden, Zaporozhian Cossacks, Transylvania 77 VS Russia, Livonia
| 1573 Meilgaard Castle. |
| 1578 Battle of Wenden Latvia Sweden, PolandLithuania 5.56 ?small VS Russia 158 7 |
1581 - 2 1 Siege of Pskov Russia Russia 16 VS Poland / Lithuania, Transylvania 27 4 Cossacks
1582  Truce of Jam Zapolski. |
|
| Cession of: Estonia to Sweden, Livonia, Courland & Semigallia to Poland–Lithuania, Ösel to Denmark–Norway |
|
| 1572 Supernova SN 1572 observed by Dane Tycho Brahe in Milky Way. |
|
| 1586 St. Canutes Cathedral |
|
Kingdom of
Denmark Norway
1536 - 1814 278 |
1588 - 1648 60 Christian 4 12 ^ X70
= Anne Catherine of Brandenburg 7C & Kirsten Munk 12C
1546 1601 55  Tycho Brahe astronomer. |
1602 - 20 18  Fredriksborg Castle. |
| 1603 Grasten Castle. |
| 1606 - 24 18 Rosenborg Castle. |
1618 48 30 Thirty Years War Protestant States & Allies Dutch Rep. 75, Sweden 150, Bohemia 1820 2 3040, DenmarkNorway 259 4 50 France 35 150, Saxony, Electoral Palatinate, BrunswickLüneburg,
England 2530 5, Brandenburg / Prussia, Transylvania 6, Hungarian AntiHabsburg Rebels 2030, Zaporozhian Cossacks, Ottoman Empire 100,150 Germans 61T VS Roman Catholic States & Allies HRE, Catholic League, Austria, Bavaria, Hungary, Croatia, Spain 300T, DenmarkNorway 43 5 2 20 Hungarian & Croatian c 100200 Germans 450T
8M Both Sides
| 1639 - 44 5 Valdemars Castle. |
|
1648 - 70 22 Frederick 3
^3 Anne = Sophie Amalie of Brunswick / Lüneburg 8 ch X 60
1655 - 60 5 2nd Northern War. Denmark, Sweden, Lithuania Sweden, BrandenburgPrussia,
Transylvania & Ukrainian Cossacks VS DenmarkNorway, Habsburg monarchy, Poland / Lithuania,
Russia,
Brandenburg / Prussia
& Dutch Republic.
1657 - 81 Dano-Swedish War of 578 Denmark, Sweden, Germany Sweden VS Denmark Norway
| 1658 Swedish Capture of Funen. |
| 1658 Treaty of Roskilde Denmark / Norway losses 1/2 of land. Scania, Blekinge, Halland, Bohuslän, Bornholm & Trøndelag becomes Swedish territories |
|
1658 - 602 Dano-Swedish War
Part of 5860 Denmark-Norway Dutch Rep.,
BrandenburgPrussia,
PolandLithuania VS Sweden
| 1658 Battle of Sound Denmark Denmark, Dutch Rep. 3Sq 35 2 1.3G 4Sa 2So #296X #503W VS Sweden 44 4Sq 4 1.6G 4Sa 2.4So #350X #850W |
1659  Assault on Copenhagen. |
| 1660 Treaty of Copenhagen Bornholm & Trøndelag returned to DenmarkNorway. Current borders between Denmark & Sweden. |
|
|
1670 - 99 29 Christian 5 ^ Charlotte Amalie of HesseKassel 8C X 53
| 1676 1st measurement of speed of light. |
1699 1735  Frederiksberg Castle. |
|
|
Kingdom of
Denmark Norway
1536 - 1814 278 |
|
|
Kingdom of Denmark
1814 - Present 198 |
| 1842 St. Ansgars Cathedral |
|
|
Kingdom of Denmark
1814 - Present 198 |
|
|
|
1500s |
1600s |
1700s |
1800s |
1900s |
|
|
Kingdom of
Denmark Norway
1536 - 1814 278
Norwegian Empire
1536 - 1814 722
Oldenburg
1483 - 1814 331 |
|
|
Kingdom of
Denmark Norway
1536 1814 278
Norwegian Empire
1536 1814 722
| 1596 William Barents discovers Spitsbergen, Norway. |
| 1650s Barony Rosendal Castle |
| 1685 Kristiansten Fortress |
| 1694 - 7 3 Oslo Cathedral |
|
|
Kingdom of
Denmark Norway
1536 - 1814 278
Norwegian Empire
1536 - 1814 722
Oldenburg
1483 - 1814 331 |
| 1718 Battle of Fredriksten |
|
|
Kingdom of
Denmark Norway
1536 - 1814 278
Norwegian Empire
1536 - 1814 722
Oldenburg
1483 - 1814 331 |
1814 Norwegian / Swedish War Part of Napoleonic Wars Sweden 45,523 men
117 field batteries
5 ships of line
70 gunboats 400 dead & wounded 300 captured VS Norway 30,000 men
8 field batteries
7 brigs
150 gunboats 1,600 dead & wounded 300 captured
| 1814 Convention of Moss. Norway enters Personal Union w/ Sweden. |
|
Holstein-Gottorp
1814 - 8 4 |
Bernadotte
1818 - 1905 87 |
1849  Royal Palace, Oslo. |
| 1849 - 66 17 Hamar Cathedral. |
| 1880 Vækerø Gård Castle |
|
Kingdom of
SwedenNorway
1818 - 1905 88
|
|
Kingdom of Norway
1905 - Present 107
Glucksburg
1905 - Present 106 |
| 1905 Norway breaks from Sweden. |
| 1843 - 1907 64 Edvard Grieg Composer & Pianist |
| 1828 - 1906 78 Henrik Ibsen, playwright |
| 1872 - 1928 56 Roald Amundsen Explorer |
| 1863 - 1944 81 Edvard Munch Painter & Printmaker |
|
|
|
1500s |
1600s |
1700s |
1800s |
1900s |
|
|
1st Kingdom of Sweden
1536 - 1814 278
| 1523 Independence from Kalmar Union |
1523 - 60 37 Gustav 1
1496 - 1560 64 restored Swedish sovereignty & introduced Protestantism in Sweden |
| 1527 Protestant Reformation begins in Sweden. |
| 1592 - 9 7 Sigmund 1566 - 1632 66 1st & only monarch of Polish–Swedish union; his long reign in Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth coincided with apex of Commonwealths prestige, power & economic influence |
| 1594 - 1632 38 Gustavus Adolphus |
1542 - 3 1 Dacke War
King VS Peasants |
|
|
1st Kingdom of Sweden
1536 - 1814 278
1600 - 11 11 Poland / Swedish War of 160,016,11. Sweden 12 Then 9 VS Poland Lithuania, Corland Semigallia
| 1601 Battle of Kokenhausen Latvia Poland Lithuania #300 2.7C #1200XW 9G VS Sweden #900 4C 2XW 17G |
| 1604 Battle of Weissenstein Estonia PolandLithuania 2.3 #50X #100W VS Sweden 5 3XWC 6C 6C 26B |
1605 Battle of Kircholm Part of 30 yrs War Latvia Poland Lithuania, Corland Semigallia
1,
2.6C 3.6T 5G #100X #200W VS Sweden 9 2C 11T 11G 59XWMC 11G 60B |
|
| 1610 - 17 7 Ingrian War. Russia Sweden VS Russia
|
| 1632 - 54 32 Christina 1626 89 63 high profile Catholic convert, matron of arts |
1632 - 54 22 Queen Cristina of Sweden Abdicates
Queen Christina 1933
Abdication 1974 |
Palatinate Zweibrücken
1654 1720 66 |
Swedish Empire
1611 - 1718 107
| 1611 - 32 Kalmar War Denmark Norway VS Sweden |
|
| 1600 - 1111 Polish Swedish War Sweden VS PolandLithuania |
1632 Battle of Lützen death of king of Sweden Gustav II Adolf. Sweden Protestant Union 12.8
6.2C 60G 3.4X 1.6W&M VS HRE Catholic League 10
7C, Then 3 2C 24G Same |
| 1655 - 61 6 Northern Wars cement Swedens rise as a Great Power. |
1675 - 9 4 Scanian War Part of FrancoDutch War. Scandinavia. DenmarkNorway,
United Provinces,
Brandenburg,
Holy Roman Empire,
Spain VS Swedish Empire,
France
| 1676 Battle of Halmstad Sweden 6 #50X #130W VS DenmarkNorway 4 1.5X 2C |
| 1676 Battle of Bornholm |
| 1676 Battle of Lund |
| 1676 Battle of Öland DenmarkNorway, Dutch Rep. 42 1F #100 VS Sweden 57 5 6C 12 1.4 |
| 1677 Battle of Landskrona Sweden 5 4C 4P #650 VS Denmark 5 7C 2.5 |
| 1677 Battle of Møn DenmarkNorway, Dutch Rep. 17 671G negligible VS Sweden 12 404G 1W 7C 1.5 |
| 1677 Battle of Køge Bay DenmarkNorway 34 6.7 #375XW VS Sweden 457 8 9.2 3 |
| 1677 Siege of Malmo |
| 1677 Battle of Uddevalla |
|
| 1643 - 52 Torstenson War Part of Thirty Years War Sweden
Dutch Republic DenmarkNorway
Holy Roman Empire |
| 1629 Cardinal Richelieu allies with Swedish Protestant forces in 30 Years War to counter Ferdinand IIs expansion. |
|
|
|
Kingdom of
Sweden-Norway
1814 - 1905 91
Stockholm
Swedish
Constitutional monarchy,
Unitary parliamentary representative democracy
Holstein Gottorp
1751 - 1818 67 |
Bernadotte
1818 Present 194 |
1800s  Solliden Palace |
1800s  TrolleLjungby Castle |
| 1820 - 87 67 Jenny Lind Opera singer called Swedish Nightingale |
| 1833 - 96 63 Alfred Nobel Chemist, Engineer, Inventor |
|
|
Kingdom of
SwedenNorway
1814 - 1905 91
Stockholm
Swedish
Constitutional monarchy,
Unitary parliamentary representative democracy
Bernadotte
1818 - Present 194 |
|
2nd Kingdom of Sweden
1905 - Present 107
Stockholm
Swedish
Constitutional monarchy,
Unitary parliamentary representative democracy
Bernadotte
1818 - Present 194 |
| 1900 Teleborg Castle |
1939 - 40 Winter War. East Finland USSR, Russian Finland 998.1 126.9XM 188.7W 5.6C 2.56.5T 3.5 3.9 261515 323CaVS Finland, Swedish V, Danish V, Norwegian V 337346.5 25.9XM 43.6W 1C #957Ci32T 2030 114 62 70Ca
| 1940 Moscow Peace Treaty. |
|
1950 - 73 23 Gustaf 6 Adolf
1973 - Present 39 Carl 16 Gustaf |
|
Kingdom of Poland/Sweden
1592 - 9 7 |
| 1598 Battle of Stångebro Started PolandSweden War Sweden Swedish Rebels 812 #500XW VS PolandSweden 58 2X |
|
| 1500s Bogesund Castle |
| 1500s Bellinga Castle |
| 1500s Ericsberg Castle |
| 1500s Högestad Castle |
| 1500s Smedstorp Castle |
| 1500s Torup Castle |
| 1500s Ulvåsa |
| 1530 Malmö Castle |
| 1530s Svaneholm Castle |
| 1530s Trolleholm Castle |
| 1537 Gripsholm Castle |
| 1544 Vaxholm Castle |
| 1545 - 1620 Vadstena Castle |
| 1548 Rydboholm Castle |
| 1549 Uppsala Castle |
| 1550s Rössjöholm Castle |
| 1550s Strömsholm Palace |
| 15537 Vittskövle Castle |
| 1559 Landskrona Citadel |
| 1559 Trollenäs Castle |
| 1573 Örebro Castle |
| 1580 Drottningholm Palace |
| 1580 Svartsjö Palace |
| 1597 Sövdeborg Castle |
1572  Visby Cathedral Diocese Established |
| 1593 - 1846 Härnösand Cathedral |
| 1500s Midieval Bridge at Alby, Öland |
|
| 1600s Ekebyholm Castle |
| 1600s Jordberga Castle |
| 1600s Örbyhus Castle |
| 1600s Torpa stenhus |
| 1609 Halmstad Castle |
| 1614 Johannisborg Castle |
| 1617 - 23 Viderup Castle |
| 1620s Tyresö Palace |
| 1625 - 45 Tidö Castle |
| 1630 Edsberg Castle |
| 1632 Koberg Castle |
| 1633 Vrams Gunnarstorp Castle |
| 1634 - 8 Rosersberg Palace |
| 1634 - 40s Tunbyholm Castle |
| 1634 Karlberg Castle |
| 1637 Brahehus Castle |
| 1637 Råbelöv Castle |
| 1638 Maltesholm Castle |
| 1640s Hässelby Castle |
| 1642 Fiholm Castle |
| 1643 - 5 Ulriksdal Palace |
| 1648 Marsvinsholm Castle |
| 1650 Åkeshov Castle |
| 1650 Älvsborg Castle |
| 1651 Charlottenborg Castle |
| 1654 Häringe Castle |
| 1654 - 76 Skokloster Castle |
| 1655 - 62 Stjärnorp Castle |
| 1660 Löfstad Castle |
| 1660s Gripenberg Castle |
| 1660s Hässelbyholm Castle |
| 1660s Mälsåker Castle |
| 1660s Mariedal Castle |
| 1667 Årsta Castle |
| 1667 Carlsten Fortress |
| 1668 ÖsterMalma Castle |
| 1670 Ekebyhov Castle |
| 1670 Johannishus Castle |
| 1676 Svenstorp Castle |
| 1679 Pålsjö Castle |
| 1679 Rudbeck Uppsala Castle garden |
| 1685 Finspång Castle |
| 1694 - 8 Steninge Palace |
| 1697 - 1760 Stockholm Palace |
| 1627 - 1700 Gothenburg Cathedral |
|
| 1700 Skokloster Castle |
| 1700s Björksund Castle |
| 1720s Krageholm Castle |
| 1720s Toppeladugård Castle |
| 1720s Tullgarn Palace |
| 1731 Brokind Castle |
| 1740 Christinehof Castle |
| 1750 Kristineberg Castle |
| 1752 Björnstorp Castle |
| 1754 Gävle Castle |
| 1757 Gåsevadholm Castle |
| 1758 Herrevad Abbey |
| 1760 Kronovall Castle |
| 1760s Erstavik Castle |
| 1766 Bjärsjölagård Castle |
| 1774 Ljung Castle |
| 1775 Kavlås Castle |
| 1776 Almnäs Castle |
| 1776 Övedskloster Castle |
| 1780 Heby Castle |
| 1791 BjärkaSäby Castle |
| 1794 Östanå Castle |
| 1796 Gunnebo Castle |
| 1798 Löberöd Castle |
|
| 1819 Karlsborg Fortress |
| 1827 Rosendal Palace |
| 1827 Rosendal Castle, Helsingborg |
| 1835 Nääs Castle |
| 1849 Charlottenlund Castle |
| 1850s Rånäs Manor |
| 1854 Kulla Gunnarstorp Castle |
| 1858 Helliden Castle |
| 1861 Örtofta Castle |
| 1862 Karsholm Castle |
| 1862 Alnarp Castle |
| 1865 Sofiero Castle |
| 1870s Snogeholm Castle |
| 1872 Stora Sundby Castle |
| 1873 Gärsnäs Castle |
| 1874 Dagsnäs Castle |
| 1875 Häckeberga Castle |
| 1890 Vannaröd Castle |
| 1897 Hjularöd Castle |
| 1898 - 1904 Tjolöholm Castle |
| 1892 Saint Erics Cathedral, Stockholm |
| 1893 Luleå Cathedral Consecrated |
| 1860s Uppåkra church |
|
|
|
1500s |
1600s |
1700s |
1800s |
1900s |
|
|
Swedish Finland
1250 - 1809 559
| 1596 Cudgel War Nobels 1.53.3+ VS Peasants 14+ |
|
|
Swedish Finland
1250 - 1809 559
1696 7 1 /PNG/24 x 24/7115 - Fast Food.png) Famine kills almost a third of population. |
|
|
1720s  Hamina Fortress |
| 1748 Suomenlinna |
| 1749 - 64 Svartholma |
1777  Oulu Cathedral |
|
|
|
Russian
Grand Duchy of Finland
1809 - 1917 108
@ Turku 1809 - 12 3
Helsinki 1812 - 7 5
Swedish, Finnish, Russian
Evangelical Lutheran & Russian Orthodox
Constitutional meritocratic grand principality
| 1902 - 7 5 Tampere Cathedral. |
|
Republic of Finland
1917 - Present 95
@ Helsinki
Finnish, Swedish, Saami |
|
|
1500s |
1600s |
1700s |
1800s |
1900s |
|
|
| |
|
Duchy of Livonia
1721 - 1917 196 |
1778 - 9 1  St Marys Cathedral Spire & Nave, Tallinn |
|
|
Duchy of Livonia
1721 - 1917 196 |
| 1894 - 1900 6 Alexander Nevsky Cathedral, Tallinn |
|
|
Duchy of Livonia
1721 - 1917 196 |
|
|
Terra Mariana
1207 - 1561 354 |
@Riga, Latvia |
Swedish Duchy of Livonia
1561 - 1621 60
@ Fellin (Viljandi), Estonia
Vassal of Grand Duchy of Lithuania,
then of Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth |
Swedish Duchy of Estonia
1561 - 1721 160
@ Reval
German, Estonian, Swedish
Lutheranism
Dominion |
|
Swedish Duchy of Livonia
1561 - 1621 60
@ Fellin (Viljandi)
Vassal of Grand Duchy of Lithuania,
then of Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth |
Swedish Duchy of Estonia
1561 - 1721 160 |
|
Swedish Duchy of Estonia
1561 - 1721 160
| 1700 Battle of Narva. |
| 1702 Battle of Hummelshof. |
|
Russian Governorate of Estonia
1721 - 1917 196 |
|
|
Russian Governorate of Estonia
1721 - 1917 196 |
|
|
Russian Governorate of Estonia
1721 - 1917 196 |
|
Russian
Governorate of Estonia
1917 - 8 1
@ Tallin
Autonomous Governate
Governate of Russian Republic |
Estonian
Soviet Socialist Republic
1940 - 90 50
@ Tallin
Estonian & Russian
Soviot Socialist Republic
1941  Operation Barbarosa. Belarus, Ukraine, Moldova, Russia, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia USSR 2.9MPres 5.5M 465.4X 101.5XfmW 235.3NCX 2.3MM 3.13MTX 1.26MW 66.1S 13.6FB 1.3MTW 500C 125T(FL) 20.5 3540 21.2 VS Germany, Romania, Italy, Hungary, Slovakia, Croatia, Finland 5.5M 220.6X 56.3M 261.8W 1M+CaT 4.3T 2.8 46A 4.4 2 |
1941 - 4 3 Bombing of Tallinn in World War II. Estonia.
| 1941 Luftwaffe raids. |
| 1942 - 3 2 Red Air Force raids. |
| 1944 Red Air Force raids. 300 dropped 3Bombs #757X |
|
| 1941 Evacuation of Tallinn. Gulf of Finland Germany, Finland VS USSR 12+X 12W 34M |
| 1944 Tallinn Offensive. Estonia USSR 195 VS Germany 50 50, Estonian Cons. VS Estonian Independence 2 |
| 1944 Operation Bagration. Belarus, Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia, Poland USSR 2.33M, Poland 79.9 4.1MT 770.9 180XM 590.8WS 2.7T 1.4AG 3T&AG 24.4G 2.4 5.3 822 VS Germany, Hungary 486.5FL 400Su 886.5 381X 158.5C 118T 377AG 2.6G 602 |
| 1944 Moonzund Landing Operation. Estonia USSR, Finland VS Germany |
| 1944 Battle of Narva . Estonia Germany, Estonian Partisans 123.5 68 14XM 54WS 32T 137 VS Russia 200 480 (Ci Incl) 100XM 380WS 2.5G 100T 300 800 230 |
| 1944 Battle for Narva Bridgehead. Estonia USSR 205 65XM 235WS 2.5AG 100T 130AV 800 230 VS Germany 123.5 12XMC 46WS32T 137 |
| 1944 Battle of Tannenberg Line. Estonia Germany, Estonian Conscripts 22.3 10 2.5XM 7.5WS 7T 6 7080AG 49 VS USSR 136.8 170 35XM 135WS 150AV 157164T 1.7AG 546 |
| 1944 Battle of Porkuni. Estonia USSR 10 1 VS Estonia 1.5 #500X #700C |
| 1944 Riga Offensive. Latvia, Estonia USSR VS Germany |
|
Republic of Estonia
1990 - Present 22
@ Tallin |
|
|
1500s |
1600s |
1700s |
1800s |
1900s |
|
|
Archbishopric of Riga
1186 - 1561 375 |
@Riga, Latvia
Latin,
Low German,
Livonian,
Latvian |
|
Swedish Livonia
1629 - 1721 92
@ Riga
Swedish, Estonian, Latvian, Livonian, Low German (Latin as lingua franca)
Lutheranism |
|
Swedish Livonia
92
@ Riga
Swedish, Estonian, Latvian, Livonian, Low German (Latin as lingua franca)
Lutheranism |
Russian Governorate of Livonia
1721 - 1918 197
@ Riga |
|
Russian Governorate of Livonia
1721 - 1918 197
@ Riga |
|
Russian Governorate of Livonia
1721 - 1918 197
@ Riga |
Latvian Provisional Government
1918 - 20 2 |
Kārlis Ulmanis |
Republic of Latvia
1919 - 40 21 |
|
Russian Latvia
1940 - 1 1
@ Vilnius
| 1941 Operation Barbarosa. Belarus, Ukraine, Moldova, Russia, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia USSR 2.9MPres 5.5M 465.4X 101.5XfmW 235.3NCX 2.3MM 3.13MTX 1.26MW 66.1S 13.6FB 1.3MTW 500C 125T(FL) 20.5 3540 21.2 VS Germany, Romania, Italy, Hungary, Slovakia, Croatia, Finland 5.5M 220.6X 56.3M 261.8W 1M+CaT 4.3T 2.8 46A 4.4 2 |
| 1944 Operation Bagration. Belarus, Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia, Poland USSR 2.33M, Poland 79.9 4.1MT 770.9 180XM 590.8WS 2.7T 1.4AG 3T&AG 24.4G 2.4 5.3 822 VS Germany, Hungary 486.5FL 400Su 886.5 381X 158.5C 118T 377AG 2.6G 602 |
| 1944 Riga Offensive. Latvia, Estonia USSR VS Germany |
| 1944 Shyaulyay Offensive. Belarus, Lithuania, Latvia USSR VS Germany |
|
Russian Latvia
1944 - 90 46 |
@ Vilnius, Lithuania |
Republic of Latvia
1990 - Present 22
@ Riga |
| 1904 5 Ss. Boris & Gleb Cathedral, Daugavpils |
|
Terra Mariana
1207 - 1561 354 |
@Riga
Latin, Low German, Estonian, Latvian, Livonian
Roman Catholicism
N/A |
|
Inflanty Voivodeship
1621 - 1772 151 |
@Dyneburg |
|
|
|
|
Tuotonic Order
1224 - 1525 301 |
@Marienburg, Poland
1308 - 1454 146 &
@Königsberg, Russia
1454 - 1525 71 |
|
|
|
|
|
Bishopric of Courland
1234 - 1562 328 |
@Piltene, Latvia
Latin, Low German, Curonian
Ferding, Schilling |
Polish Lithuanian Duchy of
Courland & Semigallia
1562 - 1795 233
@
Mitau (Jelgava), Latvia
German, Latvian
Lutheranism, Roman Catholicism
Duchy |
|
Polish Lithuanian Duchy of
Courland & Semigallia
1562 - 1795 233
@
Mitau (Jelgava), Latvia
German, Latvian
Lutheranism, Roman Catholicism
Duchy
|
|
Polish Lithuanian Duchy of
Courland & Semigallia
1562 - 1795 233
@
Mitau (Jelgava)
German, Latvian
Lutheranism, Roman Catholicism
Duchy
|
Russian Courland Governorate
1795 - 1915 120
@ Jelgava |
|
Russian Courland Governorate
1795 - 1915 120
@ Jelgava |
|
Russian Courland Governorate
1795 - 1915 120
@ Jelgava |
|
Duchy of Livonia
1561 - 1621 60 |
Fellin (Viljandi), Estonia
| 1560 Battle of Ergeme Part of 30 yrs war Latvia Russia 12 VS Livonia 330K 261 |
|
|
Polish-Lithuanian
Livonian Voivodeship
1621 - 1772 151
@ Dyneburg |
|
Polish-Lithuanian
Livonian Voivodeship
1621 - 1772 151
@ Dyneburg |
|
|
|
Kingdom of Livonia
1570 - 8 8
@ Latvia
1570 - 8 8 Magnus of Livonia |
|
|
|
|
|
| |
| 1605 Battle of Kircholm |
|
| 1701 Battle of Crossing of Duna River. |
| 1717 - 80 63 Maria Theresa, Austrian Empress |
| Franz Joseph 1 of Austria, Emperor of Austria & brother of Mexican Emperor |
| 1717 - 80 63 Maria Theresa, Austrian Empress |
| Franz Joseph 1 of Austria, Emperor of Austria & brother of Mexican Emperor |
| 1705 Battle of Gemershoff |
| 1279 Battle of Aizkraukle |
|
| 1876 - 83 Nativity Cathedral, Riga |
|
|
|
1500s |
1600s |
1700s |
1800s |
1900s |
|
|
@ Vilnius
| 1500s Raudonė Castle |
| 1500s Siesikai Castle |
| 1564 Battle of Ula Part of 30 yrs War Belarus. Lithuania 46 VS Russia 1724 9 |
| 1569 Becomes PolishLithuanian Commonwealth |
|
Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
1569 - 1795 226 |
@Kraków, Warsaw, Poland
1558 - 83 35 Livonian War Livonian Confederation, Polish Lithuanian Commonwealth, DenmarkNorway, Sweden, Zaporozhian Cossacks, Transylvania 77 VS Russia, Livonia
| Cession of: Estonia to Sweden, Livonia, Courland & Semigallia to Poland–Lithuania, Ösel to Denmark–Norway |
|
| 1586 Biržai Castle |
| 1586 Norviliškės Castle |
|
|
|
@Kraków, Warsaw, Poland
| 1794 Wilno Uprising. |
|
|
|
@
| 1941 Operation Barbarosa. Belarus, Ukraine, Moldova, Russia, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia USSR 2.9MPres 5.5M 465.4X 101.5XfmW 235.3NCX 2.3MM 3.13MTX 1.26MW 66.1S 13.6FB 1.3MTW 500C 125T(FL) 20.5 3540 21.2 VS Germany, Romania, Italy, Hungary, Slovakia, Croatia, Finland 5.5M 220.6X 56.3M 261.8W 1M+CaT 4.3T 2.8 46A 4.4 2 |
| 1941 Battle of Raseiniai. Lithuania Germany 245T VS USSR 749T 704 |
| 1944 Operation Bagration. Belarus, Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia, Poland USSR 2.33M, Poland 79.9 4.1MT 770.9 180XM 590.8WS 2.7T 1.4AG 3T&AG 24.4G 2.4 5.3 822 VS Germany, Hungary 486.5FL 400Su 886.5 381X 158.5C 118T 377AG 2.6G 602 |
| 1944 Operation Doppelkopf. Lithuania Germany VS USSR |
| 1944 Kaunas Offensive. Lithuania USSR VS Germany |
| 1944 Battle of Memel. Lithuania USSR VS Germany |
| 1944 Shyaulyay Offensive. Belarus, Lithuania, Latvia USSR VS Germany |
| 1944 Vilnius Offensive. Lithuania USSR VS Germany 8X 5C VS Polish Home Arm |
|
|
|
|
- 
- 
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Siege of Galway 
Derry Cathedral
Cromwellian conquest of Ireland
Anne Bonny
Irish act of Union
Dion Boucicault
Charles Stewart Parnell
William Wilberforce
William Morris
Florence Nightingale
Beatles
Christian 4
Frederick 3
Christian 5
Frederick 4
Christian 6
Frederic 5
Charles 4
Marriage of Figaro